Sources of geographic information and methods for obtaining it. Geographic map as an object and source of information
The following sources of geographic information are distinguished:
1. Geographic information systems (GIS). GIS are computer-generated “archives” of geographic knowledge about territorial organization and the interaction of society and nature. The GIS includes:
COMPUTER;
software;
spatial information in the form of cartographic data about natural components, farms, lands, roads, etc.
The functioning of the GIS is carried out in the following sequence:
collection and automated processing of geographic information;
spatial reference of geographic information and its presentation in the form of an electronic map on the display screen;
transferring this map, if necessary, into paper form (for example, creating atlases).
An important component of GIS is aerospace information, data from aerovisual observations, ground sensors, etc.
The Institute of Geography of NASU is developing a multi-purpose National GIS of Ukraine, the purpose of which is to create a geographical-cybernetic model of the country.
2. Geographical research:
field studies;
trips;
local history excursions
tourism, mountaineering.
Field research can be expeditionary or stationary. Expeditionary studies include the study of individual natural components, sectors of the economy, etc. Natural and economic complexes are learned in the process of comprehensive geographical research (natural-geographical, landscape, economic-geographical, etc.). Expeditionary research is divided into three periods:
preparatory;
field expeditionary;
cameral (processing collected materials, writing a report, drawing up maps).
During expeditionary research, aerospace photographs of the earth's surface are used. They are decrypted, i.e. recognize objects reflected on them by their shape, color, and tone of the image.
Artificial satellites provide the opportunity to study the dynamics and periodicity of natural processes, unique phenomena and objects (volcanic eruptions, fires, avalanches, landslides, crustal faults, atmospheric pollution, etc.).
In 1995, the first Ukrainian satellite “Sich-1” was launched, equipped with instruments for remote exploration of the Earth, inventory and assessment of land, mineral exploration, meteorological forecasting, and environmental monitoring. In Ukraine there are the Center for Aerospace Research of the Earth, the Center for Radiophysical Sounding of the Earth, and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute.
Nowadays, geographic information is obtained about natural and man-made processes, changes in the natural environment, geochemical anomalies, cities and suburban areas, air pollution, flooding, the state of vegetation, areas of radioactive contamination, emissions from wastewater treatment plants.
Stationary geographical research has been carried out regularly for many years at specially equipped geographical stations. They study in detail changes in natural complexes over time. Stationary geographical research is carried out at the Institute of Geography of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Lvov, Odessa, Kharkov and Tauride universities.
Ukraine is a member of the World Weather Watch, the World Meteorological Organization. Hydrometeorological conditions are important economic and social factors: the social and economic state of the state, the environmental situation, the agro-industrial complex, energy, transport, utilities, and military security depend on them.
3. Sources of geographic information are local history studies and descriptions of the native land, cities and other settlements. These also include descriptions of travel, hiking and mountaineering routes, and excursions.
4. Important sources of geographic information are maps and atlases. Cartographic images reproduce the dimensions and properties of geographical objects using geographical means and signs (lines, shapes), as well as color tone. Combinations of geographical signs and background are means of cartographic modeling, creating cartographic images (geographic images). To understand the natural and economic objects displayed on the map, the components of natural conditions, processes, as well as the patterns of their distribution, legends are attached to the maps. The text of the legend, geographical names, terms and concepts allow you to “read” the map and use it.
Maps are the most important components of the information structural blocks of geographical atlases. National atlases are acquiring exceptional importance. According to the Decree of the President of Ukraine dated 08/01/2000 “On the National Atlas of Ukraine”, an atlas is being created that will reflect the spatial characteristics of natural conditions and resources, population, economy, environmental conditions, science and culture of Ukraine.
Geographic information is produced by:
Institute of Geography;
Institute of Geological Sciences;
Institute of Botany;
Institute of Zoology;
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces of Ukraine;
regional natural science and socio-economic divisions of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
A variety of geographic information is stored by the National Natural Museum of Ukraine, regional, district, and city local history museums.
6. A variety of geographical information is available in textbooks, manuals, statistical reference books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals, and periodicals. The media are filled with geographic information: newspapers, radio and television programs. Geographic popular science, documentaries, and educational films are created. Geographical information can be found in fiction, paintings, landscape architecture, etc. The Internet provides great opportunities for obtaining and using up-to-date geographic information.
Source study.
Classification of sources.
Legislative acts and regulatory documents.
Documents are of Russian (federal) and regional level. These documents allow us to reveal which problems were more pronounced at one time or another, and how these problems were regulated at any level.
Regulatory documents help to develop state policy, as well as methods for its implementation on the ground.
Normative act is an official document of a law-making body that contains legal norms.
Regulatory acts are created mainly by government bodies that have the right to make regulatory decisions on those issues that are transferred to them for resolution.
At the same time, they express the will of the state. This is where their authority, formality, authoritarianism, and commitment come from.
Regulatory acts are characterized by the following features.
Firstly, they have a law-making nature: in them, rules of law are either established, amended, or abolished. Normative acts are carriers, repositories, homes of legal norms, from which we draw knowledge about legal norms.
Secondly, normative acts must be issued only within the competence of the law-making body, otherwise there will be several normative decisions in the state on the same issue, between which there may be contradictions.
Thirdly, normative acts are always presented in documentary form and must have the following details: type of normative act, its name, the body that adopted it, date, place of adoption of the act, number. The written form helps to achieve a uniform understanding of the requirements of legal norms, which is very important, since sanctions may be applied for non-compliance.
Fourthly, each normative act must comply with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and not contradict those normative acts that have greater legal force in comparison with it.
Fifthly, all regulations must be brought to the attention of citizens and organizations, i.e.
Methods of geographical research and main sources of geographical information
Regulatory legal act- an official document of the established form, adopted within the competence of an authorized state body (official), other social structures (municipal bodies, trade unions, joint-stock companies, partnerships, etc.) or by referendum in compliance with the procedure established by law, containing generally binding rules of conduct , designed for an indefinite number of people and repeated use.
Office documentation of various bodies and institutions.
Documents can be of different nature: orders, penalties, organizational - constituent, informational (reports, correspondence, etc.). Can be either government or private.
Office documents- the most numerous type of historical sources. In a broad sense, these include the entire complex of documentation generated as a result of the activities of any management body, regardless of the scale and form of ownership of management objects.
Statistical materials.
Statistics- a branch of knowledge that sets out general issues of collecting, measuring and analyzing mass statistical (quantitative or qualitative) data; the study of the quantitative side of mass social phenomena in numerical form.
Statistics develops a special methodology for research and processing of materials: mass statistical observations, the method of groupings, average values, indices, the balance method, the method of graphic images and other methods of analyzing statistical data.
There are three types of statistics grouping:
Analytical grouping- allows you to identify connections between groups.
Typological grouping- division of the study population into homogeneous groups.
Structural grouping- in which a homogeneous population is divided into groups according to a certain criterion.
Groupings are primary and secondary. Primary groupings are obtained through statistical observations. And secondary ones are carried out on the basis of the primary one.
Statistical methods- methods of statistical data analysis. There are methods of applied statistics that can be used in all areas of scientific research and any sectors of the national economy, and other statistical methods, the applicability of which is limited to one or another area. This refers to methods such as statistical acceptance control, statistical control of technological processes, reliability and testing, and planning of experiments.
Statistical methods of data analysis are used in almost all areas of human activity. They are used whenever it is necessary to obtain and justify any judgments about a group (objects or subjects) with some internal heterogeneity.
There are three types of scientific and applied activities in the field of statistical methods of data analysis (according to the degree of specificity of the methods associated with immersion in specific problems):
a) development and research of general-purpose methods, without taking into account the specifics of the field of application;
b) development and research of statistical models of real phenomena and processes in accordance with the needs of a particular area of activity;
c) the use of statistical methods and models for statistical analysis of specific data in solving applied problems, for example, for the purpose of conducting sample surveys.
Applied Statistics is the science of how to process data of an arbitrary nature. The mathematical basis of applied statistics and statistical methods of analysis is probability theory and mathematical statistics.
State statistics is an activity carried out by the state statistics body and its services. This activity is aimed at carrying out the functions of generating official statistical information on the social, economic, demographic and environmental situation of the country.
Providing statistical information is the main task of state statistics bodies and the products of their activities. Like any product, it has a cost. Particularly expensive is the information the receipt of which is beyond the scope of the work program of state statistics.
The structure of state statistics bodies corresponds to the administrative-territorial division of the country. In two cities - Moscow and St. Petersburg - there are local statistics committees, and the same is true in the autonomous republics. Statistics committees also operate in territories and regions. The lower level are the district state statistics inspectorates, which are located in the administrative districts of territories and regions, large cities.
The main functions of all statistical bodies are to collect, process, analyze and present data in a user-friendly form. Statistical services must promptly provide information to governing bodies, exchange information with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and its local offices, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its local bodies, the State Property Committee of the Russian Federation and its services. Committee on Labor and Employment of the Russian Federation, etc.
Periodicals.
Notes of correspondence in local and national newspapers.
Periodicals- a type of historical sources represented by long-term periodicals, the functions of which are the organization (structuring) of public opinion, the implementation of the ideological influence of the state, information services for economic activity in the field of private entrepreneurship, and the establishment of feedback in the management system.
Periodicals are divided into three types: newspapers, magazines, and periodical publications of scientific societies.
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1 TOPIC 1. Geography as a science. Sources of geographic information Geography is a unified set of sciences that study the geographic envelope of the Earth and focus on identifying spatiotemporal patterns. The main objects of study of geographical sciences are the geosphere (biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and soil cover) and geosystems (landscapes, natural zones, biogeocenoses). Economic geography studies the location and development of productive forces in close connection with natural and ecological conditions (productive forces include two factors: labor and means of production, objects and tools). Based on homogeneous objects of study (sectoral structure), the following are distinguished: geography of natural resources and environmental management; population geography; geography of the economy: geography of management and infrastructure; commercial geography; human geography: socio-political geography. Methods of economic geography: 1) general scientific ones are used in sciences that have a related object or subject: mathematical methods: constructive calculations; economic and mathematical models; optimization models; prognostic methods; statistical methods: technical and economic calculations; graphic-analytical method; economic and statistical analysis; correlation method; 2) specific methods developed and applied directly in geography: economic zoning, energy production cycles, territorial production complexes. Geographic information is understood as a set of spatially coordinated data and (or) knowledge about geosystems or their elements, about the relationships and interconnections existing between them. Types of information sources: textual statements; various documents; statistical data; cartographic materials and other graphic images; aerial and satellite images. Main sources of geographic information: Visual observations; Eyewitness accounts; Geographic maps and atlases; Directories, textbooks; Popular science and encyclopedic literature; Special computer programs, Internet; Works of fiction, articles from magazines and newspapers; Television, radio and other sources. 1
2 TOPIC 2. Modern political map of the world. Classification and typology of countries The political map of the world (PWM) is a geographical map that shows the countries of the world, the territories of countries, borders and their capitals. There are > 230 countries on PKM. A sovereign state is a politically independent state that has independence in internal and external affairs (textbook, p. 9). 1. Delimitation - determination of boundaries on the map. 2. Demarcation - determination and marking of boundaries on the ground with special boundary signs. A colony is a dependent territory that is under the authority of a foreign state (the metropolis), without independent political and economic power, governed on the basis of a special regime (island states in the Pacific Ocean). Disputed territories: Gibraltar, Falkland Islands, Western Sahara, Kuril Islands, Nagorno-Karabakh. Unrecognized or partially recognized territory states that independently declared their sovereignty without the consent of the UN. Examples: Republic of Northern Cyprus, Kosovo, Taiwan. Stages of formation of the PCM 1. Ancient (before the 5th century AD) the emergence and collapse of the first states: Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Carthage, Ancient Egypt. 2. Medieval (5th-16th centuries) emergence of large feudal states in Europe and Asia: the Holy Roman Empire, Kievan Rus, Persia, China, England, Spain, Byzantium. Great geographical discoveries. The largest metropolises are Spain and Portugal. 3. New (16-19 centuries) emergence and establishment of capitalism in the world: England, France, the Netherlands, Germany. Colonial seizures of territories in America, Asia, Africa. 4. Recent (1st half of the 20th century) changes associated with World Wars I and II. The collapse of the colonial system, the formation of socialist states. The collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the division of the Ottoman Empire. 5. Modern (2nd half of the 20th century to the present) emergence of the world socialist system, the formation of independent states in Asia and Africa, the collapse of the socialist system, changes on the map of Europe and Asia. Unification of Germany (GDR+FRG). Collapse of the USSR (1991), Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia. Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 57 sovereign states, 2000 Classification of countries BY TERRITORY AREA: 1. Giant countries (S > 3 million km²): Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India . 2. Middle countries: Belarus, Republic of Korea, Kenya. 3. Dwarf countries: Vatican City, San Marino, Mauritius, Barbados. BY POPULATION: 1. Giant countries (N > 100 million people): China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Russia, Japan, Mexico and the Philippines (textbook, p. 388, table 14). 2. Middle countries: Tunisia, Poland, Latvia, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Australia, New Zealand. 3. Small countries and microstates: Vatican City, Andorra, Nauru. 2
3 BY GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION (INSTATE EXAMPLES OF COUNTRIES YOURSELF): 1. Inland (land, landlocked): 2. Coastal (landlocked). 3. Island: 4. Peninsula: 5. Archipelagic countries: Typology of countries Criteria: GDP gross domestic product (Copy the definition from the textbook, p. 11). HDI / HDI human development index / human development index (Copy the definition from the textbook, p. 11). Subgroups of countries: Write out subgroups of countries of each type from the textbook, with Socialist states: China, North Korea, Cuba, Vietnam. DZ: Textbook, p. 9 14, studying the lecture notes, assignments in the notebook, CP 1, 20 countries and capitals of Europe. Watch video tutorial 3
4 TOPIC 3. Governmental structure of the countries of the world. The influence of international relations on the political map. “Hot spots” of the planet Forms of government Extract from the textbook, with the definition of the concepts “republic”, “monarchy”, “theocratic monarchy” Fill in the tables Forms of government Republic Monarchies Parliamentary Presidential Constitutional Absolute Forms of administrative-territorial structure Unitary Federative International politics 1. International terrorism ( groups Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, etc.). 2. Regional and local conflicts (NATO military operation in Yugoslavia in 1999, in Afghanistan in 2001, in Iraq in 2003, in Libya in 2011, problems in the Gaza Strip, in unrecognized Kurdistan). 3. The fight for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Nuclear powers: Russia, USA, China, France and Great Britain. India, Pakistan, Israel, and the DPRK possess nuclear weapons “semi-legally” or potentially. DZ: textbook, p., study of lecture notes, assignments in notebook, SR 2. 4
5 TOPIC 4. Population size and reproduction. Demographic policy Population reproduction is a set of processes of fertility, mortality, natural increase, as a result of which there is a natural movement of the population and a change of generations. Natural population movement changes in the ratio of births and deaths. Natural population growth is the ratio of birth rates and deaths for a certain period (per year). EP = P - C World average EP = 1.2% per year Depopulation is a decrease in population due to narrowed reproduction, natural population decline. Leaders in population size Countries in the world with the largest population Millions of people in 2008 1 China 1,338 2 India 1,148 3 USA Indonesia Brazil Pakistan Bangladesh Nigeria Russia Japan Mexico 110 Complete the following tasks 1. List the countries with high EP rates, over 2% per year (at least 7, atlas, p. 8) 2 List the countries with the lowest EP indicators, less than 1% per year (at least 7, atlas, p. 8) 3. Fill out the table “Types of population reproduction” Comparable features Birth rate Mortality rate Natural increase (NI) Proportion of children Proportion of elderly people Subgroups countries within the type (with examples) according to the EP Direction of demographic policy I type of reproduction DZ: textbook, s, study of lecture notes, assignments in a notebook, SR 3. II type of reproduction 5
6 TOPIC 5. Composition and structure of the planet's population. Settlement and migration Sex composition: ratio of men and women in the population In the world, men - 50.4%, women - 49.6% Using atlas maps, p. 10, complete the following tasks. 1. List 5 countries with a numerical predominance of the male population. 2. List 5 countries with a numerical predominance of female populations. 3. List 5 countries with approximately equal ratios of men and women. Age composition: children (0-14 years), adults (15-59 years), elderly (over 60 years) 4. List 5 countries with a high proportion of children. 5. List 5 countries with a high proportion of older people. Ethnolinguistic composition of the population Races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid. E+N=mulattoes E+M=mestizoes H+M=sambo Using the atlas maps (pp. 9-12), textbook (68-69), fill in the tables Uninational Binational Multinational Largest language families Language families Largest nations Indo-European Americans Russians Brazilians Mexicans Punjabis Biharis State languages State language(s) Countries World Religious composition Religions Christianity 1) Orthodoxy 2) Catholicism 3) Protestantism Islam (Muslim) Buddhism 1) 2) 3) Countries National 6
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Using conventional signs, showing objects located on it or processes and phenomena related to it.
Methods for depicting objects on a map
To depict objects on a map, they are used, which show both the geographical location of the object and some of its characteristics. An explanation of how to read the legend is usually included in the map legend.
The method of a high-quality background involves painting an area with a certain characteristic in a certain color. Thus, climate maps, maps of natural zones, etc. are compiled.
The range method also involves painting the territory in a certain color, but in this case the territories can overlap, in which case they are painted with stripes of different colors. This is how maps of the settlement of certain peoples, animal habitats, etc. are depicted.
Cartograms- another way of depicting objects, in which certain territories (most often countries) are painted in different colors depending on the degree of manifestation of a particular feature. At the same time, the map legend contains a diagram indicating which color corresponds to which indicator. This is how maps of the provision of natural resources, energy, land use maps and all similar maps are compiled.
The isoline method involves reflecting information using lines connecting points on the map with the same indicators. The most commonly used isolines are: isotherms (same temperature), isobars (same pressure), horizontals (same height/depth). This method is used on physical and climate maps.
The movement sign method involves reflecting the direction of movement using arrows - for example, movement, currents, etc.
Several methods of displaying information can be used on one map. For example, on a physical map, the method of movement signs is used to show sea currents, the method of isolines and cartograms is used to display absolute heights.
Scale and its types
Any map is drawn using a scale. Scale is the ratio of the length of a segment on a map to its length in reality. Most often, the scale is specified as a fraction, for example, 1/20,000, which means that 1 cm on the map corresponds to 20,000 cm, i.e. 200 m on the map. The smaller the denominator of the fraction, the larger the scale. In general, scale is usually divided into large, medium and small. Large scale -1/200000 and larger, it is used in the preparation of topographic maps and. Medium scale (1/200000 - 1/1000000) is used to create survey topographic maps. Small scale (1/1,000,000 and smaller) is used to create general geographic maps.
Measuring distances on a map
Distances on a map can be measured using a degree grid and a scale. If the points are on the same meridian or parallel, it is convenient to use. The length of an arc of 1° at any meridian and at the equator is known - 111 km. The length of parallels decreases as you move from the equator to the poles; there are tables with which you can find out the length of an arc of 1° on any parallel. Thus, if two points are at the same latitude or longitude, it is convenient to measure the distance between them using a degree grid.
The distance between any two points can be calculated using a scale by measuring the distance on the map with a ruler and multiplying it by the scale value. If you need to measure the length of a curve (for example, the length of a river or road), you can use a measuring compass or wet thread. The thread is laid out on the map along the entire course of the river, repeating all the bends. The thread is then straightened and measured. The compasses are set at a short distance, and then they “walk” along all the bends of the river, counting the steps. After this, the distance measured with a compass on the map is calculated, and using a scale, the actual distance between two points is found.
Previously, during my school youth, I thought that geographical sources were only a textbook, a map and a geography teacher. But, with the development of technology and the desire to leave the Earth without “blank spots”, man has created many quick and easy ways to study the planet. Many sources of information tend to become outdated, and people need to take care of updating them.
Main geographical sources
Geography, as a science common to all mankind, also presupposes a standard set of sources:
- The map is the oldest source of geoinformation.
- Experimental research is the practical study of the planet by man through travel and expeditions.
- Geoinformatics - the use of high technologies (satellite images, creation of computer models).
- Museums and storage facilities are a way to preserve and replenish received geoinformation and objects.
The trend in the development of computer technology suggests a gradual shift away from maps on tangible (paper) media due to their property of constant obsolescence. For example, a map of the Amazon River basin can be safely thrown away after 50 years - so quickly does it change the topography of the territories through which it flows.
The role of geographical sources
Their main role is to preserve and increase geographical knowledge, as well as inform people about it. Science cannot do without the accumulation of sources that will allow people to use the acquired knowledge both economically (construction, mining) and for personal needs (travel organization). Oddly enough, we use geoinformation sources almost every day. The simplest example is a GPS navigator.
It is he who helps us find a street in a large city and build a route to it. Another commonly used source would be space weather satellites. If earlier, to find out the weather, we looked at the thermometer outside the window, now we receive this information from the Internet, where it gets from weather satellites, naturally, after it is processed at the Hydrometeorological Center.
25.12.2016 18:50
Geography as a science. Its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography in secondary education. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographic information.
“Start testing on economic and social geography of Russia”
Starting testing on economic geography of Russia
| Countries with land borders with Russia: | 1.Sweden. 2 Norway 3 Lithuania 4 Mongolia 5 Finland 6 Armenia 7 China 8 Belarus 9 Turkmenistan |
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| Russian city with a population of more than 1 million people: | 1. Murmansk 2 Nizhny Novgorod 3 Magadan 4 Sochi 5 Serpukhov 6 Kyiv 7 Orel 8 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 9 Minsk |
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| The largest basin in terms of coking coal volumes in Russia: | 1Kansko-Achinsky 2 Kuznetsky 3 Podmoskovny 4 Donetsk |
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| Full cycle ferrous metallurgy center in Russia: | 1Murmansk 2 St. Petersburg 3 Moscow 4 Magnitogorsk |
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| Fine-fleece and semi-fine-fleece sheep breeding is most developed in the economic region: | 1. Northern 2 North Caucasian 3 Central 4 Central Black Earth |
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| The Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory economic regions of Russia: | 1North-Caucasian 2 Ural 3Far Eastern 4Northern |
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| Arrange the stages of textile production in technological order - from raw materials to the production of finished fabric | 1Finishing 2Production of raw materials 3Production of fiber 4Production of yarn |
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| Three centers of the oil refining industry located on the Volga: | 1 Moscow 2 Saratov 3 Perm 4 Yaroslavl 5 Smolensk 6 Khabarovsk 7 Volgograd 8 Ryazan 9 Arkhangelsk |
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| Identify the subject of the Russian Federation by its brief description: “This subject is located in the eastern part of the country, its territory is not washed by the waters of the World Ocean. One of the largest rivers in Russia with its largest influx flows through its territory. There are no hydroelectric power stations on these rivers. There are no nuclear power plants in the region, but powerful thermal power plants operate using fuel produced in the same region." | 1. Primorsky Territory 2 Murmansk Region 3 Irkutsk Region 4 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug |
Answers: 1-2,3,4,5,7,8; 2-2; 3-2; 4 -4, 5-2, 6-2,3; 7 8-2,4,7; 9 -4
Evaluation criteria: 0 errors – “5”, 1-3 errors – “4”, 4-5 errors – “3”, 6 or more – “2”.
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“Lesson topic Print”
Lesson topic. Introduction. Sources of geographic information.
Goals: create conditions for the presentation of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce information search using GIS.
Tasks:
Subject: show the special position of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce information search using GIS.
Meta-subject: improving educational and information skills: selecting the necessary sources of information, evaluating and analyzing their features and significance, working with a variety of sources of information.
Equipment: atlas, notebook, textbook.
Lesson type: learning new material.
| Activities of a teacher | Student activities | ||
| Organizational moment. | beginning of the lesson, checking students against the list. | Notebook, textbook, atlas. | |
| II. Updating knowledge. It will be very difficult for us to master new knowledge without the knowledge and requirements for a geography lesson. A student is ready for a lesson if he has a textbook, an atlas, outline maps and a notebook on his desk. Homework cannot be done without an atlas. The following are the requirements for working with the q.k. atlas. and a textbook. | get acquainted with the atlas, textbook and contour maps. | ||
| Goal setting | Lesson topic"Introduction." Sources of geographic information" What is the purpose of the lesson? Write down the topic and purpose of the lesson. Introduction. Sources of geographic information. | Suggested suggestions: familiarity with the discipline, with sources of geographic information. | |
| Motivation | “Everyone who has an idea can judge how much benefit geography brings to the human race” Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. Do you agree with this statement? | Supposed proposals: | |
| Learning new material: Stage 1 | 1 G Geography as a science, its role and significance in the system of sciences. Geography – Economic geography is part of the system of geographical sciences and is associated with many sciences: primarily with physical geography, ecology, history, demography, ethnography, and economic cartography. Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education specialties . formation of a holistic idea of modern geographical science, its participation in solving the most important problems of mankind; − possession of the skills to conduct observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences; − possession of the skills to use maps of various contents to obtain new geographical knowledge about natural socio-economic and environmental processes and phenomena; − possession of the skills to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, and adapt to changes in its conditions The main tasks of temporal geography are to know, protect and increase the wealth of our planet in order to pass them on to future generations. | Write in your notebook:Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy. | |
| 2. Methods of geographical research. There are many methods in geography that allow one to carry out a range of research works. What research methods do you know? Descriptive method used to describe objects (like a river, landforms, natural areas). Observation method– observations of natural phenomena, weather forecasts. leading method in geography . When teaching, a map performs a number of functions: a source of information, a teaching tool, and a teaching method. Statistical method-based on the analysis of statistical material, allows you to specify theoretical calculations, makes it possible to demonstrate the proportionality of phenomena and processes, and draw conclusions about the direction of development of a particular phenomenon. -geography examines changes over time, for example, allowed us to identify the dynamics of the world economy and the position of individual countries on the time scale of development. Explore the essence of what is happening by comparing the past and present . Geographical forecast. Geoinformatics – Computer science allows the use of economic and mathematical modeling . The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS) Aerospace method – a method of studying the Earth from aircraft - air and space. This method can be called remote, which includes aerial or satellite images and decryption of the resulting images. Decryption is the processing of aerial and satellite data to identify images. For example, in a photo of forest fires, the green color is replaced with red to increase the contrast of the photo. .Sources of geographic information. | Answer: cartographic, etc. Introduce the methods and fill out the table. Write in your notebook: geographical maps, reference books, textbooks, encyclopedias, television, Internet, etc. | ||
| Fizminutka | Introduction to the structure of the textbook | ||
| .Practical work " Exercise 1 Task 2. Answer the questions: | |||
| Testing on Russian geography. | |||
| Homework | Independent work: | ||
| Relaxation | Did you like the lesson? What new did you learn in the lesson? |
Frontal survey.
List the traditional methods of geographical research known to you.
Does the cartographic method belong to traditional methods and what is its role in understanding the world around us?
Answer: Yes, this is the leading method in geography; with the help of maps we can get a lot of different information.
What role do space research methods play in modern geographical research?
Answer: Space research methods are used to monitor and study economic components in the world and predict their changes.
List the modern methods of geographical research known to you.
Answer: - experimental - modeling - remote sensing (aerospace) - geographic forecast - geographic information systems
Does geographical forecast belong to modern methods of geographical research and what is the purpose of its implementation:
Answer: Yes, foreseeing the future state of geosystems.
Using the SEARCH input line, you can search for objects of various types located in the capital: streets and houses, institutions, theaters and museums, educational institutions, hotels, metro stations and much more. GIS will help you find a place on the map, tell you the address and provide a lot of additional useful information. Practical work: work on the Internet “Search for cities on the electronic map of Russia”, “Attractions of Russian cities” (optional). You can use the map in Google Browser (see instructions)
Exercise 1.
) study table 14 on page 388 of the textbook appendix
2) determine what information is reflected in it
3) establish how the data is ranked
4) in what units of measurement the data is presented
5) formulate possible conclusions to this table
Task 2.
1) look at Fig. 10 on page 62 of the textbook (graph)
2) determine what information is reflected in it
3) determine what data is plotted along the OX, OY axis, in what units
4) establish how the indicator changes, what is the rate of change at different time intervals
5) what conclusion can be drawn by studying this figure
Task 3.
1) look at Fig. 14 on page 63 of the textbook (bar graph)
2) determine what information is reflected in it, what it is about
3) name the type of diagram
4) how the information is presented in the diagram
5) formulate possible conclusions to the drawing
Self-analysis of the lesson.
Introduction. 1 hour.
Topic: “Geography as a science. Methods of geographical research. Sources of geographical information".
| (leading content ideas) | The unique role of geography as a science in the formation of ideas about the interaction of nature, man and society, images of specific territories. Geographical system of scientific knowledge and characteristic methods of geographical research. Integrated use of various sources of geographic information - educational, reference, popular science, Internet resources, etc. |
| Lesson Objectives | Subject – deepening ideas about teachings, theories, laws and patterns, hypotheses of modern geographical science. Expanding and deepening understanding of methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information. Metasubject : improvement of educational and information skills: select the necessary sources of information, evaluate and analyze their features and significance, work with a variety of information sources. |
| Basic requirements for student preparation | Give examples of modern geographical research and assess their significance. Prove with facts the interconnection of geographical sciences. Give examples of laws, theories, concepts or terms from different school geography courses, explain their features and differences. Evaluate various sources of geographical knowledge. Be able to work with various sources of geographical knowledge. Name typical geographical research methods. Express your arguments briefly and convincingly, speak in accordance with the logic of the question posed. |
During the classes.
Class organization.
Checking homework.
(frontal conversation)
What does economic and social geography of the world study?
What sciences does socio-economic geography combine?
What is the main direction of the current stage of development of social and economic geography?
What issues are geographers involved in solving?
3. Studying a new topic.
Modern methods of geographical research.
What is a "method"?
(student answers)
Write in your notebook: A method is a way to achieve a goal or solve a specific problem; a set of methods for understanding reality.
In geography, universal and special research methods are used.
What research methods do you know?
(student answers)
Write in your notebook:
Traditional methods:
Cartographic is the leading method in geography (different types of maps, different methods of analyzing maps). When teaching, a map performs a number of functions: a source of information, a teaching tool, and a teaching method.
Working on atlas maps:
-Using the “Political Map of the World”, name the leading states by area; “dwarf” states, island states: archipelagic countries, coastal states, landlocked states.
-According to the map of “World Population Distribution”, name the regions of the world with high population density and low population density?
-On the map “Environmental Problems of the World”, name the regions of the world where radioactive pollution, pasture degradation, and soil erosion predominate.
Statistical – processing of various digital data, their comparison and analysis.
Working with tables in the textbook application.
-Name the countries in the world that have the largest reserves of oil, natural gas, and coal, identify the regions of the world that are poor in arable land, name the most and least forested countries in the world.
Historical is a method of studying the history of geographical objects from the moment of their formation to the present.
Using the example of the Russian Federation, trace the changes occurring on the territory of the country.
Mathematical methods make it possible to move on to mathematical modeling of physical and economic-geographical phenomena and processes.
-If the area of the Sahara Desert increases annually by 13 thousand square kilometers, how much will the area of the desert increase in 5, 10 years?
Modern methods:
Geographic forecast - foreseeing the future state of geosystems, etc.
-If deforestation of equatorial forests in South America is not reduced, what could be the consequences?
-If the amount of carbon dioxide does not decrease, what could be the consequences of the greenhouse effect?
2. Geoinformatics has led to the creation of geographic information systems that create electronic maps that differ in language, national electronic atlases: the USA, Canada, Japan, Sweden and other countries of the world.
3. Space research methods - satellite and navigation systems, with the help of which you can determine your location and choose the shortest route.
Sources of geographic information.
What are the sources of geographic information you know?
(students' answers)
Write in your notebook:
The main sources of geographic information: visual observations, eyewitness accounts, geographical maps, reference books, textbooks, encyclopedias, special computer programs, television, radio, Internet, etc.
(give examples)
Lesson summary.
- What two groups are all research methods divided into?
List traditional research methods.
Modern research methods.
What are the most accessible sources of geographic information and what information can be obtained from them?
Ratings. House. exercise: study the lesson notes.
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"lesson plan Print"
Lesson topic:« »
Goals: create conditions for the presentation of geography in the system of sciences; introduce the structure of the textbook, methods of geographical research and sources of geographic information, introduce information search using GIS
1.Geography as a science, its role and significance in the system of sciences. Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education majors.
Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.
2
Exercise: Extract traditional and modern research methods from the text.
| Methods of geographical research |
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| Traditional methods | Modern methods |
The main methods of geographical research are: Description method- one of the main methods of geography. All descriptions of the territory were based on observation method.
The map, according to the figurative expression of one of the founders of domestic economic geography, Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky, is the second language of geography. The map is a unique source of information! It gives an idea of the relative position of objects, their sizes, the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon, and much more. Everything on Earth develops historically, therefore, to understand modern geography, knowledge of history is necessary: the history of the development of the Earth, the history of mankind. Statistical method. It is impossible to talk about countries, peoples, natural objects without using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of territory, reserves of natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative production indicators, etc. Mathematical. If there are numbers, then there are calculations: calculations of population density, fertility, mortality and natural population growth, balance of migration, resource availability, GDP per capita, etc. Modern aerial and space photography- great assistants in the study of geography, in the creation of geographical maps, in the development of the national economy and nature conservation, in solving many problems of mankind. Geographical forecast. Modern geographical science must not only describe the objects and phenomena being studied, but also predict the consequences that humanity may come to in the course of its development. Geographic forecast helps to avoid many undesirable phenomena, reduce the negative impact of activities on nature, rationally use resources, and solve global problems.
Geographic information systems.Modern research cannot be imagined without information technology. GIS – Geographic information systems are a computer database that stores geoinformation in the form of maps of various contents, digital and text information on objects marked on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.
Based on spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.
According to their purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.
GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing information at a new technical level. data and obtaining new geographical information on this basis.
3.Sources of geographic information. Geographic map, Statistical materials, Geographic information systems. http://maps.yandex.ru http://maps.google . com / http://maps.google . com /
4. Practical work Familiarization with geographical maps of various subjects.
Exercise 1 . To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10. 1.1. Divide all atlas maps into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a larger number of maps? 1.2. Divide all atlas maps into physical and thematic. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps? What is the purpose of including physical maps in this atlas?
Task 2. Take a close look at the “Political Map of the World” in the geographic atlas. Answer the questions: 2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map? 2.2. What geographical features must be indicated on both the physical and political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?
Homework : Independent work of students Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.
To complete the assignment, use various sources of geographic information. 1.1. Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. as a result of the division of larger federal states.
States that emerged on the territory of the former Soviet Union and their capitals: Russia - Moscow; Ukraine, Kyiv; Belarus - Minsk; ... - Chisinau; Georgia - ...; ... - Baku; Armenia - ...; Kazakhstan - …; ... - Bishkek; Turkmenistan - Ashgabat; Tajikistan - ...; ... - Tashkent; Estonia - ...; ... - Riga; ... - Vilnius.
1.2. Make maps of previously existing federal states, which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Include the designations used in drawing up map diagrams in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and reasons that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Record your findings.
We are closely connected with geography - the nature that surrounds us, recreation, travel to different places on the planet.
Geography still opens up a wonderful world:
introduces you to the customs and traditions of different peoples,
Deep-sea vehicles descend to the bottom of the seas and oceans,
the ice of Antarctica hides unique lakes from the eyes of scientists,
Scientists are discovering new species of animals and plants in the Amazon forests, and also studying climate change and environmental pollution.
LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION Sources of geographic information
TARGET: form an idea of the science of geography.
TASKS:
PLANNED RESULT
Students must: know/understand the tasks and subject of studying geography, the definition of “geography”; be able to call the differences in the study of the Earth geography in comparison with other sciences; give examples of geographical objects; identify differences between natural and man-made objects; explain why geography is studied.
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS: geographic information methods.
MAIN CONTENT
Geography as a science, methods of geographic information. Rules for working with teaching materials.
PRACTICAL WORK: training in how to keep a diary of observations of weather and phenological phenomena.
RESOURCES
Textbook p. 5–6
Atlas
The first lesson of the course should form students’ understanding of the science of geography,
Familiarity requires significant attention
When working with a textbook, it is important to teach how to correctly use text and extra-text components (orientation apparatus, illustrations: drawings, maps, photographs; questions and assignments, etc.). Instructions are provided on page 6 of the textbook. Together with the students, it is necessary to clearly work out all the instructions and make the necessary emphasis. Students of this age typically strive to retell the textbook text word for word. From the point of view of the task of developing students' speech, its correctness, logic, completeness and consistency of presentation, the teacher is required to pay special attention to working on the word, to teaching students to logically explain, prove their point of view, write descriptions, present the content of the topic in their own words, etc. . At the same time, we must constantly remember that students’ speech is highly dependent on how consciously they have mastered the content of concepts and the methods of their application.
Familiarity with the structure of the textbook and methods of working with it, a geographical atlas, and a exercise notebook can be done using the example of the formation of the concept of “geography”.
Working with the atlas in the first lesson is not planned in the lesson content, but it is important to provide for its use. To do this, during the lesson, the basic nomenclature units are introduced, which are already known to students from the discipline “Natural History”.
Practical work is performed in the lesson. Familiarization
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"Presentation1"
« How much benefit comes from geography to the human race, anyone with an understanding can judge.”
M.V. Lomonosov.
Lesson topic:
Introduction. Sources of Geographic Information .
- Geography – the oldest science on Earth. Nowadays, from a descriptive science it has turned into a science of a constructive nature.
- Economic and social geography- is a geographical science about the patterns of development and distribution of nature, population and economy.
- Economic geography is part of the system of geographical sciences and is associated with many sciences: primarily with physical geography, ecology, history, demography, ethnography, and economic cartography.
Goals and objectives of geography when mastering vocational education majors.
- The entire learning process is aimed at achieving the goal:
Formation of a holistic idea of modern geographical science, its participation in solving the most important problems of mankind;
− possession of the skills to conduct observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences;
− possession of the skills to use maps of various contents to obtain new geographical knowledge about natural socio-economic and environmental processes and phenomena;
− possession of the skills to apply geographical knowledge to explain and evaluate various phenomena and processes, independently assess the level of environmental safety, and adapt to changes in its conditions.
. The main tasks of modern geography are to know protect and increase the wealth of our planet in order to pass it on to future generations.
2. Methods of geographical research
Geographical research methods - ways to obtain geographic information
Methods of geographical research
Traditional methods
Modern methods
- These are different types of observations that allow you to get primary information about objects and phenomena.
- It is the most important method in geography. Allows you to study the spatial placement of an object .
Statistical method
- is based on the analysis of statistical material, allows one to specify theoretical calculations, makes it possible to demonstrate the proportionality of phenomena and processes, and draw conclusions about the direction of development of a particular phenomenon.
- Allowed us to identify the dynamics of the world economy and the position of individual countries on the development time scale. Explore the essence of what is happening by comparing the past and present.
Geoinformatics
Computer science allows the use of economic and mathematical modeling. The development of geoinformatics led to the creation of geographic information systems (GIS)
Geographical forecast foreseeing the future state of geosystems, etc. .
4. Practical work " Familiarization with geographical maps of various subjects"
- Exercise 1. To complete the assignment, study the table of contents of the geographical atlas for grade 10.
- 1.1. Divide all atlas maps into world and regional. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a larger number of maps?
- 1.2. Divide all atlas maps into physical and thematic. Which of these groups is represented in the atlas by a large number of maps?
- What is the purpose of including physical maps in this atlas?
Task 2.
Take a close look at the “Political Map of the World” in the geographic atlas.
Answer the questions :
2.1. What is the purpose of the background coloring on this map?
2.2. What geographical features must be indicated on both the physical and political map of the world? 2.3. What information is included in the legend of the political map of the world? Why?
Homework Independent work :
« Drawing up maps (schemes) reflecting various geographical phenomena and processes.”
To complete the assignment, use various sources of geographic information. 1.1. Insert the missing names of some new countries (or their capitals) that appeared on the political map of the world at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. as a result of the division of larger federal states.
- States that arose on the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), and their capitals: Serbia - Belgrade; Croatia - …; Montenegro - …; ... - Skopje; ... - Ljubljana; Bosnia and Herzegovina - … .
- States that arose on the territory of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR), and their capitals: Czech Republic - ...; ... - Bratislava.
- 1.2. Make maps of previously existing federal states, which show the boundaries of former federations and newly formed countries. Write the names of these countries and their capitals. Include the designations used in drawing up map diagrams in the legend. 1.3. Analyze the factors and reasons that led to the emergence of new states on the political map of the world at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. Record your findings .
What is GIS?
GIS is a collection of computer hardware, geographic data, and software for collecting, processing, storing, modeling, analyzing, and displaying spatial information.
GIS is a medium that links geographic information (where things are) with descriptive information (what they are).
Unlike conventional paper maps, GIS puts at your disposal many layers of diverse general geographic and thematic information.
How is information stored in GIS?
All original information is stored in separate layers in digital form on a computer.
And all this geographic data is sorted into layers, with each layer representing a different type of feature (topic).
One of these topics may contain all the roads in a certain territory, another - lakes, and a third - all cities and other settlements in the same territory.
- http:// www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html
GIS can be considered in three types:
Database type: GIS is a unique type of database about our world—a geographic database. This is the "Information System for Geography".
Card type: A GIS is a collection of smart maps and other graphical views that show features and their relationships on the earth's surface. Maps can be generated and used as a “window into a database” to support queries, analysis and editing of information. These actions are called geovisualization.
Model type: GIS is a set of tools for transforming information. They allow you to create new geographic data sets from existing ones by applying special analytical functions to them - geoprocessing tools. In other words, by combining data and applying some rules, you can create a model that helps you answer your questions.
- http://www.dataplus.ru/Arcrev/Number_43/1_Geograf.html
4. What can you do with GIS?
- Perform spatial queries and analysis
- search databases and perform spatial queries
- identify areas suitable for the required activities;
- identify relationships between various parameters (for example, soils, climate and crop yields);
- identify locations of power outages
http://moslesproekt.roslesinforg.ru/activity/023gil-inform
GIS technologies in cartography
This is a source of objective information for updating and compiling various thematic and topographic maps of the entire scale series with minimal time, labor and economic costs.
Use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies for environmental monitoring
This is the simplest and most cost-effective way of operational monitoring observations of the state of the natural environment.
Use of satellite imagery and GIS technologies in forestry
This is the prompt receipt of complete and objective information about the state of forests at different levels of forest management - from the forest lease area and forestry to the level of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or the entire country.
Interactive maps of the world, countries, cities
The interactive map can be controlled:
Zoom in/out
Move in all geographic directions
Using the interactive map you can obtain information:
About the distance between objects using marks
Find objects at a specified address
Find the nearest metro stations to a specified address
Demonstration of the practical use of various interactive maps: comparing maps and satellite images, measuring distances, determining the closest buildings to a specified address, etc.
http://maps.yandex.ru
http://maps. google . com /
http://maps. google . com /
Geographic information systems as a means of obtaining, processing and presenting geographic information .
Modern research cannot be imagined without information technology.
1. GIS - Geographical Information Systems - is a computer database that stores geoinformation in the form of maps of various contents, digital and text information on objects plotted on these maps. Information can be presented on the monitor screen and in the form of printouts of any scale, tables, graphs, diagrams for any of their information blocks.
Based on spatial coverage, global, national, regional, local and city GIS are distinguished.
According to their purpose, they are divided into resource-cadastral, land, environmental, geological, marine, educational, etc.
GIS is a special system capable of collecting, systematizing, storing, processing, evaluating, displaying and distributing data at a new technical level and obtaining new geographic information on this basis.
Statistical materials are one of the main sources of geographic information .
Using statistical data: what is the height or depth, area of territory, natural resources, population, demographic indicators, absolute and relative production indicators, etc.
- Cartographic sources include a map. A map is a special form of information and acquisition of knowledge about the spatial distribution of natural and social phenomena, their condition, properties and changes over time.
- This form is widely used in everyday life of society and is absolutely necessary for many branches of science and practice.
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