Morozov Nikolai Vasilievich. Russian science

• Morozov N.V., Ganiev I.M., Gallyamova I.N. Resource-saving biotechnology for wastewater treatment from waste lubricating oils of industrial enterprises to recycling water supply standards / N.V. Morozov, I.M. Ganiev, I.N. Galliamova // International. scientific conf. theory and butt. developments “Scientific developments: Eurasian region”, - M.: Publishing house. Infinity, 2019. - pp. 191-197.

• Morozov N.V., Ganiev I.M., Lebedev N.A., Almazova G.A., Ibragimov T.R. Neutralization of used lubricating oils in industrial wastewater using a consortium of microorganisms in a spray-settlement bioreactor / N.V. Morozov, I.M. Ganiev, N.A. Lebedev, G.A. Almazova, T.R. Ibragimov // Bulletin of the Technological University. Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, Kazan. national research technol. univ. - Kazan: KNRTU Publishing House, 2018. - T. 21. - No. 12. - P. 78 - 83.

• Morozov N.V., Morozov V.N.; Ganiev I.M. Biotechnology of deep biodestruction of lubricating oils in wastewater of enterprises and agricultural facilities / N.V. Morozov, V.N. Morozov, I.M. Ganiev // Mat. III International Scientific Internet Conference “Biotechnology. A look into the future", in 2 volumes, Kazan, IP Sinyaev, 2014. - from 18-20.

• Morozov N.V., Ivanov A.V., Akhmetov A.A., Grigorieva E.N. Optimization of environmental conditions for hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms used for controlled biodestruction of oil pollution. //Materials of the VIIth Moscow International Congress “Biotechnology: status and development prospects” M.: 2013.-P. 250-251.
• Akhmetov A.A., Morozov N.V., Grigorieva E.N. Intensification of biodestruction of oil in agricultural wastewater with sorbents of plant origin.// Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Biotechnology: Reality and Prospects in Agriculture”. Saratov, 2013.-S. 241-243
• Morozov N.V., Zhukova O.V. The use of strains of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms for the purification of wastewater from agricultural enterprises from oil products in small sewers.//Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Biotechnology: Reality and Prospects in Agriculture”. Saratov, 2013.-S. 265-267

• Morozov N.V., Ivanov A.V., Akhmetov A.A. Biotechnology for the elimination of oil pollution by associations of oil and hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms immobilized on sorbents of various natures. // Materials of the International. scientific tech. Conference "Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnologies". M.: 2012.-S. 463-464.

• Morozov N.V., Ivanov A.A., Zhukova O.V., Chernov A.N., Stepanov V.I. Biological products of industrial design and their use for controlled purification of surface waters from oil pollution (in case of emergency or local entry).// Materials of the VI Moscow International Congress “Biotechnology: status and development prospects” M.: 2011.
• Morozov N.V., Zhukova O.V., Ivanov A.V. Biotechnology for the elimination of oil pollution with indigenous strains of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms immobilized on sorbents of various natures.// Materials of the VI Moscow International Congress “Biotechnology: status and development prospects” M.: 2011.

• Zhukova O.V. Applicability of biopolitical categories to the forms of behavior of microorganisms / O.V. Zhukova, L.Z. Khusnetdinova, N.V. Morozov // Environmental biotechnologies in the XXI century. Collection of scientific articles. Edited by Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor N.V. Morozova. - Kazan: TGGPU, 2010. - pp. 106-124.

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born on June 25, 1854 on the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl province. His mother was the serf peasant woman A.V. Morozova; the father is a young rich landowner Shchepochkin, who fell in love with his serf, gave her her freedom and married her. The son from this marriage (not sanctified by the church) received his mother's surname.

Nikolai Morozov was brought up in his father's house, distinguished from childhood by great curiosity and a special passion for natural sciences: he collected herbariums and mineral collections, read books from the home library, climbed onto the roof of the house at night and spent hours studying the starry sky. Morozov's stay at the Moscow classical gymnasium, where he entered in 1869, was short-lived. For his active participation in the organization of the “secret society of natural scientists of high school students” and the publication of a handwritten illegal high school journal, which, along with scientific articles, also contained notes on political topics, Morozov was expelled from the 6th grade.

In the early 1870s, Morozov met prominent revolutionary populists S. M. Kravchinsky, D. A. Klemenets and others and soon took part in the propaganda of liberation ideas among the peasantry. In this work, dressing up and posing as either a blacksmith or a shoemaker, Morozov spends the summer of 1874, moving from village to village, talking with peasants, reading and distributing forbidden literature among them. When mass arrests began among the populists, Morozov returned to Moscow, where he was persecuted by the police.

Soon, in the same 1874, he was forced to go abroad. In Geneva, Morozov established connections with Russian emigrants, became the editor of Bakunin's magazine "Rabotnik", and collaborated with the London newspaper "Forward!", published by P. L. Lavrov. Here he was accepted as a member of the International. In 1875, he tries to return to Russia illegally, but he is detained at the border by gendarmes as one of the “most dangerous Russian conspirators.” (Under this definition, Morozov’s name appears on the list of persons that was secretly distributed by the government to all police agencies of the empire for an enhanced search and transfer to prison.)

From 1875 to 1878, Morozov spent time in the St. Petersburg house of preliminary detention. Without wasting time, trying, if possible, to study mathematics, physics, and astronomy, he studied foreign languages ​​in prison, preparing to become a professional revolutionary. His first poems were written there. During his imprisonment, Morozov was put on trial in the “trial of the 193s,” which lasted almost three months. As a result, he was again sentenced to prison, but he received credit for three years of his time in prison.

Upon leaving prison, Morozov, having learned that his sentence was subject to review as “too lenient,” immediately went into illegal status. By this time, he joined the organization of revolutionary populists "Land and Freedom", where he soon became one of the leading figures. Together with G. V. Plekhanov, he edits the magazine "Land and Freedom". In view of the emerging disagreements with Plekhanov, who denied individual terror as a method of political struggle, Morozov created a special body - the "Land and Freedom" sheet, dedicated to the propaganda of terror, and, finally, in 1879, became part of a terrorist group with the motto "Freedom or Death" ", which secretly arose inside "Land and Freedom". After the final split of Earth and Waves, Morozov was a member of the Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya (it also included A.I. Zhelyabov, S.L. Perovskaya, A.D. Mikhailov, V.N. Figner and others) and editor its press organ.

Attempts on the life of Alexander II followed one after another, in the preparation of which Morozov took an active part. In 1880 he again had to emigrate abroad. During his trip to London, he meets and talks with K. Marx.

Informed by a letter from Sofia Perovskaya about the need for his return to his homeland, Morozov in 1881 makes a second attempt to cross the Russian border and again falls into the hands of the gendarmes. In 1882, in the “trial of 20,” Morozov was sentenced to life imprisonment, which he served first in the Alekseevskaya ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress (4 years), and then, from 1834, in the Shlisselburg Fortress (21 years). He was released under an amnesty only in the fall of 1905, after 25 years of solitary confinement.

Morozov devoted all the years of his stay in the Shlisselburg fortress to the development of scientific issues that occupied him, mainly in the field of chemistry and astronomy. With an incredible effort of will, he forced himself to work, write, do calculations, make tables. This allowed him, immediately after leaving prison, to publish his works one after another: “Periodic systems of the structure of matter” (1907), “D. I. Mendeleev and the significance of his periodic system for the chemistry of the future” (1908). At the same time, during his imprisonment, most of his poems were created, which he published in the book “Star Songs”. The publication of this book in 1910 led to prosecution and a new one-year sentence, which Morozov served in the Dvina Fortress. Morozov used his year in prison to write his memoirs. ("Tales of My Life", vols. 1-4, Pg., 1916-1918 (3rd ed. - vols. 1-2, M., 1965).)

After the October Revolution, Morozov devoted himself entirely to scientific, pedagogical and social activities. He was elected director of the Natural Science Institute named after P. F. Lesgaft, an honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Morozov is the author of the books “Revelations in a Thunderstorm and a Storm” (1907) and “Christ” (a seven-volume work of 1924-1932), in which, based on data from astronomy and geophysics, he tried to substantiate a completely new concept of world history, which has no scientific value, but remarkable in its own way.

In recent years, Morozov lived in his homeland, on the Borok estate in the Yaroslavl region, which was assigned to him on the personal instructions of V.I. Lenin.

Morozov's poems of the 1870-1880s were published in collections and periodicals of the free Russian press abroad; The first collection of poems by N. A. Morozov, “Poems 1875-1880” (Geneva, 1880), was also published abroad. The revolutionary events of 1905 and Morozov’s subsequent amnesty made it possible to publish the first legal collections of his poems: “From the Walls of Captivity. Shlisselburg Motifs” (Rostov-on-Don, St. Petersburg, 1906) and “Star Songs” (M., 1910) . Only after the October Revolution was an almost exhaustive collection of Morozov's poetic works published: "Star Songs. The first complete edition of all poems before 1919." (book 1-2, M., 1920-1921).

Books

In the brilliant book of a Russian scientist who spent 27 years in prison, you will get an answer to the question: is the ancient dream of alchemists about the convertibility of simple substances into each other close to fulfillment? This book shows how, throughout the long period of its existence, chemistry, with the exception of its temporary disappointment in the 19th century, set as its ultimate goal to prove the transformability of metals and metalloids and establish the laws of their natural evolution from the all-pervading world ether, and at the same time to give us ways, imitating nature, to actually transform them into each other in our earthly laboratories.

St. Petersburg, 1909

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Memoirs of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov - an honorary academician, an outstanding scientist in the field of natural science, the oldest revolutionary, covering his childhood, revolutionary activities, 25-year imprisonment in the Shlisselburg fortress and some period after liberation. In addition, the publication includes some of his letters. Morozov's memoirs are in the nature of a fiction story. L.N. Tolstoy gave a high assessment to their artistic side.

Download - first volume in PDF (15.31 Mb.)
Download - second volume in PDF (22.78 MB.)

The work “Periodic systems of the structure of matter” was written by him while serving a sentence in the Shlisselburg fortress for participation in revolutionary activities. In his book, Morozov develops the idea of ​​the complex structure of atoms and thereby substantiates the essence of the periodic law of chemical elements. He defends the theoretical possibility of atomic decomposition, which at that time seemed unconvincing to most physicists and chemists, because there was not yet sufficient experimental evidence for this statement. N.A. Morozov also expresses the idea that the main task of the chemistry of the future will be the synthesis of elements. Developing the idea of ​​J. Dumas, N.A. Morozov proposed a periodic system of hydrocarbons - “carbohydrides”, by analogy with the periodic table - “in increasing order of their share weight”, and constructed tables reflecting the periodic dependence of a number of properties of aliphatic and cyclic radicals on the molecular weight. N.A. Morozov suggested that chemically neutral elements should exist among atoms. A number of atomic weights of elements of the zero and first groups calculated by N.A. Morozov coincided with the atomic weights of the corresponding isotopes determined many years later. A deep analysis of the properties of the elements of the zero and eighth groups of the periodic system of Mendeleev led N.A. Morozov to the idea of ​​​​the need to combine them into one zero type, which was also justified by subsequent works. “Thus,” wrote the famous chemist Professor L.A. Chugaev, “N.A. Morozov could predict the existence of the zero group 10 years before it was actually discovered. Unfortunately, due to circumstances beyond his control, this prediction was not could have been published then and appeared in print much later." It is striking and indisputable that more than 100 years ago N.A. Morozov boldly and confidently accepted the point of view of the complex structure of atoms and the convertibility of elements, allowing for the possibility of artificial production of radioactive elements, recognizing the extraordinary reserves of intra-atomic energy. According to Academician I.V. Kurchatov, “modern physics has fully confirmed the statement about the complex structure of atoms and the interconvertibility of all chemical elements, which was once discussed by N.A. Morozov in the monograph “Periodic Systems of the Structure of Matter.”

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov is a Russian revolutionary populist. Member of the Chaikovsky circle, Land and Freedom, and the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya. He was a participant in the assassination attempts on Alexander II.

In 1882 he was sentenced to eternal hard labor, and until 1905 he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul and Shlisselburg fortresses. Mason. Honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Political assassination is the implementation of revolution in the present.
(Leaflet "Land and Freedom", March 22, 1879)

Morozov Nikolay Alexandrovich

He is also known as a scientist who has left a large number of works in various fields of natural and social sciences. Also known as a writer and poet. Awarded the Order of Lenin (1945) and the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939).

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was born in 1854 in the family estate of Borok. He received his education mainly at home; in 1869 he entered the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium (did not graduate), where, according to his own recollections, he studied poorly; in 1871–1872 he was a volunteer student at Moscow University.

In 1874, he joined the populist circle of the “Chaikovites,” participated in “going to the people,” and conducted propaganda among the peasants of the Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Voronezh and Kursk provinces.

In the same year, he went abroad, was a representative of the “Chaikovites” in Switzerland, collaborated with the newspaper “Rabotnik” and the magazine “Forward”, and became a member of the International. Upon returning to Russia in 1875, he was arrested. In 1878, he was tried in the trial of 193, was sentenced to a year and three months in prison and, taking into account the preliminary detention, was released at the end of the trial.

He continued his revolutionary activities, carried out propaganda in the Saratov province, and went underground to avoid arrest. He became one of the leaders of the “Land and Freedom” organization, and was the secretary of the editorial office of the “Land and Freedom” newspaper.

In 1879 he took part in the creation of “People's Will” and joined the Executive Committee. He participated in the preparation of a number of assassination attempts on Alexander II, and was a member of the editorial board of the newspaper Narodnaya Volya.

In January 1880, due to theoretical differences with the majority of the leadership of Narodnaya Volya, he withdrew from practical work and, together with his common-law wife Olga Lyubatovich, went abroad, where he published a brochure “The Terrorist Struggle” outlining his views.

If the Narodnaya Volya program considered terror as an exclusive method of struggle and subsequently provided for its abandonment, then Morozov proposed using terror constantly as a regulator of political life in Russia.

The theory developed by Morozov was called “tellism” (from William Tell). In December 1880, Morozov met in London with Karl Marx, who gave him several works for translation into Russian, including the Manifesto of the Communist Party.

In 1881, having learned about the assassination of the emperor and the subsequent arrests, Morozov returned to Russia, but was arrested at the border. In 1882, in the trial of 20, he was sentenced to life imprisonment. Until 1884 he was kept in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress, and from 1884 in Shlisselburg.

In November 1905, as a result of the revolution, N. A. Morozov was released after 25 years of imprisonment. After that, he devoted himself to science, began to prepare for publication his works written in prison, and published a number of books and articles on various topics.

At the beginning of 1907, in the church of the village of Kopan near Bork, Nikolai Alexandrovich married Ksenia Alekseevna Borislavskaya (1880–1948), a famous pianist, writer and translator. They lived a long life together, but they had no children.

In 1908 he joined the Polar Star Masonic Lodge.

On January 30 (February 12), 1910, N. A. Morozov was invited by S. V. Muratov on behalf of the Council of the Russian Society of Lovers of World Studies (ROLM) to the post of Chairman of the Council and remained its only chairman for the entire existence of the society (before its dissolution in 1932).

Members of the Council were then repressed and some of them were amnestied only half a century later. Morozov, despite his critical position, was only forced to leave for his Borok estate, where he continued scientific work, including at the astronomical observatory built for him by ROLM.

Morozov did not share Bolshevik views. For him, socialism was the ideal of social organization, but he perceived this ideal as a distant goal, the achievement of which is associated with the worldwide development of science, technology and education.

He considered capitalism to be the driving force behind the latter. He defended the position that a gradual, well-prepared nationalization of industry was needed, and not its forced expropriation. In his articles he proved the inconsistency of the socialist revolution in peasant Russia. On the issue of the socialist revolution he opposed Lenin.

Here his position was closer to Plekhanov’s. Morozov participated in the elections to the Constituent Assembly on the lists of the Kadet Party, being in the same ranks with V.I. Vernadsky.

On August 12, 1917, in Moscow at the Bolshoi Theater, on the initiative of the head of the Provisional Government A.F. Kerensky, a State Meeting was held, in which figures of the revolutionary movement were involved: Prince P.A. Kropotkin, E.K. Breshko-Breshkovskaya, G.A. Lopatin, G. V. Plekhanov and N. A. Morozov. In his speech at this meeting, Morozov argued that the proletariat cannot currently survive without the bourgeoisie.

On the eve of the October Revolution, N. A. Morozov took a conciliatory position, joining the Cadet Party, he was offered the post of Comrade Minister of Education, which he refused. N. A. Morozov was respected by all revolutionary parties as one of the few living Narodnaya Volya members.

According to Academician Igor Kurchatov, “modern physics has fully confirmed the statement about the complex structure of atoms and the interconvertibility of all chemical elements, discussed at one time by N. A. Morozov in the monograph “Periodic Systems of the Structure of Matter.”

N. A. Morozov from 1918 until the end of his life was the director of the Natural Science Institute. P. F. Lesgaft. Members of the Russian Society of Lovers of World Science, which he led, located in the building of the institute, began to develop a number of problems related to space exploration.

Morozov personally took part in this work, proposing, independently of the Americans, a high-altitude hermetic aviation suit - the prototype of a modern space suit. He also invented the equatorial rescue belt, which allows you to automatically turn the upper part of the balloon into a parachute and ensure a smooth descent of the gondola or cabin to the ground.

In 1939, on his initiative, a scientific center was created in the village of Borok, Yaroslavl region; now the Institute of Biology of Inland Waters and the Borok Geophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences work there.

In 1939, Morozov, at the age of 85, graduated from Osoaviakhim sniper courses and three years later he personally took part in hostilities on the Volkhov Front. In July 1944 he was awarded the Order of Lenin.

N. A. Morozov wrote many books and articles on astronomy, cosmogony, physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, geophysics, meteorology, aeronautics, aviation, history, philosophy, political economy, linguistics, history of science, mostly of a popular and educational nature.

In the works on chemistry that attracted Mendeleev's attention, visionary statements about the complex composition of atoms and the possibility of transformation of elements and interesting observations about their classification, probably stimulated by the work of Lockyer, are combined with baseless speculative constructions. In the field of physics, N. A. Morozov tried to challenge the Theory of Relativity.

Finding himself in the Peter and Paul Fortress and having no other literature except the Bible, Morozov began to read “Apocalypse” and, by his own admission: ... from the very first chapter I suddenly began to recognize in the apocalyptic beasts a half-allegorical, and half-literally accurate and, moreover, extremely artistic depiction long ago thunderstorm pictures known to me, and besides them there is also a wonderful description of the constellations of the ancient sky and the planets in these constellations. After a few pages there was no longer any doubt for me that the true source of this ancient prophecy was one of those earthquakes that are not uncommon even now in the Greek Archipelago, and the accompanying thunderstorm and the ominous astrological arrangement of the planets according to the constellations, these ancient signs of God's wrath, accepted by the author, under the influence of religious enthusiasm, for a sign specially sent by God in response to his fervent prayers to indicate to him at least some hint when Jesus would finally come to earth.

Based on this idea as an obvious fact that did not need proof, Morozov tried to calculate the date of the event based on the supposed astronomical indications in the text and came to the conclusion that the text was written in 395 AD. e., 300 years later than its historical dating. For Morozov, however, this served as a sign that not his hypothesis was wrong, but the accepted chronology. Morozov, upon his release from prison, outlined his conclusions in the book “Revelation of Thunder and Storm” (1907).

Critics have pointed out that this dating contradicts the undoubted quotations and references to the "Apocalypse" in earlier Christian texts. To this, Morozov objected that since the dating of the “Apocalypse” is proven astronomically, then in this case we are dealing with either forgeries or incorrect dating of contradictory texts that could not have been written earlier than the 5th century.

At the same time, he firmly believed that his dating was based on accurate astronomical data; critics' indications that these “astronomical data” represented an arbitrary interpretation of a metaphorical text were ignored by him.

In further work, Morozov revised the dating of a number of ancient astronomical events (mainly solar and lunar eclipses) described in ancient and early medieval sources, as well as several horoscopes, images of which were discovered in archaeological sites.

He came to the conclusion that a significant part of the dating is unfounded, since it is based on extremely meager descriptions of eclipses (without indicating the date, time, exact location, or even specifying the type of eclipse). Morozov re-dated other ancient astronomical events, suggesting significantly later dates.

Analyzing the history of Chinese astronomy, Morozov concluded that the ancient Chinese astronomical records are unreliable - the lists of comet appearances have clear signs of being copied from each other and from European sources, the lists of eclipses are unrealistic (there are more records of eclipses than could in principle be observed).

Ultimately, Morozov proposed the following concept of history: history began in the 1st century. n. e. (Stone Age), II century was the Bronze Age, III - Iron Age; then comes the era of a single “Latin-Hellenic-Syrian-Egyptian empire”, the rulers of which (starting with Aurelian) “were crowned with four crowns in four countries” and “at each coronation they received a special official nickname in the language of this country,” and in our multilingual sources we, according to Morozov, have four histories of the same empire, where the same kings appear under different names.

The confusion that arose as a result gave us what is considered the history of the ancient world; in general, all written history fits into 1700 years and those events that we consider to be at different times occurred in parallel, and ancient literature was created during the Renaissance, which in fact was the “era fantasy and apocryphation."

Morozov dates the crucifixion (“pillaring”) of Christ to 368, whom he identifies with one of the church fathers, Basil the Great. As for the cultures located outside the Mediterranean, their history is much shorter than is commonly believed; for example, India “does not really have any chronology of its own before the 16th century.” n. e."

Morozov's works were not taken seriously and received devastating reviews. After the revolution, however, criticism was greatly tempered by respect for Morozov's revolutionary merits. The term “New Chronology” itself was first used in a devastating review of Morozov’s book by historian N. M. Nikolsky.

Yuri Olesha left a testimony about the response of his contemporaries to “Christ” and other works of Morozov.

Morozov's ideas were forgotten for a long time and were perceived only as a curiosity in the history of thought, but since the late 1960s. his “Christ” was of interest to a circle of academic intellectuals (not humanists, mainly mathematicians, led by M. M. Postnikov), and his ideas were developed in the “New Chronology” by A. T. Fomenko and others (for more details, see History " New chronology").

Interest in the “New Chronology” contributed to the reissue of Morozov’s works and the publication of his works that remained unpublished (three additional volumes of “Christ” were published in 1997–2003).

Created by him in prison in the mid-1870s. the poems were published in the collection “From Behind Bars” (Geneva, 1877). After Morozov’s release, his collections of poems “From the Walls of Captivity” (1906) and “Star Songs” (1910) were published, which included works he created during more than 20 years of imprisonment. For the book “Star Songs,” which expressed revolutionary sentiments, he was sentenced to a year in prison and spent the entire year of 1911 in the Dvina Fortress.

In his poems, Morozov calls for the fight against autocracy, glorifies revolutionaries and calls for revenge for his fallen comrades; There is also a satirical element in his poems. In the 1900s he turned to scientific poetry, focusing, following the Russian symbolists, on the experience of the Belgian poet Rene Gil. Morozov's poems evoked a sharp assessment from Nikolai Gumilyov.

Memory
* In the Leningrad region there is a village named after Morozov.
* The minor planet 1210 Morosovia and a crater on the Moon are named in honor of Morozov.
* Shlisselburg powder factories were renamed in 1922 to “Plant named after. Morozova".
* In Borka (Yaroslavl region) there is a house-museum of Morozov.
* Monument at the grave of Nikolai Alexandrovich - the work of sculptor G.I. Motovilov.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Morozov - photo

Basic scientific principles formulated by the author based on the research:
1. The process of conceptualization of historical knowledge about Russian civilization, which appeared already in the late 1980s. against the backdrop of the crisis of formation theory, over the next two decades it covered the interdisciplinary space of the social, humanities and natural sciences, which, as a result of the influence of anthropological, linguistic and other “turns”, was used to test many new ideas and cognitive models dedicated to explaining various manifestations of civilizational specifics society and its institutions.

The pessimism of some historians regarding the creation of a theory of civilization was a consequence of the establishment of theoretical pluralism in modern domestic historiography and the lack of correct methodological tools that would neutralize the ideological conjuncture and the limited narrow substantive preferences of researchers. The understanding of civilization, characteristic of foreign historiography, was established in two versions: as a step, phase, stage of development of society, and this idea in the context of universal history and the staged version of formation theory was translated by supporters of the vector of movement of society towards the primacy of liberal values; and as a local civilization, the essence of which was derived from the influence on society of a combination of natural and socio-cultural factors, and the ideas of its development presupposed taking into account traditional values.

2. The study of the semantic fields of key concepts using concrete historical methods showed that the system of historical knowledge about Russian civilization was experiencing a state of definitional impasse, overcoming which seems possible by returning to the construction of classical definitions proposed by the author.

3. Researchers, in conditions of a loose orientation towards one of the three models of scientific knowledge (classical, non-classical, neoclassical) and uncertainty of knowledge about the civilizational approach, preferred to use a situational set of methodological apparatus, which generally impoverishes the conceptual plan of work, leading to the identification of the problem field of the history of Russian civilization with familiar problems of social history. The analysis of historical knowledge about the civilizational space was enriched by giving category status to such semantic figures as: the space of civilization as a territory / living environment, the opposition “East - Russia - West”, identity. To search for the characteristics of civilizational temporality, linear and cyclic-wave approaches were used. Its psychophysiological parameters, derived in the system of natural scientific knowledge, were probabilistic in nature.

4. The civilizational approach as a methodological strategy presupposes the presence in its set of principles of philosophical, epistemological, general scientific, disciplinary levels, including those that are of key importance in adequately reflecting the civilizational specifics of the subject of research, namely: the postulates of P. A. Sorokin and the principles of holism (emergence ), historicism and psychologism.

5. The foundation for the formation of a historical and psychological resource for the methodology of historical knowledge of Russian civilization was the problem field of the Russian mentality, which in domestic historiography was in demand for studying it as a system-forming irrational basis in the life of society.

A tendency to distinguish and clarify the meanings of the related concepts “mentality” and “mentality” has been highlighted; the topic of the structure of mentality, presented in various configurations of mental processes, states and properties: level, spherocentric and model, has become a permanent discussion. The scientific value of ideas was declining due to the widespread practice of including conscious elements of the psyche in the mentality and mentality, along with the structures of the unconscious, that did not require additional identification, the manifestations of which were immediately subject to analysis and adjustment by the individual.

6. The author’s version of the structure of the Russian mentality is a horizontally constructed composition of functionally consistent archetypal images and unconscious stereotypes deposited in ethnic self-awareness, modeling the civilizational specifics of Russia, without conflicting with historical facts established in the scientific community (see Table 2).

7. Based on the results of an examination of the meanings of the concept of the mobilization type of development and the idea of ​​great power, carried out on the basis of historiographic sources, it was concluded that the tendency for the dominance of the mobilization type of development of society and the spiritual practice of idealizing state power in the context of great power, formed during the period of formation and rise of Russian civilization, preserved by the beginning of the 21st century. and comprehended by historians, are, in our opinion, signs of the manifestation of the archetypal images of the same name of the collective unconscious.

8. An indicator of the increased level of conceptualization of historical knowledge about Russian civilization by the end of the period under review is the formed multi-level system of analytical resources in the form of a set of ideas, concepts and middle-level theories that make up the platform for the theoretical understanding of its integrity.

Publications in periodicals from the List of leading peer-reviewed scientific journals and publications in which the main scientific results of dissertations for the scientific degree of Doctor and Candidate of Sciences should be published

1. Morozov, N. M. The concept of “theory of local civilization” in domestic historiography at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. 2011. No. 2. P. 23-28. (0.75 p.l.)

2. Morozov, N. M. Mobilization type of development of Russian civilization [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Series History. 2011. No. 2(14). pp. 175-184. (1.1 p.l.)

3. Morozov, N. M. The concept of “civilizational approach” in domestic historiography at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University. 2011. No. 23 (238). Story. Vol. 47. pp. 104-114. (0.75 p.l.)

4. Morozov, N. M. Russian mentality: concept, structure [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of the Russian Nation. 2012. T. 1. Issue. 21. pp. 67-88. (1 p. l.)

5. Morozov, N. M. Statism and colonization policy in the Tomsk province (1906-1911) [Text] / A. Yu. Karpinets, N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. 2012. No. 3. P. 85-91. (0.93 pp., personally by the author - 0.9 pp.)

6. Morozov, N. M. The time of Russian civilization in the context of natural science knowledge: based on materials of domestic historiography of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of the Surgut State Pedagogical University. 2012. No. 4 (19). pp. 124-129. (0.5 p.l.)

7. Morozov, N. M. The time of Russian civilization in the system of humanitarian knowledge (based on materials of domestic historiography of the late 20th and early 21st centuries) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of the Udmurt University. Series: History and Philology. 2013. Issue. 5(1). pp. 39-48. (1.1 p.l.)

8. Morozov, N. M. On the search for the principles of the civilizational approach (based on materials of domestic historiography of the late 20th and early 21st centuries) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Scientific bulletins of Belgorod State University. 2012. Series: History. Political science. Economy. Computer science. No. 7. (126). Vol. 22. pp. 228-235. (0.6 p.l.)

9. Morozov, N. M. Retz. Uskov I. Yu. Kemerovo: the birth of a city. Kemerovo: Kuzbassvuzizdat, 2011. 351 p.; ill. [Text] / N. M. Dmitrienko, N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Tomsk State University. Series History. 2012. No. 1(17). pp. 180-181. (0.4 p. l., personally by the author - 0.35 p. l.)

10. Morozov, N. M. The idea of ​​Manichaean civilization in modern domestic historiography [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of the TSPU. 2013. No. 2(130). pp. 154-158. (0.5 p.l.)

11. Morozov, N. M. Sovereignty in the image of Russian power of the XI-XVII centuries: based on materials of modern historiography [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Cherepovets State University. 2013. No. 2. T. 1. P. 31-34. (0.5 p.l.)

12. Morozov, N. M. Epistemological possibilities of the concept of “barbarism” in the study of Russian civilization [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of Kostroma State University. N. A. Nekrasova. 2013. No. 3. P. 33-35. (0.45 p.l.)

13. Morozov, N. M. Sovereignty in modern historiography (problems of royal power in the 18th-early 20th centuries) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Humanitarian vector. 2013. No. 3 (35). pp. 54-63. (0.95 p.l.)

14. Morozov, N. M. Mobilization type of development in the context of extensiveness / All-Russian scientific conference of young scientists “Modern trends in the development of socio-economic research: problems and searches for solutions.” Rostov-on-Don, June 20, 2013 Section “History” [Electronic resource] / N. M. Morozov // Humanities and social sciences. 2013. No. 4. pp. 283-284. URL: http://www.hses-online.ru/2013/04/konf/30.pdf (0.1 pp.)

15. Morozov, N. M. Understanding the space of Russian civilization relative to the West and East (based on materials of domestic historiography at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Bulletin of the Pacific State University. 2013. No. 4(31). pp. 279-288. (0.6 p.l.)

16. Morozov, N. M. Sovereignty in modern historiography of the idea of ​​the “Third Rome” [Text] / N. M. Morozov // News of Smolensk State University. 2013. No. 4(24). pp. 184-193. (0.6 p.l.)

17. Morozov, N. M. Modern interpretations of sovereignty in regimes of historicity [Text] / N. M. Morozov // News of the Altai State University. 2013. No. 4(80). T. 2. pp. 288-296. (1 p. l.)

Monographs

18. Morozov, N. M. Conceptualization of knowledge about Russian civilization at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov. Kemerovo: Praktika Publishing House, 2014.401 p. (18 p. l.)

19. Modern socio-political processes in the regions of Russia and the world [Text] / N. M. Morozov, E. V. Volchenkova, O. A. Voronina, etc. Krasnodar: ANO “Center for Socio-Political Research “Premier”, 2012 Book. 2. 102 p. (8 pp., personally by the author - 2 pp.).

Articles in scientific publications, abstracts of reports

20. Morozov, N. M. On the principles of the civilizational approach in comprehending historical reality [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Russian education in the 21st century: problems and prospects: Materials of the III All-Russian scientific and practical conference (November 13-14, 2008 G.). Tomsk: TSU Publishing House, 2008. pp. 227-232. (0.4 p.l.)

21. Morozov, N. M. On the systematic nature of local civilization [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Scientific notes of the Scientific Research Institute of Applied Cultural Studies. Kemerovo: KemGUKI, 2009. T. 1(7). pp. 28-32. (0.4 p.l.)

22. Morozov, N. M. Natural scientific concepts in the study of the ecological history of the region [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Scientific creativity of youth: Materials of the XIII All-Russian scientific and practical conference (May 14-15, 2009). Tomsk: TSU Publishing House, 2009. Part 1. pp. 262-266. (0.4 p.l.)

23. Morozov, N. M. The mental field of Russians in the focus of knowledge about Russian civilization [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Materials of the scientific session of the Institute of Human Ecology SB RAS 2011 / Ed. A. N. Glushkova. Kemerovo: Publishing house IEC SB RAS, 2011. Vol. 3. pp. 71-86. (1.45 p.l.)

24. Morozov, N. M. On the conceptual model of the ecological history of Russian civilization [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Sixth Grodekov Readings: Materials Interregion, scientific and practical. conf. "Current problems in the study of Russian civilization in the Far East." Khabarovsk: Khabarovsk Regional Museum named after. N. I. Grodekova, 2009. T. IV. pp. 224-231. (0.75 p.l.)

25. Morozov, N. M. On the role of the ethnic factor in the ecological history of the region. XX century [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Problems of ecology in the modern world: materials of the VI International Internet Conf. March 25, 2009 Tambov: Publishing house. house of TSU named after. G. R. Derzhavina, 2009. pp. 190-197. (0.4 p.l.)

26. Morozov, N. M. On the structure of local civilization in the coordinates of environmental history [Electronic resource] / N. M. Morozov // Scientific and practical Internet conference “Siberian subethnic group: culture, traditions, mentality.” Krasnoyarsk, 2009. URL: http://sib-subethnos.narod.ru/met.html (access date 09/07/2013). (0.5 p.l.)

27. Morozov, N. M. Society and natural environment of Southern Siberia in the 20th century. Statement of the problem [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Modern world. Modern education. Problems, development trends, approaches. Materials of the III interuniversity scientific-practical conference / Responsible. ed. V. M. Filippov. M.: SSU, 2008. pp. 135-149. (0.5 p.l.)

28. Morozov, N. M. Russian civilization as a macro-ecological object [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Russia in the world community of civilizations: history and modernity: V International Scientific and Practical Conference: Collection of articles. Penza: RIO PGSHA, 2009. pp. 147-151. (0.4 p.l.)

29. Morozov, N. M. Factors of ecological identity of Kuzbass in the 20th century [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Modern world. Modern education. Problems, development trends, approaches: Materials of the IV All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. M.: SSU Publishing House, 2009. P. 174-191. (0.8 p.l.)

30. Morozov, N. M. On the structure of local civilization in the coordinates of the history of interaction between society and the natural environment [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Geopolitics and economic dynamics of Eurasia: history, modernity, prospects: materials of the II Eurasian Scientific Forum (1 -July 3, 2009) in 2 volumes / Ed. B. M. Yagudina. Kazan: Intelpress+, 2010. T. I. P. 328-338. (1 p. l.)

31. Morozov, N. M. The unconscious in the psychological and historical portrait of Russians [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Historical psychology in the 21st century: theoretical and methodological problems and the practice of specific research: materials of the All-Russian scientific. Conf., held at IGPI on March 15, 2012 / Ed. I. V. Kurysheva. Ishim: Publishing house IGPI im. P. P. Ershova, 2012. P. 13-23. (0.5 p.l.)

32. Morozov, N. M. The problem of the space of Russian civilization as a territory/living environment (based on materials of domestic historiography at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // VIII Readings dedicated to the memory of R. L. Yavorsky (1925-1995): Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Novokuznetsk: RIO KuzGPA, 2012. pp. 298-304. (0.4 p.l.)

33. Morozov, N. M. State priorities as the driving force for the economic development of the Kuzbass territory at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Russian education in the 21st century: problems and prospects: Materials of the IV All-Russian scientific and practical conference (November 12-13, 2009). Tomsk: TSU Publishing House, 2009. pp. 130-135. (0.4 p.l.)

34. Morozov, N. M. The concept of “mobilization type of development” in domestic historiography at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Materials of the scientific session of the Institute of Human Ecology SB RAS 2011 / Ed. A. N. Glushkova. Kemerovo: Publishing house IEC SB RAS, 2012. Vol. 4. pp. 92-99. (0.8 p.l.)

35. Morozov, N. M. Religious basis of Russian power [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Culture and religion in the XXI century: problems and prospects. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference (April 24, 2013) / Rep. ed. A. A. Zaraisky. Saratov: Publishing house TsPM "Academy of Business", 2013. pp. 116-123. (0.5 p.l.)

36. Morozov, N. M. Experience in operationalizing the civilizational approach [Text] N. M. Morozov // Diary of the Altai School of Political Research. No. 29. Modern Russia and the world: development alternatives (West and East: intercivilizational interactions and international relations): collection of scientific articles / ed. Yu. G. Chernysheva. Barnaul: AZBUKA, 2013. pp. 40-44. (0.3 p.l.)

37. Morozov, N. M. Modern historiography of conservative thought of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. about autocracy [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Current problems of modern social and human sciences: materials of the third international. scientific -pract. conf. (April 26-28, 2013): in 4 parts. Part 2: history and museum work / Scientific. ed. K. V. Patyrbaeva. Perm: Perm. state national research Univ., 2013. pp. 32-35. (0.3 p.l.)

38. Morozov, N. M. Definitions of Russian civilization as a stage (stage, phase, stage) [Text] / N. M. Morozov // System of values ​​of modern society: collection of materials of the XXVIII International Scientific and Practical Conference / Ed. S. S. Chernova. Novosibirsk: LLC agency "SIBPRINT", 2013. pp. 39-44. (0.3 p.l.)

39. Morozov, N. M. The relationship between the concepts of “mentality” and “mentality”: a problem in domestic historiography [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Social processes in modern Western Siberia: a collection of scientific works / Scientific. ed. Yu. V. Tabakaev. Gorno-Altaisk: RIO GAGU, 2013. Vol. 14. pp. 117-119. (0.3 p.l.)

40. Morozov, N. M. Mentality and mentalities: mechanisms of social sustainability [Text] / N. M. Morozov // East - West: problems of interaction. Historical, political, social and religious aspects: collection of articles / Ed. K. B. Umbrashko. Novosibirsk: NGPU Publishing House, 2013. Part 1, pp. 49-58. (0.5 p.l.)

41. Morozov, N. M. Study of the theoretical and methodological interior of historical sciences at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. [Text] / N. M. Morozov // Materials of the scientific session of the Institute of Economics and Chemistry SB RAS 2013 / Ed. A. N. Glushkova. Kemerovo: IEC SB RAS, 2013. pp. 92-98. (0.55 p.l.)

The life of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was full of bright, contradictory, fateful and incredible events. Due to his encyclopedic knowledge, creative potential and enormous capacity for work, N.A. Morozov is an exceptional phenomenon. Whatever he was: a terrorist, a freemason, an inventor, a pilot, an encyclopedist, a writer and poet, a sniper... He didn’t waste time in Dvinsk either: while imprisoned in the fortress, N.A. Morozov wrote memoirs and learned Hebrew.

I dreamed of becoming a scientist, but became a terrorist

According to one version, 15-year-old Nikolai Morozov was expelled from the 2nd Moscow Gymnasium in 1869 due to poor studies, and a little later - in 1971 and 1872 - he was a volunteer student at the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University. According to another, he was expelled from the gymnasium without the right to enter higher educational institutions in Russia for his democratic views - his home education affected him. Thus, by denying him the right to education, the tsarist government itself pushed him onto the revolutionary path.

The next decade of his life was stormy: in 1874 he became a “populist” and participated in “going to the people”, conducting propaganda among the peasants. He became one of the leaders of the Land and Freedom organization, and in 1879 he joined the executive committee of Narodnaya Volya, where the revolver, dagger and dynamite were considered the main means of political struggle. Morozov was an ardent radical and proposed constantly using terror as a regulator of political life. In 1880, in London, he met with Karl Marx and was closely acquainted with Nikolai Kibalchich, Sofia Perovskaya, and Andrei Zhelyabov, executed for the murder of Emperor Alexander II.

He was arrested in 1881 (even before the assassination of the emperor) and in 1882 he was sentenced to life imprisonment - his participation in one of the seven attempts on Alexander II’s life was proven, when Narodnaya Volya members dug under the railway. He spent three years in solitary confinement in the Alekseevsky ravelin of the Peter and Paul Fortress. It was only in 1887 that he was given paper for the first time, and the following year ink. In 1984, he was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress, where he remained for 21 years.

“I was not sitting in a fortress, I was sitting in the Universe”

In the cold solitary confinement of the Shlisselburg convict prison, Morozov did more than just serve his sentence. He studied science daily and made several discoveries of world significance. He recalled: “Some calculations had to be done for several days in a row and written in numbers and transformations on twenty pages of paper, and then reduced to one page. And at the end of such tedious operations my head was ready to burst, and it was impossible to quit in the middle and rest, so as not to lose the connection between the beginning of the calculations and their end.”

During his imprisonment, he learned eleven foreign languages ​​from a self-instruction manual, and after his release under the amnesty of 1905, he managed to take out of prison 26 volumes of manuscripts on various sciences - chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, aviation, political economy, history, mathematics, biology, etc. At large he was actively involved in scientific and pedagogical activities. At the suggestion of D.I. Mendeleev, in 1906, for his work “Periodic systems of the structure of matter,” Morozov was awarded the degree of Doctor of Chemistry without defending a dissertation. Later, academician Igor Kurchatov noted: “Modern physics has fully confirmed the statement about the complex structure of atoms, developed at one time by N.A. Morozov.”

He teaches at the St. Petersburg Higher Free School of P.F. Lesgaft - teacher, anatomist and doctor, creator of the scientific system of physical education. He was elected a member of the Russian, French and British Astronomical Societies and the Russian Physico-Chemical Society, and he was elected chairman of the Russian Society of World Science Amateurs. Academician Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov spoke of Morozov this way: “This scientific enthusiasm, completely disinterested, passionate love for scientific research should remain an example and model for every scientist, young or old.”

Last arrest

The last time Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov was arrested in Crimea was in 1912 (he was 58 years old) and, by decision of the Moscow Court Chamber, was imprisoned in the Dvina Fortress. The reason for the arrest was the publication of a collection of poems, “Star Songs,” in which revolutionary sentiments and anti-religious views prevailed. Nikolai Alexandrovich later recalled: “I took advantage of this opportunity to learn the Hebrew language for the expedient development of the Old Testament Bible, and there I wrote four volumes of “Tales of My Life,” which I brought to the founding of “Narodnaya Volya,” since my period of imprisonment ended at this point "

Liberation followed in 1913 under an amnesty in honor of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was very interested in the memoirs written by Morozov in Dvinsk: “...I read it with the greatest interest and pleasure. I am very sorry that there is no continuation...Talentedly written. It was interesting to look into the soul of the revolutionaries. This Morozov is very instructive for me.”

“The aspiration of the spirit knows no bounds,

The boundless horizon is wide.

On the powerful wings of a white bird

Let’s make our childhood dream come true!”

Nikolai Aleksandrovich Morozov stood at the origins of aeronautics and astronautics. Having received the rank of pilot, he was chairman of the scientific flight commission and lectured at an aviation school. He himself took to the air in the first balloons more than a hundred times, and each flight was associated with risk. He suffered accidents more than once, miraculously remaining alive, and witnessed the death of many Russian aviators. He did a lot for flight safety. For example, he created the world's first high-altitude hermetic aviation suit - the prototype of a modern space suit, and also invented a life-saving equatorial belt, which makes it possible to automatically turn the upper part of a balloon into a parachute, thereby ensuring a smooth descent of the gondola to the ground.

Twelfth foreign

In the Dvina Fortress, Nikolai Morozov mastered the twelfth foreign language - Hebrew. Thanks to his knowledge of languages, including ancient ones, he became familiar with sources on the history of mankind (the Bible, for example) in the original and interpreted the information contained in them in his own way. Having systematized the ancient texts, which probably describe the same events, I noticed that they are dated from different eras. This allowed Morozov to take a fresh look at the historical process and create his own concept of human development. Thus, they laid the foundations for revising traditional history.

Not everyone liked this idea, and in large scientific centers (MSU, in particular) there are still battles between “correctors” of chronology and scientists who adhere to traditional views. They are not very fond of Nikolai Alexandrovich, accusing him of falsification, lack of evidence, free interpretation and fiction: “In the field of “humanities” he can be called ... “an outstanding pseudoscientist.”

Biography facts

While in prison, N.A. Morozov himself cured himself of tuberculosis (the method also included physical exercises) - six months later, the doctors, to their amazement, discovered that the prisoner was not only alive, but also completely healthy.

N.A. Morozov is almost the only one who was not affected by Stalin’s repressions. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences - microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). Until the end of his days, he remained a convinced revolutionary and wrote in all his questionnaires: a member of the Narodnaya Volya party.

In 1939, at the age of 85, he graduated from OSOAVIAKHIM sniper courses and three years later went to the Volkhov Front, where he participated in military operations.

From a letter from the Shlisselburg fortress dated August 8, 1899: “Sometimes a storm disrupts the nests of swallows, and then their chicks come to us to be raised, are fed on flies and spiders and placed in small cloth nests until their wings grow. So now a little orphan swallow named Chika is being raised... She loves to sleep on her chest, in her bosom, in her sleeve, or even just in her fist. Loves to be petted and spoken to and knows her name. Never before has there been such a sweet and affectionate bird..."

“The one whose echo is in others has not died”

There is still no consensus why N.A. Morozov was not affected by Stalin’s repressions. Leader's quirk? Dictator's whim? Or maybe the Generalissimo was close to some of the impulses of the soul of a convinced revolutionary, because in all his questionnaires Morozov wrote: Member of the People's Will party?

ON THE. Morozov was friendly with the poet V.Ya. Bryusov, corresponded with V.I. Lenin, F.E. Dzerzhinsky, A.V. Lunacharsky, V.D. Bonch-Bruevich, Ya.E. Rudzutak, A.I. Rykov, N.I. Ezhov, L.P. Beria, I.V. Stalin. In 1945, there were three honorary academicians of the USSR Academy of Sciences - microbiologist N.F. Gamaley, N.A. Morozov and I.V. Stalin. At the end of his life, awards came: the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1939) and two Orders of Lenin (1944, 1945). Died in 1946.