Magnetic field inclination. The Earth's magnetic field and its determinants: magnetic inclination

Magnetic inclination, corner I between the geomagnetic field strength vector T and a horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth’s surface (see. Terrestrial magnetism ).n. m is measured from the horizontal plane up or down; N.m. is positive when the vector T directed downward from the horizontal plane, which is the case in the Northern Hemisphere, and negative when T directed upward - in the Southern Hemisphere. Nm varies on the earth's surface from 0° to ± 90°. Curves connecting points on the earth's surface with the same values of N.M. are called isoclines . Isocline I= 0 is called the magnetic equator; point where I= 90°, - the north magnetic pole of the Earth; point where I= - 90°, - south magnetic pole (see. Earth's magnetic poles ). N. m. measured inclinators .

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978

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Magnetic inclination

Illustration “Magnetic Inclination” from R. Norman’s book “The Newe Attractive” (1581).

Magnetic inclination- the angle by which the arrow deflects under the influence of the Earth's magnetic field in the vertical plane. In the northern hemisphere, the end of the arrow pointing north deviates downwards, in the southern hemisphere - upwards.

Story

Magnetic inclination was discovered by the Chinese scientist Shen Kuo in the 11th century. The first European to describe this phenomenon (in 1544) was the German engineer and astronomer Georg Hartmann. Later, Christopher Columbus discovered that inclination is highly dependent on geographic coordinates. In 1831, the English polar explorer James Ross discovered the magnetic pole in the Canadian archipelago - the region where the magnetic needle occupies a vertical position, that is, the inclination is 90°. In 1909, one of the parties of the Nimrod expedition reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, located in Antarctica.

What is the earth's magnetic field?

Our planet can be imagined as a magnet of enormous size. The compass needle is also something like that, only in a miniature version. That is why its ends always point to the magnetic poles of the Earth, taking a position along its magnetic lines.

But what is the source and nature of such a grandiose phenomenon on a planetary scale? People began to be interested in this several centuries ago. At first, versions were put forward that the cause of magnetism was hidden in the earth's core. They thought so until they discovered clear evidence of the influence of solar activity on this natural phenomenon. And then scientists suggested that the source of the earth's magnetism is not in the core.

One of the latest scientific hypotheses, trying to unravel the mystery of what the Earth’s magnetic field is, says the following. Water from the oceans, which occupy a vast territory of the blue planet, evaporates in large quantities under the influence of the energy of the Sun and is electrified, receiving a positive charge. In this case, the earth's surface itself becomes negatively charged. All this provokes the movement of ion flows. This is where the planets themselves appear.

Geographical and magnetic axes

It is not at all difficult to understand what the geographic axis of the Earth is. A planetary ball rotates around it, where certain points remain motionless. In order to understand where the axis is, you need to connect the poles with an imaginary line. But the Earth-magnet or, to put it scientifically, the geomagnetic sphere, also has similar points. If you draw a straight line connecting the north magnetic pole and the south, it will be the magnetic axis of the planet.

Similarly, the Earth magnet has an equator. This is a circle located in a plane that is perpendicular to a straight line called the axis. Magnetic meridians are determined in a manner similar to what has just been stated. These are arcs that bend vertically around the geomagnetic sphere.

Magnetic declination

It is clear that magnetic and geographic meridians, like axes, cannot coincide completely, but only approximately. The angle between them at a certain point on the earth's surface is usually called magnetic declination. It should be noted that for each specific area this indicator, when determined, will be different. And its magnitude helps determine the error between the true direction and compass readings.

Since the direction of the magnetic poles does not coincide with the geographic ones, this error, it turns out, must be taken into account in navigation calculations. This difference can be very important for sailors, pilots and military personnel. On many geographical maps, for convenience, the magnitude of the magnetic declination is indicated in advance.

It is interesting that from the point of view of physics, the true and magnetic poles not only do not coincide, but also seem to be turned upside down, that is, the south corresponds to the magnetic north, and vice versa.

The compass needle is designed to determine the location of the magnetic poles at any point on the Earth. What will happen to the readings of this device directly at the North and South Poles? If the compass is designed in a classical way, then the needle will no longer move freely on the central needle along the body, but will press against it or, on the contrary, deviate. At the northern geographic pole it will pirouette 90° downward, while at the southern pole it will shoot vertically upward with its northern end. The opposite tip of the arrow, that is, the southern one, will behave exactly the opposite.

These metamorphoses do not occur suddenly at one moment when moving towards the poles. It should be noted that the compass needle deviates almost constantly at a certain angle in the vertical direction under the influence of the magnetic field: in the northern hemisphere - downwards, and in the southern hemisphere, respectively, upwards with its northern end. This angle is called magnetic inclination.

A similar phenomenon has been known for a long time and was discovered by the Chinese back in the 11th century. But in Europe it was described much later, in the 16th century. And this was done by an astronomer and engineer from Germany Georg Hartmann.

Measurement methods

The fact that the magnetic inclination changes in a certain way depending on the geographical location and the coordinates that describe it was proven by Christopher Columbus. As you approach the equator, the angle decreases. It becomes equal to zero at the equatorial line itself. However, at the time of this great traveler, they had not yet learned to accurately determine the value of this quantity. The first instruments, called inclinators, which made it possible to determine the angle of inclination of the Earth's magnetic field, were invented only more than half a century after the death of Columbus.

The first such design was proposed by the Englishman Robert Norman in 1576. But she turned out to be not entirely accurate in her testimony. Later, more advanced and sensitive inclinators were invented.

corner I between the geomagnetic field strength vector T and a horizontal plane at the point in question on the earth’s surface (see Terrestrial magnetism).n. m is measured from the horizontal plane up or down; N.m. is positive when the vector T directed downward from the horizontal plane, which is the case in the Northern Hemisphere, and negative when T directed upward - in the Southern Hemisphere. Nm varies on the earth's surface from 0° to ± 90°. Curves connecting points on the earth's surface with the same values of N.M. are called isoclines (See Isoclines). Isocline I= 0 is called the magnetic equator; point where I= 90°, - the north magnetic pole of the Earth; point where I= -90°, - the south magnetic pole (see Earth's magnetic poles). N.m. is measured using inclinators.

- grammatical a category of a verb whose forms express differences in the relation of the content of the utterance to reality or in the relation of the speaker to the content of the utterance...
- the angle between the geomagnetic intensity vector. fields and the horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth's surface...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- TILTING. A predicate form that denotes the speaker’s attitude to the reality of the manifestation of a feature expressed by a word or words with this form...
Dictionary of literary terms
- the angle between the directions of a horizontal line and a magnetic needle, freely rotating on a horizontal axis and located in the plane of the magnetic meridian...
Technical railway dictionary
- a quality that determines the opposite direction of modes and chords. Genetically the concept "N." intersects with ancient Greek. by origin the concept of "genus" ...
Music Encyclopedia
- the angle between the direction of the Earth's magnetic field lines and the horizontal plane. See Elements of terrestrial magnetism...
Geological encyclopedia
- see Terrestrial magnetism...
Marine dictionary
- the angle between the horizontal plane and the magnetic axis of a freely suspended needle...
Marine dictionary
- special verb form; expresses one or another shade of the action signified by a given verb...
- see Terrestrial magnetism...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- I Mood is a grammatical category of a verb, expressing the relationship of the content of the statement to reality...
- angle I between the geomagnetic field strength vector T and the horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth’s surface. n. m. is measured from the horizontal plane up or down...
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- MAGNETIC Inclination - see Magnetic inclination...
- in music - the quality of the mode, determined by which third is formed between the I and III degrees - major or minor. See Major and Minor...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- the angle between the vector of geomagnetic field strength and the horizontal plane at the considered point on the earth’s surface...
Large encyclopedic dictionary
- the angle formed with the horizontal plane by a magnetic needle rotating around a horizontal axis in the plane of the magnetic meridian...
Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

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At each point in space, the geomagnetic field is characterized by a strength vector N, the magnitude and direction of which depend on the coordinates of a point on the Earth’s surface. The geomagnetic field strength decreases from the magnetic poles to the magnetic equator from ~53 A×m-1 to ~28 A×m-1, average value N at the surface is ~45A×m-1, and at the boundary of the magnetosphere ~10-3A m-1. The Earth's dipole magnetic moment forms an angle q = 11.5° with the Earth's rotation axis. Geomagnetic field magnitude N consists of a constant and variable component. The constant component is determined by the internal structure of the Earth and is subject to slow changes, its contribution to the full value N is 99%. In different geological epochs, the geomagnetic field had different polarities, that is, with a period of up to 10 million years, a reversal of the Earth’s main magnetic field occurred. Paleomagnetic studies have shown that the last such change took place about 700 thousand years ago. The variable component of the geomagnetic field (its contribution to N is 1%) is caused by electric currents in the magnetosphere associated with the flow around and breakthrough of the solar wind, which has different densities and velocities of charged particles. Periodic solar-diurnal and lunar-diurnal magnetic variations are observed N, as well as strong disturbances of the magnetosphere - magnetic storms,

accompanied by auroras, ionospheric changes, and the appearance of X-ray and low-frequency radiation. Magnitude and direction of the tension vector N depend on the coordinates of the point in the magnetosphere at which this quantity is determined. At any point, the vector of the earth's magnetic field strength N can be decomposed into components (see Fig. 2). Tension vector direction N coincides with the tangent to the field line

Earth's magnetic field and at the magnetic equator horizontal to the surface, and at the magnetic pole - vertically. At points where the horizontal component N g disappears, the magnetic needle is set vertically. These points are called poles of magnetic inclination(magnetic poles). At any other points of the magnetosphere, the intensity vector N directed at an angle b to the vertical at a given point on the Earth (see Fig. 2). Angle b between the direction of the vector N at a given point in the magnetosphere and the horizontal plane is called magnetic inclination(Fig. 2). Due to the mismatch of magnetic and geographical

The physical poles do not coincide and the planes of the magnetic and geographical meridians do not coincide.

Angle b between the directions of magnetic and geographic me-

rhidians at a given point in the magnetosphere is called magnetic

declination(Fig. 2). To observe the temporary directions of the magnetic and geographic meridians at a given point magnetic. To observe the time directions of the magnetic and geographic meridians at a given point in the magnetosphere, it is called the magnetic variation of the declination value (and to carry out surveying and geophysical measurements), a declinator device is used (declino (Latin), deklinativ (English) - deviation).

Full vector of tension N geomagnetic field at any point in the magnetosphere can be decomposed into two components: horizontal Ng and vertical Nv(see Fig. 2). A detailed study of the Earth's magnetic field has important scientific and practical significance and comes down to the systematic determination of changes in the elements of the magnetosphere (a, b, Ng) in various geographical locations. The elements of terrestrial magnetism for Greenwich in 1955 had the following meanings:

a =80.44" W, b =660.33", Hg = 0.187, Hv = 0.434. The geophysical station closest to Irkutsk, located in the village. Cartridges, has geographic coordinates: 52.470C, 104.030V, geomagnetic

coordinates: 41.6.0 174.750. The elements of Earth's magnetism according to the data of this station for Irkutsk in 1980 had the values a = - 2.360, Bg = 19.65 10 -6 T, Bw = 59.9 10 -6 T.

For a number of successive epochs, usually every five years, the distribution of the magnetic field on the Earth's surface appears magnetic cards three or more magnetic elements. On such cards there are isolines, along which this element has a constant value. Lines of equal declination a are called isogons, moods b - isoclines, the magnitude of the total tension vector H - isodynamic lines

(isodynamics). On the maps N with isodynamics foci, where H=0, and there are magnetic poles(inclination poles). These poles (like geographic poles) are the points of convergence of isogons on maps of equal declination a.

Magnetic field inclination. The Earth's magnetic field and its determinants: magnetic inclination

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Magnetic field inclination. The Earth's magnetic field and its determinants: magnetic inclination

Read also in TSB:

Story

see also

See what “Magnetic inclination” is in other dictionaries:

What is the earth's magnetic field?

Geographical and magnetic axes

Magnetic declination

Measurement methods

"Magnetic inclination" in books

Magnetic magic

The imperative mood in a call to the Other

1.9, Magnetic intoxication.

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Chapter 1 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN RUSSIAN HISTORY

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Pelvic tilt

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