Khomchenko G. P

Name: A manual on chemistry for those entering universities. 2002.

The manual covers all the questions of the entrance exams in chemistry. For better understanding of the chemistry course, some additional information is provided. At the end of each chapter, typical problems with solutions and tasks for independent work are given.

The book is intended for those entering universities. It can also be recommended to chemistry teachers when preparing students to take final exams for a high school course.

Content
Preface
Introduction
§ 1. Subject of chemistry
§ 2. The role of chemistry in industry and agriculture.
§ 3. Chemistry and ecology
PART 1. GENERAL CHEMISTRY.
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of chemistry
§ 1.1. Atomic-molecular science in chemistry
§ 1.2. Chemical elements
§ 1.3. Simple and complex substances. Allotropy
§ 1.4. Relative atomic mass
§ 1.5. Relative molecular weight
§ 1.6. Mol. Molar mass
§ 1.7. Chemical symbols, formulas and equations
§ 1.8. Chemical reactions. Classification of reactions
§ 1.9. Law of conservation of mass of substances
§ 1.10. Law of constancy of the composition of matter
§ 1.11. Gas laws. Avogadro's law. Molar volume of gas
§ 1.12. Solving typical problems
Chapter 2. Periodic law of D. I. Mendeleev and the structure of atoms
§ 2.1. Discovery of the periodic law by D. I. Mendeleev
§ 2.2. Periodic table of elements by D. I. Mendeleev
§ 2.3. Nuclear model of atomic structure
§ 2.4. Composition of atomic nuclei. Nuclear reactions
§ 2.5. Modern model of the state of an electron in an atom
§ 2.6. Structure of electronic shells of atoms
§ 2.7. Electronic formulas of D. I. Mendeleev
§ 2.9. The periodic law and the periodic system of elements in the light of the doctrine of the structure of atoms
§ 2.10. Periodic properties of atoms
§ 2.11. The importance of the periodic law and the theory of atomic structure
§ 2.12. Solving typical problems
Chapter 3. Chemical bond
§ 3.1. Covalent bond
§ 3.2. Properties of covalent bonds
§ 3.3. Ionic bond
§ 3.4. Polar and non-polar molecules
§ 3.6. Hydrogen bond
§ 3.7. Types of crystal lattices
§ 3.8. Structural formulas
§ 3.9. Oxidation state
§ 3.10. Chemical bond and valence
§ 3.11. Solving typical problems
Chapter 4. Rate of chemical reactions. Chemical equilibrium
§ 4.1. Rate of chemical reactions
§ 4.2. Factors affecting reaction speed
§ 4.3. Activation energy
§ 4.4. Concept of catalysis and catalysts
§ 4.5. Irreversible and reversible reactions
§ 4.6. Chemical equilibrium
§ 4.7. Le Chatelier's principle
§ 4.8. Solving typical problems
Chapter 5. Solutions. Electrolytic dissociation theory
§ 5.1. Numerical expression of the composition of solutions
§ 5.2. Solubility of substances in water
§ 5.3. Thermal phenomena during dissolution
§ 5.4. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes
§ 5.5. Electrolytic dissociation theory
§ 5.6. Dissociation mechanism
§ 5.7. Ion hydration
§ 5.8. Dissociations of acids, bases and salts in aqueous solutions
§ 5.9. Degree of dissociation
§5.10. Strong and weak electrolytes
§5.11. Ion exchange reactions
§ 5.12. Dissociation of water. pH
§ 5.13. Protolytic theory of acids and bases
§ 5.14. Solving typical problems
Chapter 6. The most important classes of inorganic compounds
§ 6.1. Oxides
§ 6.2. Acids
§ 6.3. Reasons
§ 6.4. Salts
§ 6.5. Hydrolysis of salts
§ 6.6. Relationship between classes of inorganic compounds
§ 6.7. Solving typical problems
Chapter 7. Redox reactions. Electrolysis
§ 7.1. Theory of redox reactions
§ 7.2. The most important reducing and oxidizing agents
§ 7.4. Influence of the environment on the nature of reactions
§ 7.5. Classification of redox reactions
§ 7.6. The essence of electrolysis
§ 7.7. Electrolysis of aqueous electrolyte solutions
§ 7.8. Applications of Electrolysis
§ 7.9. Solving typical problems
PART 2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Chapter 8. Hydrogen. Halogens
§ 8.1. General properties of non-metals
§ 8.2. Hydrogen
§ 8.3. Water
§ 8.4. Heavy water
§ 8.5. General characteristics of the halogen subgroup
§ 8.6. Chlorine
§ 8.7. Hydrogen chloride and hydrochloric acid
§ 8.8. Salts of hydrochloric acid
§ 8.9. Brief information about fluorine, bromine and iodine
Chapter 9. Oxygen subgroup
§ 9.1. General characteristics of the oxygen subgroup
§ 9.2. Oxygen and its properties
§ 9.3. Sulfur and its properties
§ 9.4. Hydrogen sulfide and sulfides
§ 9.5. Sulfur(IV) oxide. Sulfurous acid
§ 9.6. Sulfur(VI) oxide. Sulfuric acid
§ 9.7. Properties of sulfuric acid and its practical significance
§ 9.8. Sulfuric acid salts
Chapter 10. Nitrogen subgroup
§ 10.1. General characteristics of the nitrogen subgroup
§ 10.2. Nitrogen. Sigma and pi bonds
§ 10.3. Ammonia
§ 10.4. Chemical basis of ammonia production
§ 10.5. Ammonium salts
§ 10.7. Nitrogen quelota
§ 10.9. Nitric acid salts
§ 10.10. Phosphorus
§ 10.11. Phosphorus oxides and phosphoric acids
§ 10.12. Mineral fertilizers
Chapter 11. Subgroup of carbon
§ 11.1. General characteristics of the carbon subgroup
§ 11.2. Carbon and its properties
§ 11.3. Carbon oxides. Carbonic acid
§ 11.4. Carbonic acid salts
§ 11.5. Silicon and its properties
§ 11.6. Silicon(IV) oxide and silicic acid
§ 11.7. The concept of colloidal solutions
§ 11.8. Silicic acid salts
§ 11.9. Production of glass and cement
§ 11.10. Solving typical problems
Chapter 12. General properties of metals
§ 12.1. The position of metals in the periodic table of elements by D. I. Mendeleev
§ 12.2. Physical properties of metals
§ 12.3. Chemical properties of metals
§ 12.4. Metals and alloys in technology
§ 12.5. A range of standard electrode potentials
§ 12.6. Main methods of obtaining metals
§ 12.7. Metal corrosion
§ 12.8. Corrosion protection
Chapter 13. Metals of the main subgroups
§ 13.1. General characteristics of the lithium subgroup
§ 13.2. Sodium and potassium
§ 13.3. Caustic alkalis
§ 13.4. Sodium and potassium salts
§ 13.5. General characteristics of the beryllium subgroup
§ 13.6. Calcium
§ 13.7. Calcium oxide and hydroxide
§ 13.8. Calcium salts
§ 13.9. Water hardness and ways to eliminate it
§ 13.10. General characteristics of the boron subgroup
§ 13.11. Aluminum
§ 13.12. Aluminum oxide and hydroxide
§ 13.13. Application of aluminum and its alloys
Chapter 14. Metals of side subgroups
§ 14.1. General characteristics of the chromium subgroup
§ 14.2. Chromium
§ 14.3. Chromium oxides and hydroxides
§ 14.4. Chromates and dichromates
§ 14.5. General characteristics of the iron family
§ 14.6. Iron
§ 14.7. Iron compounds
§ 14.8. Domain process
§ 14.9. Cast iron and steel
§ 14.10. Solving typical problems
PART 3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Chapter 15. Basic principles of organic chemistry
§ 15.1. Organic Chemistry Subject
§ 15.2. Features of organic compounds
§ 15.3. Isomerism
§ 15.4. Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds by A. M. Butlerov
§ 15.5. Homologous series of organic compounds
§ 15.6. Classification of organic compounds
§ 15.7. Types of organic reactions
Chapter 16. Hydrocarbons
§ 16.1. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes)
§ 16.2. Nomenclature of alkanes and their derivatives
§ 16.3. Chemical properties of methane and its homologues
§ 16.4. Cycloalkanes
§ 16.5. Unsaturated hydrocarbons
§ 16.6. Ethylene and its homologues
§ 16.7. Polymerization reactions. Polyethylene
§ 16.8. Acetylene and its homologues
§ 16.9. Diene hydrocarbons
§ 16.10. Natural and synthetic rubbers
§16.11. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)
§ 16.12. Benzene and its homologues
§ 16.13. Oil and its processing
§ 16.14. Natural gases and their uses
§ 16.15. Solving typical problems
Chapter 17. Oxygen-containing organic compounds
§ 17.1. Saturated alcohols
§ 17.2. Methanol and ethanol
§ 17.3. Ethylene glycol and glycerin
§ 17.4. Phenols
§ 17.5. Aldehydes
§ 17.6. Formaldehyde
§ 17.7. Acetaldehyde
§ 17.8. Polycondensation reactions
§ 17.9. Ketones
§ 17.10. Carboxylic acids
§ 17.11. Formic acid
§ 17.12. Acetic acid
§ 17.13. Esters. Esterification and saponification reactions
§ 17.14. Fats
§ 17.15. Soaps and other cleaning products
§ 17.16. Carbohydrates
§ 17.17. Monosaccharides and disaccharides
§ 17.18. Polysaccharides
§ 17.19. Unsaturated, dibasic and heterofunctional acids
§ 17.20. Solving typical problems
Chapter 18. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
§ 18.1. Nitro compounds
§ 18.2. Amines
§ 18.3. Aniline
§ 18.4. Amino acids
§ 18.5. Acid amides
§ 18.6. Squirrels
§ 18.7. Heterocyclic compounds
§ 18.8. Nucleic acids
§ 18.9. Solving typical problems
APPLICATIONS
Subject index.

Discovery by D.I. Mendeleev periodic law.
The discovery of the periodic law by D.I. Mendeleev and the construction of the periodic system of elements were the result of his long and intense scientific work. The periodic law and the periodic system of elements are the greatest achievement of chemical science” and the basis of modern chemistry.

When constructing the periodic table, its atomic mass was taken as the main characteristic of an atom. In his book “Fundamentals of Chemistry” D.I. Mendeleev wrote: “The mass of a substance is precisely such a property of it, on which all other properties should depend... Therefore, it is closest or most natural to look for a relationship between the properties and similarities of elements, with one on the other hand, and their atomic weights (mass) on the other.”

On October 14, 2013, at the age of 61, Ivan Gavriilovich Khomchenko, general director and founder of the ECOMET research and production enterprise, died after a short serious illness.

Ivan Gavriilovich graduated from the Faculty of Chemistry of Moscow State University in 1975. M.V. Lomonosov in the Department of Electrochemistry and immediately entered graduate school. In April 1979, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Chemical Sciences, devoted to the electrochemical study of platinum and palladium electrodes in aqueous-organic and organic media.

Since 1979, I.G. Khomchenko worked at the Moscow State Evening Metallurgical Institute, first at the department of general and inorganic chemistry, and since 1986 as an associate professor at the department of corrosion and metal protection. During his teaching work, Ivan Gavriilovich lectured on courses in general and organic chemistry, the theory of corrosion processes, methods of protecting metals from corrosion, as well as on environmental issues of modern production. More than 100 theses were completed under his leadership. He wrote a number of textbooks on chemistry and the protection of metals from corrosion. The textbook for colleges “General Chemistry”, collections of problems in chemistry for high school and colleges, the manual “Solving problems in chemistry for high school”, as well as the “Collection of problems in chemistry for those entering college”, co-authored with Father Khomchenko Gabriel Platonovich, are very popular. universities." These books are in demand by applicants and students of schools, colleges, and universities and are regularly republished.

Ivan Gavriilovich was constantly engaged in scientific work and scientific and technical developments. At first, his area of ​​interest was theoretical electrochemistry (issues of the theory of the electrical double layer, the kinetics of electrochemical reactions in aqueous-organic solutions), later he switched to work in the field of electroplating, electrodeposition of metals and corrosion protection. He is the author of more than 150 published works in the field of electrochemistry, electroplating and methods of teaching chemistry, copyright certificates and patents.

In 1993, Ivan Gavriilovich became the founder and general director of ECOMET CJSC, which was subsequently reorganized into ECOMET LLC and ECOMET Research and Production Enterprise LLC. Starting with the development and production in small batches of a shine-forming additive for alkaline galvanizing electrolyte, the enterprise has become a diversified enterprise, dealing with almost all processes in electroplating and chemical processing of metals, as well as galvanic equipment.

Under the leadership of I.G. Khomchenko and with his direct participation in the ECOMET company, more than 100 new technological processes for coating were developed, all technologies were repeatedly introduced at existing enterprises in various cities of Russia. With the participation of Ivan Gavriilovich, the production of chemical components for galvanic production was organized. The ECOMET company is one of the leaders of the Russian market in the field of electroplating technology, whose services are used by more than 1000 Russian and foreign organizations.

Ivan Gavriilovich loved life in all its manifestations and realized his talents not only in work, but also in his hobbies, in which he was also practically a professional. He was a great lover and connoisseur of the theater, was one of the founders and an active member of the Society of Bolshoi Ballet Lovers, was a keen aquarist, an avid fisherman and hiker, and was a professional photographer. He was the author of a number of articles on aquarium issues and the book “Modern Aquarium and Chemistry”.

It was very pleasant to communicate with Ivan Gavriilovich; friends, employees, students, and business partners loved him. The memory of Ivan Gavriilovich will forever remain in our hearts.

Colleagues, employees, friends

Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry for high school. Khomchenko I.G.

2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2011 - 214 p.

The collection includes tasks and exercises in chemistry and is fully consistent with the school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for general education institutions. The book is intended for chemistry teachers as a teaching aid.

Format: pdf

Size: 23 MB

Watch, download: 1 .10.2018, links removed at the request of the publishing house "New Wave"

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 3
1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 5
Chemical phenomena. Substances 5
Relative atomic and molecular masses. Constancy of the composition of matter 6
Chemical formulas and calculations using them 7
Valence 8
Chemical equations. Types of reactions 9
Amount of substance. Mol. Molar mass 10
Calculations using chemical equations 11
2. OXYGEN. OXIDES. BURNING 14
Production and properties of oxygen 14
Air. Burning 15
Thermal effect of chemical reactions 16
3. HYDROGEN. ACIDS. SALT 18
Production and properties of hydrogen 18
Acids and salts 19
4. SOLUTIONS. WATER. GROUNDS 21
Solutions 21
Water 23
Bases 24
5. GENERALIZATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 27
Oxides 27
Bases 28
Acids 29
Salts 30
Relationship between classes of inorganic compounds 31
6. PERIODIC LAW OF D. I. MENDELEEV. ATOMIC STRUCTURE 35
Periodic law and periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev 35
The structure of the atom. Isotopes. Nuclear reactions 36
Structure of electronic shells of atoms 37
7. CHEMICAL BONDING AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER 39
8. AVOGADRO'S LAW 42
9. HALOGEN 45
Chlorine 45
Hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid and its salts 46
General characteristics of halogens 47
10. ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION 50
Electrolytes 50
Ion exchange reactions 52
Redox reactions in solutions 54
Hydrolysis of salts 57
11.r-ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC SYSTEM (oxygen subgroup) 59
General characteristics of elements of subgroup 59
Sulfur 60
Sulfuric acid and its salts 62
12. REGULARITIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 64
Rate of chemical reactions 64
Chemical equilibrium 65
Production of sulfuric acid 67
13. ^-ELEMENTS OF GROUP V OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC SYSTEM (nitrogen subgroup) 69
Nitrogen 69
Ammonia and ammonium salts 70
Nitric acid and its salts 72
Phosphorus 74
Phosphoric acid and its salts 75
Mineral fertilizers 76
14. n-ELEMENTS OF GROUP IV OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF D. I. MENDELEEV (carbon subgroup) 78
Carbon 78
Carbon oxides. Carbonic acid and its salts 79
Silicon and its compounds 82
Silicates and silicate industry 84
15. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 86
The structure of atoms of metal elements and their position in the periodic table 86
Obtaining metals 87
Electrolysis 89
Physical and chemical properties of metals 91
Alloys. Metal corrosion 94
16. ELEMENTS-METALS OF THE MAIN SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEV 96
Alkali metals 96
Magnesium. Calcium 99
Aluminum 102
Tin. Lead 105
17. ELEMENTS-METALS OF SIDE SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEV 107
Iron and its compounds 107
Metallurgy. Cast iron and steel 110
Titanium and vanadium 112
Chrome 113
Manganese 115
18. THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 117
19. SATURAL HYDROCARBONS 122
Alkanes 122
Cycloalkanes 126
20. UNSATURED HYDROCARBONS 127
Alkenes 127
Alkadienes 132
Alkynes 134
21. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 138
22. NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS 142
23. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS 145
Saturated monohydric alcohols 145
Polyhydric alcohols 149
Phenols 150
24. ALDEHYDES 153
25. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 157
26. ESTERS. FATS 164
27. CARBOHYDRATES 167
28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 171
Amines 171
Amino acids 173
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds 175
Proteins 176
29. HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 178
30. TASKS FOR REVISING AND DEPTHENING KNOWLEDGE IN THE CHEMISTRY COURSE 180
APPLICATIONS
1. Recommended designations of physical quantities 193
2. Solubility of bases and salts in water 194
3. Rounded values ​​of relative atomic masses of some chemical elements 195
4. Relative molecular weights of some inorganic substances 196
5. Relative molecular weights of some organic substances 197
6. Relative electronegativity of some chemical elements 198
7. Electrochemical series of voltages (a series of standard electrode potentials of metals) 199
8. Periodic table of elements by D. I. Mendeleev 200
ANSWERS TO CALCULATION PROBLEMS 201

Preface
Mastering the important and very interesting academic subject of chemistry is almost impossible without solving various problems and performing exercises.
This collection contains tasks and exercises on all topics that are studied in secondary educational institutions (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, technical schools, etc.). It contains tasks of various levels. Mostly these are the simplest and moderately difficult tasks. There are also a small number of tasks of increased complexity. The most difficult problems, which, for example, are offered at chemical olympiads and when entering universities with increased requirements for chemistry, are not included in this collection; they can be found in special publications (see, for example, G. P. Khomchenko, I. G Khomchenko “Collection of problems in chemistry for those entering universities”, M.: RIA “New Wave”, 2010). The arrangement of the material in the problem book corresponds to the most traditional sequence of studying chemistry in high school.
Solving calculation problems and performing various exercises is an important element of studying a chemistry course, since it allows you to better assimilate and systematize theoretical material. Without practice in solving problems, students' knowledge can be highly formalized, so this element of learning should be given special attention. At the same time, it is important to solve problems and perform exercises regularly, on all topics studied.
Most of the calculation problems included in the collection are provided with answers, which are given at the end of the book. The problem book does not provide solutions, since the choice of solution method and recording form is determined by the teacher.
When solving problems, you should use the international system of units SI. It is also possible to use some common non-systemic units in calculations, for example, liter (l), milliliter (ml), ton (t).
At the end of the book there are appendices containing the reference data necessary to solve the problems. We recommend using rounded values ​​of the atomic masses of chemical elements and their compounds when solving calculation problems (see Appendices 3, 4 and 5). In this case, the answers received should be rounded to 3-4 significant figures.

2018 Cover. 480 pp. Format 20 x 13 cm.

In this manual, on a modern theoretical basis, material in chemistry relevant to the secondary school course, necessary for those entering universities, is presented. The first part examines the general theoretical foundations of chemistry, its basic concepts and laws. On their basis, inorganic (second part) and organic (third part) chemistry is considered. The manual also contains material that is not always included in the program for those entering universities, but in the opinion of the author, contributes to a deeper study and understanding of the course.

An important role in the process of preparing for the chemistry exam is played by tasks, the solution of which contributes to the informal assimilation of the theoretical course. This manual discusses only some of the most typical problems with solutions. For a more detailed study of this issue, it is recommended to use the book by G. P. Khomchenko, I. G. Khomchenko “Collection of problems in chemistry for applicants to universities,” which provides the most effective preparation for the exam when used in parallel with the manual.