Characteristics of the processes of collecting, transmitting, processing and storing information. How to find a virus in the Windows process list Methodology for introducing students to the concept of a model

The 21st century is often called the century of information technology. Today, the product itself or even the person is often not so important - what is of paramount importance is that they know about it. Information and information processes in our society are not abstract theoretical concepts, but something that often determines life and its quality. However, they are not a unique property of the human world. Information processes, to one degree or another, occur at all levels of organization of living matter. In modern science, cybernetics and computer science study them.

Basic concept

The question of defining the concept of “information” is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. Initially, the term meant the transfer of information between people in a variety of ways. Since about the middle of the last century, the definition of information has been significantly expanded. The concept began to denote information transmitted not only between people, but also between a person and an automaton, two or more automata, as well as the transmission of signals among animals and plants, between cells, and the transmission of characteristics during the process of reproduction.

A special place for information is given in philosophy. This science defines it as an intangible form of movement generated by the brain in the form of concepts, theories and judgments. It is expressed in the form of information: numbers, symbols, signs, letters, and so on, which carry a certain meaning. All types of information processes, from storage to transmission, are aimed at them.

Types of information

There are many criteria for classifying information. One of them is the channel through which a person receives information from the environment.
We perceive the world around us through our senses; accordingly, information is divided into types according to the method used:

• Visual- the one that came through the visual analyzer. This type accounts for approximately 90% of all incoming information.
• Auditory- enters through the hearing organs in the form of sounds. This is about 9% of information about the world around us.
• Tactile information comes through touch through the skin.
• Flavoring- its conductors are receptors located on the tongue.
• Olfactory information comes to a person through the nose.

The last three types of information in total make up about 1% of information about the world around us used by humans. You can also add kinesthetic information from proprioceptors to the list. It is perceived as a sensation of the position of body parts, relaxation and tension of muscles, and movement.

Information is also divided into types in accordance with the participants in the information exchange process:

• person - person;
• man is an automaton;
• automatic - automatic;
• signals exchanged between representatives of the flora and fauna;
• transfer of characteristics from cell to cell;
• transmission of traits from organism to organism.

Information, as mentioned above, is an intangible object. However, a person can interact with it only when it is converted into various types of data. According to the form of information presentation, the following are distinguished:

• text;
• sound;
• graphic;
• numeric;
• video.

The given list of classification options is far from complete. Information is also divided according to purpose, meaning, truth, and so on.

Meaning of the message

It is also worth dwelling on the perception of information. It is determined by many factors, from experience to the way information is presented. The same word or message will have a different meaning for people who are different according to certain criteria. Previous experience, knowledge, cultural characteristics, belonging to a particular nation, and character accentuations can be important. At the same time, the meaning of the same message for a group of people can change depending on the way it is presented. This is what manipulation and disinformation techniques are based on.

Basic information processes

If you look around, it’s easy to notice that a lot in a person’s life is connected with information. Education, communication, work and entertainment deal with information of various kinds. All actions performed with them are information processes. There are four main types:

• storage;
• transfer or exchange;
• collection;
• treatment.

Basic information processes are closely interconnected with each other. Their role in human life is difficult to overestimate. All of these types of information processes are used in the development of scientific theories, during informal communication, in solving various social problems, and so on. Moreover, this is characteristic not only of modern times. The development of civilization makes its own adjustments to information processes, for example, in our time they are becoming more and more automated. However, their content remains generally the same as it was a thousand years ago.

Collection

When faced with almost any task, there is a need to collect the necessary information. This is true both when writing scientific papers or in the case of finding the right outfit for a party, and when a predator is searching for prey. That is, the information processes mentioned above, in particular collection, are characteristic of any level of organization of a living system or automaton. However, for convenience, the article will consider examples related mainly to various areas of human activity.

Collecting information involves obtaining information about an object of interest. The quantity and quality of information is determined only by the subject’s goal. It can collect all available information about an object or use selectively those that meet certain criteria. A simple example: when a person looks out of a window, he can pay attention to everything he sees (the location of houses, passing cars, the number of trees), or he can only note the features of the weather.

Today, information processes and technologies are closely related to each other. Often a person, in search of the necessary information, turns to the Internet or other media options. In addition, scientific progress allows people in our time to collect more accurate information and information that would normally be inaccessible to the senses. Thus, the famous Hubble telescope helps astronomers see distant corners of the Universe, provides information about various processes occurring so far from Earth that without the latest equipment people would never be able to learn about them.

Exchange

Gathering information is often impossible without exchanging information. Data is transferred from source to recipient. In this case, information is converted into various signals that serve as its material carrier. Their sources can be any object with certain properties. The exchange takes place through information transmission channels. This can be done by sound waves, radio or electrical signals, and the like. In fact, all the senses that a person has appear in the role of such channels.

The exchange of information can be either one-way or two-way. Thus, if a person hears that the clock is striking midnight, he acts as a recipient of information from the source, which is the clock. Information is transmitted in one direction. Computer games are a good example of two-way exchange. A person gives commands, which the machine accepts, processes, and then takes an action and produces data, to which the user reacts again, and so on.

When transmitting information, one or more sources may be used. For example, this happens in the process of preparing scientific reports. There may also be multiple recipients (while reading this report in class).

The speed and accuracy of data transfer is of fundamental importance. The evolution of computer systems is a clear example of how information process tools are being improved to improve these indicators.

Storage

The transfer, collection and exchange of information is closely related to its storage. Effective support of information processes is impossible or difficult to imagine without the existence of a specific database. Memory acts in this capacity, for example. Without it, a person would have to re-clarify the rules or principles of a particular activity each time. However, when transmitting information to a large number of people, it is convenient when it is located not only in the head of a specific person. A variety of media are used to store information. The development of civilization was accompanied by their evolution. The carrier can be any material object, waves of different nature, matter, and so on. Today, a huge place in human life is occupied by computer information storage devices, which are becoming more capacious and sophisticated every day.

Lesson№15

date24.11.2015

Class 10

Lesson plan for a lesson in computer science and ICT

Lesson topic: Test No. 1

Target: testing students' knowledge, skills and abilities on the topic.

Lesson type: lesson of control of knowledge, skills and abilities.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

Greetings, checking those present.

2. Test on the topic: “Information. Information processes"

Option 1

1. What does computer science study?

a) computer design;

b) methods of presentation, accumulation of information processing using technical means;

c) computer programs;

d) general school disciplines.

2. What property of information will be affected by its deliberate distortion?

a) understandability;

b) relevance

c) reliability;

d) completeness.

3. Select events that can be classified as information processes:

a) exercise on a sports apparatus;

b) roll call of those present in the lesson;

c) waterfall;

d) riding on a carousel.

4. Which of the following has the property of transmitting information?

a) stone;

b) water;

c) papyrus;

d) light beam.

5. Which of the following is involved in the information process?

a) sand;

b) house;

c) stone;

d) person.

6. What properties do objects have: bell, speech, fire, radio, email?

a) store information;

b) process information;

c) transmit information;

d) create information.

7. What is an information explosion?

a) daily news from hot spots;

b) an increased number of newspapers and magazines;

c) rapid growth of flows and volumes of information;

d) communication via the Internet.

8. Cybernetics is:

a) the science of artificial intelligence;

b) the science of the laws of control processes and information transfer in machines, living organisms and society;

c) computer science;

d) the science of the forms and laws of human thinking.

9. What object cannot serve as a carrier of information during its storage?

a) fabric;

b) paper;

c) magnetic materials;

d) ray of light.

10. A person accepts information:

a) magnetic fullnm;

b) a sense organ;

c) internal organs;

d) instrumental means.

11. The information culture of society presupposes:

a) knowledge of modern software products;

b) knowledge of foreign languages ​​and their use;

c) ability to work with information using technical means;

d) the ability to remember a large amount of information.

12. Data is:

a) individual facts characterizing objects, processes, phenomena;

b) identified patterns in a certain subject area;

c) a set of information necessary for organizing the activities of the enterprise;

d) registered signals.

13. What is a graphical form of representing mathematical information:

a) mathematical equation;

b) function graph;

c) table of function values;

d) mathematical expression.

Ic=K*IhorIc=K*i

15. A group of schoolchildren came to the pool, which had 4 swimming lanes. The coach said that the group would swim in lane No. 3. How much information did the students receive from this message?

2 bits

16. The message that your friend lives on the 10th floor carries 4 bits of information. How many floors are there in the house?

16thtazhey

17. Convert to bits: 57 KB, 57 MB, 57 GB.

57*2 13 bit466944

57*2 23 bit478150656

57*2 33 bit489626271744

18. The alphabet of some sign system consists of 128 characters ( N ). How much information will a 56 character sentence contain? Ic )? Write the answer in bytes.

i=7 bits

Ic=392 bits=49 bytes

Option 2

1. What is the object of study of computer science?

a) computer;

b) information processes;

c) computer programs;

d) general school disciplines.

2. What should any signal that carries information be like?

a) changing;

b) continuous;

c) light;

d) electric.

3. How does a person convey information?

a) magnetic field;

b) speech, gestures;

c) light signals;

d) X-ray radiation.

4. Which of the following processes cannot be called an information process?

a) weighing information;

b) information coding;

c) storage of information;

d) information processing.

5. Which of the following does not have the property of storing information?

a) paper;

b) electron current;

c) magnetic floppy disk;

d) papyrus.

6. What properties do objects have: a door lock, a computer, a person?

a) objective;

b) relevant;

c) accessible;

d) reliable.

7. What is the name of information that reflects the true state of affairs?

a) floppy disk with games;

b) book;

c) geographical map;

d) sound card.

8. Informatization of society is:

a) the process of widespread distribution of PCs;

b) socio-economic and scientific-technical process of creating optimal conditions for meeting the information needs of citizens;

c) the process of introducing new information technologies;

d) the process of formation of human information culture.

9. The following are subject to exchange and sale on the information services market:

a) licenses, information technologies;

b) equipment, premises;

c) forms of primary documents, computer equipment;

d) books, magazines, literature.

10. What is science?

a) acquiring knowledge at school?

b) use of computer knowledge in practice;

c) acquiring knowledge about the world around us, previously unknown to mankind;

d) acquiring knowledge about methods of presenting, processing, and storing information using a computer.

11. What concept unites stone, papyrus, birch bark, book and floppy disk?

a) natural origin;

b) historical value;

c) storage of information;

d) weight.

12. The word “information” translated from Latin means:

a) information content;

b) information;

c) latest news;

d) reducing uncertainty.

13. What is the symbolic form of representing mathematical information?

a) mathematical equation;

b) function graph;

c) diagram;

d) verbal formulation of the problem.

14. How to determine the number of information messages (knowledge uncertainty - N )?

N=2i

15. A telegram was received: “Meet carriage No. 7.” It is known that the train has 16 cars. How much information was received?

4 bits

16. The message that Petya lives in the second entrance carries 3 bits of information. How many entrances are there in the house?

8 entrances

17. Convert to bits: 51 KB, 51 MB, 51 GB.

51*2 13 bit417792

51*2 23 bit427819008

51*2 33 bit438086664192

18. The alphabet of some sign system consists of 256 characters ( N ). How much information will a 40 character sentence contain? Ic )? Write the answer in bytes.

i=8 bits

Ic=320 bits=40 bytes

3. Lesson summary

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Data storage. People store information either in their own memory (sometimes they say “in their mind”) or on some external media. Most often - on paper.

The information that we remember is always available to us. For example, if you memorized the multiplication table, then you don’t need to look anywhere in order to answer the question: what is five for five? Every person remembers his home address, telephone number, as well as the addresses and telephone numbers of loved ones. If we need an address or telephone number that we don’t remember, we turn to a notebook or telephone directory.

Human memory can be called operational memory. Here the word "operative" is synonymous with the word "fast". A person quickly reproduces knowledge stored in memory. We can also call our memory internal memory. Then the information stored on external media (in notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias, magnetic recordings) can be called our external memory.

People often forget something. Information on external media is stored longer and more reliably. It is with the help of external media that people pass on their knowledge from generation to generation.

Transfer of information. The dissemination of information between people occurs in the process of its transmission. Transfer can occur during direct conversation between people, through correspondence, using technical means of communication: telephone, radio, television, computer network.

There are always two sides involved in the transfer of information: there is a source and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits (sends) information, and the receiver receives (perceives) it. When reading a book or listening to a teacher, you are a receiver of information, while working on an essay on literature or answering in class, you are a source of information. Each person constantly has to move from the role of a source to the role of a receiver of information.

The transfer of information from source to receiver always occurs through some kind of transmission channel. In direct conversation, these are sound waves; in correspondence - this is postal communication; in a telephone conversation, it is a telephone communication system. During the transmission process, information may be distorted or lost if the information channels are of poor quality or there is interference (noise) on the communication line. Many people know how difficult it can be to communicate with poor telephone connections.

Data processing. Information processing is the third type of information processes. Here is an example that is very familiar to you - solving a mathematical problem: given the lengths of two legs of a right triangle, you need to determine its third side - the hypotenuse. To solve a problem, a student, in addition to the initial data, must know a mathematical rule that can be used to find a solution. In this case, this is the Pythagorean theorem: “the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs.” Applying this theorem, we obtain the desired value. Here the processing is that new data is obtained by calculations performed on the original data.

Computation is just one option for processing information. New information can be derived not only through mathematical calculations. Remember the stories of Sherlock Holmes, the hero of Conan Doyle's books. Having often very confusing testimony of witnesses and circumstantial evidence as initial information, Holmes, using logical reasoning, clarified the whole picture of events and exposed the criminal. Logical reasoning is another way of processing information.

The process of processing information is not always associated with obtaining some new information. For example, when translating text from one language to another, information is processed, changing its form, but not its content.

This type of processing includes information coding. Coding is the transformation of the representation of information from one symbolic form to another, convenient for its storage, transmission or processing.

The concept of coding began to be used especially widely with the development of technical means of storing, transmitting and processing information (telegraph, radio, computers). For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, telegraph messages were encoded and transmitted using Morse code. Sometimes coding is done in order to classify the content of the text. In this case, it is called encryption.

Another type of information processing is its sorting (sometimes called ordering). For example, you decided to write down the addresses and telephone numbers of all your classmates on separate cards. In what order should these cards be folded so that it is then convenient to look for the necessary information among them? You'll most likely put them in alphabetical order by last name. In computer science, organizing data according to some rule that links it into a single whole is called structuring.

Search for information. You and I very often have to search for information: look for a translation of a foreign word in a dictionary, a phone number in a telephone directory, the departure time of a train in a railway schedule, the required formula in a mathematics textbook, a route on a metro map, a travel route in a library catalogue. information about the book you need. Many more examples can be given. All these are processes of searching for information on external media: books, diagrams, tables, card indexes.

Information processes in living nature. Is it possible to say that only human life is connected with information and information processes? Of course not! Science knows many facts confirming the occurrence of information processes in living nature. Animals are characterized by memory: they remember the way to their habitat, where they get food; Pets distinguish familiar people from strangers. Many animals have a heightened sense of smell, which carries them valuable information. Of course, the ability of animals to process information is much lower than that of humans. However, many facts of intelligent behavior indicate their ability to make certain conclusions.

Questions and tasks

1. Give your examples of professions in which the main activity is working with information.
2. Name the three main types of information processes.
3. Why can information that we “remember by heart” be called operational? Give examples of operational information that you have.
4. Give examples of situations in which you are a source of information or a receiver of information. What role have you had to perform more often today?

Information processing consists of obtaining some “information objects” from other “information objects” by executing certain algorithms and is one of the main operations performed on information and the main means of increasing its volume and diversity.

At the highest level, numerical and non-numerical processing can be distinguished. These types of processing include different interpretations of the content of the concept “data”. At numerical processing objects such as variables, vectors, matrices, multidimensional arrays, constants, etc. are used. At non-numerical processing objects can be files, records, fields, hierarchies, networks, relationships, etc. Another difference is that in numerical processing the content of the data is not very important, while in non-numerical processing we are interested in the direct information about the objects, and not in their totality.

From the point of view of implementation based on modern advances in computer technology, the following types of information processing are distinguished:

sequential processing, used in traditional von Neumann computer architecture with one processor;

parallel processing, used when there are several processors in a computer;

pipeline processing, associated with the use of the same resources in a computer architecture to solve different problems, and if these tasks are identical, then this is a sequential pipeline, if the tasks are the same - a vector pipeline.

It is customary to classify existing computer architectures from the point of view of information processing as one of the following classes.

Single Instruction Data Stream (SISD) Architectures. This class includes traditional single-processor systems, where there is a central processor that works with attribute-value pairs.

Single instruction and data (SIMD) architectures. A feature of this class is the presence of one (central) controller that controls a number of identical processors. Depending on the capabilities of the controller and processing elements, the number of processors, the organization of the search mode and the characteristics of routing and equalizing networks, the following are distinguished:

Matrix processors used to solve vector and matrix problems;

Associative processors, used to solve non-numerical problems and using memory in which information stored in it can be accessed directly;

Processor ensembles used for numerical and non-numerical processing;

Pipeline and vector processors.

Multiple Instruction Single Data (MISD) Architectures. Pipeline processors can be classified into this class.

Multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) architectures. This class may include the following configurations: multiprocessor systems, multi-processing systems, computing systems consisting of many machines, computer networks.

The main data processing procedures are presented in the figure.

Data Creation, as a processing operation, provides for their formation as a result of the execution of some algorithm and further use for transformations at a higher level.

Data modification is associated with the display of changes in the real subject area, carried out by including new data and removing unnecessary ones.

Ensuring data security and integrity is aimed at adequately reflecting the real state of the subject area in the information model and ensures the protection of information from unauthorized access (security) and from failures and damage to hardware and software.

Search for information, stored in computer memory, is carried out as an independent action when responding to various requests and as an auxiliary operation when processing information.

Figure - Basic data processing procedures

Decision Support is the most important action performed when processing information. A wide variety of decisions made leads to the need to use a variety of mathematical models.

Depending on the degree of awareness about the state of the controlled object, the completeness and accuracy of the models of the object and the control system, interaction with the external environment, the decision-making process takes place under different conditions:

1) making decisions under conditions of certainty. In this problem, the models of the object and the control system are considered given, and the influence of the external environment is considered insignificant. Therefore, there is an unambiguous connection between the chosen strategy for using resources and the final result, which means that under conditions of certainty it is enough to use a decision rule to assess the usefulness of decision options, taking as optimal the one that leads to the greatest effect. If there are several such strategies, then they are all considered equivalent. To find solutions under conditions of certainty, mathematical programming methods are used;

2) decision making under risk conditions. Unlike the previous case, in order to make decisions under risk conditions, it is necessary to take into account the influence of the external environment, which cannot be accurately predicted, and only the probabilistic distribution of its states is known. Under these conditions, the use of the same strategy can lead to different outcomes, the probabilities of which are considered given or can be determined. The evaluation and selection of strategies is carried out using a decision rule that takes into account the probability of achieving the final result;

3) decision making under conditions of uncertainty. As in the previous task, there is no clear connection between the choice of strategy and the final result. In addition, the values ​​of the probabilities of the occurrence of final results, which either cannot be determined or do not have meaningful meaning in the context, are also unknown. Each pair “strategy – final result” corresponds to some external assessment in the form of a gain. The most common is to use the criterion of obtaining the maximum guaranteed win;

4) decision making under multi-criteria conditions. In any of the tasks listed above, multicriteria arises in the case of the presence of several independent goals that are not reducible to one another. The presence of a large number of solutions makes it difficult to evaluate and select the optimal strategy. One possible solution is to use modeling methods.

Creation of documents, summaries, reports consists of converting information into forms that can be read by both humans and computers. Operations such as processing, reading, scanning and sorting documents are also associated with this action.

When processing information, it is transferred from one form of representation or existence to another, which is determined by the needs that arise in the process of implementing information technologies.

The implementation of all actions performed in the process of information processing is carried out using a variety of software tools.

The entire history of the development of human activity is inextricably linked with the development of information transmission and processing. Data preservation is very important for the life of every person and society as a whole. Even in ancient times, people were faced with the need to preserve information.

Terms and Definitions

Information is information about objects of the surrounding world that are perceived by humans, animals, plants, or a special device.

A medium is a physical medium on or within which information can be recorded.

Information technology is a set of means and methods for collecting, processing, storing, transmitting and protecting information.

Information process: examples in systems

Let's consider such a familiar artificial system as a library. It carries out at least four main information processes:

• storage - books and other printed materials are located in the library premises;
• search - when a reader orders a book, the librarian must find it;
• transmission - information presented in the book, transmitted to the reader;
• processing - when the library receives new literature, data about which is entered into the catalogue; When reading, the reader processes the data, and thus the information process occurs.

We can observe examples of the same processes in a technical system, say, in a mobile communication system. One of the most important is the process of using data, through which the information needs of systems and their elements are satisfied.

An information system is elements (equipment, software, data) that, interacting with each other, provide users with the necessary information as one or another information process. Examples of the use of today's information systems can be found everywhere: in enterprises, in banks and institutions. They help with accounting, provide information to employees and ensure the operation of industrial equipment (automatic lines, machines, etc.).

Information technology basics training

As an example, we will consider the educational topic “Information and information processes” (the latter are formulated in the form of requirements for the knowledge and skills of students).

Students should know the concept of information technology; names and purposes of the main software systems.

Also, students must be able to fix the subject area and its objects, select and select (or develop) methods for solving a given problem in a specific subject area.

At all stages of the development of society, such technologies were used to ensure the exchange of data between people, reflecting the appropriate level and possibilities of using systems for recording, storing, processing and transmitting data, thereby developing the information process.

Examples in computer science of tasks for mastering a school course:

• introduce students to the concept of information technology;
• to form a concept of technology as a set of methods, tools and techniques that are used to solve problems in a specific subject area;
• master the basics with a personal computer;
• show the role and place of information technology in modern society.

Methodology for teaching information technology

Basic knowledge for the study of information technology is computer information, information processes. 8th grade of secondary school is the entry level for acquiring these skills. Let us note the main points on the methodology for obtaining such knowledge.

1. Use for the purpose of choosing to study software tools and technologies for solving problems in specific subject areas.
2. Develop a system of exercises for solving problems from different subject areas.
3. It is necessary to highlight the basic didactic units for teaching new technologies.
4. Use information technology and processes to explore common interface software. which are not based on a graphical user interface (GUI from English Graphic User Interface), have a command structure based on a hierarchical menu.
5. It is advisable to immediately familiarize students with the terms: what information and information processes are, computer science, and familiarize them with professional tools in order to ensure the practical significance of knowledge.
6. When teaching information and communication technologies, it is advisable to use information models.
7. The main teaching method should be the method of appropriately selected tasks and the method of demonstrating examples based on the widespread use of interactive technologies.

Information model

An information model is a description of an object or process, which indicates some of its typical properties and characteristics that are important for solving a specific problem. Mathematical modeling today is an essential factor in various spheres of human activity: in planning, forecasting, management, and in the design of mechanisms and systems. Studying real phenomena using such models usually requires the use of computational methods. In this case, the following are widely used: probability theory and computer science, computational and mathematical information process. Examples of modeling, the purpose of which is to obtain numerical values ​​of the parameters of a process or phenomenon, are very numerous: analytical, computational, simulation.

Methodology for introducing students to the concept of a model

The content line of modeling next to the line of information processes refers to the fundamentals of the computer science course. However, one should not assume that this topic is only theoretical in nature and is separated from all other topics. Information technology programming - DBMS, spreadsheet editors and others - should be considered as methods for processing information models. It is advisable to note that developing in students a correct understanding of the content of problem solving is one of the important goals of studying a computer science course, which is achieved gradually. The concept of a model is directly related to the concept of an object. But in reality there is no exact definition. Introducing this concept, we can simply note that in human life there are various manifestations of living and inanimate nature, which can be called objects of human attention.

Structured Programming Ideas and Techniques

The use of structured programming methods develops the skills of strict adherence to labor discipline when constructing algorithms, which significantly contributes to the development of students’ logical thinking already in the early stages of learning the basics of algorithmization. It is important to show students that the instruction to carry out and obtain a solution to some problem can be considered as a separate instruction that represents the results sought and will be provided as a specific value that depends on the input data. Since not every exercise can be completed by students, there is a need to present it in the form of some finite, ordered set of instructions for performing simple actions, which will also lead to the desired results. It is important that students, analyzing specially selected examples, come to the conclusion that the degree of detail of the assigned tasks depends on the set of operations that the executor of the algorithm can perform.

Educational algorithmic language

Important issues in the methodology of teaching the basics of algorithmization include the choice of programming method to study in secondary schools. Education at school should be conducted on the basis of a specially created language. At the same time, not only is vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules acquired, but the path to a new style of thinking is also opened. The issue of selecting a programming language has been considered in the works of many scientists, where various ways have been proposed on how to carry out the educational information process. Examples in computer science of methods for studying this subject are as follows:

1. When solving scientific and production problems.
2. In machine-oriented languages.
3. Mastering specific programming languages ​​and circuits.
4. Training based on a specially developed training algorithm.

Practice has shown that none of the first 3 paths are justified in the context of studying the general education subject of computer science, since they do not solve the problem of forming the foundations of students’ information culture. Therefore, to solve the cognitive tasks of the training course, it is necessary to combine the main ideas of each of the proposed paths.

Tools for processing information

The process of providing information with tools for analyzing information objects is the use of application programs that are created specifically for such processing. You can offer students the following training scheme:

1. Demonstrate, through specific examples, the characteristics of the capabilities of the environment.
2. Analysis of objects, message types, methods of their presentation, methods of obtaining the results of message processing.
3. Familiarization with the main components of the environment interface.
4. Rules for working with the built-in help system.
5. Familiarity with the basic functions and operating modes of the environment.
6. Study of a specific program (according to a separate scheme).
7. Theoretical generalization of the main operating modes and functions of the environment.
8. Theoretical generalization at the level of basic guidelines.
9. Perform similar tasks in another environment of similar purpose.

Visual programming system

With each event, forms and controls can "react" in some way according to written code that the user creates for each object separately. In such a process, each step must be described in detail. One of the disadvantages of this style is that whoever writes the project must write everything down themselves. In event-driven programming, instead of describing each step in detail, the author must specify how to respond to various events (or user actions), which, for example, include selecting an indication, clicking a mouse button, moving the mouse, etc. one event can be predicted to react in some way, another can simply be ignored. In this case, not one large program is created, but several, which consist of a set of interrelated procedures controlled by the user.

Methodology for studying the visual programming environment

One of the reasons for the low performance of most students is their slow adaptation to the information load. A large volume of material in various academic subjects leads to the fact that a significant number of students cannot master it. Improving the situation is possible, in particular, through the choice of approaches to learning. One of these approaches is based on constructing a “model” of the subject of each science in children’s thinking. This involves performing such mental actions as searching for patterns, finding analogies, searching for hierarchical dependencies between objects, comparison, etc. One of the means of developing intellectual skills and different types of thinking in students can be considered the study of object-oriented programming. This approach involves a new understanding of computation processes, as well as the structuring of data in computer memory. In the oriented approach, the concept of an object is introduced that contains “knowledge” about the essence of the real world. An object or set of objects has important functional significance in a given area. When creating such an object in the system, the student must identify in it the problems that are significant for use, know and be able to use any information processes. A test or exam should be conducted on the ability to develop or apply in practice the ability to compare, highlight the main thing, and generalize.