Project on the theme of left-handedness “I am a child from Through the Looking Glass! Research work "I am left-handed" Left-handed and right-handed research work.

Municipal budgetary educational organization “Secondary school No. 25 named after. 70th anniversary of Tatarstan oil"

Research work.

Topic: “I am left-handed. What does it mean?".

Completed by: Krasnikova Ekaterina

Student of 1st "D" grade

Head: Mardanova

Ilzara Salavatovna

primary school teacher

Almetyevsk, 2015

1.Introduction…………………………………………………….…………………..3

2.Chapter 1.Theoretical substantiation of the hypothesis about left-handedness as a norm of human development…………………………………………...….4

3. Chapter II. Practical determination of the number of right-handers, left-handers and ambidextrous people in the immediate environment…………………..6

4.Results of the study…………………………………………...9

5. Conclusion……………………………………………………….10

6. List of references used…………....................................11

7. Appendix………………………………………………………...12

Introduction.

I write, draw, eat and do other work with my left hand. I'm left-handed. The rest of my family, my relatives and friends, do everything with their right hand. They are right-handed. I am very interested in why I am different from others. Why is it uncomfortable for me to do work with my right hand, but others feel comfortable doing it?

Relevance of the topic. This topic is very interesting and relevant for me, because I am left-handed. There are no left-handers in my family anymore. Previously, left-handed children were retrained at school. Does this mean left-handedness creates some problems in learning? Is it normal to be left-handed? What difficulties will I face in life because I am left-handed? Why am I left-handed if my parents are right-handed?

According to experts, about 15% of people in the world are left-handed. There are currently 7.1 billion people living on Earth. This means that these issues are relevant to at least 1.06 billion people.

Target: Find out why I am left-handed, whether a person is born left-handed or becomes. How does a left-handed person differ from a right-handed person in life?

Tasks:

1. Determine what influences the formation of left-handedness.

2. Study scientific sources.

3.Collect the necessary information on this issue.

4. Conduct research to identify left-handers among classmates and family members.

5. Conduct an analysis - is the world around me convenient for left-handers.

Object of study:

Students of class 1D of school No. 25 in Almetyevsk, members of my family

Subject of study:

Left-handedness, right-handedness, ambidexterity

Hypotheses:

1. Left-handedness is a type of norm.

2. A person’s leading hand is determined by his brain.

3. Left-handedness affects the ability to learn and the choice of areas of interest.

Research methods:

1. Selection and analysis of literature.

3. Practical experiments.

4. Questionnaire.

Venue and dates. MBOO "Secondary school No. 25 named after. 70th anniversary of Tatarstan oil" Almetyevsk, 2015
Chapter 1.Theoretical justification of the hypothesis
about left-handedness as a norm of human development

“In nature, movement goes from right to left. All luminaries and their satellites describe circular paths from east to west. In humans, the right hand is better developed than the left... The curls of the shell, with rare exceptions, are wrapped from right to left. And if you come across a left-handed shell, connoisseurs value it worth its weight in gold.” Jules Verne, "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea."

Most of humanity is right-handed. There are much fewer left-handers, according to researchers from different countries, from 5 to 30%. It is noted that there are pronounced left-handers or right-handers, there are those who are most active with one or another hand, and there are ambidextrous people - people who are equally good at using both limbs.

For a long time, the dominant theory was that during the development of the human brain there is a division of functions between the left and right hemispheres.

Let's look at the structure of the human brain. The brain is divided into two parts by a deep groove. These halves are called the left and right hemispheres. They occupy the largest part of the brain. (See: Appendix 1, Fig. 1)

The left hemisphere is responsible for mathematics, speech, writing, reading, science. The right hemisphere is responsible for the abilities of music, painting, figurative perception of objects, as well as our feelings.

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the movements of the right half, i.e. right hand and right foot. For most people, the left hemisphere is slightly larger than the right. Therefore, their right hand works better than their left.

The right hemisphere of the brain controls the movements of the left half of the body, i.e. left leg and left arm. In left-handed people, on the contrary, the right hemisphere predominates, so the left half works better.

There are about 15–18 million left-handed people in Russia. Moreover, the number of left-handed people is increasing. Previously, left-handers were retrained at school, forcing them to write and draw with their right hand.

Today, doctors and teachers are unanimous in their opinion: under no circumstances should this be done! Retraining left-handers, and thereby forcing a change in the existing brain system, as a rule, leads to negative consequences. The child may become irritable, hot-tempered, capricious, and whiny. There are sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, headaches, increased fatigue and decreased performance.

On August 13, the world celebrates International Left-Handed Day! This may come as news to many, but Lefty Day is almost 40 years old! The purpose of this unofficial holiday is to draw attention to people who often use their left hand - after all, there are at least ten percent of them on Earth!

The list of famous left-handed people can begin with representatives from the distant past, because Aristotle, Nietzsche, Kafka, Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein, Isaac Newton, Julius Caesar used their left hand predominantly! (See: Appendix 2, Fig. 2)

There are also famous left-handers among the actors: Keanu Reeves, Nicole Kidman, Robert De Niro, Drew Barrymore, Morgan Firman, Julia Roberts, Jim Carrey. Moreover, many of them are recognized sex symbols, standards of beauty for people from every corner of the world: Angelina Jolie, Scarlett Johansson, Pierce Brosnan, Hugh Jackman, Milla Jovovich and even Marilyn Monroe!

The most famous lefties in the world of music are Kurt Cobain, Paul McCartney, Bob Dylan, Sting, and if we take the world famous classics and composers - Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann, Rachmaninov, Prokofiev.

What about artistic people? Vladimir Dal, Leo Tolstoy, Lewis Carroll, Mark Twain, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Picasso, Rodin, Rubens, Hans Christian Andersen, H.G. Wells! It’s impossible to remember them all, but the contribution of these great writers, artists and sculptors to world culture cannot be overestimated!

Modern politicians: Fidel Castro, Queen Victoria, Barack Obama and possibly Vladimir Putin (hidden lefty).

ChapterII. Practical determination of the number of right-handers, left-handers and ambidextrous people in the immediate environment.

There are several types of functional organization of the two hemispheres of the brain:

Absolutely right-handed - 42%. Their left hemisphere dominates (the leading right hand, leg, eye, ear, in such people in 95% of cases the center of speech is in the left hemisphere), they are characterized by the verbal-logical nature of cognitive processes, a tendency to abstraction and generalization;

Absolute lefties - 8-10%. With dominance of the right hemisphere (on the contrary, the leading left hand, leg, eye, ear, speech center in the right hemisphere). They are characterized by concrete imaginative thinking and developed imagination;

Absence of pronounced dominance of one of the hemispheres (equal-hemispheric people) - 48-50%. These are either right-handers with signs of left-handedness, or left-handers with signs of right-handedness (by the dominant eye a person is left-handed, and by the hand - right-handed, etc.).

Age dynamics

As a rule, immediately after the birth of a child, no one thinks about whether he is right-handed or left-handed. But as time goes by, the baby begins to take objects primarily with his left hand, then the cookie, the spoon, and the pencil are stubbornly placed in his left hand... And no matter how much the mother puts it back, the child does what is convenient for him.

This is how a child’s brain works: the right hemisphere develops evenly, and the left hemisphere develops in leaps and bounds, the first developmental leap occurs at two years. It is at this age that you can first say: “My child is left-handed.” But the dominance of the leading hand may be conditional. Often the child “chooses” his hand unclearly. A “true” left-hander is obtained if the right hemisphere determines the leading left hand and eye. But if the right eye is the leading eye, or if the left leading eye is the right hand, you get “hidden” left-handers. But we can talk about this after 4-5 years, when the child begins to use a pencil. It is at this age that parents of even a right-handed child often see the mirror image of drawing and writing (the left eye provides “reverse” information for the right hand). And the point here is not at all that at some point the child was “retrained” (and retraining a left-handed person means attacking his health, personality, abilities - everyone is writing about this now!). At this age, the second leap in the development of the left hemisphere occurs. Moreover, this happens differently for all children. And if the choice of hand and eye occurs at the moment of dominance of the left hemisphere, the result is “left-handedness” - hidden or obvious. Psychologists call such children “right-hemisphere.” That is, those in whom imaginative thinking, emotionality, and motor activity predominate over logic, regularity, and “sorting out the left hemisphere of the brain.” With increasing activity of the left hemisphere, complex concepts appear, abstract thinking develops, and the ability to count and write occurs. Here again, boys are ahead: by the age of six, their left hemisphere may be more active than that of girls. Therefore, some begin to read as early as 4-5 years old. In males, the functional activity of the hemispheres is more polar in nature, and the predominance of one of them can be judged already by 6-7 years.

True, sometimes in highly emotional, impressionable and artistically gifted boys, brain differentiation follows the same path as in girls. These boys retain right-hemisphere brain specialization longer. They do not always write well, miss letters, and do not complete words. The stumbling block for them is the multiplication table. All this gradually levels out towards grades 3-5. If we take into account the age-related characteristics of the development of thinking, then until the age of 9, a child is not yet fully interested in interhemispheric interactions. In other words, the child is still at a “crossroads”: which thinking style to choose. However, children's thinking is in any case closer to the right hemisphere. Thus, when teaching children aged 4-6 years, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of “right-hemisphere thinking.”

Features of training

It is now known that the hemispheres of the brain are “specialized.” Thus, during learning to read, the right hemisphere can perceive the word in its entirety, as an image-melody, or as an image-picture. And the left hemisphere analyzes sounds, composes them into syllables, and from syllables - words. It is also responsible for the use of grammatical rules. However, the meanings of words are “stored” in the right hemisphere.

When learning, it is the left hemisphere that controls the child’s behavior, influences the ability to complete a task, be disciplined in class, and controls the ability to do something if necessary, but not if desired. Unfortunately, it is more difficult for right-hemisphere children to learn, they have greater motor activity, and worse behavior than children the same age who have clearly decided on the dominant hand or eye. They are often more mobile than their right-handed peers. It seems that they have a little motor hidden somewhere; they definitely have a lot to do. They are passionate inventors. Moreover, they often believe in their own fantasies. Therefore, it is more difficult for parents with left-handers: they are more stubborn or “explosive”, emotionally unstable.

Due to the characteristics of left-handers, it is necessary to choose the teaching technology very carefully, taking into account that preparing such a child for school should not include only reading, writing, and mathematics. Early immersion in the world of signs and symbols (reading, writing, numbers) uses the left hemisphere of the brain, and thus is difficult for children with a predominance of the right hemisphere. At the moment of overload, the child becomes even more mobile and nervous. Often, an attempt to advance the use of an abstract-logical, verbal representation of the world does not lead to an advance in the development of left-handers, but to a slowdown. And difficulties in preschool age sometimes lead to a child’s lack of self-confidence, or to protests - a reluctance to learn, even to neuroses.
Another difficulty left-handers have is their relationship with space. Mirroring when writing, memorizing sequences (days of the week, months), it is difficult for a child to navigate in a notebook (he simply does not notice these cells!), not to mention the calculations in a column in the lower grades. Reading often causes difficulties in understanding the content for right-brained students. Such a child cannot study something without understanding or losing the thread of reasoning. He learns better if he has a certain algorithm of actions.

Let's define “who is who”?

How to determine the leading hemisphere? The simplest tests suggest finding out which of the parts is leading, and by the predominance of the sides, they determine the “hemisphericity”.

To determine the dominant eye It is proposed to “take aim” by choosing a target and looking at it through a kind of front sight - a pencil or pen. Children with a dominant left eye try to follow “from right to left,” which is why such beginning “readers and writers” often experience rearrangements of letters and even syllables when reading and writing.

To determine the leading ear They suggest putting the telephone receiver to the ear that is “more convenient for you to listen to”, this is how the dominance of the ear is determined.

Hand dominance is determined through 5 different tests:

You need to interlace your fingers. In this case, the same finger is always on top - the leading hand.
Interlace your hands on your chest. The dominant hand rests on top (on the forearm of the other hand).
Place your hands horizontally on the floor. Clap. The lead hand claps from above.
Which hand does he write, draw, eat?
Which hand does you throw the ball with?

(See: Appendix 3, Fig. 3)
If your leading eye and leading hand are right, then you are right-handed, if your left, then you are left-handed. If your leading eye is left and your hand is right or vice versa, then you are a hidden left-hander.

4. Research results

Let's conduct a study among family members and classmates according to the above principles. Let's summarize the results in a table. (See: Appendix 4, Table 1, 2)

Based on the results of the study, we will draw up a table of academic performance and areas of interest, i.e. a person gravitates more toward the exact sciences or the humanities. (See: Appendix 5, Table 3, 4)

Take care of the lefty. Let the child be left-handed, but as free and self-confident as a right-handed person. Give his hands freedom, and he will learn to do a lot with both hands.
Conclusion:

As a result of the research, I came to conclusions.

Left-handedness is a type of normal human development;
Left-handedness does not affect learning ability and academic performance;
Left-handers, as well as right-handers, are inclined towards both the exact sciences and the humanities.

Bibliography

1.Galina Stukanog “Right-handed or left-handed?”;

2. Bezrukikh M.M., Bezrukikh M.V. Left-handed child.;

3. E. M. Aleksandrovskaya, “Causes of left-handedness”;

4. Scientific publication “What do we know about left-handedness”, Nikonetsky A.L.

Annex 1

Rice. 1 Structure of the human brain

Appendix 2

Rice. 2 Famous left-handed people

Appendix 3

Rice. 3 Test to determine the dominant hand

Appendix 4

Table 1. Results of the study of family members

Family member	Leading eye	Lead ear	Leading hand					Result
Family member	Leading eye	Lead ear	1	2	3	4	5	Result
Kate	l	l	l	P	P	l	l	left-handed
Mother	l	l	l	l	P	P	P	Skr. Lefty
dad	P	l/p	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed
Brother	P	P	l	P	l	P	P	right-handed

Table 2. Results of the study of classmates

Classmate	Leading eye	Lead ear	Leading hand					Result
Classmate	Leading eye	Lead ear	1	2	3	4	5
Baskarev Yaroslav	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	Right-handed
Galieva Ilina	P	P	l	P	l	P	P	Right-handed
Daminova Liliyana	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	Right-handed
Denisov Renald	P	l	P	P	P	P	P	Right-handed
Zinnurova Adelina	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	right-handed
Ziyatdinov Timur	P	P	l	P	l	P	P	right-handed
Kanafeeva Alisa	P	P	l	P	l	P	P	right-handed
Kirdyashov Kirill	P	P	l	P	P	P	P	right-handed
Kuznetsova Olesya	P	P	P	P	l	P	P	right-handed
Latypova Diana	l	P	P	P	l	P	P	Hidden lefty
Magdanova Azalia	l	P	P	P	l	P	P	Hidden lefty
Maksimenko Vlad	P	P	P	l	P	l	P	Hidden lefty
Martynova Vlada	l	P	P	P	P	l	P	Lefty
Nasyrov Samir	P	l	l	P	l	l	l	left-handed
Pavlyukova Daria	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed
Piyanzin Egor	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed
Rusin Roman	P	P	P	l	l	P	P	right-handed
Saparkin Danis	l	P	P	l	P	P	P	Hidden lefty
Safin Almaz	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	Right-handed
Sitdikov Bulat	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed
Tokarev Andrey	P	P	l	P	P	P	P	right-handed
Fadeeva Polina	l	P	P	P	P	P	l/p	Hidden lefty
Hannanova Dinara	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	right-handed
Khodus Dmitry	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed
Yakunenko Valeria	l	P	l	l	P	l/p	P	Left-handed
Yantemirova Ilona	P	P	l	l	P	P	P	right-handed

Appendix 5

Table 3. Academic performance and areas of interest of family members.

Table 4. Academic performance and areas of interest of classmates.

Classmate	Academic performance	Humanitarian sciences	Exact sciences
Baskarev Yaroslav	Fine	+
Galieva Ilina	satisfied	+
Daminova Liliyana	satisfied	+
Denisov Renald	Great		+
Zinnurova Adelina	Fine	+
Ziyatdinov Timur	Great		+
Kanafeeva Alisa	Fine	+
Kirdyashov Kirill	Great		+
Kuznetsova Olesya	Fine	+
Latypova Diana	Fine		+
Magdanova Azalia	Fine		+
Maksimenko Vlad	Great		+
Martynova Vlada	Fine	+
Nasyrov Samir	Great		+
Pavlyukova Daria	Great		+
Piyanzin Egor	Fine		+
Rusin Roman	Great		+
Saparkin Danis	Great		+
Safin Almaz	satisfied	+
Sitdikov Bulat	Fine		+
Tokarev Andrey	Great		+
Fadeeva Polina	Great	+
Hannanova Dinara	Fine		+
Khodus Dmitry	Great		+
Yakunenko Valeria	Great	+
Yantemirova Ilona	Fine	+

Municipal educational institution

"Secondary school No. 1 of Ershov, Saratov region"

Competition of design and research works

From hypothesis to discovery

Research work

A left-handed person holds a mouse designed for right-handed use.

Many computer mouse models are only suitable for right-handed use. In many computer workstations, the mouse is located on the right side, making it difficult for left-handed people to use (however, some studies show that right-handed people tend to work faster when holding the mouse in their left hand. Rulers can also be difficult to use, since the reference point is on the awkward side and left-handers have to turn them upside down.European-style kitchen knives are symmetrical, while Japanese kitchen knives have a truncated asymmetrical blade; left-handed models are rare and usually need to be specially ordered.

The lack of left-handed tools and equipment in many workplaces not only creates inconvenience to use, but can actually lead to dangerous consequences.

Two types of scissors: on the right - “standard” (for right-handers), on the left - intended for use by the left hand.

It is difficult for a left-handed child to learn to write if the teacher refuses to teach the student the correct and easy way to write. This is because it is believed that writing with the left hand is a mirror image of writing with the right hand, which makes the process of learning to write even more difficult and confusing. As a result, most left-handers bend their arm around the pen when writing so that the paper is tilted at the same angle as a right-hander, rather than simply tilting the paper in the opposite direction. Once this habit is formed, it is difficult to break. This arching of the hand causes the hand behind the written characters to be raised above the writing line, which leads to even greater inconvenience. When the left hand is positioned correctly, it is below the line of writing, just like right-handed people.

People who are left-handed in the Arab world and Israel do not have such difficulties with writing, since these languages are written from right to left, which prevents left-handed people from running their hand over the ink as happens when writing from left to right. This is also true for Urdu and Farsi languages.

Many well-intentioned companies have made products suitable for left-handed people, but they still fail to meet the needs of left-handed people. For example, many companies produce “left-handed scissors” by simply mirroring the handles of the scissors, thereby creating a comfortable grip for lefties. However, on scissors, in order for left-handed people to actually use them, the blades must also be mirrored, otherwise the left-handed person makes a “blind cut” because the blade itself blocks the person’s view of the object being cut.

Technical advantages

§ English-language layout of characters on a standard QWERTY keyboard. This character layout contains many more commonly used letters on the left side of the keyboard, meaning the left hand performs the majority of typing keystrokes, giving left-handers an advantage.

§ Boxing - a left-handed boxer has an advantage when hitting the liver.

Quite a long time ago, people noticed that hands are not the only example of asymmetry in the human body. This has led to attempts to explain hand asymmetry through asymmetry in other organs. Thus, Aristotle believed that organs located on the right are more powerful than those on the left. Francis Bacon suggested that there is a connection between right-handedness and the location of the liver on the right. It is now difficult to establish who originated the idea that the right-left hemispheres of the brain differ and this is related to hand preference. At least the knowledge that each half of the brain controls the opposite half of the body dates back to the first centuries of our era. A seminal study of the brains of two left-handed women compared with the brains of right-handed individuals was performed in England by the anatomist Ogle in 1871. Ogle discovered that the brain of a left-handed person has mirror symmetry in relation to the brain of a right-handed person.

Modern views on this issue are not so categorical. Thus, a number of scientists believe that the anatomical differences in the brains of right-handed and left-handed people are not so significant as to explain the difference in the functions of the right and left hemispheres in general and hand preference in particular. The main problem is that anatomists generally do not know whether the individual's brain is right-handed or left-handed.

It should be noted that if we consider brain asymmetries (anatomical and functional) to be the cause of right-handedness or left-handedness, then the question of methods of inheritance does not disappear. The most convincing answer is genetic theories. The genetic models are supported by the results of examinations of foster children. The handedness of such children correlated with the handedness of their biological parents, not those who raised them. Let's look at some of these theories. Jerre Levy and Thomas Nagilaki suggested that handedness depends on two genes. One gene determines the hemisphere that controls speech. Like any gene, it is present in the human genotype in two forms, or, as geneticists say, it is represented by two alleles. The dominant allele L determines that speech will be in the left hemisphere, and the allele r assigns speech function to the right hemisphere. The second gene determines which hand will control the speech hemisphere - located on the same side as the hemisphere, or on the opposite side. As a rule, the hemisphere controls the limbs of the opposite side. Such control is determined by the dominant allele C, and control of the left hemisphere by the left hand or the right by the right hand depends on the c allele. Thus, theoretically 4 options are possible. According to this hypothesis, most people are right-handed and have speech centers in the left hemisphere (genotypes LLCC, LrCC, LLCc, LrCC). The weak point of this model is the assumption that the right hand can be controlled by the right hemisphere, and the left hand by the left hemisphere, since this may be due to three variants of genotypes (LLc, Lrcc, rrcc) (Fig. 1).

In the 1960s, Marion Annette proposed a new genetic model of the inheritance of handedness, which states that in the human population, left-handedness, ambidextrous (ambidextrous) and right-handedness are distributed in the ratio of 0.04, 0.30 and 0.66, respectively, and this ratio is explained by the presence or the absence of a gene that contains a right shift factor. If there is a genetic factor of a right shift during development, the child, as a rule, develops speech centers in the left hemisphere and a preference for the right hand, which is also controlled by the left hemisphere.

If such a gene is absent in the child’s genotype, then such a hemisphere becomes speech, and which hand will dominate is determined by chance. Since each gene is represented by a pair of alleles, each of which is received from one of the parents, then in addition to individuals with the RR genotype (R - right shift factor) and rr (r - absence of right shift factor), there are people who have the Rr genotype, that is, inherited right shift factor from only one of the parents.

It should be emphasized that since the right shift factor determines only the probability of dominance of the left hemisphere and right hand, Annette’s theory allows for the influence of environmental factors on a child with any possible genotype.

We conducted a survey at school. We went through all the classes and got the following results:

1st grade – 25 students no left-handed

2 "A" class - left-handed)

2 “B” cells – left-handed)

3 “A” class – 18 students are left-handed, no

3 “B” class – 19 students (1 left-handed)

4 “A” class – 16 students (1 left-handed)

4 “B” class – 13 students (1 left-handed)

5th grade – 26 students (4 left-handers)

6 “A” class – 16 students (1 left-handed)

6 “B” class – 15 students (1 left-handed)

7 “A” class – 14 students (1 left-handed)

7 “B” class – 15 students (1 left-handed)

8 “A” class – 16 students (3 left-handed)

8 “B” class – 13 students (1 left-handed)

9 “A” class – 15 students (2 left-handed)

9 “B” class – 13 students (1 left-handed)

10th grade – 14 students (2 left-handed)

11th grade – 14 students (1 left-handed)

1. “Interlocking fingers.” Invite the children to clasp their hands; the test should be performed quickly, without preparation. It is believed that right-handers place the thumb of their right hand on top, and left-handers place their left thumb on top, and this is how we ended up with 2 by 2.

2. “Napoleon pose” - folding your arms at chest level. It is generally accepted that in right-handed people the right hand lies on top of the left forearm, the result is also 50% to 50%.

3. “Simultaneous actions of both hands” - drawing a circle, square. The movements performed with the dominant hand may be slower, but more precise.

4. Drink water from a glass (2 with your left hand, 2 with your right)

5. Clean your shoes with a brush.

6. Use a pen to hit a small point on a piece of paper.

7. Open, close the zipper.

After the work, it turned out that right-handed Anya Alakina and Alina Kirichenko are fully right-handed. Left-handed Lena Dementieva and Nikita Popov are fully right-handed.

The following work was carried out in the Topolek kindergarten.

1. Drawing. Place a piece of paper and a pencil in front of the subject and ask them to draw something. When he's finished, ask him to make the same drawing with his other hand. They evaluate which drawing is better: smoother lines, clearer strokes, more accurate proportions of details. Pay attention to whether the child holds the pencil correctly, whether he sits straight and does not strain.

2. Open the matchbox. The passive hand will hold the box, and the active hand will pull out the “drawer”.

3. Cut out the design along the contour. The dominant hand is the one that is active, regardless of whether it moves the scissors or the paper towards the scissors.
Primary classes" href="/text/category/nachalmznie_klassi/" rel="bookmark">primary classes and school psychologist. Because left-handed children need special classes, especially in first grade, and this work may also be of interest to left-handed children .

References.

1., “Lesson plans for biology”, Uchitel Publishing House, 2006.

2. http://hospital. *****/article12_article_266_1.phtml

3. http://*****/2003/16/1.htm

4. http://alfate. *****/levscha/8.htm

5. http://*****/zdorovie/278/

6. http:///ru/articleview. html? id=54

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Kuliginskaya secondary school"

Kezsky district of the Udmurt Republic

Research

"LEFT-HANDED IN A RIGHT-HANDED WORLD"

Head: biology teacher

Gazhimova Nadezhda Aleksandrovna

2017

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..…….3

Literature review…………………………………………………….…………...5

Where do they come from?................................................... ........................................................ 7

What is the difference between left-handers and right-handers?................................................. ............................8

Methods and tests for detecting handedness in children………………………………….9

Difficulties faced by left-handed children and adults in the modern world…………………………………………………………………….12

Research part………………………………………………………..15

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………21

References……………………………………………………………22

Appendix...……………………………………………………………………………….23

INTRODUCTION

Almost all people on earth are right-handed, and only some of them are different, not like everyone else. They write and sew, eat and work with their left hands. This makes it more convenient, easier, and more convenient for them.

Indeed, most of humanity is right-handed and only 5-12% of them are left-handed. But it followsunderstand that both right-handed and left-handed people are not homogeneousny groups. Among them there are very left-handed and very right-handed, but there are also those who perform one or the othergoy hand only some actions, among them ambidextras (both-armed), people, equally good atusing both the right and left hands.

There are definitely a minority of left-handed people, and there are even fewer of them as they grow older.Levoruthe bone does not disappear, it’s just that the aggressiveness of the right-handed environment makes left-handed people sometimes have great difficulty inadapt, relearn, become like everyone else.

The earlier a child’s handedness is identified, the sooner he begins to adapt to a right-handed environment. We are faced with the problem of what inconveniences do left-handers encounter in a world of right-handers?

Goal of the work: to study what problems left-handed children encounter while learning at school

Tasks:

Expand theoretical knowledge about left-handedness and right-handedness of children;

Study the sign of left-handedness and right-handedness using certain tests - tasks;

Determine the group of “left-handed” children at school using the simplest methods;

Determine what problems students encounter while learning at school;

Degree of knowledge of the problem: This topic is being studied in the village of Kuliga for the first time.

Hypothesis: I am left-handed, so at school and at home there are difficulties and inconveniences when using objects designed for right-handed people. Perhaps I'm the only one who has problems in the right-handed world.

Object of study: left-handedness

Subject of study: problems of left-handed people

Place and timing of the study: The study was conducted on the territory of the Kuliginskoye municipal district from October 1, 2016 to March 1, 2017.

Methods :

studying scientific literature on the issue of left-handedness;

observation of a group of left-handed children;

using special tasks to determine “handedness”;

survey of school students;

measurement and systematization of the results obtained;

generalization of the received material

LITERATURE REVIEW

We will study left-handers and right-handers in biology lessons in grades 8, 9, 10.

Having studied the literature and Internet resources, we learned that lHandedness has been and remains a mystery for centuries,a mystery not yet solved, attracting attention.The desire to solve this riddle is essentially a reflectiondeep, often unconscious desire of a person forto comprehend the nature of the different, unusual, exceptional,desire to look into the looking glass and thereby realizeits uniqueness, equality, majority. You seeIn my opinion, genetically and historically this determinesattitude towards left-handedness (and left-handedness is most often perceivedtoils like left-handedness) not like an individual varant norm, but as an anomaly, a developmental disorder.

Who doesn’t know that most of us are better with our right hand?! She becomes our leader, more developed, stronger, more agile and faster. It is the right hand that most of us use when it is necessary to perform any complex manipulations. We write with our right hand; We hold a spoon or knife in our right hand while eating; With the same hand we fasten clothes, regardless of what needs to be fastened: buttons, hooks or a zipper; thread the needle; cut with a knife, scissors; we work with a saw, hammer and shovel; brushing teeth; shoot and throw a grenade; holding a racket while playing tennis; we raise our glass when we make a toast; we gesture - in general, everything that requires special skill is usually performed with the right hand. We will most likely pick up even a handkerchief that has fallen out of our pocket from the floor with our skilled right hand, of course, if at that moment it is not busy with something else. And of course, we will perform any work that is new to us with our right hand, and this most often does not require any special long-term training. The right hand “grabs” everything on the fly.

Our left hand is much less capable. Everything that we usually do with our left hand required serious training from us at one time, especially if we encountered this problem when we were already quite old. Take a close look at the children. If parents start teaching their child to eat with a knife and fork too late, mastering this skill rarely goes smoothly.

Among the inhabitants of the Earth on all five continents of our planet, regardless of nationality and race, right-handed people predominate. Philosophers have emphasized that, like the ability to speak, right-handedness is a distinctive feature of a person.

Non-right-handed people should be divided into two unequal parts. The majority are left-handed, people whose left hand is predominantly developed. If they were not retrained in childhood, they use this hand to eat, write, and wind their watches. Their left hand is stronger, faster, more reliable.

The third, smallest part includes ambidextrous people - people with equally developed arms. Practically, these people have equally poorly developed hands. It is from their midst that people emerge who do not even know how to hammer a nail and whose dishes, when trying to wash them, break faster than they become clean.

There is still no clear and unambiguous answer to the questionabout what causes left-handedness and how it differsThere are right-handed and left-handed people, one thing is certain:left-handedness cannot be considered a cause of impairment ordeviations in development, the cause of decreased intelligenceal and physical capabilities. Another thing is clear - predominant hand ownership does not depend on “want"of the child or his stubbornness, not from his desire or reluctance, but from the special organization of brain activity, which determines not only the "leading" hand, but also somery features of the organization of higher mental functionstions. With great effort, you can teach a left-handed personchild work with his right hand, but cannot change itbiological essence.

It is human nature to be wary of everything that falls out of the picture of universality. In our time, not wariness, but interest, the desire to understand left-handed people and learn more about them, understanding the naturalness of differences - this, apparently, is the path to a civilized attitude towards the phenomenon of left-handedness.

I turnedPlease note that in our school there are students who, like me, write with their left hand. The question of left-handedness interested me because I am “left-handed” and do everything with my left hand. In the additional literature that I read, there was a lot of interesting material about left-handedness; I wanted to systematize the knowledge I had gained.

WHERE DO THEY COME FROM?

No one can tell you for sure why some become right-handed and others become left-handed. There are many theories and assumptions on this matter.

Archaeological evidence suggests that human ancestors were mostly right-handed. Stone tools, which have come down to us in large numbers, are adapted for the right hand. Rock paintings of circled hands are usually left-handed. This means that the ancient “artists” worked with their right hands.

However, already in ancient times, people knew that there were left-handed people among them, and did not consider this some kind of violation. The first written evidence of left-handedness is found in the Bible, in the Book of Judges of Israel. In the army of Benjamin, “out of all this people there were seven hundred chosen men, who were left-handed, and all of these, when they threw stones from a sling, did not throw them by,” i.e. left-handers were dexterous, accurate, skilled warriors.

The shield and sword theory explains right-handedness by the need to protect the heart during battles. The warrior held the shield with his left (passive) hand, and the weapon with his right. The centuries-old training of the right hand in countless battles determined its advantage.

The genetic theory explains the occurrence of left-handedness as a hereditary factor, but this theory is not always confirmed in practice. The probability of being born left-handed in a family where for several generations everyone has only used their right hand is quite high.

The environmental theory explains the birth of a left-handed person by unfavorable environmental factors. No one can rule out the possibility that a negative environment is creating more and more left-handed people.

The most obvious way for left-handedness to arise is traumatic, when, as a result of external influence, a person cannot manipulate his right hand and adapts to perform all or part of the actions with his left.

Each of these theories has its own strengths and weaknesses. But the fact is that the phenomena of left-handedness and right-handedness are observed not only in people, but also in animals. There are descriptions of observations of primates, horses, parrots, dogs, polar bears, which prove that among our smaller brothers there are also left-handed, right-handed and ambidextrous people.

In short, today it remains unclear what plays an important role in the development of left-handedness - genetic predisposition, social factors, environment, or a complex combination of these factors.

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES between LEFT-HANDED AND RIGHT-HANDED PEOPLE?

We can highlight several points about how a left-handed person differs from a right-handed person, what is the difference between them. In left-handed people, the right hemisphere of the brain is more developed (Figure 1). For right-handed people, the opposite is true. In the first case, it is creativity, emotionality, impressionability, sudden changes in mood, developed intuition; in the second - logical thinking, abilities in mathematics and other exact sciences. Both hemispheres control body movements, but do so crosswise.

Figure 1. Motor pathways connecting the hands and the brain.

Many athletes are left-handed. This applies to various martial arts, boxing, fencing, where they practice tactics that are convenient for them and problematic for their opponents.

Every fifth outstanding person is left-handed. A study was conducted: the “left” and “right” were asked to solve the same problem. Left-handers coped faster and almost always found more solutions. In difficult circumstances, right-handed people act more quickly, but left-handed people find original ways out of the situation.

Retrained left-handed people, when returning to their natural abilities, can also return their “divine gift”. There is also a downside. Many mentally ill people, famous serial killers, maniacs and rapists were left-handed or showed hidden “left-handedness”.

METHODS AND TESTS FOR DETECTING HANDEDNESS IN CHILDREN

As a rule, parents themselves identify a child’s left-handedness by observing what part of the child’s activities he performs with his left hand. However, it should not be overlooked that in most children under a certain age, hand dominance can be quite difficult to determine only on the basis of observing games and performing simple self-care operations. Therefore, only at the age of 4-5 years do adults begin to pay attention to which hand the child uses more actively. This is noticed more quickly in families with so-called hereditary left-handedness. If the leading hand was not identified before school, then this must be done in the first year of study. This process is complicated by the fact that in the early period of the child’s development, relearning could occur, as a result of which later he draws and writes with his right hand, but performs everyday actions with his left.

There are many tests to determine your dominant hand. Below are a few of them.

Special test tasks for first graders.

To identify the leading hand at primary school age, children are offered special test tasks, during which each child performs the following simple actions: opens a box, a jar with a screw cap, builds a well of sticks, unties a knot, wipes the board with a rag, picks up an object from the floor. The child will perform active actions when performing these tasks with his dominant hand. Based on this, a conclusion will be made as to whether he is left-handed or right-handed.

To establish the dominant hand in older and middle-aged children, the following classical tests are offered.

Interlocking fingers (Figure 2). When performing the task of interlocking fingers, the child always has the thumb of his dominant hand on top. If you ask him to change the position of intertwined fingers to the opposite, it will require time to think, and the execution itself will cause a feeling of discomfort.

Figure 2. Interlocking fingers.

Crossing arms (Napoleon pose). When performing the task of crossing arms in children, the hand of the dominant hand is first sent to the forearm of the other hand and ends up on top of it (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Napoleon's pose

Applauding (Figure 4). When applauding, the leading hand is more active and mobile; it makes striking movements against the palm of the non-dominant hand. It is believed that this test has greater information value than other tests.

Figure 4. Applause

Very often, tasks are not enough to determine which hand the child uses more actively and dexterously. In these cases, you can choose additional tasks, for example, from those offered by the French researcher M. Ozyas:

1. Drink water from a glass.
2. Clean your shoes with a brush.
3. Insert the rod into the hole of the button (bead) and lift it.
4. Wind the thread onto a spool (it is better to use wooden spools).
5. Pour water from one vessel to another.
6. Hit a small point with a needle (you can make a “target” on a piece of paper or use the game “Darts”).
7. Unscrew the nut by hand (with a wrench). You can use parts from a metal or plastic construction set.
8. Place small parts (buttons, beads) into a narrow cylinder (in a bottle with a narrow opening).
9. Puncture holes in a sheet of paper (5-6 times) with a needle or pin.
10. Erase the previously drawn crosses with an eraser.
11. Thread the needle.
12. Shake off specks and dust.
13. Drop from a pipette into the narrow opening of the bottle.
14. Remove the bead from the glass with a spoon.
15. Ring the bell.
16. Close, open the zipper.

In cases where it is difficult to determine the leading hand, pay attention to tasks 3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14. These actions are unusual, not trained and allow you to more objectively assess the superiority of one hand over the other.

In order not to keep in mind the results of completing tasks, it is convenient to enter them in the following table:

DIFFICULTIES LEFT-HANDED CHILDREN AND ADULTS FACE IN THE MODERN WORLD

Left-handed people often feel uncomfortable with the prevalence of objects in society that are designed for right-handed (right-handed) use. Many tools and devices are designed to be easy to use with the right hand. For example, designed so that the cutting line is visible to the person holding it in the right hand, although in this case it will be hidden to the left-handed user. In addition, the handles are often stamped in the opposite direction for a left-handed person, therefore, they are uncomfortable for him to hold, and frequent use of such scissors can lead to serious discomfort.

In some workstations equipped with a computer, the mouse may be located only on the right side, making it inconvenient for left-handed people to use. At the same time, the assignment of the left and right mouse buttons can be changed for the convenience of left-handers (Figure 5).

Figure 5. A left-handed person holds a mouse designed for right-handed use.

European-style kitchen knives are symmetrical, while Japanese kitchen knives have a truncated, asymmetrical blade; Left-handed models are rare and usually need to be special ordered (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Kitchen knives (1) symmetrical, (2) right-handed, (3) left-handed

The lack of left-handed tools and equipment in many workplaces not only creates inconvenience to use, but can actually lead to dangerous consequences.

Many well-intentioned companies have made products suitable for left-handers, but they still fail to meet their needs. For example, many companies produce “left-handed scissors” by simply mirroring the handles of the scissors, thereby creating a comfortable grip for lefties. However, on scissors, in order for left-handed people to actually use them, the blades must also be mirrored, otherwise the left-handed person makes a “blind cut”, because the blade itself blocks the person’s view of the object being cut (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Two types of scissors: on the right - “standard” (for right-handers), on the left - intended for use by the left hand

The experience of many countries in the world, in which left-handed children are not only not retrained, but are also created with all the conditions for a normal existence, education, and obtaining professional skills.profession, has convincingly shown that careful attitude towardsthese children have a beneficial effect on their development.

InMany countries have special stores for left-handed people.There are different people where you can buy knives and scissorsequipment, sports equipment, sewingtypewriters and even computers with keyboards, whensuitable for left-handed people. Preferhand strength is taken into account not only in childhood, left-handed adultsanyone can get almost any specialty,because there are machines, devices and devices designedintended for left-handed people.Unfortunately, we don’t have all this yet, perhaps an ogreinferiority in the choice of certain professions and pushes parentscalves for retraining.

RESEARCH (EXPERIMENTAL) PART

After analyzing the sources of information, we decided to use, in our opinion, the simplest methods of testing for handedness: interlocking fingers, Napoleon's pose, clapping and the M. Ozyas test.

Survey forms were prepared in advance (Table 1).

Table 1

Student survey form

Last name, first name, class__________________________________________

Students of the MBOU "Kuliginskaya Secondary School" from grades 1 to 11 were tested using tests (Diagram 1):

in 1st grade, 10 children took part in the testing, among them 2 were left-handed;

in the 2nd grade, 15 people participated, no left-handed children were identified, but there is a student who has hidden left-handedness;

in the 3rd grade, 9 people participated, no left-handed children were identified, but there is a student who writes on paper with his left hand and performs all other actions with his right;

in the 4th grade, 12 people participated, no left-handed children were identified;

in the 5th grade, 5 people participated, no left-handed children were identified;

in the 6th grade, 16 people participated, among them 2 left-handed and 1 student who can use both his right and left hands equally (except for writing);

in the 7th grade, 16 people participated, among them 1 was left-handed;

in the 8th grade, 13 people participated, no left-handed children were identified;

in the 9th grade, 10 people participated, no left-handed children were identified;

in the 10th grade, 7 people participated, among them 1 left-handed student and 1 student with hidden left-handedness;

In the 11th grade, 3 people participated; no left-handed children were identified.

Diagram 1

Thus, the total share of left-handed students among all respondents is 6% (Diagram 2)

Diagram 2

We decided to check the closest relatives of our left-handed students to find out whether hand ownership is a hereditary trait.

We were not able to check the relatives of the left-handed 1st grade student, since the girl is a ward and she has no close relatives in Kuliga.

Another 1st grade left-hander has 5 sisters who are right-handed, and their parents are also right-handed.

A 3rd grade student’s sister and parents are right-handed, and his paternal uncle is left-handed, but most likely this is acquired left-handedness, since his right hand was amputated during an injury.

A 6th grade student's brother and parents are right-handed.

My brother and parents (also a 6th grade student) are right-handed, but my maternal cousin (a 10th grade student) is left-handed.

A left-handed 7th grade student has a twin sister, younger sister, and parents who are right-handed.

Based on the data obtained, it is impossible to conclude that left-handedness is a hereditary factor; it is necessary to study the pedigree to grandparents.

The next stage of our research was a conversation with identified left-handers. We asked these students the following questions and presented the results in a table (Appendix 1)

As a result of this conversation, we identified the problems that left-handed children face at school and at home:

When learning to read and count, read words and solve examples from right to left.

The handles on the doors of bedside tables, cabinets and household appliances are on the other side.

Difficulties arise when using a knife and scissors.

Household appliances (electric saw, sewing machine, etc.) are suitable only for right-handed people.

When operating a computer mouse, you have to use your right hand.

When meeting with friends, you should shake your right hand with your right hand.

I can't crochet, I have to help pull out the loop with my finger.

It is very difficult to choose a pen for a left-handed person. As a rule, there are now special ones, but they are very messy because they follow what is written with their hand.

At school you should always use the first option so as not to disturb your right-handed neighbor.

10.

11., left-handed children. ru

Gushchin Andrey

Purpose of the work: to study the nature of differences between right-handers and left-handers, to find out how this feature affects abilities and character.

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Municipal budgetary educational institution Bogorodskaya secondary school

Regional scientific research conference for students

"Step into Science"

Subject “The world around us”

Research

“Why am I left-handed?”

The work was completed by the student

4th grade Gushchin Andrey

Head of Pugina T.V.

year 2014

Introduction…………………………………………………………….
Literature research…………………………….
Research part…………………………….
Conclusion…………………………………………………..
Literature……………………………………………..
Applications………………………………………………………..

When I came to 1st grade, it seemed to me that I was the same as everyone else. But when we started learning to write, it turned out that the boys and girls in my class were writing with a different hand than I was using. Then it turned out that they were eating, playing, carrying briefcases, and even opening the door with the other hand. I wondered “why”? I asked my mother, who told me it was because I was left-handed.

The purpose of my work:to study the nature of the differences between right-handers and left-handers and find out how this feature affects my abilities and character.

Relevance of the topic.

In general, I found the topic very interesting and relevant not only for myself, since I am left-handed, but also for many other people. After all, almost everyone has at least one relative or acquaintance who is left-handed.

According to experts, more than 20% of people in the world are left-handed. At the same time, the causes of left-handedness are interesting.

There is an opinion that it is mainly left-handed children who create problems at school. Currently, the importance of reviewing this problem is based on the ever-growing number of left-handed schoolchildren.

Tasks:

Study materials on the origin of left-handedness by considering historical facts.
Conduct an experiment to determine whether right-handedness is a result of training.
Study the physiological basis of right-handedness and left-handedness, find out what influences the choice of the dominant hand.
Conduct a study to identify left-handers among classmates.
Conduct an analysis of classroom performance.
Collect applications: proverbs and sayings with the words right, left, right-handed, left-handed, etc. ; make a list of famous and brilliant people who are left-handed and a list of actions that are more difficult for a left-handed person to do than for a right-handed person
My hypotheses:

The causes of left-handedness have been scientifically proven.
Right-handedness is the result of training and tradition.
A person's leading hand is determined by his brain. Left-handedness is associated with a more developed left, and right-handedness is associated with the right hemisphere of the brain.
Among my classmates there may be hidden left-handers.

5. Left-handedness affects school performance.

Subject of study:

Object of study:me (Andrey Gushchin), my family members and classmates.

Information basis of the studyThey compile printed publications that address the problems of left-handedness, Internet resources, and the results of surveys.

Research methods:

Observation;

Analysis;

Collection of statistical data;

Data summarization.

1. Literature research.

They still cannot explain the origin of left-handers; scientists put forward hypotheses, one more incredible than the other, but they cannot find evidence. The first theory is related to the teachings of Darwin. Our ancestors - hominids - clung to branches with their right hand, and with their left hand they brought food to their mouths. Time passed, the climate changed, people descended to the ground and the right hand began to be used for more precise movements - throwing a spear when hunting. Since men were more likely to do this, there are fewer left-handers among them. Another theory: women pressed the child to the heart with their left hand so that he could hear its beating and calm down with his right hand. Another very interesting story, “the shield and the sword,” says that in ancient times there were equal numbers of left-handed and right-handed people, but since left-handed people held a shield in their right hand and a sword in their left, their heart remained unprotected, and they mostly died in wars now. There are few left-handers, but they all differ in some way from right-handers (not only in that they write with the other hand). In Rus', left-handers were also not particularly liked, because according to biblical canons there was a devil behind the left shoulder, and an angel behind the right. (Hence the habit of spitting over the left shoulder). Those who crossed themselves with their left hand were called blasphemers, and a child who reached for a bowl with the “wrong” hand received a spoon in the forehead. But in ancient Greece, left-handers were considered lucky.

The causes of left-handedness have not yet been scientifically proven, but by comparing various sources, we can identify the main assumptions.

Research part.

Why do some people prefer their left or right hand? Maybe it's so convenient for them?

Hypothesis - right-handedness is the result of training and tradition.

Perhaps a small child does not care which hand to pick up objects with, and so is taught to use the right hand by tradition. So maybe I was simply not taught from early childhood to use the right hand? So why did I want to do everything with my left hand, and how my mother didn’t try to re-teach me, but she didn’t succeed. To prove this, I conducted an experiment with my younger sister Marina. She's 4 years old. Since birth, she has done everything with her right hand. But no one taught her this.

Let's do a little experiment. I ask my sister to color the picture and give her a pencil in her left hand, but she quickly sends it to her right hand. So why does my sister want to do everything with her right hand, and I with my left hand?

Conclusion: A person is born left-handed or right-handed.

Now I'll try to figure it outin the hypothesis: a person’s leading hand is determined by his brain.

To confirm this hypothesis, I turned to scientific sources. This is what I learned about the structure of the brain. It is divided into two parts by a deep groove.

These halves are called the left and right hemispheres. They occupy the largest part of the brain.

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the movements of the right half, i.e. right hand right foot. For most people, the left hemisphere is slightly larger than the right. Therefore, their right hand works better than their left.

I am left-handed because my right hemisphere of the brain is dominant.

What are the reasons for this? Why did my hemispheres “switch roles”?

Could this be the result of a birth injury?

For example, if the left hemisphere was damaged at birth, then the right hemisphere takes over some of its functions, and the child becomes “forced left-handed.” But my mother explained that I did not have any birth injuries.

This means that this assumption does not apply to me.

Maybe my left-handedness is a sign of heredity?

As statistics show,If both parents are right-handed, the probability of them having a left-handed child is 2%.

If one of the parents is left-handed, the probability increases to 17%.

If both parents are left-handed, there is a 46% chance of a left-handed child being born.

Let's do some research to see if there are any left-handers in my family. Mom says that she and dad are right-handed.

I'm watching my mom. She really does everything with her right hand. Dad also seems to write with his right hand. To be sure, I conducted several simple tests to determine the leading hand (I will talk about these tests a little later). Mom is indeed right-handed. But, surprisingly, dad, who always considered himself right-handed based on the test results, turned out to be left-handed.

Grandmother has difficulty remembering this fact. Moreover, the grandmother herself, who writes, eats, and sews with her right hand (as she was taught in childhood), notes that she washes the dishes with her left hand. It's more convenient for her!

So, it turns out that both grandmother and father are retrained left-handers. Although they themselves did not suspect it.

Knowing now my heredity, I come to conclusion:

I'm left-handed. This is the result of heredity.

Hypothesis: reflectedwhether left-handedness affects my abilities.

In order to find out the reliability of this hypothesis, a study was conducted to identify left-handers among class students.

There are special tests to identify left-handers.

Experiments to determine the dominant hand.

"Napoleon Pose"- crossing arms. For right-handers, the right hand is on top of the left forearm, and the left hand is under the right forearm; for left-handers, the left hand is on top, and the right hand is under the left forearm.
"Applause"When applauding, the leading hand is more active and more mobile, making striking movements against the palm of the non-dominant hand.

Experiments to determine the dominant eye.

"Peeping Through the Keyhole": a hole is cut in the center in a sheet of thick paper; holding this card at a distance of 30-40 cm, the subject fixes an object located 2-3 m from him through the hole; When the dominant eye is closed, the object moves.
"Looking Through a Spyglass"usually carried out with the dominant eye.

Experiments to determine the leading ear.

"Whisper". The experimenter says something to the subject in a whisper. If the hearing acuity is equal, the test subject substitutes the leading ear to the speaker, i.e., the ear that hears easier is recognized faster.
"The ticking of a clock."The subject is asked to rate the loudness of the clock ticking. It is noted which ear he puts the watch to for the first time.
Putting the telephone receiver to your ear.Usually applied to the dominant ear.

Experiment to determine the leading leg.

Look, from which leg does he start walking, jumping, getting ready to run. This leg will be the leading one.
Crossing your legs over your legs- leading leg on top.

Experiment results

Student's last name	Leading hand	Leading ear	Leading eye	Leading leg	Result
Gushchin A.					Lefty
Ovechkina A.					Right-handed
Murakhtanova Tatyana					Right-handed
Barmin Vl.					Right-handed
Egoshin I.					Right-handed
Tanasevskaya Veronica					Partial
Rytikova Ek.					Partial
Sagin A.					Right-handed
Idrisova A.					Right-handed

Test results.

There are 9 students in my class.

There were 9 students present at the time of the study.

“Absolutely right-handed” – 6 students.

“Partial left-handers” – 2 students.

“Absolute lefties” – 1 student.

I am an absolute lefty. I have a leading left hand. I hold a pen, spoon, and scissors only in my left hand. I found out that my left eye, left ear and left leg are my dominant ones.

I wonder if my academic success, and the success of my classmates, depends on whether a person is left-handed or right-handed. To answer this question, class teacher T.V. Pugina and I conducted a comparative analysis of student performance in core subjects. Students' quarter grades were considered.

From this study it turns out that a student’s mental abilities do not depend on whether he is left-handed or right-handed.I think that academic performance is influenced by many other factors (parental help, child’s mentality, etc.)

This is how I learn

This is how I write.

Conclusion: Left-handedness cannot be the cause of any deviations in development or decline in mental abilities.

The “most capable” among left-handed children can demonstrate high levels of mental development, mathematical abilities, special achievements in architectural activities, and demonstrate extraordinary abilities in original artistic and musical creativity.

Conclusions.

During the research, I learned a lot of new information. In addition to scientific facts, I collected many proverbs and sayings about the left and right hand, and compiled a list of brilliant and famous left-handers. Learned about World Left-Handers Day, which has been celebrated annually since 1992 and is celebrated on August 13th.

A number of my hypotheses were confirmed,

1. I am left-handed because the right hemisphere of my brain predominates over the left, and it is responsible for the left side of my body.

2. Left-handedness is inherited;

3. Left-handedness cannot be the cause of a decrease in mental abilities, unless left-handed people are retrained.

But not which my assumptions during the research were refuted:

I thought that left-handedness was associated with a more developed left, and right-handedness - with the right hemisphere of the brain, but it turned out that the opposite is true! The right hemisphere controls the left half of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right.

Subject : I'm left-handed!

Our planet is huge. There's a lot on her amazing and beautiful. But what surprises me most is the person living on it. He lives for millions of years on earth, and still conceals a lot of unknown and mysterious things. One of the mysteries is left-handedness. The topic of left-handedness is very important and interesting for me, because I'm left-handed. Already at 8 months my parents noticed that I I pick up objects with my left hand. I would like to know why I am not like everyone else? Therefore, the topic of research is extremely relevant for me.

The purpose of my work:

Prove that left-handedness is not a human defect

Practical significance of the study

is that the relevant literature on the problem will be studied, conclusions will be drawn and recommendations will be given to attentive teachers and parents.

Research hypothesis:

Perhaps my parents made a mistake by not teaching me to write with my right hand?

Research objectives:

Why do people use their left hand and not their right hand?

What functions are the left and right hemispheres of the brain responsible for?

What is the difference between the functioning of the brain in left-handed people and right-handed people?

How to teach such children?

Find out if there are objects or things for left-handed people?

Research methods:

Analysis of sources of information on the problem under study.

Observation. Object of observation: students of Municipal Educational Institution Abatskaya Secondary School No. 1

Testing 4th and 1st grade students, kindergarten children - a way to determine the leading hand.

Processing and analysis of the obtained data.

Throughout the development of mankind, people who differ from the majority in some individual characteristics, for example, left-handed people, have aroused interest and surprise. However, the attitude towards left-handers was not the same in different countries and at different times, but, as a rule, had a touch of wariness and negativism.
In many languages there is a negative attitude towards everything leftist, not excluding left-handers.
The Russian language also provides many examples of this kind. “Illegal goods” are goods sold illegally, or goods that are counterfeit or counterfeit. Similarly, one can consider the meaning of the phrases “left income”, “left money”, “in the left way”, etc. A similar connotation of the word “left” is also found in expressions not related to finance: “as the left leg wants”, “left side ", "stand up on your left foot", etc.
In English, the word "left-handed" has the additional meanings of "clumsy", "hypocritical", "sinister", "illegal". Similar connections can be traced in French, Italian, Spanish, and German.
Considering the connection between language and consciousness, one should hardly be surprised at the negative stereotypical perception of left-handers by the “right-handed” majority.
Fortunately, in our time, attitudes towards various manifestations of individuality are changing throughout the planet. Now the phenomenon of left-handedness is being studied a lot, the results of this work make it possible to change the stereotypical perception of left-handed people and even gradually develop methods for teaching them.

Why do lefties appear?

Scientists put forward the following hypothesis: in ancient times, people used their left and right hands equally. Everything changed when the man began to speak. The functioning of the brain is the reason why a person becomes left-handed or right-handed. It is known that the left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body, and the right hemisphere controls the left. Human speech is associated with the work of the left hemisphere, therefore, the more the ability to speak developed in a person, the more significant the role speech played in his life, the more the left hemisphere of his brain developed and became influential, and, accordingly, the right part of the body controlled by it. The right hemisphere gradually lagged behind the left in its development. This is why left-handed people are often slower to speak and read, although they still have a number of advantages.
Slide 7

It would seem that the organization of brain activity in left-handers should be the same as in right-handers, but in a mirror image. But this is not true at all! Left-handed people are structured and develop according to completely different laws.

In right-handed people, the right and left hemispheres of the brain have their own functions and are in constant interaction. Information from the outside enters first into the right hemisphere, where it is recognized, “receives an image,” and then to the left, where it is concretized and named. The right hemisphere (in right-handed people) is primarily responsible for assessing spatial relationships, imagination, holistic perception, assessing rhythms, and simultaneous perception of multiple stimuli.

The left hemisphere specializes in assessing temporal relationships, concretizing verbal expressions, numbers, analytical sequential perception, abstract and generalized thinking. The right cerebral hemisphere is associated mainly with the sensitive sphere, and the left is associated with the motor and speech sphere. The right hemisphere is responsible for the work of the left half of the body, and the left hemisphere is responsible for the work of the right half of the body. For most people, the “logical” left hemisphere dominates, and the energetic, subcortical structures play an organizing role. Within the hemispheres, the components of mental functions are also quite clearly localized, for example, the parietal zone of the left and right hemispheres is responsible for spatial representations and spatial organization of mental functions, and the temporal region of the left hemisphere is responsible for understanding spoken speech.

In a left-handed person, both hemispheres, as a rule, are more autonomous in their work; interhemispheric interactions are formed much later than in a right-handed person. In everyday life, this manifests itself as follows: a child often does not hear a question addressed to him, often cannot explain the meaning of a word or speech addressed to him. Often a “left-hander” draws incorrect conclusions from a story he reads or interprets a life situation in a non-standard way.

If a left-handed child does not receive proper education and development, in terms of his brain organization he remains an “eternal child.” Maybe this is where the unconventional actions, naive judgments, and life inability of some left-handers come from? Plus, in a left-handed person, the right, figurative, hemisphere dominates. Hence the rich imagination, fantasies and fears.

Causes of left-handedness

One of the most important issues determining the approach to left-handed people is the question of the causes of left-handedness. They may be different.
The most common is the so-called genetic left-handedness. Genetic left-handers may not have any developmental disorders, then this is considered simply an individual peculiarity, a variant of normal development.
The second type is " compensatory"left-handedness associated with some kind of damage to the brain, more often to the left hemisphere. In the event of any injury or illness at an early stage of the child’s development, the right hemisphere can take over the corresponding functions. Thus, the left hand becomes the leading one, that is more active when performing everyday activities, and subsequently, most often, when writing.

The third type is " forced"Left-handedness. The choice of the leading hand in such left-handed people is usually associated with an injury to the right hand, but can also be the result of imitation of family or friends.
Separately should be considered pseudo-left-handedness. By a certain age (finally by about 5 years) in a child, one of the hemispheres is formed as dominant in relation to a given hand (for example, in right-handed people - the left hemisphere). But such a feature of the brain as prenatal leads to atypia of mental development, which, in turn, prevents the formation of either interhemispheric interaction or specialization of the hemispheres. Thus, children do not develop dominance of the right or left hemispheres in relation to the hand. Then pseudo-left-handedness is observed, or, what is more common, approximately equal use of both hands. Often, after several lessons under the guidance of psychologists, the child begins to write and draw with his right hand without any coercion.
In addition to all of the above, it is possible for children to develop the so-called " hidden left-handedness", i.e., a change in the dominant hemisphere. The moment of change is that critical period when the main functions of the central nervous system are evenly distributed between the two hemispheres, after which the right hemisphere begins to dominate. Such people can be conditionally called “mental” left-handed or “hidden” left-handed, in the sense that their signs of left-handedness are not associated with dominance of the left hand.
Scientists believe that the category of “left-handed children” is not at all homogeneous, such children have individual characteristics, and the phenomenon of left-handedness needs to be studied.

Currently, there are several views on the natural abilities of left-handed people compared to right-handed people.
The first is based on the fact that indicators of behavior and neuropsychic activity in left-handers are worse than in right-handers.

The second approach asserts the equality of abilities of right-handers and left-handers.
According to the third approach, left-handers have higher rates of neuropsychic activity and greater adaptive capabilities than right-handers. This is justified by the fact that a left-handed person constantly has to adapt to the “right-handed” world.

One of the next tasks of my research, which arose during the course of my work, was to, through observation of children, determine the possible reasons for the decrease in the number of left-handed children during the school period.

There are children who persistently use only their left or only their right hand when performing activities such as eating, playing, and gesturing. Other children are easily influenced and, after a little confusion, can, by imitating those around them, change their dominant hand. In this case, non-violent retraining takes place. Adults, without focusing on the child’s personality, tell children: “Guys, take the spoon (pen, pencil) correctly” (while showing how to do it). And the child, as a rule, imitates adults or peers. In such children, latent left-handedness develops, which manifests itself only in exceptional cases (during excitement). In a normal situation, such children do not differ in behavior from right-handers. Apparently, this explains the phenomenon of a right-handed person who does not know that he is left-handed from birth. I studied the family photo archive and found a lot of evidence that in early childhood I gave preference to my left hand (active actions and gestures with my left hand, dominance of my left hand). And children with persistent left-handedness do not respond to the example of others, they are capricious if they try to change their leading hand. These are persistent left-handers, of whom, as statistics show, there are about 10%.

Determination of the leading hand

In addition, having conducted testing among 5 children (the age of formation of a strong preference for one or another hand) to determine the leading hand according to the method of M.N. Knyazeva - V.Yu. Vildavsky, I received the following result: according to the test results in the senior group of kindergarten, from 40 to 50% of children completed test tasks with their left hand. That is, there is hidden left-handedness among children.

When testing in 1st grade, the results showed that the number of children completing tasks decreased. This can be seen in the diagram.

Among my classmates, I also conducted a test to determine the leading hand in an activity. Having processed the questionnaire data, I received the following results: 40% (8 people) of my classmates are ambidextrous, that is, in everyday life they quite often use one and the other hand as a leading hand, 30% (6 people) use their left hand as a leading hand more often than the right . Whereas in the class there are only 2 left-handed students. This indicates hidden left-handedness. One student in our class completed all test tasks only with his left hand. He said that before school he did everything with his left hand. In the first grade I began to write with my left hand, and then began to write with my right. He came to us in 3rd grade.

Comparing my writing and his, I came to the conclusion: I write well.

Perhaps thanks to my relatives, who noticed my left-handedness in time and did not retrain me.

Although, as my teacher admitted, it was very difficult to teach me to write. And she told me that the problem of retraining was solved in 1985. Now absolutely every teacher is firmly convinced of the dangers of retraining left-handedness, since there is a lot of evidence that forced retraining and a negative attitude towards left-handedness leads to neuropsychiatric disorders and has a detrimental effect on the health, development and school success of children. Doctors have calculated that every third child who stutters is a retrained left-hander.

Consequently, based on the above facts, we can conclude that children with implicitly identified left-handedness in some cases adapt to a right-handed environment, which reduces the percentage of left-handers by school age, since a strong hand preference is formed by the age of 5 (pre-school period).

How does a left-handed person live in a right-handed world?

In our village, not a single store sells items for left-handed children.

If possible, I advise everyone who has such children to purchase special stationery for left-handers. In this case, your baby will not have to go through various tricks to adapt right-handed things to his left hand.

N For example, a ballpoint pen with special grooves for proper fixation of fingers and quick-drying ink will make writing with your left hand very comfortable and convenient.

Scissors for left-handed people, thanks to their inverted blades, easily cut paper when working with the left hand, unlike ordinary scissors for right-handed people, which, when used by left-handed people, only bend and crumple it.

L A ruler with scale markings from right to left solves problems arising from inconvenient movement of the hand from left to right, during which the hand covers the scale of the ruler and the drawn line is smeared.

IN In a left-handed sharpener, the blade is turned the other way.

If a child uses special school supplies from the very beginning of school, then most likely he will not feel discomfort.

It even turns out that there are special copybooks for left-handed children, which differ from the usual ones in that all samples are written on the right side in relation to the student to expand the visual zone. Writing letters in them is accompanied by auxiliary signs - dots (where to start writing) and arrows (direction of writing). It's a pity that I found out about this late!

I learned from the INTERNET that a whole specific industry has formed in the West, making the life of the “left minority” more comfortable and safer. For it, scissors and corkscrews are produced that work in reverse, rulers with a scale located in the other direction, special computer mice, surgical supplies, sporting goods and even musical instruments.

In England, where, unlike Russia, the attitude towards left-handers has always been more attentive, there are only four specialized stationary stores for this category of buyers, so in Russia there are even fewer of them, and besides, in our country, the majority of left-handers are passive as buyers.

Here are several online stores where you can purchase products for left-handers:

http://www.lefthandwriting.ru/stationery products for left-handers, pens, pencils, rulers, erasers, etc.

http://www.levo.labms.ru/goods for left-handers, knives, corkscrews, copybooks, sets for schoolchildren

http://www.lefthandshop.ru/left-handed goods store

According to my research, in our school, out of 406 students, only 21 children write with their left hand. Of these, 16 people study at “4” and “5”. Therefore, we can conclude: left-handedness does not affect the quality of learning.

Studying the literature on this issue, I became convinced that left-handed people exhibit higher creative abilities. Among left-handed people there is clear evidence of this:

generals Alexander the Great, Napoleon, scientist I.P. Pavlov, artists Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, writer Lewis Carroll, actor Charlie Chaplin, finally, US President W. Clinton and many others.

As a result of my work on the project, I came to the following conclusions:

Left-handedness is an individual variant of the norm. A tendency to use one hand or another cannot be considered a developmental deviation.

The most common causes of left-handedness are heredity and developmental pathology.

The preference for the dominant hand is finally determined by the age of 5 years.

The factor of retraining a left-handed person leads to the emergence of school neuroses.

The number of left-handers decreases with age, since the aggressiveness of the right-handed environment forces left-handers to adapt (non-violent retraining).

Implementing an individual approach to the peculiarities of a left-handed child’s perception of the world will reduce the problems of left-handed adaptation in a predominantly right-handed world.

My parents were right in not teaching me to write with my right hand!

I study with an “A”, read more than 180 words per minute, attend a dance club, a music school, participate in school competitions and win prizes.

The Earth has existed for millions of years. Much is changing on it: civilizations are disappearing and being reborn, humanity is moving along the path of progress - everything in it has become completely different. But still there is something imperishable, eternal, which has always been and will always be. People will always be born, live and die; and they will always follow the thorny path to their perfection, each time again resolving eternal life problems, overcoming obstacles, enduring disasters and yet conquering large and small peaks.

The topic of my left-handedness also opened up a little for me, a lot became clear to me, I began to feel completely differently about myself.

List of used literature:

Semenovich A.V. "These incredible lefties." – M.; Genesis, 2007.

Deitch G. “Left brain, right brain” - M.: Mir, 1987.

Airapetyants V.A. Left-handedness in children and adolescents. – M.: Nauka, 1987.

Bezrukikh M.M. “Left-handed child at school and at home.” – St. Petersburg: U-Factoria, 2004.

Dobrokhotova T.A., Bragina N.N. Lefties. – M.: Book, 1994.

Makaryev I. If your child is left-handed. – St. Petersburg: Peter, 1995

Pyatnitsa T.V. “Left-handedness as a norm of development” - M.: Aversef, 2007.

Annex 1

Handedness test

Pay attention to which hand the child is holding a pen or pencil.

While sitting, put one leg on the other. Which leg will be on top?

Interlace your fingers into a lock. If the finger of the right hand is on top - a sign of a right-hander, the left - a sign of a left-hander.

Invite your child to clap their hands so that one hand is on top.

Cross your arms over your chest. The forearm of which hand will be on top?

Look into the paper tube with one eye. What kind of eye will it be?

Brush hair. Which hand will the comb be in?

Appendix 2

Tips for parents

If the child is left-handed

"Shell curls with rare exceptions

wrapped from right to left. And if you come across

The shell is left-handed; connoisseurs value it worth its weight in gold.”

Jules Bern

The list of the most well-known, although not always reliable, facts about left-handed people includes the following:

Lefties make up 20% of all talented people

They are more common among men than among women

It is difficult to fencing (boxing, playing tennis) with left-handed people, while 40% of gold medals in boxing were won by left-handed people

They often have speech disorders

The use of the left or right hand as a leading hand (the so-called "handedness") is a reflection cerebral organization of human mental activity. It cannot be changed at your own discretion, since any intervention, especially at an early age, leads to unpredictable consequences, which,especially dangerous, they may not appear immediately, but after several years.

Advice 2. It is better to teach a left-handed person to compare himself with himself.

Advice 3. Parents of a little left-hander need to make sure every time that the left-handed student has really learned the new material (or has found his own way of learning).

Tip 4. To teach a left-handed child to use a spoon, needle, scissors, brush, tie shoelaces, fasten buttons, etc., take his hands in yours and repeat the desired movement several times with him. Your task is to literally force the child’s body to remember this or that operation, the relative position in each case of his fingers, toes, torso, and head.

Advice 5. Give the left-hander time to get involved in the work; do not rush him if he cannot do several things at once.

Tip 6. During your morning exercises, offer exercises that involve both arms or legs (for example, imitation crawl swimming). Each exercise must be previously practiced in its individual component movements. Remember that fresh air and (physical exercise) are necessary for a child’s full mental activity.

Advice 7 Swimming in general is very useful, and especially for left-handers with their problems of coordination of movements. But if there is no swimming pool or gym nearby, it’s not scary. Even such low-cost types of exercises as oculomotor exercises help (following with your eyes a moving object or independently - left, right, up, down, etc.). As they are mastered, they can be performed in conjunction with movements of the tongue muscles: first, the tongue and eyes move in the same direction, then in the opposite direction.

Advice 8 To overcome speech difficulties with a child, you need to talk more, teaching him to independently select the right words, without “well, what’s his name, it’s understandable!” Such textbook games as “Cities”, etc. are very useful.

Tip 9 Be aware of all his school assignments, carefully monitor their implementation. When grading homework, avoid negative grades. Praise for everything, reward with useful things for following the schedule: a book, a theater ticket, an educational game.

Tip 10 Give your child a room or part of it that will become his or her own territory. It is important that the desktop is positioned so that the child sees a smooth wall in front of him, so that nothing distracts him. Simplicity, calm color and order will help him concentrate on his studies.

Tip 11 Organize in the non-working part of his habitat everything that is necessary for imagination and creativity, allow the child to express himself: if he draws well, put up a children's easel or hang a sheet of whatman paper, if he writes poetry, get a special notebook for them. Seriously discuss his work with your child . Inquire regularly
his success at school. G

Tip 12 Start with self-discipline. Communicating and living with disorganized people is unacceptable for a left-handed person. Try to be consistent - if the older generation allows slack, the younger generation stops working!

Appendix 3

I would like to draw the attention of teachers to the recommendations of A. Soboleva, since I cannot yet give advice to teachers.

Alexandra SOBOLEV
www.children-psy.ru

Lefties are special children...

Give him some personal time:

Love lefty. Bring as much trust and warmth into your relationship with him as possible, but do not become familiar. Keep your distance. Be not his friend, but a teacher - a person entrusted with organizing and monitoring his training.

Don't rush the lefty. If he doesn't have time to do tasks with everyone else, try giving him individual tasks on a card.

Try to make sure that he does not demonstrate his inadequacy in front of the children - for example, do not read out loud if he is bad at it. Beware of harsh statements addressed to him.

Praise the left-hander for everything he does. When praised, these children literally blossom.

A left-handed person will easily master the material if you ask him to “figure it out” himself: for example, come up with the ending of a story, and then tell how the author developed the plot. By the way, other children will also like it.

A left-handed person assimilates everything that he touched, smelled, and sketched. Tell your parents about this, allow him, on a separate piece of paper, when you talk orally, to draw something related to the topic of your explanation.

Refrain from making emotional notes in your school notebooks or diary with a thick pen.

Once again I want to emphasize that a left-handed child needs an individual approach. Therefore, although the tasks proposed below can be used in the classroom, they are mainly designed for additional work by parents or a psychologist.

Activities that lefties will enjoy

Reading

Sometimes it is difficult for children to master reading because they do not have a clearly established image of a letter in their minds. This problem can be easily eliminated if you draw letters and people that look like letters on the sand or snow, sculpt letters and words from clay or salt dough, lay them out from twigs, etc.

“Draw” letters, and then words, in the air, on the child’s back, on his hand - let him guess them, and also ask you the same tasks - after all, he also wants to be in the role of a teacher!

While reading aloud to him, ask: “Can you imagine all this?” - because those guys who have not yet developed imaginative thinking usually don’t want to learn to read.

Due to poor reading, a child often does not have time to learn the content of the works required by the program. Offer your “martyr” another way to study the subject. Today, a huge number of audio cassettes with recordings of classical works are sold. By playing the cassette to your child before bedtime, you will help him absorb the content of the work more effectively. It is much easier to read the text if you know the intonation and characters of the characters. In addition, by perceiving the text by ear, the child develops auditory perception. This way, he will not only passively learn the assigned book, but will also develop a love for reading. You can show your child a film based on a literary work. True, the plot of the film may be very far from the original source, so it is advisable for an adult to know the content in order to correct the development of events and the behavior of the characters in time. Many literary works show life as it really is. Draw analogies between life and an episode from a book - and the young reader will understand that literature is not an abstract fiction, but a very useful thing in life. A child who, standing on the seashore, hears Lermontov’s poem “Sail”, will not be able to remain indifferent to poetry.

Speech development

One of the disadvantages of being left-handed is ignorance of low-frequency words, that is, those words that are not used very often. The cap of a mushroom, the spout of a teapot, the crown of a tree, the back of a chair - some people are completely unfamiliar with these words. In professional language this is called poverty of speech. Ignorance of many words or their meanings leads to the fact that the child is not able to express his own thoughts not only beautifully, but also clearly and understandably. Sometimes his speech becomes a mystery even to his parents, especially when children try to retell their favorite movie or talk about what happened on the street during a game. Because of this, unsatisfactory grades for retellings, presentations and essays. Poverty of speech can cause a negative attitude towards literature lessons and reading as a process. After all, while reading, the student does not understand the meaning of most of the words, which means that the meaning of the entire text remains unclear to him. You can learn low-frequency words while walking. While enjoying the fresh air, the child, with the help of your explanations, will quickly understand the difference between the crown and branches, better recognize forest animals and birds, the structural features of their bodies, and master vocabulary associated with natural phenomena.

Familiar to us since childhood word game(we call new words in turn, starting with the last letter of the previous word) will help the child remember the spelling of many words and expand his vocabulary.

Game "Gallows" or "Balda", is extremely useful for students who miss letters in a word. The rules of the game are as follows: one guesses a word, indicating which area it is from (fruit, transport, furniture), and indicating its first and last letters, and their total number is replaced by dashes. For example, the word orange will look like this: A - - - - - - N. The other one names any letters, trying to guess the missing ones. The correctly named letter falls into place, and the incorrectly named one turns into either part of the gallows or the letters of the word. idiot. The game ends if the word is guessed, as well as if a gallows is built or a word is composed idiot.

You can also memorize vocabulary words with the help of funny drawings, drawing problematic letters in them. For example, cow can be drawn with huge eyes in the form of letters O , A coat may have a style in the shape of the same A , which is most often misspelled.

To work on spelling prefixes or unstressed vowels, come up with funny stories together - fairy tales that reflect a difficult rule. For example, writing some words with the prefixes pri- and pre- will help you remember the following “composition”:

Once upon a time there was At thought. She loved very much at think of all sorts of outfits. Once at she thought to herself a dress. At measure - ugly. At villages At thought, at thought about it. I decided at sew lace to the dress. At I sewed and went to show my friend Pre. « Pre flattering, pre sunrise!” – admired Pre. At thought at jumped on the spot at stomped at slammed at clung to her friend and said that next time she at thinks something special for pre red Pre. « Pre I’m very grateful,” she replied.

Game "Whole Animal". It is advisable to play in a group of 3-4 people. The presenter gives the task: describe elephant. Each child must name one sentence in turn.

Masha. It's gray.
Kolya. He has a trunk.
Peter. It is very big.
Masha. He has thick, wrinkled skin.
Kolya. He has small eyes.
Peter. His legs look like pillars.
Masha. He lives in Africa, etc.

The one who cannot name the next sentence loses. Next, the presenter supplements and corrects the children’s information and invites one of them to retell the description in full. Homework: write down a story and draw an animal.

Project on the theme of left-handedness “I am a child from Through the Looking Glass! Research work "I am left-handed" Left-handed and right-handed research work.

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