Simonov emotional brain read online. Simonov, P

Pavel Vasilievich Simonov (April 20, 1926, Leningrad - June 6, 2002, Moscow) - Soviet, Russian psychophysiologist, biophysicist and psychologist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987), Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain.

The father of P. V. Simonov, a former officer Stanislav Stankevich, was repressed in 1937. As members of the "enemy of the people" family, Pavel and his mother were expelled from Leningrad. Their neighbor in the house on the landing was the famous sculptor Vasily Lvovich Simonov, who later took an active part in arranging the fate of the boy, adopted him and gave his last name.

In 1944 he entered the flight school. In 1945 he transferred for health reasons to the Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated in 1951. Almost from the first years of medical practice, he began to engage in research work. In 1951 - 1960 - researcher, head of the laboratory of the Main Military Hospital. N. N. Burdenko. From 1961 to 1962 he was a senior researcher at the Physiological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1962, P. V. Simonov began working under the guidance of E. A. Asratyan at the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences as head of the laboratory, then deputy director, and since 1982 he became the director of this institute.

Professor of the Department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University since 1996. He was the Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. IP Pavlov (since 1982), member of the editorial board of the popular science journal Science and Life.

Children: actress Evgenia Simonova and Professor Yuri Simonov-Vyazemsky.

Books (10)

The book by Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences P.V. Simonov and Candidate of Art History P.M.

In a number of chapters, the creative heritage of K.S. Stanislavsky is used, concerning the reconstruction of the characters of the characters and the principles of acting transformation into the individuality of the portrayed character.

What is an emotion?

The book of Doctor of Medical Sciences P. V. Simonov is devoted to the analysis of the role of emotions in the adaptive behavior of higher animals and humans; it examines the relationship of emotional states with needs and actions taken to satisfy them.

The author presents data modern science about the physiological mechanisms of emotional states and develops an original concept of the compensatory significance of emotions in conditions where the body does not have sufficient information to achieve the goal (ie, satisfy the need). The last two chapters are devoted to the importance of the theory of emotions in art history, pedagogy and medicine.

emotional brain

The monograph summarized from a single theoretical positions neurophysiological, neuroanatomical and psychological aspects of the study of emotions.

The basis for this analysis was the results of twenty years experimental studies the author and his collaborators, culminating in the creation of a need-information approach to the problem of the genesis of emotions in humans and higher animals, to the role of emotions in the organization of behavior.

Pavel Vasilievich Simonov(nee Stankevich, April 20, Leningrad - June 6, Moscow) - Soviet, Russian psychophysiologist, biophysicist and psychologist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1987), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1961), Professor (1969). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987, in a team) for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Brain and movement - Vyacheslav Dubynin

✪ Brain and curiosity - Vyacheslav Dubynin

✪ Structure and operation of the brain

Subtitles

Speaking about biological needs, Pavel Vasilievich Simonov highlighted the needs of self-development, the needs aimed at the future. Simonov attributed to them programs of curiosity, imitation, and programs associated with movements, play, and freedom. Movement is key. Most of the neurons of the human brain are involved in the control of movements, in the memorization of motor programs, the structure of the motor cortex, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. In many cases, in order for the movements to be really effectively implemented, they need to be repeated and undergo the procedure of motor learning. And for this you need positive reinforcement, positive emotions. In this case, a mediator called dopamine works, its main source is the neurons of the compact part of the substantia nigra. Their axons go to the basal ganglia and there they provide the basis for the formation of motor skills. In addition, learning takes place at the level of the cerebellar structures. Most different types movements - reflex, locomotor, voluntary - that we generate with the cerebral cortex, are registered in the cerebellum of the basal ganglia after multiple repetitions. All this happens against the background of the release of dopamine, against the background of positive emotions, so it is pleasant to repeat the movements. This function is implemented especially effectively in a small brain, in a newborn, in a child who is growing and must form these motor skills. For example, you look at a three-year-old boy, Petya Ivanov, and see that he climbed onto a stool, jumped off the stool, climbed onto the stool, jumped off it, and so on 50 times. So the boy is training. He himself does not realize this, but the brain knows about it, his neural networks know, they regularly pay with dopamine for him to master motor skills. The adult brain can do all this, so this block in adults often weakens, we are no longer so willing to move. The proposal of a small child: "Mom, dad, let's jump, play" in the adult brain often causes deep bewilderment: "Why? I already know how to do it all.” We are all different. If you have the black substance actively installed, you can be very easy-going in life and will experience positive emotions. Such people willingly walk, willingly go in for sports, dance, although this seems to be a completely meaningless activity. There are several motives for dancing in a disco, and dancing in front of a mirror is pure dopamine and the work of the neural circuits of the black substance, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. The biological meaning of motor learning is obvious: to satisfy a variety of needs, you need to move well. The goat runs, and he likes it, and then he will need to run away from the wolf. The kitten runs after the paper, and he likes it, and then he has to catch up with the mouse. The goat and the kitten do not know this, but their global programs directed towards the future, push them to hone these motor skills. Molecules similar to dopamine are able to activate movement and evoke positive emotions associated with movement. Such molecules are drug-like drugs like amphetamine, cocaine. They are well known and have a rather serious traumatic effect on the brain. The movements are inserted into a wide variety of behavioral programs. The body does not just move, but often, as it were, calls biological programs that will be used in the future in order to run away from danger, to get food. A separate very important category of such programs is programs related to communication in society, a flock, a team. We see how kittens or puppies fight with each other, pretend to fight, play, but in fact this is a very serious component of behavior. Firstly, the neural networks that are responsible for the movements are tested. Secondly, the little brain learns to evaluate the strength of the enemy: how powerful he is, who will win. In the future, in real collisions, all this information can be used and not get involved in completely hopeless enterprises. Animal play itself is very important, reinforced by dopamine. In human behavior, this also occupies a very large place. No wonder the Dutch philosopher Johan Huizinga wrote the book "Man Playing", where he put the game at the forefront and wrote that in human culture, the game seems to be the most important thing. It lies at the basis of cult phenomena, at the basis of art, at the basis of science, that is, such actions occupy a huge place in our behavior. Huizinga even described the main features of the game. For example, the game is on make-believe, in your free time, in a certain place, but still evokes positive emotions. And there are a lot of such manifestations of gaming behavior in our life. An example is sports, when two teams are chasing the ball, while thousands of fans rejoice, but they understand that this is for fun. And if your team lost, of course, you are upset, but not very much, but if you won with a devastating score, then positive emotions go through the roof. If you manage to combine freedom and play, then it turns out very cool and effective. For example, people go to a flash mob. We have never done this, this is a novelty, this is a movement. In addition, this is a manifestation of freedom: I do what I want. Freedom is the most important component of the game. The movements that we make, as a rule, have a purpose. And if obstacles arise along the way, they are perceived by the brain as a serious problem. Here an additional block of programs is included, which can be called reflexes of freedom. If something restricts your freedom of movement, it meets resistance from the neural networks and adds energy to the process in order to solve the problem, overcome the obstacle or bypass it. Even Ivan Petrovich Pavlov wrote separately about freedom programs, analyzing the reactions of his dogs, experimental animals. In May 1917, he gave a short report, The Reflex of Freedom, in which he emphasized that overcoming restrictions was as important a program as food and security. At such a global level, the biological feasibility of freedom programs is obvious. If in nature a bug fell into a hole, and a deer got caught in the bushes with its horns, then you need to urgently get out, because you will die of hunger and thirst, or a predator will come and devour you. The bug doesn't know about it, and the deer most likely doesn't either. But they are known by the global biological program, which looks into the future. This is a group of programs related to self-development, freedom programs, this is a part of self-development programs. And this is a look into the future, extrapolation in this case is quite obvious. Further, the body directs a bunch of efforts in order to overcome the limitations. A bug planted in a box gnaws at it all night, and a budgerigar in a cage tries to open it and split the bars in order to break free, and the Count of Monte Cristo scrapes the walls of the castle of Yves. The very restriction in freedom of movement, that is, a closed space, ties, fetters, is a source of negative emotions. Pavlov describes how many dogs that went into his experiments initially protest against this and have to first tie them up and feed them so that they have an association that there will be nothing wrong in this position, but, on the contrary, food. Pavlovsk cells are quite small in size, and, in addition, a harness is first put on the dog so that it does not go somewhere in the corner and go to bed. Then, writes Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, programs, reflexes of freedom weaken, and you can already engage in training. And he goes on to point out that if this suppression of freedom programs is overdone, then we get slavery programs, that is, the antithesis of freedom programs. This is a separate side of the work of our brain, which is associated more with hierarchical behavior, with the fact that there is a leader and a subordinate. Great importance has an amygdala - a structure that builds relationships between individuals within a pack. Restrictions of freedom are the most powerful charge of negative emotions. Not without reason in pedagogy and some more serious situations of this kind restrictions are used as negative reinforcement. If a child is placed in a corner, this is a restriction in freedom of movement, and against the background of negative emotions that have arisen, he must understand that he did something wrong. And if you have committed some serious illegal act and you have already been placed in places not so remote, then everything is serious. One can recall Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, who himself was not in prison, but he was sent into exile. And this “I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon…” is very heartfelt. Or “Will the hour of my freedom come? It's time, it's time! - I appeal to her ... ”This is a very important component of our life, especially if your brain is set that way. Because there are more freedom-loving people, there are less freedom-loving people. Apparently, the desire for freedom, for a situation where you can execute the chosen program, is the result of the work of specific neural networks. While everything is going well, this function of the brain does not turn on. But if an obstacle arises, if there is a mismatch between the expected results of behavior and the actual results, then the data of the neural network comes into play, which provides a comparison of what happened with what was wanted. The cingulate gyrus is largely responsible for this. Negative emotions arise that inject additional energy, and above all into the work of the associative frontal cortex, and it can more persistently strive to achieve the goal. There is a rather thin line here, because a little more negative emotions - and aggression will arise. There is a small line between freedom and aggression. And if the door does not open, then at first you pull it, and then you start kicking it viciously. Freedom also has a dark side. Freedom fighters often turn to such an aggressive side when destructive actions begin to destroy all the benefits that freedom could bring. You can recall a variety of religious and political systems, analyze how each of them takes into account the most important biological programs, freedom, submission to the leader, empathy, that is, freedom, equality and brotherhood. And in the brain of each of us is a unique cocktail of these programs, this is the basis of our temperament. And when we begin to live, over each of these programs, including freedom programs, conditioned reflexes are formed, as Ivan Petrovich Pavlov said, that is, we learn to implement programs more effectively, to achieve success. And if the training leads to the achievement of the goal, then positive emotions and this behavioral block become more pronounced in our reactions. And failures can, on the contrary, be suppressed. Through education, you can make a person more freedom-loving, more proactive, more empathic and, conversely, less empathic, less freedom-loving. A huge responsibility rests with educators and educators, for example, with the media, who sometimes dump news on us without thinking at all about the reprogramming consequences that happen with nervous system listeners and spectators.

Biography

In 1944 he entered the flight school. In 1945 he transferred for health reasons to the Military Medical Academy, from which he graduated in 1951. Almost from the first years of medical practice, he began to engage in research work. In 1951-1960 he was a researcher, head of the laboratory of the Main Military Hospital named after V.I. N. N. Burdenko. From 1961 to 1962 - Senior Researcher at the Physiological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1962, P. V. Simonov began to work under the leadership of E. A. Asratyan in the position of head of the laboratory, then deputy director, and since 1982 he became the director of this institute.

Professor of the Department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University since 1996. He was the Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. I. P. Pavlova” (since 1982), member of the editorial board of the popular science journal “Science and Life”.

He was awarded the title "Honoured Professor of Moscow University" (1999).

Scientific research

Scientific works P. V. Simonov are devoted to the physiology of higher nervous activity, that is, the study of the brain foundations of behavior. He created and experimentally substantiated the need-information approach to the analysis of behavior and higher mental functions of humans and animals, which made it possible to give a natural-science justification for such key concepts general psychology, like need, emotion, will, consciousness. The interdisciplinary nature of P. V. Simonov’s research creates the basis for a comprehensive study of man by physiologists, psychologists, sociologists, and representatives of other fields of knowledge. “Science is based on the principles of the presumption of the proven…,” wrote Academician P. V. Simonov. “Everything else belongs to the realm of faith, and you can believe in anything, since freedom of conscience is guaranteed by law.”

Information theory Simonov

Simonov tried in a brief symbolic form to present the totality of factors influencing the emergence and nature of emotion. He proposed the following formula for this:

E \u003d f [P, (Is - Ying), ...],

where E - emotion (its strength, quality and sign); P - the strength and quality of the actual need; (In - Is) - an assessment of the probability (possibility) of meeting a given need, based on innate (genetic) and acquired experience; In - information about the means that are predictively necessary to meet the existing need; Is - information about the means that a person has in this moment time.

Actually, the above formula is very general, and in a simplified form can be represented as follows:

E \u003d P (Is - Ying).

From this simplified formula, it is clearly seen that when Is > In, the emotion acquires a positive sign, and when Is<Ин - отрицательный.

(since 1999).

One of the honorary founders of the Science of Longevity Foundation.

Chairman of the editorial board of the series of publications of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Classics of Science".

Member of the editorial board of the illustrated scientific-journalistic and informational journal "Science in Russia".

Member of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for the Study of the Brain (1985-1997).

Member of the International Academy of Astronautics.

Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.

Member of the American Association for Aviation and Space Medicine (1971).

Honorary Member of the Pavlovsk Scientific Society of the USA.

Awards

Mother - Maria Karlovna Stankevich.

Sister - Stankevich Galina Stanislavovna, lives in Sweden with her family.

Wife - Olga Sergeevna Vyazemskaya, teacher of a foreign language.

Simonov P.V. Emotional brain. M., 1981, p. 4, 8, 13-14, 19-23, 27-39 178

Our approach to the problem of emotions belongs entirely to the Pavlovian direction in the study of the higher nervous (mental) activity of the brain. (...)

The information theory of emotions... is neither only "physiological", nor only "psychological", and even more so "cybernetic". It is inextricably linked with Pavlov's systemic approach to the study of higher nervous (mental) activity. This means that the theory, if it is correct, should be equally productive both for the analysis of phenomena related to the psychology of emotions and for the study of the brain mechanisms of emotional reactions in humans and animals. (...)

In Pavlov's writings, we find indications of two factors that are inextricably linked to the involvement of the brain mechanisms of emotions. First, these are the needs inherent in the body, the drives identified by Pavlov with innate (unconditioned) reflexes. “Who would separate,” Pavlov wrote, “in the unconditional most complex reflexes (instincts) the physiological somatic from the mental, that is, from the experiences of powerful emotions of hunger, sexual desire, anger, etc.?” (Pavlov, 1951, p. 335). However, Pavlov understood that the infinite variety of the world of human emotions cannot be reduced to a set of innate (even "most complex", even vital) unconditioned reflexes. Moreover, it was Pavlov who discovered the key mechanism by which the brain apparatus responsible for the formation and realization of emotions is involved in the process of conditioned reflex activity (behavior) of higher animals and humans. (...)

Based on ... experiments, Pavlov came to the conclusion that under the influence of an external stereotype of repeated influences, a stable system of internal nervous processes is formed in the cerebral cortex, and “the formation, installation of a dynamic stereotype is a nervous labor of extremely different intensity, depending, of course, on the complexity of the system of stimuli, on the one hand, and the individuality and condition of the animal, on the other” (Pavlov, 1973, p. 429). (...)

Refers to

Theory of emotions by P. V. Simonov

From the informational "theory" (in fact, hypotheses) of P. V. Simonov:
"But all the factors listed and similar to them cause only variations of an infinite variety of emotions, while two, only two, always and only two factors are necessary and sufficient: the need and the probability (possibility) of satisfying it."
"We came to the conclusion in 1964 that emotion is a reflection by the brain of humans and animals of some actual need (its quality and magnitude) and the probability (possibility) of its satisfaction, which the brain evaluates on the basis of genetic and previously acquired individual experience . "
In its most general form, the rule for the emergence of emotions can be represented as a structural formula:
E \u003d f [P, (In - Is), .... ],
where E - emotion, its degree, quality and sign; P - the strength and quality of the actual need; (In - Is) - assessment of the probability (possibility) of satisfying a need based on innate and ontogenetic experience; In - information about the means, predictively necessary to meet the need; IS - information about the means that the subject has at the moment.
"
"positive emotion when eating arises due to the integration of hunger excitation (need) with afferent from the oral cavity, indicating a growing probability of satisfying this need."
In other words, it will turn out: the intensity of the emotion is the greater, the greater the strength of the need and the greater the probability of its satisfaction.

Let's take the simplest situation. Attacks of a predator on a certain rather defenseless individual. It is clear that you need to react with lightning speed, otherwise you will not survive, you will not give offspring, and the delayed type of reaction will not be transmitted to subsequent generations. You can, of course, talk about the need to save life that has arisen, but in this case, the probability of its satisfaction can be depressingly small, which already contradicts the Simonov formula, in which the case of satisfying hunger is given, when the strength of the need is large and the probability of its satisfaction in the course of food absorption is just as great.
There is also a specific work citing the opposite formula: There is a direct correlation between the strength of emotion, determined by the heart rate, and the magnitude of the need subjectively felt by a person, and between the intensity of emotional stress and the probability of satisfying the need negative correlation.". (which is also disputable in view of the absence of such a definite dependence at all, which will be shown below).
In the situation discussed above, in the case of a disappointing forecast, the emotion of passive numbness comes to the fore as the only possible defensive reaction, and in the case of an optimistic forecast, the reaction of violent resistance.
According to Simonov, in the first case, the argument Ying (information about the means necessary to satisfy the need) is large, and the argument Is (information about the means available to the subject at the moment) is much smaller, it turns out that the emotion should turn out to be the more positive, the less available opportunities for an individual:) Someone catches the buzz from the state of stupor?
In the prime, the physiological purpose of emotions is also obvious, as a quick switch of the type of response, without which survival is impossible, and not just "emotion is a reflection by the brain of a person and animals of any actual need". In terms of the life experience of an individual, the task of quickly finding the right type of reaction (choosing a suitable emotion) is played by the detectors of the novelty of the situation. If novelty is maximum, i.e. I don’t have a damn experience (which means that we don’t have to talk about the components of the Ying and Is formulas at all), then the choice will be predominantly passive behavior or one of the blanks of intimidating behavior, but not an “informational assessment of the probability of satisfying a need”.
As early as 20 years ago, I proposed another formula: the greater the force of emotion, the greater the product of the novelty of the perceived and its significance for the given individual. It is easy to see that this formula is more general and more adequate for describing the mechanisms of formation of a response than Simonov's formula. Moreover, it directly reflects the fundamental principle of switching attention and the formation of long-term connections and directly follows from the modulating influence of the detectors of the new on the response of the system of significance. Simonov's formula does not take into account the influence of detectors of the new at all, as if not noticing the completely integral, well-studied mechanism of perception.

At work we read:
" P.V. Simonov believes that “need acts as a motivating force for any act, including ordinary, automated actions carried out against an emotionally neutral background. Thus, we have no reason to consider emotion as a direct and obligatory consequence of the emergence of a need ". In his works, P.V. Simonov sets himself the task of "focusing attention on those facts that show that need, attraction (motivation), excitation of the nervous apparatus of emotions and, finally, action are closely related, but independent links of adaptive behavior having a relatively independent anatomical representation in the brain ". Thus, he believes that various anatomical structures of the nervous system are responsible for the development of motivations and emotions."
"According to the theory of P.V. Simonov, objectively there are certain needs in the human body that do not depend on consciousness. Motivation is the result of awareness of this need, which leads to the formation of the goal of activity. At the same time, activity can be of two kinds: as the desired event approaches and to eliminate the unwanted.
"It is interesting that on this issue there is a fundamental divergence between the positions of the theorists under consideration and the views of the physiologists of the Pavlovian school, who most often interpret higher emotions as a result of the complication of simple biological emotions."
However, this intuitive idea of the Pavlovtsy is fully justified and difficult to dispute. After all, it is quite easy to trace the existence of two of the most common emotions: states Good and Bad, which may not have a clear reference to one of the traditionally distinguished emotions. These are not just subjective states, but quite specifically localized brain centers responsible for these states.
"Unlike the Pavlovian school, which is characterized by considering the human psyche as a stream of reflexes ordered by external events, within the framework of the direction based on the ideas of P.K. Anokhin, consciousness is considered rather as a set of motivations. Thus, P.V. Simonov believes that "a person's personality is determined primarily by the totality and hierarchy of his needs (motives)."
But the needs are constantly changing throughout the development and life of a person, and even within one day they can be opposite, and a person by no means can be just a set of motivations.
"It was possible to induce various degrees of aggressiveness and fear by modulating the strength of the stimulus or the area of application of irritation. In experiments, in the absence of a real threat, reactions of mild anxiety, severe anxiety, panic fear or aggressiveness were evoked. In the same studies, the animal was brought into a state of complete calm, when no external threats did not cause defensive behavior. Thus, with the help of influences on the emotional-motivational structures of the higher mammal, it was possible to achieve artificial control of its mood and behavior."
Thus, there are structures, the excitation of which, like the centers of Good and Bad, causes the appearance of more complex emotional states that CONTROL the TYPE of behavior of an individual, which is the main physiological purpose of emotions.

An interesting and informative article from the journal Bulletin of Biological Psychology No. 5, 2004
"P.V. Simonov also emphasized the informational nature of emotions. In Kabanak's definition, the informational side of emotions
completely ignored. It is important to note that emotion is a mental mechanism that performs certain functions. During the functioning of this mechanism, various mental states arise, which are also called emotions. It can be said that emotion is a mental state resulting from the cognitive processing of information that can be obtained from the outside, extracted from memory, or even invented, fantasized. Emotion regulates the amount of energy and allocated by the body to solve the problem associated with the information received.
The amount of energy and (activity) is determined by the level of physiological arousal. Emotion also determines, in the most general terms, the sequence of actions (behavioral program) that is caused by the received information. For example, fear makes you run away or lie low, anger makes you attack, interest makes you explore, hope makes you wait, etc."
Here are more arguments in favor of the fact that emotions are the context of a certain style of behavior, and not just "informational assessment of the probability of meeting the need."
"According to the definition of M. Kabanak, pain will be a negative emotion. It is proved that pain is a sensation (the result of the action of receptors). The emotional background of pain is suffering. The emotion that pain can cause is, for example, fear (with normal, so to speak , state of affairs). However, there are people (masochists) for whom pain causes pleasant sensations and even pleasure. This means that pain does not have an unambiguous hedonic tone. There are emotions that also do not have an unambiguous hedonic tone, but they appear as a result of the perception of some information Pain is a simple reaction of receptors to certain influences and is not directly related to the perception and processing of information.
Any emotion can arise not only as a result of the perception of external information, but also as a reaction to memories or one's own fantasies, which can be represented as a certain source of information. "
According to Simonov, it is difficult to explain masochism. The formula again slips a lot here.
According to Simonov "surprise will be an emotion only when it is pleasant or unpleasant. But surprise can also be neutral. Does it cease to be an emotion because of this? And what does it become? The concept of intellectual emotions is widely used in Russian psychology.
They do not have a specific sign and can be positive, negative or indifferent. Surprise as a reaction to unexpected information is an intellectual emotion in any hedonic tone. " The following is a description of the specifics of intellectual emotions.
Indeed, the requirement of a certain sign for emotions is Simonov's miscalculation, which follows from the fact that he does not take into account the detectors of the new (the basis of the orienting reflex and the state of surprise). And the intellectual emotions described in the article are an even more complicated phenomenon from the hierarchy of emotions, confirming that emotions are contexts of behavior, and not "an informational assessment of the probability of satisfying a need."
"The work of Chevalier and Belzung describes the phenomenon of variability of emotions in the same situation. The same person in the same situation may have different emotions."
With the same level of need, or even with a state of satisfaction and indifference, a person can have a variety of emotions, regardless of forecasts and possibilities. A person, in general, can switch his emotional states with just an effort of imagination, which speaks of the switchable function of emotional states, and not information prognostic.

I also suggest reading fair comments in
"P.V. Simonov put forward an "information" theory of emotions. He assumes that emotions make up for the lack of information.
They allow a person to act correctly even in conditions of an acute shortage of information. But what does it mean to replenish? I can only make up for the lack of food with something edible. The lack of knowledge can only be compensated by knowledge - even if it is of a “special kind”.
" etc.

IN "...according to the theory of functional systems by P.K. Anokhin, decision-making is a choice from alternatives and is implemented on the basis of feedback; this theory is developed by the "quantum" model of mental activity by K.V. Sudakov; and P.V. Simonov proposed a discrete mechanism for explaining creative thinking based on the recombination of memory traces (engrams), etc. "
"The opposite position was taken by our outstanding psychologist Andrei Brushlinsky, director of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who was brutally murdered in the entrance of his own house at the end of January 2002. He considered the psyche not as a process of processing information, but as a continuous, non-disjunctive interaction of a person with the objective world. "
"... it is the independent, arbitrary formation of initially absent criteria that fundamentally distinguishes human thinking from discrete processes in a computer. "

IN
"According to the formula proposed by P.V. Simonov (his concept can also be classified as cognitivist and has a special name - informational), the strength and quality of the emotion that arose in a person is ultimately determined by the strength of the need and the assessment of the ability to satisfy it in the current situation.
In later studies, it was found that of all the structures of the brain, the most functionally connected with emotions is not even the thalamus itself, but the hypothalamus and the central parts of the limbic system. In experiments on animals, it was found that electrical effects on these structures can control emotional states, such as anger, fear (J. Delgado).
The psycho-organic theory of emotions (this is how the concepts of James-Lange and Cannon-Bard can be conditionally called) was further developed under the influence of electrophysiological studies of the brain. On its basis, the activation theory of Lindsay-Hebb arose. According to this theory, emotional states are determined by the influence of the reticular formation of the lower part of the brain stem. Emotions arise as a result of disturbance and restoration of balance in the corresponding structures of the central nervous system.

B uses some of Simonov's ideas to create a more general picture. At the same time, the physiological purpose of emotions is considered very correctly.
“According to this theory (Simonov), if there is an excess of information about the possibility of satisfying a need, then a positive emotion arises, if there is a lack of information, then a negative emotion. It is believed that the variety of emotions is determined by the variety of needs.
However, even without going into a detailed analysis yet, it is obvious that when any need, from the most primitive to the most complex, is satisfied, one can experience joy, and if any need is not satisfied, one can experience grief. At the same time, one need, for example, food, can cause fear if there is a high probability of its dissatisfaction (i.e., the possibility of hunger), can cause hope for its satisfaction, can cause gratitude for its satisfaction, etc. Those. one need can cause different emotions and one emotion can be caused by different needs.
"Emotions perform many different functions in a person's mental activity. Let us now describe only one that plays an important role for the purposes of classification. This function can be called simplifying in the process of making a decision about a person's further behavior in each specific situation. In real life situations, there are many factors that have value for a person. If you start weighing all the factors logically, it will take a lot of time, while delay in some cases can be fatal. When an emotion arises, it makes a person act without reasoning. In critical situations, this can save a life, in situations But ordinary emotions often turn out to be harmful precisely because they interfere with weighing all the circumstances and making the best decision.

IN
“Unfortunately, much of what is traditionally called the promising word “theory” in the teaching of emotions is, in essence, rather separate fragments, only in the aggregate approaching such an ideally exhaustive theory. The ability not to see many problems at once is sometimes a condition for progress in one of them, so individual works can be interesting, insightful, subtle, can acquaint us with very important features of emotional life, but at the same time leave many equally interesting and important questions unresolved and even unmarked.

And psychology

Place of work: Academic degree: Academic title: Alma mater: Scientific adviser: Known as:

specialist in experimental neurophysiology of emotions, problems of higher nervous activity

Awards and prizes:

Pavel Vasilievich Simonov(nee Stankevich, April 20, Leningrad - June 6, Moscow) - Soviet, Russian psychophysiologist, biophysicist and psychologist. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987), Doctor of Medical Sciences (1961), Professor (1969). Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987, in a team) for the creation and development of methods for diagnosing and predicting the state of the human brain.

Biography

Father P. V. Simonov - former officer Stanislav Stankevich - was repressed in 1937. As members of the "enemy of the people" family, Pavel and his mother were expelled from Leningrad. Their neighbor in the house on the landing was the famous sculptor Vasily Lvovich Simonov, who later took an active part in arranging the fate of the boy, adopted him and gave his last name.

In 1944 he entered the flight school. In 1945 he transferred for health reasons to the Military Medical Academy, graduating in 1951. Almost from the first years of medical practice, he began to engage in research work. In 1951-1960 - researcher, head of the laboratory of the Main Military Hospital. N. N. Burdenko. From 1961 to 1962 - Senior Researcher at the Physiological Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

In 1962, P. V. Simonov began to work under the leadership of E. A. Asratyan in the position of head of the laboratory, then deputy director, and since 1982 he became the director of this institute.

Professor of the Department of Higher Nervous Activity of the Faculty of Biology of Moscow State University since 1996. He was the Academician-Secretary of the Department of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Higher Nervous Activity. I. P. Pavlov (since 1982), member of the editorial board of the popular science journal Science and Life.

He was awarded the title "Honoured Professor of Moscow University" (1999).

Scientific research

The scientific works of P. V. Simonov are devoted to the physiology of higher nervous activity, that is, to the study of the brain foundations of behavior. He created and experimentally substantiated a need-information approach to the analysis of behavior and higher mental functions of humans and animals, which made it possible to give a natural scientific justification for such key concepts of general psychology as need, emotion, will, consciousness. The interdisciplinary nature of P. V. Simonov’s research creates the basis for a comprehensive study of man by physiologists, psychologists, sociologists, and representatives of other fields of knowledge. “Science is based on the principles of the presumption of the proven…,” wrote Academician P. V. Simonov. “Everything else belongs to the realm of faith, and you can believe in anything, since freedom of conscience is guaranteed by law.”

Information theory Simonov

Simonov tried in a brief symbolic form to present the totality of factors influencing the emergence and nature of emotion. He proposed the following formula for this:

E \u003d f [P, (Is - Ying), ...],

Actually, the above formula is very general, and in a simplified form can be represented as follows:

E \u003d P (Is - Ying).

From this simplified formula, it is clearly seen that when Is > In, the emotion acquires a positive sign, and when Is<Ин - отрицательный.

Membership in scientific and public organizations

Member of the Commissions for the award of State Prizes of the Russian Federation, the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the fight against pseudoscience (since 1999).
One of the honorary founders of the Science of Longevity Foundation.
Chairman of the editorial board of the series of publications of the Russian Academy of Sciences "Classics of Science".
Member of the editorial board of the illustrated scientific-journalistic and informational journal "Science in Russia".
Member of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for the Study of the Brain (1985-1997).
Member of the International Academy of Astronautics.
Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Member of the American Association for Aviation and Space Medicine (1971).
Honorary Member of the Pavlovsk Scientific Society of the USA.

Awards

Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1987), Prize of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Prizes to them. I. P. Pavlova (AN USSR, 1979) . Awarded with a gold medal. I. M. Sechenov (RAS, 1999).

Family

Father - Stankevich Stanislav Venediktovich (1895-1937) - a native and resident of Leningrad, a Pole, non-partisan, temporarily acting head of the food and feed department of the LVO, quartermaster of the 3rd rank (captain). Arrested on October 5, 1937 by the commission of the NKVD and the USSR Prosecutor's Office. On November 3, 1937, he was sentenced under Article 58, ch. 6, 7, 10 and 11 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR to capital punishment. Shot in Leningrad on November 12, 1937.

Mother - Maria Karlovna Stankevich.

Sister - Stankevich Galina Stanislavovna, lives in Sweden with her family.

Wife - Olga Sergeevna Vyazemskaya, teacher of a foreign language.

Granddaughters: Simonova Anastasia Yurievna (born 08/26/1975), Simonova (Kaidanovskaya) Zoya Alexandrovna (born 11/05/1976), Simonova Ksenia Yurievna (born 05/14/1979) and Eshpay Maria Andreevna (born 01/19/1986).

Main works

Books

What is an emotion? - M.: Nauka, 1966. - 94 p.
The theory of reflection and psychophysiology of emotions. - M., 1970.
Higher nervous activity of man. Motivational-emotional aspects. - M., 1975.
Emotional brain. - M.: Nauka, 1981. - 215 p.
Temperament. Character. Personality / P. V. Simonov, P. M. Ershov. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - 161 p.
Motivated brain. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - 271 p.
The Creative Brain: The Neurobiological Foundations of Creativity. - M., 1993.
Lectures on the work of the brain. Need-information theory of higher nervous activity. - M .: Publishing house "", 1998. - 98 p. - ISBN 5-201-02277-4, ISBN 5-201-02295-2.

Articles

Information theory of emotions // Questions of psychology. - 1964. - No. 6.
Brain and Creativity // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 11. - S. 3-24.

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Notes

Literature

Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov is 75 years old // Psychological Journal. - 2001. - T. 22. - No. 5.
Reutov V. P., Sorokina E. G., Okhotin V. E., Kositsyn N. S. Pavel Vasilyevich Simonov and his concept of "altruists" and "egoists". - M., 2007.

An excerpt characterizing Simonov, Pavel Vasilyevich

Sonya, are you okay? he occasionally asked.
“Yes,” answered Sonya. - And you?
In the middle of the road, Nikolai let the coachman hold the horses, ran up to Natasha's sleigh for a minute and stood to the side.
“Natasha,” he said to her in a whisper in French, “you know, I made up my mind about Sonya.
- Did you tell her? Natasha asked, all of a sudden beaming with joy.
- Oh, how strange you are with those mustaches and eyebrows, Natasha! Are you glad?
- I'm so glad, so glad! I've been angry with you. I didn't tell you, but you did bad things to her. It's such a heart, Nicolas. I am so glad! I can be ugly, but I was ashamed to be alone happy without Sonya, Natasha continued. - Now I'm so glad, well, run to her.
- No, wait, oh, how funny you are! - said Nikolai, still peering into her, and in his sister, too, finding something new, unusual and charmingly tender, which he had not seen in her before. - Natasha, something magical. A?
“Yes,” she answered, “you did well.
“If I had seen her the way she is now,” Nikolai thought, “I would have asked a long time ago what to do and would have done whatever she ordered, and everything would have been fine.”
“So you’re happy, and I did well?”
– Oh, so good! I recently got into a fight with my mom about this. Mom said she's catching you. How can this be said? I almost got into a fight with my mom. And I will never allow anyone to say or think anything bad about her, because there is only good in her.
- So good? - said Nikolai, once again looking out for the expression on his sister's face to find out if this was true, and, hiding with his boots, he jumped off the allotment and ran to his sleigh. The same happy, smiling Circassian, with a mustache and sparkling eyes, looking out from under a sable bonnet, was sitting there, and this Circassian was Sonya, and this Sonya was probably his future, happy and loving wife.
Arriving home and telling their mother about how they spent time with the Melyukovs, the young ladies went to their place. Having undressed, but not erasing the cork mustache, they sat for a long time, talking about their happiness. They talked about how they would live married, how their husbands would be friendly and how happy they would be.
On Natasha's table there were mirrors prepared by Dunyasha since the evening. – When will all this be? I'm afraid never... That would be too good! - said Natasha, getting up and going to the mirrors.
“Sit down, Natasha, maybe you will see him,” said Sonya. Natasha lit the candles and sat down. “I see someone with a mustache,” said Natasha, who saw her own face.
“Don’t laugh, young lady,” said Dunyasha.
With the help of Sonya and the maid, Natasha found a position for the mirror; her face took on a serious expression, and she fell silent. For a long time she sat, looking at the row of departing candles in the mirrors, assuming (considering the stories she had heard) that she would see the coffin, that she would see him, Prince Andrei, in this last, merging, vague square. But no matter how ready she was to take the slightest spot for the image of a person or a coffin, she did not see anything. She blinked rapidly and moved away from the mirror.
“Why do others see, but I don’t see anything?” - she said. - Well, sit down, Sonya; now you definitely need it, ”she said. - Only for me ... I'm so scared today!
Sonya sat down at the mirror, arranged the situation, and began to look.
“They will certainly see Sofya Alexandrovna,” Dunyasha said in a whisper; - and you're laughing.
Sonya heard these words, and heard Natasha say in a whisper:
“And I know what she will see; she saw last year.
For three minutes everyone was silent. "Definitely!" Natasha whispered and did not finish ... Suddenly Sonya pushed aside the mirror that she was holding and covered her eyes with her hand.
- Oh, Natasha! - she said.
- Did you see it? Did you see? What did you see? cried Natasha, holding up the mirror.
Sonya didn’t see anything, she just wanted to blink her eyes and get up when she heard Natasha’s voice saying “by all means” ... She didn’t want to deceive either Dunyasha or Natasha, and it was hard to sit. She herself did not know how and why a cry escaped her when she covered her eyes with her hand.
- Did you see him? Natasha asked, grabbing her hand.
- Yes. Wait ... I ... saw him, ”Sonya said involuntarily, still not knowing who Natasha meant by his word: him - Nikolai or him - Andrei.
“But why shouldn’t I tell you what I saw? Because others see it! And who can convict me of what I saw or did not see? flashed through Sonya's head.
“Yes, I saw him,” she said.
- How? How? Is it worth it or is it lying?
- No, I saw ... That was nothing, suddenly I see that he is lying.
- Andrey lies? He is sick? - Natasha asked with frightened fixed eyes looking at her friend.
- No, on the contrary - on the contrary, a cheerful face, and he turned to me - and at the moment she spoke, it seemed to her that she saw what she was saying.
- Well, then, Sonya? ...
- Here I did not consider something blue and red ...
– Sonya! when will he return? When I see him! My God, how I’m afraid for him and for myself, and I’m scared for everything ... - Natasha spoke, and without answering a word to Sonya’s consolations, she lay down in bed and long after the candle was put out, with her eyes open, lay motionless on bed and looked at the frosty, moonlight through the frozen windows.

Soon after Christmas, Nikolai announced to his mother his love for Sonya and his firm decision to marry her. The countess, who had long noticed what was happening between Sonya and Nikolai, and was expecting this explanation, silently listened to his words and told her son that he could marry whomever he wanted; but that neither she nor his father would give him blessings for such a marriage. For the first time, Nikolai felt that his mother was unhappy with him, that despite all her love for him, she would not give in to him. She, coldly and without looking at her son, sent for her husband; and when he arrived, the countess wanted to briefly and coldly tell him what was the matter in the presence of Nikolai, but she could not stand it: she burst into tears of annoyance and left the room. The old count began to hesitantly admonish Nicholas and ask him to abandon his intention. Nicholas replied that he could not change his word, and his father, sighing and obviously embarrassed, very soon interrupted his speech and went to the countess. In all clashes with his son, the count did not leave the consciousness of his guilt before him for the disorder of affairs, and therefore he could not be angry with his son for refusing to marry a rich bride and for choosing a dowry Sonya - only on this occasion did he more vividly recall that, if things had not been upset, it would be impossible for Nicholas to wish for a better wife than Sonya; and that only he, with his Mitenka and his irresistible habits, is to blame for the disorder of affairs.
The father and mother no longer talked about this matter with their son; but a few days after that, the countess called Sonya to her and with cruelty, which neither one nor the other expected, the countess reproached her niece for luring her son and for ingratitude. Sonya, silently with lowered eyes, listened to the cruel words of the countess and did not understand what was required of her. She was ready to sacrifice everything for her benefactors. The thought of self-sacrifice was her favorite thought; but in this case, she could not understand to whom and what she should sacrifice. She could not help but love the countess and the entire Rostov family, but she could not help but love Nikolai and not know that his happiness depended on this love. She was silent and sad, and did not answer. Nikolai could not, as it seemed to him, endure this situation any longer and went to explain himself to his mother. Nicholas then begged his mother to forgive him and Sonya and agree to their marriage, then threatened his mother that if Sonya was persecuted, he would immediately marry her secretly.
The countess, with a coldness that her son had never seen, answered him that he was of age, that Prince Andrei was marrying without the consent of his father, and that he could do the same, but that she would never recognize this intriguer as her daughter.
Blown up by the word intriguer, Nikolai, raising his voice, told his mother that he had never thought that she would force him to sell his feelings, and that if this was so, then he would say the last time ... But he did not have time to say that decisive word, which, judging by according to the expression of his face, his mother waited with horror and which, perhaps, would forever remain a cruel memory between them. He did not have time to finish, because Natasha with a pale and serious face entered the room from the door at which she was eavesdropping.
- Nikolinka, you are talking nonsense, shut up, shut up! I'm telling you, shut up! .. - she almost shouted to drown out his voice.
“Mom, my dear, it’s not at all because ... my dear, poor one,” she turned to her mother, who, feeling herself on the verge of a break, looked at her son with horror, but, due to stubbornness and enthusiasm for the struggle, did not want and could not give up.
“Nikolinka, I’ll explain to you, you go away - you listen, mother dear,” she said to her mother.
Her words were meaningless; but they achieved the result to which she aspired.
The Countess, sobbing heavily, hid her face on her daughter's chest, and Nikolai stood up, clutched his head and left the room.
Natasha took up the matter of reconciliation and brought it to the point that Nikolai received a promise from his mother that Sonya would not be oppressed, and he himself promised that he would not do anything secretly from his parents.
With the firm intention, having arranged his affairs in the regiment, to retire, come and marry Sonya, Nikolai, sad and serious, at odds with his family, but, it seemed to him, passionately in love, left for the regiment in early January.
After Nikolai's departure, the Rostovs' house became sadder than ever. The Countess became ill from a mental disorder.

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