The Nobel Prize presentation in Stockholm took place in Dylan's absence. Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi: “I received the Nobel Prize by proving the wisdom of the Russian ancient custom... Chemistry: “molecular” energy storage systems

To Tokyo Institute of Technology Professor Yoshinori Ohsumi. The Japanese scientist was awarded it for his fundamental work, which explained to the world how autophagy occurs - a key process of processing and recycling cellular components.

Thanks to Yoshinori Ohsumi's work, other scientists have the tools to study autophagy not only in yeast, but also in other living things, including humans. Further research revealed that autophagy is a conserved process, and in humans it occurs in much the same way. With the help of autophagy, the cells of our body receive the missing energy and construction resources, mobilizing internal reserves. Autophagy is involved in the removal of damaged cellular structures, which is important for maintaining normal cell function. This process is also one of the mechanisms of programmed cell death. Impaired autophagy may underlie cancer and Parkinson's disease. In addition, autophagy is aimed at combating intracellular infectious agents, for example, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Perhaps, thanks to the fact that yeast once revealed to us the secret of autophagy, we will get a cure for these and other diseases.

The Nobel Prize is perhaps the most prestigious award in the field of science. Even those who are far from physics, chemistry, finance and other similar topics know about it. The award is presented annually on December 10 in Stockholm - this is a landmark event attended by the royal family and all the cream of society. This year is no exception. The 2016 Nobel Prize made a lot of noise, but even those discoveries that were discussed more quietly than others are definitely worth attention, as is the award ceremony itself. Therefore, let's look at this event in detail, without delay. After all, one of the most striking cultural events of the outgoing year has just happened. The opening ceremony begins on the evening of December 10. All guests should be dressed festively, because this is a celebration. Ladies in dresses, men in tuxedos. Classical music sounds from everywhere, guests arrive in cars at the main entrance of the palace. This has been happening since the last century, as stated in the award’s charter, which regulates both the rules of awarding and awarding. The program has not changed since 1901 and is as accurate as a clock. It is noteworthy that the Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in Norway, and all other nominations are awarded in Sweden. But in both versions it comes from the hands of kings, which, of course, is very prestigious.

Of course, not only a medal and worldwide recognition is what the nominees can count on. In each region there is also a bonus of 8 million crowns, which in dollar terms is 300 thousand.

After the award ceremony itself in Sweden, the Peace Prize is presented in a similar way in Norway. This is followed by a banquet and a gorgeous concert with dancing. At approximately 2 o'clock in the morning, guests are taken to their hotels, but the holiday does not end there, otherwise it cannot be called the main scientific event of the year. For a whole week afterwards, the laureates hold lectures, open tables, and conferences in prestigious universities and locations. They contain all the sharpest and freshest from the world of science. New concepts, discoveries, data.

Every time the guests stand up when the king presents the award from hand to hand. According to tradition, scientists must bow three times: first to the king, then to the Nobel committee, and then to the audience. They are greeted with standing and applause.

Award presentation and regulations

At 10 o'clock in the morning there was a rehearsal. After all, the exit of the laureates is a real ceremony, which is measured literally in seconds. During the opening, the best works of the classics are played live by the Stockholm Symphony Orchestra. The conductor is Maria Rosenmir, a woman who seems to compensate for the lack of laureates of the fair sex in 2016. She is dressed in a chic black dress and creates a unique ensemble. In general, the dress code here is unusually strict. All the men are dressed in tailcoats and all have white bowties. Women's dresses should never be the same color as the Queen's dress.
The royal family enters the stage, for which the main place is reserved. In addition to the king and queen, there is also a crown princess who will take the throne in the future. After the secretary's speech, a musical performance takes place, all the laureates are in anticipation.

This year the hall simply amazes with its decoration and beauty. Early in the morning, the best pink, scarlet and white roses arrived by express plane from San Remo, the city in Italy where Alfred Nobel died. Every year the Italian authorities make such a gift addressed to the Nobel Prize.

First, the head of the Nobel committee, Karl Heinrich Hildin, speaks, who says that the prize is designed to unite science and peace. He emphasizes that when awarding the prize there is no and cannot be any preference based on nationality, religion or social status. After all, Nobel himself was a cosmopolitan, he was impressed by all countries and from each he could take away some idea and character. He looked at relations in the world optimistically. Hilden says that we should look up to him, and thereby develop all of humanity. According to the regulations, only the number of people plays a role - no more than 3 people can receive an award in one area. Moreover, if there are really three of them, then one gets 50%, and the other two get 25%. While two people receive 50% of the bonus. Today, the Nobel Prize retains its importance and significance more than ever - it is a true phenomenon of the 21st century.

Physics

This area is represented by Professor Thors Hans Anders. The 2016 Physics Prize was awarded to three scientists: David Thoules, Duncan Haldane and John Kosterlitz, from the USA, Britain and Scotland, respectively. Their discovery is entirely theoretical, at least for now. It concerns topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter.

In human terms, these scientists have better studied the various states of matter. Their discovery directly concerns the phenomenon of superconductivity and magnetism of two-dimensional materials. In practice, in the future, these postulates can be applied absolutely everywhere, from super-powerful computers to the latest devices that will operate at the atomic level.

Professor Anders explains how important this discovery is. First of all, the research was useful in mathematical, two-dimensional systems. They lead us to modern and very durable electronics in the future. For example, it cannot be damaged. Topographically, the systems are almost indestructible. Now such devices seem like science fiction. For a long time they were perceived as mind games for mathematicians. But in the 2010s, no one was laughing, because the first experiments in this direction began. Experiments are already being carried out, and successful ones at that. The phenomenon even affects quantum mechanical systems.

Chemistry

Professor Olaf Rastrom announces a prize in chemistry. The Nobel Prize was awarded to three scientists from France, Scotland and the Netherlands. Some Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Fraser Stoddart and Bernard Feringa first designed and then created molecular machines. The work took a huge amount of time, but it was worth it.

In terms of significance, many scientists associate this discovery with the first developments and the creation of a modern engine. In very simple terms, their work makes it possible to synthesize controlled molecules. These are the same cars, but a million times smaller. They can be used everywhere - in agriculture, medicine, and manufacturing. Giving a molecule a “task”, all that remains is to wait for how it will change certain things at the molecular level.

This is a completely unexpected connection of molecules (not like a typical chemical bond - crystals and so on). The connection is similar to mechanical. Such a design, when receiving energy from one end to the other, can produce some actions. One of the cars actually looks like a real car. It rearranges the “wheels” that move through the selected environment. Completely controlled matter is a challenge to all modern chemistry. In the future, we may succeed in creating a large number of machines that will do a lot of work for us - regeneration, transportation of atoms and compounds. These are the smallest machines that can be assembled. They are assembled from a very small number of atoms - this is the limiting case in nanotechnology.

Physiology and medicine

Professor Nils Göran Larson presents the Medicine Prize. Many are anxiously awaiting this nomination, as it allows us to truly find revolutionary approaches to the treatment of diseases or better understand their mechanics, discover new facets of the body and body. 2016 Nobel Prize awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi for studying autophagy, the mechanism by which cells eat themselves.

On the one hand, it is purely scientific in nature, because last year it was awarded for the discovery of drugs that changed the life of the world (against malaria) based on wormwood. The current award, however, is timely. In 2002, the decoding of the human genome was completed. Today, the “Human Proteon” has been discovered. We need to understand which genes code for which proteins. The program will end after 2020. Each country deals with its own fragment, for example, what Russia is doing can help treat diabetes.

The biologist has been studying this phenomenon for more than 20 years. He finally isolated the genes responsible for autophagy in yeast, and then in many other organisms. In the long term, if you suddenly think that this is something pointless, such a discovery takes us one step closer to a cure for all cancer, AIDS and many other diseases. Having thoroughly studied the process, you can control it, and therefore force the tumor cells to self-destruct.

Literature

Professor Orasl Engendahl presented the prize for literature. She made a lot of noise this year. Read more about why and why it was given specifically to Bob Dylan, who in the strict sense is not a writer, but a musician. The official wording is " For new poetic expressions" He really did a lot within the American song tradition.
Be that as it may, Bobo Dylan is a legendary figure who definitely contributed to the culture of the world during his lifetime. Many of his compositions were used by civil rights supporters. His contribution to music is simply invaluable.

It is noteworthy that the musician himself did not come to the award ceremony. Perhaps out of politeness, because his appearance would have caused negative interest in the press and would definitely not have fit into the regulations. However, in turn, the Nobel Committee also agreed to meet this atypical award this year. After the applause, for the first time in history, a rock musician performed on stage - the famous Patti Smith with a Dylan song. These were heartfelt and revolutionary minutes. The broadcast clearly shows that many committee representatives sang along with her, people in the audience cried, even the Crown Princess could not restrain herself, dancing a little and singing along. Patti herself deviated from the rules and was dressed strictly, but in a masculine way. Her hands were shaking, she lost her temper several times, and tears began to appear in her eyes. The singer asked for forgiveness, said that she was worried and that this was a legendary moment. As a result, the audience warmly supported her. After that, halfway through the song, the orchestra picked up the melody.

Economy

Professor Petr Strömberg announced a prize in economics. In 2016, it was awarded to Americans Oliver Hart from Harvard University and Bengt Holmström from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They discovered and researched the theory of contracts. It explains why we tend to enter into contracts for different types of work, and why these agreements work the way we are used to seeing them.

The theory itself began to emerge back in the 70s. It covers a fairly large area of ​​economics, including both information asymmetry and relations with economic agents. But only these two scientists were able to bring the theory to fruition and make it more practical and applicable to reality.
In fact, Nobel himself did not include her in his famous list. This area arose later. It is patronized by the Stockholm Bank, in memory of Alfred Nobel.

Peace Prize

The prestigious peace prize this year was received by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos, with the wording “ for the end of half a century of war" Civil strife, to be more precise, lasted 52 years in Colombia. The number of deaths exceeded 200 thousand people. Another 6 million migrated.
Many note that this award is not so much for the president himself, but for the Colombian people, who were ready to sacrifice their lives, but move to a just and honest world. Fortunately, in early autumn the authorities and the rebels concluded a truce.

At the end of the 2016 awards, the Swedish anthem is played. Everyone stands up, many sing along. This is a solemn moment, and it can be felt even from a distance of a thousand kilometers. It means that humanity has made another leap forward. It means that people are not indifferent to science, peace, global ideas that are stronger than any wars and contradictions. These discoveries will be used in the future, will become history, will facilitate and save many lives.

On October 3, 2016, Nobel Week started in Sweden. From October 3 to October 10, the world will learn the names of people who have become Nobel laureates in various fields. And the award ceremony will be held in Stockholm and Oslo on December 10 - the day of the death of Alfred Nobel - the Swedish inventor, industrialist, linguist and philosopher. The amount of the Nobel Prize in 2016 is 8 million Swedish kronor (932 thousand US dollars).

When will the names of the Nobel Prize laureates be announced?

Today in Stockholm the name of the 2016 Nobel Prize laureate in the field of physiology or medicine became known. It was the Japanese biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi. He will receive the award for discovering the mechanism of autophagy, the process of recycling unnecessary cell parts inside lysosomes or vacuoles.

On Friday, October 7, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate will be named in Oslo. It is known that this year there are 376 candidates on the list of nominees, of which 148 are public and international organizations.

The winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, established by the State Bank of Sweden in 1968, will be determined on October 10. This prize appeared in memory of Alfred Nobel, who at the end of the 19th century bequeathed only five awards.

As for another nomination - for literature, the Swedish Academy responsible for this decided to name the laureate a week later than usual, that is, on October 13. The pundits explained their decision by tradition, according to which the announcement of the laureate’s name should always fall on the Thursday of the fourth week of the academicians’ meeting. In 2016, this day fell on October 13 and did not coincide with the week of presentation of other Nobel laureates.

Nobel Prize: how to get it, history of the award

During his lifetime, Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) earned substantial capital in the production of weapons (his most famous invention, by the way, is dynamite). He bequeathed every year to divide the income from the capital placed in the Swedish bank (about 250 million US dollars) among people who have made a worthy contribution in a particular area. Nobel identified 5 areas: physics, chemistry, physiology (or medicine), literature and contribution to achieving peace. The amount of the Nobel Prize is decreasing every year. If in the early 2000s it was about 1.5 million dollars, then in 2014 it was already 1 million, and in 2015 – 960 thousand dollars.

All preparatory work - from the selection of applicants to the holding of the ceremony - is carried out by the Nobel Foundation. The right to select laureates is given to Swedish institutions, and the peace prize laureate is chosen by the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

Nobel Prize winners are selected based on basically the same principle: the number of publications in each field, the significance of the research, reviews of work in academia, etc. This is indeed a very difficult job for members of the Nobel committees (they include winners of previous years), since they have to choose one worthy one from 300 candidates.

Mikhail Gorbachev - Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1990

By the way, the list of candidates is strictly secret and can only be made public after 50 years from the date of its compilation.

When and where are Nobel laureates awarded?

After the winner of the Literature Prize is announced on October 13, preparations for the Nobel Prize ceremony will begin in Sweden and Norway. The ceremony itself always takes place on the same day - December 10 and is dedicated to the day of the death of Alfred Nobel. On December 10, 2016, in the morning in Oslo, the Peace Prize will be awarded at the Oslo City Hall. And in the evening of this day in Stockholm the awarding of laureates in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and economics will take place. The day will end with a gala banquet at Stockholm City Hall, which traditionally will bring together more than 1,300 guests and is always attended by the King of Sweden and members of the royal family.

Russians are Nobel Prize winners

During the entire existence of the Nobel Prize, citizens of the USSR and the Russian Federation received it only 26 times. Such an insignificant figure is explained by two main reasons: the country’s closed nature for 70 years and the high politicization of the Nobel Prize.

1904 - Ivan Pavlov (medicine)

1908 - Ilya Mechnikov (medicine)

1933 – Ivan Bunin (literature)

1956 - Nikolay Semenov (chemistry)

1958 - Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm (physics)

1958 - Boris Pasternak (literature), refused the award

1962 - Lev Landau (physics)

1964 – Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov (physics)

1965 - Mikhail Sholokhov (literature)

1970 - Alexander Solzhenitsyn

1971 - Simon Kuznets (economics)

1973 - Vasily Leontyev (economics)

1975 - Leonid Kantorovich (economics)

1975 – Andrei Sakharov (peace prize)

1977 - Ilya Prigozhin (chemistry)

1978 - Petr Kapitsa (physics)

1987 - Joseph Brodsky

1990 - Mikhail Gorbachev (peace prize)

2000 - Zhores Alferov (physics)

2003 - Alexey Abrikosov and Vitaly Ginzburg (physics)

2010 - Konstantin Novoselov and Andrey Geim (physics).

In 2016, Nobel Week opened on October 3. By tradition, the laureates were named in six categories: for merits in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, economics, as well as for achieving success in the struggle for peace.

The award will be presented on December 10 at the Stockholm Philharmonic, the day of Alfred Nobel's death. The laureates will receive a gold medal with a portrait of the founder of the award, a diploma and a cash reward in the amount of 8 million crowns ($932 thousand).

All the winners and their discoveries are in the TASS material.

Physics

• The Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to American scientists David Thoules, Michael Kosterlitz and Duncan Haldane "for their theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." Scientists have discovered unexpected behavior in solid materials and used advanced mathematics to explain states unusual in matter - superconductivity and superfluidity. The scientists' discoveries can be applied in electronics, in particular, in the creation of superconductors and quantum computers.

Physiology and medicine

• In the field of medicine, the prize was awarded to Japanese professor Yoshinori Ohsumi for the discovery of the mechanism of autophagy - the natural process of “self-cleaning” of the cell of living organisms, that is, the destruction and recycling of its internal components. Autophagy plays an important role in various physiological processes: it can destroy bacteria and viruses that have entered the cell, promotes the development of the embryo, cells also use this mechanism to eliminate damaged proteins and organelles, which is important for counteracting aging. Mutations in genes that control autophagy can cause diseases such as Parkinson's disease and cancer.

Chemistry

• Frenchman Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Briton working in the United States, Fraser Stoddart and Dutch scientist Bernard Feringa won the chemistry prize "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines." Scientists have created molecules whose movement can be controlled. With their help, you can manipulate single atoms and molecules, for example, transfer them from one place to another, bring them closer to form a chemical bond, or move them away from each other to break it. The discovery can be used to improve the effectiveness of treatment of various diseases, such as cancer. With the help of such molecules, scientists hope to develop ways to target disease sites without harming healthy parts of the body.

Economy

• Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström were awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics. Economists have created new theoretical tools in the field of real assessment of contracts between participants in business processes, allowing them to identify the pitfalls of contracts. Contract theory develops the topic of managing a company under the possibility of conditions of information asymmetry. We are talking about a phenomenon present in the business environment when the management of an enterprise, investors, as well as direct performers have different awareness of the market situation and the risks that the company bears. The research of Hart and Holmström is important for various fields, in particular economics, law, and government.

Peace Prize

• This year there were a record 376 nominations for the peace prize. On October 7, the Nobel committee awarded it to Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos "for his determined efforts to end more than 50 years of civil war in the country." Armed conflict between the authorities and the rebels began in the 1960s. And only in 2016 the parties managed to reach a final agreement on its completion. During this time, 220 thousand Colombians died, almost 6 million people fled their homes.

Literature

• The name of the laureate in the field of literature was the main surprise of this year. The award was given to poet and performer Bob Dylan "for creating poetic images in the great American song tradition." He became the first musician to be awarded the Nobel Prize in its history. Dylan is the author of the songs "The Times They Are a-Changin'", "Blowin" in the Wind, Like a Rolling Stone, and recorded the albums "The Freewheelin" Bob Dylan, Highway 61 Revisited and others. In his country, Bob Dylan is popular not only as a musician, but also as a poet and prose writer.

The long-awaited one has arrived Nobel week, during which the winners of one of the most prestigious awards will be announced. On Monday, October 3, 2016, the honorary committee announced the first recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine. It was the Japanese scientist Yoshinori Ohsumi.

Nobel Prize - 2016

For a researcher from Tokyo University of Technology, this nomination came as a complete surprise. After all, it is a very rare occurrence when one person receives an award. Often the award is shared among several scientists.

Yoshinori Ohsumi received this prize due to his discoveries in the field of autophagy - the process of utilization and recycling of unnecessary parts of the cell of the human body. Autophagy is translated from Greek as “self-eating.”

Every cell of the human body has a built-in mechanism for processing and recycling waste: unnecessary proteins, destroyed bacteria, recycled biomaterial. This process was first described in detail by the Belgian scientist Christian de Duve in 1963. In the figure you can see a diagram of the autophagy process.

Ohsumi studied the phenomenon of autophagy in more detail, experimenting with yeast strains in which the autophagy process proceeded abnormally. The Japanese scientist's discoveries led to new understanding of physiological processes, such as adaptation to hunger or response to infection.

Osumi came to the conclusion that fasting is an incredibly useful tradition that helps the body not only cleanse itself, but also rejuvenate in a short period of time. The scientist’s colleagues also confirm the fact that autophagy protects the body from premature aging.

The awards ceremony will take place on December 10 in Stockholm Nobel laureates, where Yoshinori Ohsumi will receive his $950,000 bonus. We hope that the scientist will use the money correctly and make more than one discovery in the field of medicine.