tropical

Occur only over tropical zones and are small in size. Their diameter is usually estimated at several hundred kilometers (rarely over 1000 km), but they are characterized by strong winds. Because of this, they often become stormy and are distinguished by the “eye of the storm” - this is the central part of the vortex, which is about 30 km in diameter, in which clear weather remains without winds and precipitation.

Important! and the nearest territory to it are the territory in which such natural phenomena never occur.

A cyclone is low pressure in the atmosphere and all that it entails. Meteorologists can timely predict the imminent onset of such an air vortex. What kind of weather does a cyclone bring: with showers and destructive storms, but the warm air temperature remains.

tropical cyclone

Anticyclone

What is an anticyclone - this is part of the air currents in which there is high pressure and wind movement in certain directions. Such an area is distinguished by the fact that the wind is directed clockwise in the territory of the upper hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the lower one.

Anticyclones are divided into two types:

• low - these are predominantly cold air flows, in which up to 1.5 km of the troposphere there are closed isobars, and above there is no high pressure at all;
• high - in such air masses, air is warm and high pressure is present throughout the entire troposphere involved. In such vortices there can be several main centers.

An anticyclone is clear weather without clouds. Moreover, low-lying stratus clouds and fogs with frosts at night in autumn and winter can form, and in summer - cumulus clouds and lack of precipitation, which often leads to forest fires. Such eddies do not exceed several thousand kilometers in diameter and move from west to east at a speed of 30-40 km/h, leaning toward low latitudes.

Signs of the presence of an anticyclone are as follows:

• clear sky;
• little or no clouds;
• no wind and rain with snow;
• sunny stable weather.

The formation of such air currents over areas where the soil is covered with ice is reflected in their strength and characteristics. So, over Antarctica it will be extremely strong, and over Greenland it will be much weaker. The same goes for tropical climates.

Anticyclone

Comparison

The prefix anti itself indicates that an anticyclone is an atmospheric phenomenon that is opposite to a cyclone in its characteristics. If a cyclone is a low atmospheric pressure, then an anticyclone is a high one. This is the most significant difference, drastically changing the weather in the area under these eddies. Their difference lies in the different movements of air currents. How else are they different.

The characteristics of the cyclone and anticyclone are given below.

Thus, the approach of a cyclone indicates that weather is approaching with devastating consequences: heavy rains, winds and snow storms. There will be many clouds and clouds in the sky, strong gusts of wind. In general, the weather will be unstable. Unlike such vortices, anticyclones will bring stability: calm weather will be established, calmness and cloudlessness, it will be warm for a long time.

atmospheric fronts. Cyclones and anticyclones

Cyclone (low pressure area)

Conclusion

Weather-sensitive people often feel the approach of one or another atmospheric phenomenon on themselves: when an anticyclone approaches, atmospheric pressure is high, and blood pressure drops, so dizziness and headaches appear. When a cyclone approaches, the opposite is true: atmospheric pressure decreases, and blood pressure rises.

SYMBOLS ON DOMESTIC

FAX CARDS

1. Goals of the work:

– to study the system of digital and graphic symbols used to plot hydrometeorological elements on a synoptic

2. Benefits

1. Benefits ,-,,,,,.

2. A set of facsimile cards.

3. Brief theoretical information

Any map, including hydrometeorological, is a visual and operational means of reflecting objective reality. In the rapidly changing hydrometeorological conditions of ocean navigation and fishing, facsimile charts, if systematically received on board and the ability to analyze them, can increase the safety of navigation and the efficiency of fishing.

In the practice of navigation and fishing, it is most advisable to use the following charts:

– surface analysis (weather map, synoptic map, surface map) compiled for the main observation periods – 00, 06, 12, l8 h Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). These are the main cards, they are also called actual, abbreviated designation AS – analysis is superficial, surface;

- surface weather forecast for the periods of 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 hours. These are forecast maps, their abbreviation is FS – superficial, surface forecast;

– analysis of wind and waves, in which the characteristics of the actual fields of wind and waves are given (wind direction and speed, direction of movement, height, wave period). Their abbreviation is AH;

– wind and wave forecast – predicted wind and wave fields (wind direction and speed, wave direction and height). Their abbreviation is FX;

- analysis of water temperature, which shows the field of water temperature on the surface of the sea (ocean), averaged over a five-day period, a decade;

– water temperature forecast – predicted (expected) distribution of water temperature on the surface of the ocean (sea) for periods from 1 to 10 days;

– ice conditions – ice conditions (ice edge, concentration, thickness, ice age and position of drifting icebergs).

Facsimile surface weather maps are the main maps reflecting the processes and phenomena in the interacting atmosphere-ocean system.

To distinguish between facsimile maps, a four-letter group indicates in the frame: the type of map and the area for which it was compiled, the name of the meteorological center, the date and time (time) for which it was compiled. For example, in fig. 3.1 in the ASXX group, the letters AS characterize the type of map - surface weather analysis, the letters XX - an area that does not have an index. The RUMS group means the name of the meteorological center (Moscow). The decoding of the letter groups in the frame is given in the manuals,.

The weather radiograms received from ships and coast stations are decoded at meteorological centers and put on a synoptic map with special symbols (in graphical and digital form). Hydrometeorological elements and phenomena are placed in a strictly defined place relative to the circle (punch) depicting the station or the location of the vessel on the map (Fig. 3.2). Next, the cards are subjected to graphic processing; through 5 mbar, isobars are drawn (lines of different atmospheric pressure values), the identified centers of areas of low (cyclones) and high (anticyclones) pressures are designated, respectively, by the letters H and B. Areas occupied by warm and cold air masses, the position and types of atmospheric fronts are applied , areas of extensive precipitation, etc. Knowing the conventional weather symbols (they are given in the manual , in the schedule of facsimile broadcasts, on the stand in the laboratory) and digital designations, the map can be “read”, i.e. receive weather information on board. At the same time, it should be remembered that 5-6 hours pass from the moment of observing weather elements to receiving a map on the ship, so the weather information, as it were, “becomes outdated”.

Fig.3.1. Surface analysis. Moscow

Rice. 3.2. Scheme for applying meteorological values ​​on a synoptic map:

The maps characterizing the state of the atmosphere also include the forecast of the baric field in the surface layer (Fig. 3.3) and the cloud map - nephaanalysis. The cloud map is not given in the laboratory workshop; it is placed in the set of facsimile maps.

The rest of the maps (waves, ice conditions, water temperature on the ocean surface) can be classified as oceanic, i.e. reflecting the state of the waters on the surface of the ocean (Fig. 3.4 - EVIL).

4. Task

1. Study the system of symbols on the surface analysis map - AS. Enter in the notebook the graphic and numerical symbols of one ship station.

2. Consider the position, configuration, and cloudiness density on the satellite photograph. Write down the coordinates of the center of the cyclone and the stage of its development.

3. To study the features of symbols on the prognostic surface map.

4. Understand the system for placing hydrometeorological values ​​on the wave map.

5. Learn the system of symbols used on the maps of water temperature and ice conditions.

5. Work order

Completion of item 1 of the task

The analysis of atmospheric processes (the emergence, development, movement of cyclones and anticyclones, the transformation of air masses and fronts separating them) is carried out using synoptic maps. These charts are the main ones for taking into account the influence of weather on ships and special attention should be paid to their study.

Rice. 3.5. Scheme for applying meteorological values ​​to the wave map:

a - letter designations in accordance with the Code KN-01s;

b - digital and alphabetic designations of hydrometeorological elements and phenomena

Rice. 3.8. Map of temperature analysis in the surface layer according to satellite and ship data

Rice. 3.10. Ice conditions map.

According to the data placed in the corner of the map, you need to find a surface analysis map in the kit (AS), decipher its name, determine for how long it was compiled and study the area for which the map was drawn. Then you should consider the layout of hydrometeorological elements and phenomena at one of the stations, guided by the letter and graphic scheme (Fig. 3.2).

Designations of cloudiness elements (applied with graphic symbols) are given in manuals, and on the stand in the laboratory.

Direction of the wind (dd) is applied with an arrow going to the center of the circle; wind speed ( ff) - plumage (long feather - 5 m / s, short - 2.5 m / s).

The pressure is applied in numbers. Tens, units and tenths of a millibar are indicated, thousands and hundreds are omitted.

The temperature of air and water is applied in degrees Celsius with tenths. Tens, units and tenths of a degree are indicated. It is necessary to select a graphical representation of the weather of any ship station and, using the scheme in (Fig. 3.2), decipher it. Record the data in a notebook.

Isobar systems on domestic maps are drawn through 5 mbar and signed with two digits. Tens and units of millibar are indicated, thousands and hundreds are omitted.

The designation of the front sections is given in Table. 4 allowances.

When studying this topic, you need to know the following concepts:

cyclone– atmospheric perturbation with reduced air pressure (minimum pressure in the center) and with air circulation around the center counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere;

anticyclone– atmospheric disturbance with maximum pressure in the center and air circulation clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere;

air masses- volumes of air in the troposphere, commensurate in area with large parts of the continents and oceans, possessing certain properties (temperature uniformity in the horizontal direction, a certain type of vertical temperature distribution, humidity and visibility);

front- transitional (frontal) zone between two air masses in the atmosphere. The width of the front zone when it crosses along the normal is up to several tens of kilometers, the length from the center of the cyclone to its periphery is up to 1000 kilometers or more. In the front zone, meteorological elements change abruptly during the transition from one air mass to another, which leads to the development of clouds and the release of precipitation during vertical air rise.

Having studied the map, one should single out the most pronounced cyclones and anticyclones, frontal sections in the area, determine the pressure values ​​in the centers, and consider the wind systems. Establish zones with maximum wind speeds, areas with low visibility, centers (on the path of cyclones moving to the east) of the maximum drop in atmospheric pressure, areas with maximum negative barometric trends.

All these data must be entered in a notebook in the form of a table. 3.1.

p/nIndicator CycloneAnticyclone1Coordinates of centersW=72°00.0 N.L.

D=15°00.0 W

W=62°00.0 N

L=85 about 00.0 E.W=54°00.0 N

D=31°00.0 E

W=75°00.0 N

D=29°00.0 east 2Atmospheric pressure in centers Р=975 mbar

Р=985 mbarР=1044 mbar

P=1024.5 mbar3 Scheme of fronts in cyclonesCold

front There are no fronts in the centers of anticyclones, on the periphery 4 can be observed. Average coordinates of the zone with maximum winds

L=05°00.0 W.L.W=71°00.0 N.L.

D=35 o 00.0 east

L=12°00.0 W.L.W=57°00.0 N.L.

L=80°00.0 E6Coordinates of the center of the zone with the maximum pressure drop (to the east of the center of the cyclone)W=72°00.0 N L=05°00.0 W 7Coordinates of the center of the zone of maximum pressure increase in the rear of the cyclone (to the west of its center)

D=35°00.0 W

The results of determining the wind speed depending on the horizontal baric pressure gradient in different parts of the cyclone are entered in Table. 3.2.

Table 3.2

Note.ΔP/ΔR is the magnitude of the horizontal pressure gradient.

To calculate the wind speed, it is necessary to use the gradient ruler of the USSR Hydrometeorological Center (Fig. 3.11). The ruler is suitable for calculations on polar stereographic projection maps. Latitude values ​​are plotted on the horizontal scale of the ruler; vertical lines are drawn from them. The system of curves means wind speed. To calculate the gradient wind speed, it is necessary to take the distance between the isobars (along the normal to them) drawn through 10 mbar with a compass, then plot this distance on a vertical line corresponding to the latitude of the place. The first distance point will be on the horizontal scale, the second point will be on one of the curves or between the curves. The values ​​of the curve will indicate the speed of the geostrophic wind. The resulting geostrophic wind speed will be greater than the wind speed blowing near the sea surface, therefore, to obtain the surface wind speed, it is necessary to multiply the obtained geostrophic wind speed by a coefficient that takes into account the stratification of the atmospheric surface layer (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3

0.6 Unstable (water temperature is higher than air temperature) 0.0-2.0°

More than 2.0°0.7

Note. If it is not possible to determine the air temperature difference, then a coefficient of 0.6 is taken for the cold part of the year, and 0.8 for the warm half of the year.

Surface weather maps also show information about tropical cyclones. The center of a tropical cyclone is indicated by special symbols:

X - for tropical depressions, in which the wind strength is not known, but there are indications of their further development into a tropical storm. In other cases, a tropical depression is denoted by the sign H;

§ - for cyclones with observed or calculated wind speed from 10 to 32 m/s;

§'- for cyclones with a wind speed of 33 m/s or more.

Near the center of the cyclone, the stage of development of the cyclone is sometimes indicated using the following abbreviations (Table 3.4).

Table 3.4

Map abbreviations indicating the stage of development of a tropical cyclone

From the center, the arrow indicates the direction of the cyclone, at the end of which the speed (km / h) is affixed.

Next to the tropical cyclone (or on the margins of the map) indicate the name of the cyclone in English, the maximum wind (m / s), the direction of the cyclone displacement in rhumbs or degrees.

Completion of item 2 of the task

On forecast surface weather maps, isobars are drawn and centers of low and high pressure are indicated. The centers of cyclones and anticyclones indicate the value of the expected atmospheric pressure for the hour for which the forecast map was compiled. The arrow from the center shows the direction and speed of movement of cyclones and anticyclones (km/h).

In accordance with the basic data placed on the prognostic map, it is necessary to write down in a workbook:

- the area covered by the compiled map;

- the period for which the map was drawn up;

– centers (coordinates) of cyclones and anticyclones;

is the pressure at the center of the cyclone (anticyclone);

- the direction and speed of movement of the main cyclones and anticyclones (if it is given).

Completion of item 3 of the task

As practice shows, the speed and safety of a vessel's navigation at sea is not influenced by the wind, but by the excitement caused by it. Thus, the use of wave charts in the practice of navigation is mandatory.

Wave maps are compiled according to observations for the main periods. Prognostic maps are calculated. They are applied to:

– heights of waves in winds (lines of equal values ​​out);

- directions of wave propagation (arrow, where the waves move from).

In the centers of areas with maximum and minimum wave heights, “MAX” and “MIN” are assigned, respectively. In addition, meteorological data are applied to actual wave maps: wind direction and speed, position of the edge of drifting ice and iceberg distribution zones.

Using the information on the actual and forecast wave maps, the following should be entered in the workbook:

– the name of the map from the frame in the corner of the map (region, observation time) ;

– a scheme for applying meteorological elements at one of the stations, using the scheme shown in fig. 3.5;

are the coordinates of the centers of maximum and minimum waves and the wave heights in them.

Completion of item 4 of the task

Facsimile maps of water temperature are compiled for 5 (sometimes 10) days or longer. Despite a significant averaging period, these charts allow solving many navigational and especially fishing tasks:

- to determine the zones (boundaries) of the distribution of warm and cold currents;

– determine the position of hydrological fronts (areas of the ocean with maximum horizontal temperature gradients);

- determine the direction and nature of the currents (the presence of jets, swirls);

- identify water areas in rising waters;

- choose the most advantageous course of the vessel;

– to choose the habitat of fish and the area of ​​fishing. Analyzing the fields of isotherms (lines of equal values ​​of water temperature), first of all, the region of the ocean that the map covers and the period of observation of the water temperature are established.

The boundaries of warm and cold currents (average coordinates) are established by comparing the current map from the Atlas of the Oceans and the water temperature map. At the same time, the direction of currents and the limits of temperature changes in each of the identified currents are determined. The results of comparisons of the water temperature map and the current pattern of the corresponding area are entered in Table. 3.5.

The gradient zone (front) is usually found in the zone of interaction between warm and cold currents. Visually, it is detected by the maximum spatial convergence (“condensation”) of the isotherms. The degree of “contrast” of the gradient zone is determined by the value of the horizontal temperature gradient (ΔT/ΔN, deg/miles, where ΔT is the water temperature difference in the front zone;

ΔN is the distance in miles along the normal to the isotherms in the front zone).

Table 3.5

Name, boundaries, direction of currents and limits of changes in water temperature in these currents

currentsExtreme boundaries of currents

W= , D=Direction

deg, rhumbLimits of temperature changes, °C Warm currents Gulf Stream W=60°12.0 n.l.

L=60°30.0 W.70-80°

EN024-14North AtlanticW=53°30.0N

L=30°00.0 W.L.45°

NNO 10-14NorwegianW=64°20.0 N

L=04°15.0 W Cold currents20°

NO6-8East Greenland Lat=70°00.0 N L=16°15.0 W.200°; 0-2 Labrador W=55°20.0 N

L=48°30.0 W.180°

It is necessary to enter in the notebook the average coordinates of the frontal zone and the magnitude of the horizontal temperature gradient. The direction of the currents is determined by the nature of the isotherms (the direction of their bulges). In the northern hemisphere, in warm currents, the isotherms are convexly directed to the north, cold ones - to the south (in the southern hemisphere, on the contrary)

The nature of the flow is determined by the degree of linearity of the isotherms. In those areas where they are maximally straightened, the currents have maximum velocities (usually in a stream). In the case of maximum curvature, one can speak of meandering (vorticity) of currents. You should find such areas and enter their coordinates in a notebook.

The water area with the rise of deep waters is characterized by a local area with closed isotherms and low temperatures in the center. As a rule, gradient zones are formed on the periphery of such a rise, and commercial concentrations of fish can be concentrated in them.

It is expedient to place the most advantageous path of the vessel along the axis of the associated current jet, which is located to the right of the greatest concentration of isotherms.

The choice of fish habitat (and fishing) is based on taking into account the so-called optimal temperatures for their habitat. The selection technology is described in the manual and reflected on the stands of the laboratory.

The presence of ice in the high latitudes of the ocean is a significant obstacle to navigation and work at sea. Ice symbols (symbols) used on facsimile ice charts of different countries have a different character, therefore, before reading the ice charts, it is necessary to study the graphic and text explanations placed on the ice charts. You can use aids stand in the laboratory.

When compiling a report on the nature of the ice (the navigation area is set by the teacher), it is necessary to study the terminology of ice (Instruction), find on the map the iceberg removal zones, their number, direction and drift speed.

Since commercial concentrations of fish in high latitudes are often distributed near the edges of drifting ice, it is necessary to identify the general patterns of ice drift. In the general case, ice drifts with the current, but wind drift is superimposed on this general transfer. To determine the wind drift, a certain area is specified on the map and the speed and direction of ice drift are calculated depending on the wind speed. The results of the drift calculation are entered in a notebook in the form of a table. 3.6.

Table 3.6

Ice Drift Calculation Based on a Given Wind Speed

Notes.

1. Ice drift speed is 0.02 knots of wind speed.

2. The drift direction deviates from the wind direction by 30° to the right (in the northern hemisphere) and to the left (in the southern hemisphere).

6. Security questions

1. List facsimile charts, the reception of which is necessary for solving nautical problems.

2. What are the principles for compiling facsimile charts?

3. What is the purpose of plotting the barometric trend and its nature on synoptic charts?

4. Indicate the limits of changes in atmospheric pressure in the centers of cyclones and anticyclones.

5. What graphic symbols are used to map the main elements of the waves?

6. What problems are solved with the help of maps of water temperature on the surface of the ocean?

7. What characteristics of currents are determined using water temperature maps?

8. How are frontal (gradient) zones distinguished on water temperature maps?

9. Why are commercial concentrations of fish observed in waters with maximum horizontal water temperature gradients?

10. List the main Symbols used to characterize sea ice.

11. How are ice drift elements calculated?

7. Reporting form

Laboratory work is carried out in a notebook in the sequence that is set out in these guidelines and should contain:

- brief notes on the main points of work (in accordance with the guidelines);

- answers to control questions.

The work is presented to the teacher for credit.

In the 8th grade geography course, a number of topics are studied on various processes in the atmosphere. They need to be studied and understood, as they reveal the causes and methods of weather formation and change, its prediction, which is of practical value for every person.

What are cyclones and anticyclones

One of the most interesting mechanisms is a kind of "air pumps" - huge atmospheric vortices, the main role of which is the formation of weather over large areas of the earth's surface.

Their height is up to 20 km, and their diameter can reach 4-5 thousand km.

Rice. 1. Giant atmospheric vortex.

In this case, the cyclone is an air vortex that collects and ejects air upwards from its own center. An anticyclone, on the contrary, draws in air from the upper layers of the atmosphere and distributes it near the surface.

This is because the cyclone is an area of ​​low pressure, the air rushes to where the pressure is the lowest, that is, to the center of the cyclone. There are rising air currents.

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An anticyclone is an atmospheric vortex characterized by high pressure. On the contrary, it “accelerates” air masses from its own center, drawing them in from higher layers of the atmosphere. In its center, descending flows are formed, which are distributed spirally from the center over the earth's surface.

Atmospheric vortices are often formed in the areas of atmospheric fronts, the main reason for their formation is the rotation of the Earth.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the structure of a cyclone and an anticyclone.

Similar phenomena are observed in the atmosphere of other planets. An extraterrestrial long-lived cyclone is the Little Dark Spot in the atmosphere of Neptune, and an anticyclone is the Great Red Spot on Jupiter.

Comparison of features of atmospheric vortices

Cyclones and anticyclones have features of difference and similarity. Their similarities are:

• vortex structure;
• an important role in shaping the weather over large regions.

The appearance of an anticyclone is influenced by the formation of cyclones nearby - excess air emitted by a low pressure vortex accumulates and provokes the development of an area of ​​high pressure, anticyclones.

The features of differences in atmospheric vortices are presented in the table of comparative characteristics:

On synoptic maps, letters are used to designate cyclones and anticyclones: H - means an area of ​​low pressure, B - an area of ​​high pressure.

Rice. 3. Synoptic map.

Types of cyclones and anticyclones

There are several types of cyclones, named after the place of formation:

• arctic;
• temperate latitudes;
• southern extratropical;
• tropical.

Most of the cyclones passing through the territory of Russia form over the Atlantic, move from west to east and are classified as arctic or temperate. These are large atmospheric vortices.

Tropical cyclones are the most dangerous - they are characterized by relatively small sizes of only hundreds of kilometers, anomalously low pressure in the center, and, consequently, very high wind speeds reaching storms. It is these cyclones that cause the greatest destruction in the coastal countries of Asia and North America. They arise only over the sea and quickly fade when moving to land.

Anticyclones and cyclones have an average lifetime of 3-10 days until the atmospheric pressure equalizes. However, there are also permanent ones that exist for years, for example: the Icelandic and Aleutian cyclones, the Indian and Siberian anticyclones.

What have we learned?

The formation of atmospheric vortices depends on the distribution of air pressure in the atmosphere and the Coriolis forces that arise during the rotation of the Earth. With some similarities, they are much different from each other: they rotate in different directions, provide different weather, and arise in different conditions.

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More recently, before the invention of satellites, meteorologists could not even imagine that about 150 cyclones and about 60 anticyclones occur annually in the earth's atmosphere.


Now scientists know not only their number, but also the process of formation, as well as the impact on the Earth. What are these natural phenomena? How do they arise and what role do they play in the Earth's climate?

What is a cyclone?

In the troposphere (lower atmospheric layer), atmospheric vortices constantly appear and disappear. Many of them are quite small, but some are huge and reach several thousand kilometers across.

If such a vortex moves counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere or clockwise in the southern, and inside there is an area of ​​low pressure, then it is called a cyclone. It has a colossal supply of energy and leads to negative weather events such as thunderstorms, strong winds, and squalls.

Depending on the place of formation, cyclones are tropical and extratropical. The former occur in tropical latitudes and are small in size (several hundred kilometers in diameter). In their center there is usually an area with a diameter of 20–25 km with sunny weather, and storms and winds rage along the edges.


Extratropical cyclones formed in polar and temperate latitudes reach gigantic proportions and simultaneously cover large areas of the earth's surface. In different areas they are called differently: in America -, in Asia - typhoon, and in Australia - willy-willy. Each powerful cyclone gets its own name, such as Katrina, Sandy, Nancy.

How does a cyclone form?

The reason for the occurrence of cyclones lies in the rotation of the globe and is associated with the Coriolis force, according to which, when moving counterclockwise, the vortices deviate to the left, and clockwise go to the right. Cyclones form when warm equatorial air masses meet dry arctic currents. When they collide, a barrier arises between them - an atmospheric front.

In an attempt to overcome this boundary, cold flows push aside part of the warm layers, and those, in turn, collide with the cold masses following them and begin to rotate along an ellipsoidal trajectory. Gradually, they capture the enclosing air layers, draw them into their movement and move along the Earth's surface at a speed of up to 50 kilometers per hour.

What is an anticyclone?

Anticyclones, as the name implies, are the exact opposite of cyclones and bring good weather to certain areas.


In their inner part there is an area of ​​high pressure, and the speed of movement varies from 30 to 40 kilometers per hour, depending on the hemisphere. Quite often, anticyclones hover in a stationary state, keeping a small cloud cover, calmness and lack of precipitation for a long time in a particular region.

In summer, anticyclones lead to heat, in winter, on the contrary, to severe frosts. They arise in subpolar or subtropical latitudes, and when formed over a thick ice cover (for example, in Antarctica) they become more pronounced.

Anticyclones are characterized by sharp temperature changes throughout the day, which explains the lack of precipitation, which, as a rule, affects the temperature and makes the difference in degrees not so noticeable. Sometimes, during their movement, fogs or stratus clouds appear above the earth's surface.

How do anticyclones develop?

Anticyclones have a more complex structure than cyclones. In the northern hemisphere they move clockwise, in the southern - against. The formation of anticyclones leads to the invasion of cold air currents into warmer ones.


As a result, pressure rises in the collision area and a so-called high-altitude ridge is formed, under which the center of the vortex begins to form. As they grow, anticyclones reach sizes up to several thousand kilometers in diameter and move from west to east, deviating to lower latitudes.