Rulers of the Ottoman Empire. Fathers and Sons

Sultan and Caliph Suleiman left a bright mark on the history of the Ottoman Empire. During his reign, it achieved unprecedented greatness. Find out what Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent is famous for.

Ottoman Empire: Suleiman the Magnificent and his reign

The Magnificent was born in November 1494 in picturesque Trabzon. His father is Sultan Selim the First, and his mother is the daughter of the Crimean vassal of the Ottoman Empire, Khan Mengli the First, Aishe Hafsa. The boy received an excellent education by the standards of those times at the court in Istanbul. He read enthusiastically and engaged in spiritual practices.

The father was nicknamed Terrible for his cruel temper and bloodthirstiness. He did not rule for long, only eight years, but adhered to the motto: “To rule means to punish severely.” Selim died during another campaign in 1520 from the plague.

Suleiman the Magnificent, so nicknamed by Europeans for his apparent gentleness and melancholy, as well as for his love of poetry and the arts, ascended the throne. In his homeland, Suleiman received another nickname - Kanuni, which literally translates as ‘Fair’.

Let's consider the main features of the reign of Suleiman I:

• The beginning of the reign.

Upon ascending the throne of the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman showed kindness to his vassals. Because of this, Europeans mistakenly attributed to him some softness - they called him a “tender lamb” and rejoiced at his accession to the throne. Suleiman I actually began his reign without the traditional bloodthirsty massacre of his brothers. The previous sultan coped with this task, exterminating all competitors for the throne.

The second surprise for them was the Sultan’s decision to release from captivity the Egyptian merchants and artisans held by his father. This act allowed the empire to establish trade relations with its neighbors.

• Domestic policy.

In addition to military affairs, which brought fabulous profits to the empire, Suleiman was successful in matters related to domestic politics. On his instructions, the code of laws was updated, which led to the easing of punishments for crimes. There are fewer sentences to death or mutilation.

However, like his predecessors, the Sultan fiercely fought against corruption and other arbitrariness of officials. Thus, those who were caught bribery, forgery, or giving false testimony lost their right hand.

Suleiman the Magnificent is the patron of the world and a famous invader. During the years of his reign, many lands with subjects of different religions were added to the empire. Therefore, the Sultan slightly softened the current public dogma of Sharia. At his instigation, secular laws were adopted, but many of them did not take root, since the Sultan often disappeared on military campaigns.

He improved the education system in the empire. Many primary schools appeared, after which graduates could continue their studies in colleges operating at eight mosques. By the way, three mosques: Selimiye, Suleymaniye, Shehzade - were built according to his instructions. In addition to mosques, the Sultan also built several luxurious palaces.

In addition to his administrative, blacksmith and architectural talents, the Sultan had a poetic gift. He welcomed poets, and he himself composed rhymes. During his reign, Ottoman poetry, decorated with Persian florid syllable, flourished most. A new position appeared at court - a chronicler, who outlined current events in poetic form.

Despite his high status, Suleiman was interested in first-hand opinions about himself. To find out what the people thought of him, the Sultan sometimes went out into the city, dressed in simple clothes.

In 1538, Suleiman the Magnificent became caliph. According to tradition, the imams conducted a survey among Muslims.

• Foreign policy.

The Europeans did not long entertain illusions about the meek disposition of the new Sultan. A year after ascending the throne, he began his first military campaign. There were 13 of them in total, ten of them took place in Europe. And even the Turkish Sultan’s preparations for war with Hungary at first worried almost no one.

Let's learn more about the military victories of Suleiman the Magnificent. The first military campaign began with an attack on Hungary. It didn’t take long to look for a pretext for military action: the Hungarians refused to pay tribute to Suleiman. The Turks captured Fort Sabac. After Hungary, Belgrade was taken as a result of a grueling siege. Then the siege and capture of the island came next. Rhodes. The next strategic goal is to establish dominance in the Red Sea.

The corsair Hayreddin Barbarossa, a friend of the Sultan, who led the flotilla, subsequently conquered Algeria and became its ruler. From now on, the Algerian-Turkish fleet was the main military power of the Ottoman Empire in naval battles.

Attacks on European and Asian countries brought good profits to the treasury, because on its way the Sultan's army plundered and devastated all the villages it encountered. The captured local population was taken prisoner. Losing opponents were subject to tribute.

The rulers of the warring countries agreed to make peace in order to stop hostilities. The war with Austria ended with the conclusion of an agreement, under the terms of which Suleiman received the Center and East of the Hungarian Kingdom, and Austria undertook to pay 30 thousand ducats annually. Peace with Venice brought the Ottomans the islands, already captured by the corsairs, and two more cities in the Morea. In addition, Venice pledged to pay compensation in the amount of 30 thousand ducats.

Under the new Austro-Turkish peace agreement, Austria continued to pay tribute, and a Turkish administrative unit was formed in central Hungary. According to the peace concluded between the Safavids and the Ottomans, Iraq and the southeastern part of Anatolia were given to the Turks. Suleiman gave Transcaucasia to Shah Tahmasp, reserving the rights to Western Georgia.

The territory of the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent Photo: 24smi.org

In addition, the Sultan signed a secret agreement with the King of France, under the terms of which Algerian corsairs received the right to stop in the south of France.

A well-trained 200,000-strong Turkish army, a strong navy - power, thanks to which the Sultan almost never lost. The result of his military campaigns was the expansion of the borders of the empire. Suleiman captured most of Hungary, Slavonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yerevan, Nakhichevan, Algeria, Sudan, and a number of principalities in the Persian Gulf. Transylvania, Moldavia and Wallachia were added to the vassal possessions.

Suleiman I started a war with the Safavid Empire, attacked Austria, and threatened Venice. As a result of battles in the Aegean Sea, the corsairs defeated the Venetian fleet. However, the battles in the Indian Ocean were unsuccessful for the Turks.

In 1541–1556 Suleiman periodically helped the Crimean Khan to carry out raids on the Moscow state. Turkish troops took part in the attack on Moscow, Tula and Astrakhan. But active military operations against the Muscovites did not interest the Ottomans due to the great distance.

The twelfth and thirteenth military campaigns with the Austrians, launched in 1551 and 1566, did not significantly expand the borders of the empire. In May 1565, the corsairs lost a quarter of their ships in the battle for Malta and were forced to retreat.

The siege of the Hungarian fortress of Szigetvára began on August 7, 1566, and on September 5 the Sultan died not far from it in his tent from dysentery. His body was taken to Istanbul and buried next to his beloved wife.

Historians express the opinion that the Sultan’s heart is buried in the place where his camp tent stood. There, in 1577, Sultan Selim II built a mausoleum, which was subsequently destroyed in the 17th century.

Suleiman the Magnificent and his wives

Suleiman, like all rulers of that time, had his own harem. According to the descriptions of Europeans, despite some melancholy, he was very partial to women.

Thanks to his passionate nature, the ruler of the greatest power was remembered for his love stories. There were many legends about the life of his harem, some of them were filmed.

Let's find out more about his beloved wives:

1. His first wife (main concubine) - Fulane Sultan - gave birth to the 18-year-old Sultan's first child - Shehzade Mahmud. The boy died at the age of nine from smallpox. Fylane passed away in 1550.

2. The second wife Gulfem Khatun (the name given at birth was Rosalina; according to conflicting historical information, she was either Polish or Sicilian) in 1513 gave birth to a boy (Şehzade Murad) to the young sultan. He also died of smallpox in the same year as the first Shehzade. Due to the death of her son, Gulfem was excommunicated from the Sultan. But contrary to tradition, she remained in the harem as Suleiman’s adviser. And in 1562, a woman was strangled on his orders.

3. The third wife of the Sultan is Mehidevran, who was also called Gulbahar. The presumable origin of the concubine is Adygea. She bore the Sultan several sons, including Shehzade Mustafa, the future heir, who was executed in 1553 for plotting against his father. The traitor was strangled in the presence of his father. Mehidevran was sent to Bursa, where she died in 1581.

4. The fourth main concubine was Roksolana, called by her husband Hurrem (which means ‘joy’ in translation). Based on the conclusions of historians, she lived in Western Ukraine. According to limited information, her real name is Alexandra. She received her primary education as she was the daughter of a priest. Intelligence and literacy allowed her to stand out in the harem. She fell into slavery to the Turks at a very young age. Roksolana spent six years in the Sultan’s harem until Suleiman drew attention to her.

In 1521, she gave birth to his son Mehmed, then gave birth annually, giving her husband a daughter and three more sons. When Bayezid was born in 1525, their middle son died. Hurrem gave birth to her last son, Cihangir, in 1531.

In 1534, Suleiman freed her from slavery and entered into an official marriage. In the struggle for her powers and the Sultan’s favor, Roksolana weaved many intrigues. So, in addition to eliminating Mustafa (to clear the way for her son to the throne), the woman is also credited with reprisal against the vizier Ibrahim Pasha.

Suleiman's once best friend, who ruled the empire while the Sultan was on military campaigns, was accused of conspiring with the French court. This was the concubine’s revenge for not taking her influence into account. Since the Sultan swore not to execute the vizier, the strangulation occurred while he was sleeping, because, as the Sultan reasoned, being in the power of Morpheus is like death. After a festive dinner with the Sultan, the vizier was found strangled.

Hurrem had a great influence on the Sultan. According to the testimony of foreign diplomats, her influence extended beyond the foreign policy of the empire. After her death in 1558, her younger son Bayezid rebelled against his brother, the heir to the throne. But he was defeated and fled to the Safavid state. Suleiman then ransomed him from captivity from Shah Tahmasp for 400 thousand gold pieces. In 1561, Bayezid and all five of his sons were executed.

A prudent strategist, a brave conqueror and a humanist, Sultan Suleiman I strengthened the power and expanded the borders of the Ottoman Empire. During his reign, the empire reached unprecedented prosperity. These were golden times for the Turkish state.

Suleiman was remembered not only as a brave warrior and conqueror of the world, but also as a patron of the arts and a passionate lover. The life story of this great man is extremely interesting!

Descendants today Ottoman empires live in Turkey, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, as well as in European countries and the USA. After the collapse of the empire around 30 years the family spent in exile.

The last active prince of the ruling dynasty was Osman Ertugrul Osmanoğlu. Aged 12 years he had to leave the palace, he lived in Austria And USA, and return to the main residence Osmanov could only through 68 years old.

Posta.com.tr

Osman Ertugrul Osmanoğlu and his second wife Zeynep Tarzi

Osman Ertugrul Osmanoğlu died at home in 2009 year. However Imperial House of Ottomans has not ceased to exist, members of a large dynasty maintain relationships, gather for annual meetings in Bodrum and keep the hope of becoming one family again, as befits those in whose veins royal blood flows.

Osman Salahaddin Osmanoglu- direct descendant of the Sultan Murad V– reacted to the appearance of the series on air "Magnificent century" At once. When asked by journalists how he feels about criticism of historical errors and the film’s inconsistency with the facts, Osman Salahaddin answered with the wisdom characteristic of the Sultan’s heir: “ This is a series, not a historical documentary. It is necessary to distinguish between these two genres. If it were a documentary, it would receive even more critical reviews, but this is a series."

In the same time Osman He also noticed something with which he categorically disagreed. Of course, in preparation for filming, the creators of the series researched a lot of historical materials, but in terms of awareness they still cannot compete with the real descendants of the Sultan’s family Suleiman. “As you know, the Sultan ruled 46 years old, - comments Osman Salahaddin Osmanoglu.- If you calculate the total distance that he covered on his hikes, the figure comes out to 48,000 km. These 48,000 km the sultan overcame not by "Mercedes" with air conditioning, and on horseback, and these trips still took him a lot of time. “I want to say that the Sultan simply physically could not spend so much time in his harem.”

tarihvemedeniyet.org

Orhan Murad on a walk with his family

Son Osman prince Orhan Murad lives in England. He owns an investment company and has two sons. Orhan Murad I also watched a few episodes "Magnificent Century". According to him, now he is even a little jealous, because when he mentions Ottoman Empires now remember the film first. However, these feelings do not prevent him from remaining fair, like his great ancestor: “Thanks to this film, hundreds of people are feeding their families. Whether we like the film or not, we have no right to take someone else’s bread.”

Roxanne Counter was named after her famous ancestor

But the women of the kind Osmanov in its relation to "To the Magnificent Century" much more loyal. Despite their hot temperament, they remain women and are not averse to observing relationships in a harem with curiosity. Heir to the Sultan Abdul Hamida II – Roxanne Kunter- famous in Turkey TV presenter of sports news. Roxanne like the game Meryem Uzerli, although for the role Alexandra Anastasia Lisowska the producers of the series also considered her candidacy.

kelebekgaleri.hurriyet.com.tr

Fatma Nazlishah Osmanoğlu Sultan was married to the Prince of Egypt

Granddaughter of the last Sultan Ottoman empires Mehmed VI Fatma Nazlishah Osmanoglu Sultan born before the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Grandfather Fatma Mehmed was overthrown, accused of treason and fled the country. Fatme Nazlishah at that time it was 4 years, and return to Turkey she only succeeded in 1957 year. The title of the oldest member of the dynasty passed to her in 2009 year, but in 2012 year she died. Son Fatma Abbas Hilmi bears the title of prince Egyptian.

Yesterday, it turns out, the mother of Suleiman the Magnificent was commemorated in Turkey - Valide Sultan Ayşe Hafsa Sultan, who died on this day... 5 (!!) centuries ago - March 19, 1534. On this occasion, Mevlid was read in the mosque - a religious “poem” about the life of the Prophet Muhammad. It’s simply amazing - what respect for history and memory of it! In our country, Russian tsars are not even remembered on the day of their death, much less their mothers.

I’m watching this maman now in the same series “Luxury Age”, I really like the actress Nebahat Çehre herself, who looks great at 66 years old (of course, there was plastic surgery, but still :)), and how she plays royally.

From the film I understood that the Sultan's mother originally from Crimea(although there is another version - from Polish Jews). In the first episode, she calmed down Alexandra-Roksolana, who was still rebelling against her future brilliant fate, in broken Russian: shut up, shut up! :) Hee hee. :)

Naturally, I immediately climbed in to see how things were with heredity among the sultans.

So, of the 35 wives of the sultans(from the 14th to the 20th century, throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire), those hwhose sons became sultans,only four (at the very beginning of the empire) were Turkish. And for some reason, two of them had completely non-Turkish names - Olga and Veronica. So, I think there is something fishy here too. The rest are all foreigners!!! They poured fresh blood into the ruling dynasty. :) Most of all - of Serbian and Greek origin, there are Italians, Georgians, Circassians, Bulgarians, Romanians... And all these “Turkish” Alife, Hatice, Saliha, Aishe (...) once upon a time, in their “past” lives were Cecilias, Helens, Marias, Anastasias, Olgas, Katarinas, Agnes, Sonya...

Here it is, in fact, a list found on the Internet and dug through by me with the help of Turkish Wikipedia:

List of all mothers of the Sultans of the Ottoman Empire:

1. Haima Khatun- wife of Ertugrul Ghazi, mother of Osman I - the first Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (since 1299), Turkish.

2. 1324: Mal Khatun- wife of Osman I, mother of Orhan the Victorious, Turkish, daughter of Omer Bey, although according to some assumptions, she was the daughter of Sheikh Edebali.

3. 1359 - unknown: Nilufer Khatun- wife of Orhan Ghazi, mother of Murad I (Godlike). Possibly of Greek origin. The first name is Holofira.

4. 1389 - unknown: Gulcicek Hatun- wife of Murad I, mother of Bayazid I (Lightning). Greek origin. The first name is Maria.

5. Devlet Khatun- wife of Bayezid I, mother of Mehmed I, Turkish. At the same time, Turkish Wikipedia writes that her first name is Olga. Such a good Turkish name. :)

6. 1421-1449: Emine (Amina) Khatun- third wife of Mehmed I, mother of Murad II. Daughter of Nasreddin Mehmed Bey, Turkish. The same situation as with the previous Devlet Khatun-Olga, this Turkish woman was Veronica.

7 . 1432-unknown: Huma Khatun- concubine of Murad II (was not one of the official wives), mother of Mehmed II (the Conqueror). Pabout assumptions - Greek.

8. 1481-1492:Amina Gul-Bahar (or Gulbagare Khatun) The first is the wife of Mehmed II, the mother of Bayezid II. Albanian or Serbian origin. The first name is Comelia.

9. 1453-1510: Gul-Bahar Sultan the Second- wife of Bayezid II, mother of Selim I. Greek.

10. 1520-1534:Ayisha Hâfize Sultan- wife of Selim I and mother of Suleiman I (the Magnificent) - daughter of Mengli I Giray from the Crimean Khanate. Most likely, they come from the Crimean Tatars. According to another version - from Polish Jews.

11. Hurrem Haseki Sultan- wife of Suleiman I, mother of Selim II. The famous Roksolana, Ukrainian.

12. 1574-1583: Afife Nur-Banu- wife of Selim II, mother of Murad III. Born Cecilia Vernier-Baffo,

13. 1594-1603: Safiye- wife of Murad III, mother of Mehmed III. Born Sophia Baffo, and like her predecessor and cousin, was of noble Venetian origin.

14. 1603-1603: Handan- wife of Mehmed III, mother of Ahmed I. Greek, first name is Elena.

15. Fjuldane- wife of Mehmed III, mother of Mustafa I. Abkhazian.

16. 1617-1621: Mah Firuze Hatice- wife of Ahmed I, mother of Osman II. Serbian origin, first name is Maria, or Maritsa.

17. 1623-1648: Mah Peyker Kösem- another wife of Ahmed I, mother of Murad IV and Ibrahim I. GRussian Bosnian origin, first name - Anastasia.

18. 1648-1683: Turhan Hatice- wife of Ibrahim I, mother of Mehmed IV. Rusyn origin (people in Ukraine). The first name is Nadya.

19. 1687-1689: Saliha Dilyashub- another wife of Ibrahim I, mother of Suleiman II. Serbian origin. The first name is Katarina.

20. Hatice Muazzez- another wife of Ibrahim I, mother of Ahmed II. From Polish Jews. The first name is Eva.

21. 1695-1715: Mah Pare Ummatullah Rabiyya Gul-Nush (well, what a name - you can’t pronounce it!)- wife of Mehmed IV, mother of Mustafa II and Ahmed III. Greek from Crete.

22. 1730-1739: Saliha Sebkati- wife of Mustafa II, mother of Mahmud I. Turkish Wikipedia: Greek, first name is Alexandra.

23. 1754-1756: Shekhsuvar- another wife of Mustafa II, mother of Osman III. Serbian origin. The first name is Maria.

2 4. 1789-1807: Emine Mihr-i-Shah- wife of Ahmed III, mother of Mustafa III. Georgian. The first name is Janet.

25. Rabia Shermi Sultan- another wife of Ahmet III, mother of Abdul Hamid I. Georgian. The first name is Ida.

26. Mihr-i-Shah Valide Sulta n - wife of Mustafa III, mother of Selim III. Genoese, first name - Agnes.

27. 1807-1808: Aishe Seniyeperver- wife of Abdul Hamid I, mother of Mustafa IV. Bulgarian origin. The first name is Sonija.

28. 1808-1817: Naqsh-i-Dil Haseki- another wife of Abdul Hamid I and mother of Mahmud II. F Frenchwoman. Legends persistently attribute to her a relationship with Napoleon's wife Josephine.

29. 1839-1852: Bezm-i-Alem- first wife of Mahmud II, mother of Abdul-Mejid. Russian-Jewish or Georgian-Jewish origin. The first name is Susie.

30. 1861-1876: Pertav-Nihal- wife of Mahmud II, mother of Abdulaziz. Romanian origin.

31. 1876-1876: Shevkefza- wife of Abdulmecid, mother of Murad V. Mingrelian origin (ethnographic group of Georgians).

32. Tir-i-Muzhgan Kadynefendi- another wife of Abdul-Mejid, mother of Abdulhamid II. Armenian.

33. 1876-1904: Rahima Piristou- another wife of Abdul-Mecid, ADOPTION mother of Abdul-Hamid II. Circassian origin.

34. Gulcemal Kadynefendi- another wife of Abdul-Mecid (what a man! He was married five times!), mother of Mehmet V. Albanian or Circassian, it is not known for sure.

35. Gülustu Kadınefendi- the last wife of Abdulmecid, mother of the last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmet VI. Circassian.

Here they are all - 35 heads, hanging on the wall in an Istanbul bathhouse (!)

The bathhouse in the historical center, apparently on the site of the old Roman-Byzantine one, is fully functioning, 30 euros for entry, bathhouse attendant/services - separately...

Waiting room

But let's return to the sultans, in order, from left to right, from top to bottom (the top photo, of course, is clickable - to better see the characters):

1) Osman I (1299-1326) Ghazi - “Fighter for the Faith”
Founder of the dynasty (and state based on a small feudal possession of the collapsed Rum Seljuk Sultanate), “land collector”, son Ertogrul . Bay

2) Orhan I (1326-1359)
Married to the daughter of a Byzantine emperor John VI . “Invented” the Janissaries (young Christian captives - later received in the form of tax/tribute - were converted to Islam and trained as warriors). Under him, the Turks crossed into Europe and occupied Gallipoli. Bay

3) Murad I (1359-1389)
Significantly expanded the European possessions of the Turks. He was the first to take the title of Sultan. In the struggle for the throne he defeated his brothers. Killed by a Serb M.Obilich (approached the Sultan under the guise of a defector; apparently the Serbs have this kind of fun - in 1914 something similar would lead to the 1st World War...) during the battle on Kosovo. Byzantium became a de facto vassal of the Turks

4) Bayezid I (1389-1402) - Yildirim - "Lightning"
Introduced preventive fratricide. Married to the daughter of a Serbian prince captured on Kosovo and executed Lazarus . He defeated the crusaders at Nikopol (1396), and executed most of the noble prisoners (instead of ransom!). Completed the conquest of Serbia and Bulgaria. Besieged Constantinople. Defeated by Timur , captured, lived in an iron cage (didn’t last long), “worked” as a footstool

5) Mehmed I (1413-1421) - Celebi - "Scholar"
He reassembled the empire after it fell apart due to Timur’s campaign, defeated his brothers, and minimized losses from 10 years of civil strife. He spent some time as a hostage at his court. Vlad Dracul - son of Mircea Wallachian

6) Murad II (1421-44, 1446-51)
Besieged Constantinople. He defeated the crusaders at Varna (1444) and on the Kosovo field (2nd battle, 1448), deciding the fate of the Balkans. In Albania he fought with G.K. Scandenberg . He “retired” for 2 years in favor of his son.

7) Mehmed II (1444-46, 1451-81) Fatih - "Conqueror"
Captured Constantinople, took the title of "Kaiser a-Rum" - Roman Caesar. Captured the Trebizond Empire. Under him, the Crimean Khanate became a Turkish vassal. Raided southern Italy (1480-81)

8) Bayezid II (1481-1512)
Under him, clashes began with the Persian Shiites (and their supporters within the empire) and the Mamluks. Brother Cem fled to the West, they tried to use him in the fight against the Turks. The most significant wave of Spanish Jewish immigration occurred during his reign. Abdicated the throne.

9) Selim I (1512-1520) Yavuz - "Fierce"
He rebelled against his father and after the defeat fled to Crimea. He returned, poisoned his renounced father (according to rumors) and killed all his male relatives (brothers, nephews, etc.). Organized an ethno-religious cleansing of Shiites in the regions bordering Persia (approximately 45,000 corpses). Conquered Syria, Palestine and Egypt (1516-17, approximately 50,000 corpses in Cairo, including 800 Mamluk beys). He was the first to accept the title of caliph, received the keys to Mecca and Medina (and Jerusalem - to the heap).

10) Suleiman I (1520-66) Kanun - "Fair"
Captured Rhodes, divided Hungary with the Habsburgs (the beginning of the confrontation). Unsuccessful rivalry with the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean (all the way to Sumatra, for which the admiral was executed Piri Reis ). Besieged Vienna and Malta. Captured Mesopotamia (with Baghdad, 1534), Tripolitania (1541), Sudan (1557). Invaded Morocco and Ethiopia. Planned to build a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea. Under him he was captured and executed Dm. Vishnevetsky (Bayda). The Ottoman fleet was based at Marseille (under the command H. Barbarossa) . Beloved wife - Roksolana from Southern Russia (with her begins the era of intervention in the politics of the Sultan's wives and mothers-in-law). Issued a general code of laws of the empire. With him Sinan built the Suleymaniye Mosque. The main character of the series "The Magnificent Century" (if I haven't watched it!)

11) Selim II (1566-74) Sarhosh - "The Drunkard"
The first unsuccessful clash with Russia over Astrakhan, planned to build the Volga-Don Canal (1569). Captured Cyprus (1571). Suffered a naval defeat at Lepanto (1571, the significance is exaggerated in the West). Reconquered Tunisia (1574). He gave the monopoly of the alcohol trade to his close Jew - Joseph Nasi (according to rumors, he wanted to become the king of Cyprus, but the Sultan decided that the income from the "shinks" was enough). He carried out a total confiscation of the real estate of the Orthodox Church (with the right to buy it at auction; a few rich monasteries and parishes survived). With him Sinan built the Selimiye Mosque in Adrianople (the dome is almost equal in diameter to St. Sophia, which Selim II repaired). Drowned in the pool.

12) Murad III (1574-1595)
Conquered all of Transcaucasia (another war with Persia). Trek to the shores of Mozambique (1585 and 89). He ordered the execution of his mute brothers, handing them silk scarves for strangulation with tears in his eyes (as his Jewish doctor writes - well, how can you not remember “The Simpsons” - Africa, on the poster there is a man, a taxi driver: “this is our new president, a good man - came to power without shedding a drop of blood - he strangled everyone!"). Under him, the harem grows and acquires the features of a “shadow” royal palace (hundreds of living and serving people). The Ecumenical Patriarchate loses the Pammakaristos Church and moves to the Church of St. George in the Fener region (where it is located to this day). Damage to money due to the price revolution (Discovery of America).

13) Mehmed III (1595-1603)
The last sultan, who passed the practice of government administration before ascending the throne, leading the province.

14) Ahmed I (1603-17)
Azerbaijan is lost. He did not engage in fratricide - he simply kept his relatives locked up in a harem. There is a student with him Sinana built the Blue Mosque (the only one with 6 minarets and the first imperial mosque not with funds from conquests) and overhauled St. Sophia.