Birds of open and near-water areas of the USSR. Mosaic of the planet Enemies, unfavorable factors

Pacific Gull

Pacific Gull - Larus schistisagus

A large gull (wingspan up to one and a half meters) with a white head, black-gray wings and back, pink legs.

The beak is yellow with a round red spot below. The wing tip is black with white spots. Juveniles are grayish with a gray tail. Two-year-olds sometimes have black transverse stripes on their beak and tail and then differ from the black-tailed gull only in their larger size and almost black back.

It nests on the rocky shores of the Far Eastern seas and winters in ice-free waters.

Table 27. - long-tailed skua; - short-tailed skua (303a - light form, 303b - dark form); - skua (light form); - great skua; - head of an Antarctic skua; - herring gull (309a - adult, 309b - young); - southern herring gull; - northern herring gull; - chickweed; - sea gull; 314 - slaty-backed gull; - black-tailed gull; - burgomaster; - black-headed gull.

Encyclopedia of Russian nature. - M.: ABF. R.L. Boehme, V.L. Dinets, V.E. Flint, A.E. Cherenkov. 1998 .

See what "Pacific Gull" is in other dictionaries:

slaty gull- Tolimųjų Rytų kiras statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas atitikmenys: lot. Larus schistisagus engl. Slaty backed gull vok. Kamtschatkamöwe, f rus. slaty-backed gull, f pranc. goéland à manteau ardoisé, m ryšiai: platesnis terminas – tikrieji… … Paukščių pavadinimų žodynas

Seagull (bird)- The request "Seagull" is redirected here. See also other meanings. ? Gulls Common or black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus) Scientific classification ... Wikipedia

Larus argentatus see also 10.11.1. Genus Gull Larus Herring Gull Larus argentatus Large (much larger than a crow, wingspan about 1.3 m) gull with a white head and silver-gray back and wings. The beak is massive, yellow with... ... Birds of Russia. Directory

Larus marinus see also 10.11.1. Genus Gulls Larus Seagull Larus marinus A very large gull (wingspan about one and a half meters), similar in color to the black whale, but the back and wings are completely black with a white border along the edge of the wing. Legs are pink... ... Birds of Russia. Directory

Larus crassirostris see also 10.11.1. Genus Gulls Larus Black-tailed gull Larus crassirostris Medium-sized (wingspan about a meter) gull, similar in color to the Pacific gull, but slightly lighter, with black stripes along the edge of the tail and ... Birds of Russia. Directory

Pacific Gull

Pacific Gull - Larus schistisagus

A large gull (wingspan up to one and a half meters) with a white head, black-gray wings and back, pink legs.

The beak is yellow with a round red spot below. The wing tip is black with white spots. Juveniles are grayish with a gray tail. Two-year-olds sometimes have black transverse stripes on their beak and tail and then differ from the black-tailed gull only in their larger size and almost black back.

It nests on the rocky shores of the Far Eastern seas and winters in ice-free waters.

Table 27. — long-tailed skua; — short-tailed skua (303a — light form, 303b — dark form); — skua (light form); — great skua; — head of an Antarctic skua; — herring gull (309a — adult, 309b — young); — southern herring gull; - northern herring gull; - chickweed; - sea gull; 314 - slaty gull; — black-tailed gull; - burgomaster; - black-headed laughter.

Encyclopedia of Russian nature. — M.: ABF. R.L. Boehme, V.L. Dinets, V.E. Flint, A.E. Cherenkov. 1998 .

Herring gull Herring gull Herring gull - Larus argentatus see also 10.11.1. Genus of Gull - Larus Herring Gull - Larus argentatus Large (much larger than a crow, wingspan about 1.3 m) gull with a white head and silver-gray back and wings. The beak is massive, yellow with a round tip

Sea gull Sea gull Sea gull - Larus marinus see also 10.11.1. Genus of Gull - Larus Seagull - Larus marinus A very large gull (wingspan about one and a half meters), similar in color to the black whale, but the back and wings are completely black with a white border along the edge of the wing. The legs are pink. Young with ocher

Black-tailed Gull Black-tailed Gull Black-tailed Gull - Larus crassirostris see also 10.11.1. Gull genus - Larus Black-tailed gull - Larus crassirostris Medium-sized (wingspan about a meter) gull, similar in color to the Pacific gull, but slightly lighter, with black stripes along the edge of the tail and butt

Southern Herring Gull Southern Herring Gull Southern Herring Gull - Larus cachinnans see also 10.11.1. Gull Genus - Larus Southern Herring Gull - Larus cachinnans Very similar to the Herring Gull, but the legs are yellow. Breeds on lakes and sea islands of southern Russia east to Altai, winters on Cherny, Az

Northern Herring Gull Northern Herring Gull Northern Herring Gull - Larus heuglini see also 10.11.1. Genus of Gull - Larus Northern Herring Gull - Larus heuglini Similar to the herring gull, but the back and wings are dark, slate gray, the legs are yellow or pink. Breeds on seas, lakes and rivers

Order of Gulls (Lari, or Lariiormes) Order of Gulls (Lari, or Lariiormes) The order of gulls is a relatively small group of birds of medium, small and less often large sizes. According to some signs, they are approaching, on the one hand, waders, and on the other, guillemots. Being cramped

Pacific Gull - Larus schistisagus

Appearance.

Similar to a sea gull, but smaller, lighter wings. The beak is short and massive. Young ones are grayish-brown with a lighter underpart.

Lifestyle.

Inhabits islands and sea coasts of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk with sandy beaches and steep rocky shores. Sedentary and nomadic bird. Numerous in places.

It nests in colonies on isolated cliffs or on the tops of steep cliffs. The nest, made of dry grass and feathers, is located among dense vegetation, usually near a cliff.

The clutch starts from the beginning of May and consists of 2-3 ocher or greenish-olive eggs with black spots. Voice like a sea gull. It feeds on marine invertebrates (crabs, sea urchins), fish, chicks, bird eggs, eats carrion and waste from fishing and hunting, and often flies inland where it catches voles and insects.

The eggs of slaty gulls are eaten. It differs from the sea gull in its lighter wings (not found together in nature).

Reference books by geographer and traveler V.E. Flint, R.L. Boehme, Yu.V. Kostin, A.A. Kuznetsov. Birds of the USSR. Publishing house "Mysl" Moscow, edited by prof. G.P. Dementieva. Image: "Ooseguro-kamome" by E-190 - E-190"s file. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ooseguro-kamome.jpg # /media/File:Ooseguro-kamome.jpg

Large seagull. It differs from the herring and grey-winged gulls by the darker color of the upperparts, and from the sea gull and black-billed gull, with which it is not found, by the lighter coloring of the upperparts of the body. The entire nesting area is located within the USSR. It breeds in close proximity to the sea and does not go inland. Ecology and demonstrative behavior, like other large white-headed gulls. The voice is significantly higher than that of the sea gull and the black black gull, and slightly higher than that of the grey-winged gull.

Description

Coloring (Firsova, 1975a). Male and female in breeding plumage. The head, neck, neck, upper tail coverts and tail coverts, as well as the entire underside and sides of the body are white. The back, shoulder and upperwing coverts are dark slate. Large humeri with a wide white border at the ends, all primaries with white tips. II–III primary black with a slate-gray wedge-shaped field on the inner web; on II, a white preapical band is up to 4 cm wide; on III, a white rounded preapical spot usually develops. Further towards the proximal end of the brush, the area of ​​slate-gray coloring expands, pushing the black color towards the tip of the feather. On VI–VII, only a narrow preapical band remains, which on V–VII is delimited from the slate-gray area by a white spot. VIII–XI slate with white tips. The secondaries are slate-gray with wide white edges at the apices. The wing feathers are the same color with white bases and outer webs. The beak is yellow with a red spot in the apical part of the mandible, the legs are flesh-pink.

Male and female in winter plumage. The head, neck, neck, and sometimes the upper part of the chest have a brownish-brown longitudinal pattern. The iris is golden-yellow, the edges of the eyelids are pink, other plumage is as in the previous outfit.

Down outfit. The color of the upperparts is spotted; on a grayish-brown background there are black spots, smaller and sharply outlined on the head. The front of the neck and chest are also spotted, the belly is pure white. An ocher coating is developed on the forearm, lower back and abdomen. The beak is light at the top and dark two-thirds from the base, the legs are grayish-flesh, the fingers and claws are slightly darker than the membranes.

Nesting outfit. The upper side of the body is dark brown, there are small light streaks on the head, and on the neck they are larger and sparse. The neck is dark brown, uniform in color, with whitish bases of feathers visible here and there. On the feathers of the interscapular region, humerus and most of the upper coverts of the forearm, off-white marginal edges are well developed, which create a scaly pattern of these areas of the plumage; on the back these edges are somewhat less developed. Rear end The backs and upper tail coverts are more variegated than the front part of the back, since large brown apical and white distal-lateral spots are developed on the feathers here. The underside of the body is dark brown, but noticeably lighter than the back. The chin and upper part of the neck are whitish, with small dark streaks. The neck and upper part of the chest have a fine whitish transverse pattern, which is formed by very narrow, indistinct marginal edges on the feathers. On the abdomen this transverse mottled pattern is less pronounced. The undertail is more variegated. II–VI primary flight feathers are uniform, dark brown, slightly darker than the main color tone of the upper side of the body, and lighter towards the proximal end of the manus. On VII-XI, narrow marginal edges are developed, expanding in the same direction. The secondaries are brown with lighter inner webs and a clear brownish-ochre border at the tips and along the edge of the outer webs. The tail feathers are colored like the distal primaries, with narrow whitish marginal edges; on the outer webs of the outer pair there are narrow whitish spots, almost merging into edges. At the base of all tail feathers, whitish streaks are also noticeable, especially developed on the outer pairs. The beak is solid black with a lighter apical part.

First winter outfit. It differs from the previous one in the lighter plumage of the forehead, back of the head, neck and chin. The entire plumage is more faded and worn, which is why the edge edges on the feathers of the upper side of the body stand out less clearly.

First summer outfit. It differs from the previous and subsequent outfits in the lighter color of its plumage. It also differs from the first winter plumage in that a slate coating appears on some of the fresh feathers in the interscapular area.

Second winter outfit. It differs from the first winter one in the lighter brownish tone of the color of fresh feathers and the admixture of slate tones on them, as well as in less distinctness of the pattern. The color of the primaries in the described plumage is slate-brown, noticeably darker than in fresh nest feathers.

Second summer outfit. It differs from the previous one in the presence of a slate-gray triangle in the upper part of the back and faded and worn flight wings and tail feathers.

Third winter outfit. It differs from the second winter one in the presence of a white preapical spot on II and a grayer coloration of the remaining primary flight feathers, as well as a predominantly slate-gray coloration of the upper wing coverts.

Third summer outfit. It differs from the previous one in its pure white head and heavily worn flight feathers and tail feathers.

Fourth winter outfit. It differs from the third winter by the absence of brown tones on the proximal primaries and on the upper coverts of the forearm, from the final winter - by the remnants of brown spots on the first (reduced) primaries, some upper manus coverts and wing feathers.

Fourth summer outfit. It differs from the previous one in its pure white head and heavily faded and worn flight wings and tail feathers.

Structure and dimensions

Dimensions (mm):

Wing length:
Males: (n = 46) - 408-467 (average 438);
Females: (n = 31) - 391-455 (average 417).

Beak length:
Males: (n = 46) - 53.7-64.1 (average 62.0);
Females: (n = 31) - 48.0–59.4 (average 53.8).

Shank length:
Males: (n = 46) - 64.6-86.0 (average 73.9);
Females: (n = 31) - 59.8–78.9 (average 67.7).

Shedding

In the first winter plumage, it is partial, covering a few feathers on the head, neck, neck and mantle, and in some specimens, in addition, it affects single feathers on the rump, chest and sides. Molting in the first summer plumage is also partial, covering the plumage of the head, neck, neck and interscapular region. The timing of the course is not clear; in June the outfit is already fully formed. The molting into the second winter plumage is complete and begins already in June. The timing of the end of this molting in our material is not clear. The moult in the second summer plumage is partial and covers the plumage of the head, neck, neck, mantle and chest. The timing of its occurrence is not clear. The molting into the third winter plumage is complete and begins at the end of May: at this time the 11th primary falls. The timing of the end of this moult is not clear. The moult in the third summer plumage is partial and covers the plumage of the head, neck, neck, wing coverts, as well as the chest and abdomen. The timing of its occurrence is not clear; according to Dwight (1925), it supposedly occurs in April-May. Molting into the fourth winter coat is complete and occurs in June - November. Molting into the fourth summer plumage is partial, covering mainly the plumage of the head, neck, neck, small shoulders and chest. Judging by our materials, it occurs in a short time in April. The molt into the fifth (final) winter coat is complete and occurs in June - October.

Subspecies taxonomy

Monotypic species.

Notes on taxonomy

The views of various researchers on the systematic position and taxonomic rank of this gull have not yet been finally established. A. Bent (Bent, 1921) and J. Dwight (Dwight, 1925) considered it an independent species, close to the herring gull. B.K. Stegmann (19346) gave it the status of a subspecies of the sea gull, L.A. Portenko (1963, 1973) - the eastern subspecies of the herring gull. Later studies of age and seasonal variability of plumage (Firsova, 1975a, 1986), carried out on new serial material, confirmed the assumption made earlier by K. A. Yudin that the slaty-backed gull belongs to a special complex of large white-headed gulls living in the Pacific basin. Neither the herring gull nor the sea gull are included in this complex.

Spreading

Nesting area. Almost entirely located within the USSR (Fig. 37), it covers the coasts of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Kamchatka (north to Ugolnaya Bay), the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island, extending south to Primorye inclusive (Allen, 1905; Gizenko, 1955; Nechaev, 1975; Yakhontov, 1975 a, b; Kishchinsky, 1980; Litvinenko, 1980; Kharitonov, 1980a; Firsova et al., 1981; ZIN). Outside the USSR, two colonies are known off the northwestern and southeastern coasts of Hokkaido Island (Fennell, 1953; Fujimaki, 1961; Watanuki, 1982). On the same island, a single case of nesting was recorded on Cape Shakotan (Mazda, Higuchi, 1976) .

Figure 37.
1, 5 - nesting area, 2 - separate settlements of the slaty-backed gull, 3 - wintering places of the slaty-backed gull, 4, 7 - migrations on the territory of the USSR, 6 - random nesting of the grey-winged gull

Wintering

The winter range covers the southern breeding areas from the ice-free coasts of the Bering and Okhotsk Seas, the southwestern and eastern coasts of Kamchatka to the islands of Hokkaido, Ryukd and Taiwan (Chersky, 1915; Austin, Kuroda, 1953; Gore, Won, 1971; Shuntov, 1972), During migrations, this gull was observed and caught much to the north and east of the breeding areas: in Chukotka (Tomkovich, Morozov, 1982), Wrangel Island (Stishov et al., 1985), the Aleutian Islands and off the coast of Alaska (Nelson, 1887; Clark , 1910; Hersey, 1917; Swarth, 1934; Gabrielson, Lincoln 1959; Murie, 1959).

Migrations

In spring in the northern part Pacific Ocean(north of 30° N) migrations begin in March. Thus, in the East China Sea, off the southern coasts of Korea and Japan, spring movements of birds to the north become noticeable in the first half of March (Austin, Kuroda, 1953; Gore, Won, 1971). In the Seas of Japan and Okhotsk, migration also begins in March, but the bulk of migrants pass here in April and May (Shuntov, 1972). On the eastern coast of Kamchatka in the area of ​​the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, migrations usually begin on 9-11.IV and continue until the beginning of June, while immature individuals aged 1 to 3 years fly later (from the beginning of May) than adults (Firsova et al., 1982 ),

On the Commander Islands, migrating gulls appear in large numbers at the beginning of March and are common here until the end of May; solitary gulls are found until mid-June (Johansen, 1934). In the eastern part of the Bering Sea, migration begins only in early April (Shuntov, 1972). According to the observations of Shuntov (1972), in the Bering Sea, migration occurs mainly along the coasts, but some birds, along with other gulls, remain in open waters throughout the entire breeding season. Migrants fly through the Kronotsky Nature Reserve singly, in pairs or in small flocks of 4–8 individuals at an altitude of up to 250 m, sometimes moving strictly along the coastal edge, using rising air currents (Firsova et al., 1982).

The intensity of the flight is low; on some days in 1975, from 266 to 499 birds were recorded here; during the entire period of spring migration in the same year, about 22 thousand individuals were counted.

Massive autumn migrations of young fish in the coastal zone of the sea in the area of ​​the Kronotsky Nature Reserve and in the north of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk begin in early September (Allen, 1905; Firsova et al., 1982). From the middle of this month, migrations take on the character of a massive and directed flight, which in the vicinity of the reserve continues until the middle or end of October. The last migrants were observed here in mid-November. Most birds leave the western coast of Kamchatka in the second half of December, when the coastal fast ice appears; later only single individuals are found here. On the northern coast of Okhotsk near Gizhiga, migration is well expressed in early October (Allen, 1905); by the end of this month, only a few birds remain here.

In the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, autumn migrations are more intense than spring migrations. So, in 1975, in 1 hour near the village. In Zhupanovo, on individual days of mass migration, from 300 to 1,200 individuals were recorded (Firsova et al., 1982). The pattern of autumn migrations observed at individual points along the coast is in good agreement with the data obtained during marine research. The movements of gulls in the Bering, Okhotsk and Japan seas become noticeable in September, and in October they acquire a well-defined southern direction. In the Sea of ​​Japan, in the second half of October and November, there is an intense migration through the Tatar Strait and the La Perouse Strait. At the same time, there is a clear increase in the number of gulls in the North Pacific Ocean. Gulls arrive in the East China Sea at the end of October; here migrants mainly stick to the colder western part of the sea. In the Bering Sea and off the eastern coasts of Kamchatka, the slaty gull, unlike the herring gull and glaucous gull, sticks to the western half of the sea and almost does not go beyond the shelf; in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan, birds are widely dispersed throughout the entire water area, although the main flows of migrants also pass along the coasts ( Shuntov, 1972).

Habitat

In summer it prefers rocky islands at river mouths and on estuaries or kekuras on sea ​​coast. It does not go far into the mainland. In winter, it mainly stays in coastal shelf waters.

Number

It is best studied in the Kamchatka region. (Firsova et al., 1982). More than 200 settlements are known in this region total number at least 47 thousand pairs. The number of individual colonies here ranges from 10 to 1,500 pairs. Small settlements (up to 100 pairs) predominate, medium-sized (100–500 pairs) are almost half as numerous, and large (500–1000 pairs) there are only three. All of them were found off the eastern coasts of Kamchatka (Cape Shipunsky, Cape Stolbovoy, the mouth of the Zhupanova River). The largest colony (1,500 pairs) is located on Ptichy Island off the northeastern shores of Karaginsky Island. Judging by the literature, there are no large settlements on the Okhotsk coast, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin, as well as on the territory of Primorye (Gizenko, 1955; Labzyuk et al., 1971; Nechaev, 1975; Yakhontov, 1977). Small colonies of 250 and 144 pairs were found on Hokkaido Island (Watanuki, 1982).

It is difficult to judge general trends in population changes due to the lack of materials from previous years. On the island of Moneron (Nechaev, 1975) over the past 25 years the number has decreased slightly.

Reproduction

Daily activity, behavior

Pacific gulls are predominantly diurnal. Defensive behavior in chicks and adults, like most other gulls. When in danger, chicks hide in shelters or flee to the water. Adult individuals fly out to meet the intruder of the colony's borders, shout out to him or actively attack him, diving and touching him with their legs.

Nutrition

In all seasons, the basis of the diet is fish and marine invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans, sea ​​urchins and stars). During mass spawning, salmon rise up rivers (occasionally up to 30 km, usually no more than 10), where they eat spawned fish, or accompany bears catching fish and pick up the remains of their meals (Kishinsky, 1968; Velizhanin, 1972; data from L.V. Firsova). Throughout the year, and especially in winter, waste from fishing and hunting industries is a good source of nutrition. At the end of summer, birds willingly feed on coastal berry fields (Firsova et al., 1982). In the colonies, they do not miss the opportunity to profit from other people’s eggs or chicks. Off the coast of Hokkaido, black-tailed gull chicks make up 4.1% (by weight) of the diet (Watanuki, 1982).

Enemies, unfavorable factors

Like other ground-nesting gulls, slaty gulls suffer from land-based predators. In the north of Kamchatka, island colonies at river mouths are subject to devastation by bears and domestic deer. However, the main reasons for the death of young animals are unfavorable feeding or weather conditions.

Economic importance, protection

The species has no economic significance and no special protection measures are provided.