Old Russian architecture Churches, cathedrals, monasteries. Presentation on the MHK on the topic "Old Russian architecture" Practical work with a presentation of Old Russian architecture

Architecture.

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1037

Hagia Sophia was built in the 11th century in the center of Kyiv by order of Yaroslav the Wise. Inside the Cathedral, many ancient frescoes and mosaics have been preserved, including the famous mosaic of Our Lady of Oranta.

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv reflected a combination of Slavic and Byzantine traditions: thirteen joyful domes of the newest temple were placed on the base of the cross-domed church. This stepped pyramid of St. Sophia Cathedral resurrected the style of Russian wood architecture. Sophia Cathedral, made during the assertion and rise of Rus' under Yaroslav the Wise, showed that construction is also politics. Indeed, with this temple, Rus' challenged Byzantium, its recognized shrine - the St. Sophia Cathedral of Constantinople.

Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv

Fresco - Painting with water-based paints on freshly applied, damp plaster. Mosaic - an image made up of small pieces of marble or smalt (colored glass).

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The Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (in everyday life “The Great Church”) is the main cathedral church of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, the “God-created” prototype of all the monastery churches of Ancient Rus', the tomb of the Kyiv princes. It was founded in 1073 on the initiative of Theodosius of the Caves and built in three years with the money of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich.

Novgorod Sofia.

Hagia Sophia - main Orthodox church Veliky Novgorod, created in 1045-1050. In 1046 Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise and Princess Irina went to Novgorod to visit their son Vladimir to lay the foundation stone for the St. Sophia Cathedral, which was laid instead of the burned-out wooden church. Initially, the walls of the temple were not whitewashed, with the exception of the apses curvilinear in plan and the drums, covered with a layer of nodules. The inner sides of the walls were also exposed, while the vaults were originally plastered with opal and covered with frescoes. This design was chosen under the influence of the architecture of Constantinople, in which the marble cladding of the walls was combined with the mosaics on the vaults; however, the marble was replaced with limestone and the mosaics were replaced with frescoes. The bronze Magdeburg Gates in the Romanesque style with a large number of high reliefs and sculptures are mounted on the western portal.

The Church of the Savior on Nereditsa is a temple of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located 1.5 km south of Veliky Novgorod on the right bank of the former channel of the Small Volkhovets, on a small hill near the Rurik Settlement. It was erected in one season around 1198 under the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich in memory of two dead sons. The frescoes of Nereditsa are the most precious monument of Novgorod monumental painting of the 12th century.

The Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir - before the rise of Moscow, was the main (cathedral) temple of Vladimir - Suzdal Rus', in it Vladimir and Moscow princes were married for the great reign. One of the few temples in which the unique frescoes of Andrei Rublev have been preserved. The original white stone cathedral was built under Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky in 1158-1160.

The Dmitrievsky Cathedral of the city of Vladimir is a court cathedral erected by Vsevolod the Big Nest in the princely courtyard and consecrated in honor of the Great Martyr Dmitriy of Thessalonica, built in 1194-1197.

The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl is a white-stone church in the Vladimir region of Russia, one and a half kilometers from Bogolyubov 1165, the Church of the Intercession was built in memory of dead son Grand Duke Izyaslav Andreevich.

Golden Gate
an outstanding monument of ancient Russian architecture, located in the city of Vladimir. Built in 1164 under the Prince of Vladimir Andrei Bogolyubsky. In addition to defensive purposes, the gates also had a triumphal character. They decorated the main entrance to the richest princely-boyar part of the city. During the reign of Andrei Bogolyubsky, the city was surrounded by an extended shaft and had seven entrance gates (except for the Golden ones, these are Copper, Irinins or Orinins, Silver, Ivanovo, Trade and Volga). Only the Golden Gate has survived to this day.

St. George's Cathedral of St. George's Monastery - Orthodox church of St. George's Monastery (Veliky Novgorod). Built in 1119, it belongs to the monuments of ancient Russian architecture of the pre-Mongolian period. The construction of the cathedral, which became the main temple of the Yuriev Monastery, began in 1119. The initiator of the construction was the Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich. The construction of the cathedral lasted 11 years, before the end of its walls were covered with frescoes. The cathedral became the tomb of the abbots of the monastery, a number of Russian princes and Novgorod posadniks.

Cities of Russia Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve both the unhurried course of life, and the legacy of our ancestors, which is rightfully considered to be the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they could in Rus' without single nail. Many ancient Russian cities and villages managed to preserve both the unhurried course of life and the heritage of our ancestors, which is rightfully considered to be the treasures of Russia - kremlins and monasteries, churches and bell towers, stone chambers and log huts, built as they could in Rus' without a single nail .

Belfry of the Moscow Kremlin Bell tower of Ivan the Great in the Kremlin 14th century. It consists of 3 tiers and looks like an ancient wooden watchtower. On each tier there is a ringing gallery. Its height is 81 meters. Napoleon blew it up, but it survived. The belfry was installed in the year.

12 Russian culture Ancient Russian churches were not only a place of communion with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces unusually embodied the identity of the nation, country and state. Ancient Russian temples were not only a place of communication with God, but also centers of culture. Many unique temple buildings have been destroyed and resurrected from ruins over the past centuries. These amazing architectural masterpieces unusually embodied the identity of the nation, country and state.

Russian architecture, like all culture, developed under the influence of Byzantium. And this is understandable, since Rus' adopted Christianity from Byzantium.

The shape of Russian and Byzantine churches is cross-domed, that is, at the base of the temple is a cross, above it are vaults and a dome.

Sofia Kyiv

The first temples are multi-domed. The Kievan Sophia has 13 chapters.

The structure of the ancient Russian temple

dome

drum

mosquitoes

apse

portal

Vladimir school

Novgorod school

The temples of the Novgorod school are more squat, as if grown into the ground.

Vladimir churches, on the contrary, tend to the sky.

Novgorod churches have a lower dome, drum and apse.

Novgorod churches are not decorated, while Vladimir ones are decorated with arcade-columnar belt, they have carved zakomaras, a portal.

Vladimir school

Dmitrovsky Cathedral in Vladimir

Novgorod school

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa in Novgorod

Georgievsky Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Novgorod. 1119

This temple is characterized by the division of the form, the liberation of the internal space

Novgorod temples of the 14th century

The new form of the temple is a three-lobed completion.

Facades are decorated with many windows with their frames - brows.

Lancet windows also create a sense of upward movement.

This desire is also emphasized by the triangular completion of the three layers of the building wall.

The Church of Theodore Stratilates in Novgorod. 1361

Church of the Transfiguration in Novgorod. 1374

Vladimir school

This school developed in the 12th century, when the Vladimir-Suzdal principality became one of the leading ones. Temples are built of white stone. They are characterized by elongated proportions, aspiration upwards.

Vladimir churches are richly decorated.

Golden Gate in Vladimir

Five-domed Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

The temple is dedicated to the Intercession of the Mother of God, who, according to an old belief, held in her hands a board - a cover, protecting the city from enemies.

The temple was built in honor of the seventeen-year-old son of Andrei Bogolyubsky, young Izyaslav, who died in a fierce battle. Which folk tradition calls a cherry cut in bloom. The young man killed by the enemies may have been buried on the Nerlin hill or in the temple itself. Returning from a victorious campaign against the Volga Bulgars, Andrei grieved for his son, and he himself chose a place for this temple.

Moscow School 14th-15th centuries

With the advancing of the Moscow principality in the 14-15 centuries, the Moscow school of architecture began to develop. First, the temples of the Kremlin were built. But not a single temple has survived to our time.

The ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin is being created under the guidance of Italian architects. So the Assumption Cathedral was created in 1475-1479 by the architect Aristotle Fiorovanti. Although the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir was chosen as the basis for this temple, new qualities are clearly visible. This is integrity, geometrism of form, division, isolation of facade compositions, heavy weight, earthiness. It impresses with its power and monumentality.

Archangel Cathedral of the Kremlin

The more refined Archangel Cathedral, built by Aleviz Novy in 1505-1508. The grid of elegant order forms is interesting in this temple. Passing along the facade in two tiers. Decorative shells are inserted into zakomaras.

This temple is the tomb of the Moscow tsars.

Blagoveshchensky cathedral

Built by Pskovians in 1484-1489. This is the house church of the Moscow sovereigns.

Ivan the Great belltower

It was built in 1505-1508 by the architect Bon Fryazin. Prior to this, the bell towers were two-tiered or three-tiered belfries. Or the domes were under the drum of the temple.

Kolomenskoye

In the 16th century, the tent style appears.

The tent is a high pyramidal octahedral end of the temple.

The transition to the tent reflected the desire of the architects to emphasize the elevation.

The Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye became a masterpiece of tented art.

Wooden palace in Kolomenskoye, the eighth wonder of the world

Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral)

This is the most complex hipped temple. Built by Barma and Postnik in 1550-1560s by order of Ivan the Terrible. It's not just one building. A whole ensemble of nine buildings. The central pillar ends with a tent, and the rest, lower ones, with domes.

This temple. In addition to the complexity of its form. It impresses with its decorative effect. Not a single surface is left without articulations or without color features. Each chapter differs from the other both in color and in carvings.

Churches of the 17th century

Zakomary

Churches of the 17th century

Five-domed Trinity Church in Nikitniki 1626-1653

One-domed church

secular architecture

Civil engineering expanded in the 17th century. An example of such a building is the English Court. It is believed that Aleviz built it.

In the Kremlin, Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Tefil Sharutin and Larion Ushakov built the picturesque and festive Terem Palace.

It has a tiered structure: on the basement with a mound there are royal chambers, and above them is a golden-domed tower with a watchtower.

Naryshkin style Church of the Intercession in Fili

This style developed in the 17th century. At the base of the temple is a four, on it is an octagon, then another, smaller, then another, even smaller, and finally an onion-shaped dome. The transitions between the tiers were especially decorated.

These temples were created from red brick, the decor was white stone.

Novodevichy Convent

Significant role in the defense system ancient capital assigned to monasteries. It was at the walls of the Novodevichy Convent that the troops of Kazy Giray were defeated.

The wooden walls of the Novodevichy Convent were replaced with stone ones simultaneously with the construction of the White City. The Kremlin served as a model for them.

Transfiguration Gate Church

Which cathedral is one of the most ancient, many-domed?

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

Sofia Kyiv

Church of the Savior on Nereditsa

St Basil's Church

In what century was the Assumption Cathedral built in the Kremlin?

Which architect designed St. Basil's Cathedral?

Bon Fryazin

Aleviz New

Aristotle Fiorovanti

Barma

Which cathedral was built by order of Andrei Bogolyubsky?

Assumption Cathedral

in Vladimir

Sofia Kyiv

Dmitrovsky Cathedral

in Vladimir

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl

Why were the first churches called cross-domed? Because …

Above their dome is a cross

At their base is a cross,

and above it is a dome

Decorated with crosses

and domes

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Urban Development

Europeans called Rus' "Gradariki" - a country of cities.
Medieval cities were centers of culture. The largest in Europe were Kyiv, Novgorod, Galich.
Crafts developed, which numbered about 70. Many items were for sale.

Torzhok. Engraving16th century.

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Inside the Kremlin there were monasteries, churches, princely mansions.
The townspeople were literate people, had broader horizons than the villagers. They traveled to other countries and received merchants.

Plan of Kyivall R. 12th century.

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The entrance to the city symbolized its power. As a rule, the Golden Gate was built at the entrance. These were complex architectural structures.
Scientists find many inscriptions on the walls.

Golden Gate in Vladimir.Reconstruction.

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Architecture. Painting

Most buildings Kievan Rus were wooden. Even princes lived in such buildings. The mansions consisted of 6-7 rooms.

typical viewboyar choir.

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Architecture. Painting.

In the 11th century, stone mansions of princes appeared in large cities. Small rooms were located on the 1st floor, and a spacious hall occupied the second floor. Outside, the building was decorated with arches, stone carvings, colonnades.

Princely mansions in Chernihiv.Reconstruction.

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The appearance of 2-3 storey buildings led to an increase in the height of churches and cathedrals.
From that period, the cathedrals of Kyiv, Novgorod, Smolensk, and Chernigov have come down to us.
Unlike today, cathedrals were not white and red, because they were not plastered.

Torzhok. Engraving of the 16th century.

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Architecture of Ancient Rus' XI-XIV centuries

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Fragmentation of Rus'

And the whole Russian land was torn apart. ( from chronicle)
"In the Rostov land -prince in every village.

In the 13th century, Kievan Rus broke up into a dozen and a half small principalities.
The fragmentation of Rus' continued and by the 14th century, instead of 15 specific principalities, approximately 250 were formed.
It was the process of formation of various Russian principalities, which were subsequently united by Moscow into a new state.

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Architecture of Ancient Rus'

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Styles of architecture

Novgorod style:

power, monumentality;
low, strong;
5 or single-headed;
instead of zakomar pitched ceiling;
decorations: niches, arches, crosses, rosettes;
Arches and triangles on the reels.

Vladimir-Suzdal style:

the temples became taller and slimmer;
walls are thinner and lighter;
instead of modest decorations;
rich stone carvings on the walls;
arcuate belt;
extended drums.

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Novgorod architectural school

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"Mr. Veliky Novgorod" - the successor of Kyiv

Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod, built in 1045-1050 at the behest of Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich.
The 11th century is the era of the "three Sophias".
Three cathedrals - Sophia of Kiev, Sophia of Novgorod and Sophia of Polotsk, repeating the dedication of the main temple of Constantinople.

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One of the three Sophia Cathedrals, built in Rus' in the middle. 11th century

Representative princely temple, city cathedral;
Erected on the banks of the Volkhov River on the territory of the ancient Kremlin;
Built of white stone - plinth, limestone slab;
Inside it is painted with frescoes.

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Cathedral of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery

book customer. Vsevolod;
plinth, limestone slab;
Asymmetrical, cross-domed, six-pillar cathedral with three domes of light;
Inside it is painted with frescoes, which are partially preserved.

In the XII century, monumental princely churches were built - monuments of the outgoing princely era. One of them was built in 1119.

Architect Peter:"... and the master worked Peter" (from the annals).

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Construction of temples in the XIII century

Since the 13th century, temples have been built at the expense of boyars, merchants and other residents. They are united by common features of the Novgorod style:

single-headed;
low;
small in volume;
three-blade coating (in the form of a trefoil) or pitched ceiling.

Architecture examples:

Savior on Ilyina Street, 1374;
Church of Simeon in the Zveriny Monastery;
Church of Theodore Stratilates on the Brook 1360 - 1361

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Decorations of Novgorod churches

curly niches;
recessed sockets;
brick crosses;
on drums;
small arches;
triangles on the reels.

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Examples of Russian architecture

Church of the Nativity at the Cemetery;
Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa at the Market.

Construction material: boulders, brick, Volkhov limestone slab.

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“One glance at the strong, stocky monuments of Veliky Novgorod is enough to understand the ideal of a Novgorodian, a good warrior, not very hewn ... but on his own mind ...
In his architecture, simple and strong walls are the same as he himself ..., powerful silhouettes, energetic masses ... Not always coherent, but always magnificent, because it is strong, majestic, conquering.

I.E. Grabar

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Vladimir Architectural School

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Temples of Vladimir-Suzdal land

In the XII century, separate principalities were formed in Rus'.
Each prince-ruler in his specific principality sought to build a temple. Byzantine and Kyiv architects were invited.

Kyiv traditions were supplemented by local style features:

Temples were built with three naves, one-domed;
The proportions are elongated, and the temples are taller;
White stone was used to richly decorate the walls.

Golden Gate in Vladimir.

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Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral in Pereyaslavl-Zalessky 1152-1157

Builders from Galich;
It was built as a fortress bastion;
Has the shape of a cube, axial symmetry;
One-headed, four-pillared;
The walls are divided by flat blades and completed with semicircular zakomaras;
Under the dome, there are jagged decorations - “towns”;
Narrow windows-loopholes;
Temple-bogatyr.

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The first church, founded in Kyiv in 989, was popularly called the Tithes, since Prince Vladimir himself gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance and ordered all believers to do the same. With her, a rich library was collected, the monks worked on compiling chronicles and the lives of the saints. The church stood for two centuries and was destroyed by the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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A new stage in the history of architecture of Kievan Rus is associated with the construction of the most majestic and significant Russian temple - the Cathedral of St. Sophia in Kyiv. Sophia is the wisdom of God. The temple was built under Yaroslav the Wise. The Kiev Cathedral is an example of the Byzantine style in Rus'. This is a five-nave cross-domed church. The walls of the cathedral are lined with red brick and gray granite stone - plinth, alternating with pink opal - a solution of lime, sand and crushed bricks. The combination of gray and red colors with a pinkish tint gave the building a special elegance. Initially, the temple was crowned with 13 domes. The number of domes (domes) in ancient Russian architecture had a deep symbolic meaning. The number of 13 domes crowning the temple is symbolic. Twelve domes are reminiscent of the apostles (disciples of Jesus Christ), the dome, located in the center, symbolizes Christ himself. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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The eleventh century is also called the age of the Three Sophias. At the same time, one after another, churches of St. Sophia were built in other cities, in Novgorod and Polotsk. Although they were built on the model of the “big sister”, local building features have transformed them beyond recognition. The appearance of three basically the same type of Sophia Cathedrals emphasized the political and cultural unity of Rus', the spiritual connection with Byzantium. Unfortunately, Polotsk Sofia was completely destroyed in the 13th century. And in front of you is the temple of St. Sophia of Novgorod. In its compositional construction, it is close to Kyiv. We again see a five-nave cross-domed structure, but there are also 5 domes grouped in the center. Deep, long window openings, combined with smooth walls and shoulder blades, make the temple taller, more solid. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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Ensemble of the Kizhi Pogost Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna Millions of tourists from all over the world flock to the open-air museum on the island of Kizhi to see one of the wonders of the world - the Church of the Transfiguration, built without a single nail. The entire museum-reserve, located on one of the Onega islands, is also called a masterpiece of wooden architecture.

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The ensemble of the ancient Spassky Kizhi churchyard consists of three buildings: the main Church of the Transfiguration (1714), the small Church of the Intercession (1764) and the bell tower (1874) standing between them, which was built on the site of an older building. These buildings are different in architectural types, in their forms, general outlines and were erected at different times. Nevertheless, the Kizhi churchyard did not become a heap of buildings that happened to be nearby. All these buildings form a single integral artistic ensemble. The Church of the Transfiguration is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. The Church of the Transfiguration is the semantic center of the entire Kizhi ensemble. The rest of the buildings are more modest, restrained, they obey her. Each of these buildings subtly emphasizes the features of the main structure. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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In the 17th century, stone construction was greatly developed. Stone churches appeared not only in cities, but also became commonplace in rural areas. In large centers, a considerable number of stone buildings for civil purposes were built. Usually these were two-storied buildings with windows decorated with architraves and a richly trimmed porch. The architecture of stone churches was dominated by five-domed cathedrals and small temples with one or five domes. Artists liked to decorate the outer walls of churches with stone patterns of kokoshniks, cornices, columns, window architraves, and sometimes colorful tiles. The chapters, set on high drums, took on an elongated onion shape. Stone hipped churches were built in the first half of the 17th century. Later, hipped temples remained the property of the Russian North with its wooden architecture. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna Despite the fact that many cities had their own characteristics in architecture and urban planning, elegant splendor and spectacular decorative forms and facades began to spread everywhere. Russia, having survived the period of unrest, seemed to be reborn, looking ahead with hope for the future. During this period, the desire for embellishment resulted in the decoration of the towers of the Moscow Kremlin with tents, as well as in the decoration of the white walls of St. Basil's Cathedral (Pokrovsky Cathedral) with bright and colorful ornaments.

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The French composer Hector Berlioz, who visited Kolomenskoye in the middle of the 19th century, wrote: “I saw a lot, admired a lot, amazed me, but the time, the ancient time in Russia, which left its mark on this village, was for me a miracle of miracles ... I saw some the new kind architecture. I saw the aspiration upward, and for a long time I stood stunned. So he spoke about the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye in honor of the birth of Ivan IV. And a new type of architecture, which he admires, is a tented temple. The multifaceted lancet base of the temple ends with triple pointed kokoshniks. And above them rises a stone tent, crowning the whole building. The edges of the tent are intertwined with narrow stone garlands, similar to strings of precious pearls. And its top is covered with a small neat dome with a gilded cross. The tent style was recognized by Russian architects. The architects achieved an extraordinary diversity, and not a single tent temple repeated the other. Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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Completed with a tent with a small cupola, the central temple of the Intercession Cathedral - the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin on Red Square in memory of the capture of Kazan. Consists of 8 asymmetric different-sized pillar-shaped temples. Each is dedicated to eight days in which the most important events of the campaign against Kazan took place. In the decoration of the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in Putinki, four decorative tents were used at once. This church became the last monument of tent architecture in Moscow, since in 1652 Patriarch Nikon ordered "not to build tent churches at all." Kudashova Irina Anatolyevna

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