Read the Romanov history of the Russian dynasty. Origin of the Romanov royal dynasty
The Romanov dynasty was in power for just over 300 years, and during this time the face of the country completely changed. From a lagging state, constantly suffering due to fragmentation and internal dynastic crises, Russia turned into an abode of an enlightened intelligentsia. Each ruler from the Romanov dynasty paid attention to those issues that seemed most relevant and important to him. For example, Peter I tried to expand the territory of the country and make Russian cities similar to European ones, and Catherine II put her whole soul into promoting the ideas of enlightenment. Gradually, the authority of the ruling dynasty fell, which led to a tragic ending. The royal family was killed, and power passed to the communists for several decades.
Years of reign | Main events |
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|---|---|---|
Mikhail Fedorovich | Peace of Stolbovo with Sweden (1617) and Truce of Deulino with Poland (1618). Smolensk War (1632-1634), Azov seat of the Cossacks (1637-1641) |
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Alexey Mikhailovich | Council Code (1649), Nikon's church reform (1652-1658), Pereyaslav Rada - annexation of Ukraine (1654), war with Poland (1654-1667), uprising of Stepan Razin (1667-1671) |
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Fedor Alekseevich | Peace of Bakhchisarai with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate (1681), abolition of localism |
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(son of Alexei Mikhailovich) | 1682-1725 (until 1689 - regency of Sophia, until 1696 - formal co-rule with Ivan V, from 1721 - emperor) | Streletsky revolt (1682), Crimean campaigns of Golitsyn (1687 and 1689), Azov campaigns of Peter I (1695 and 1696), “Great Embassy” (1697-1698), Northern War (1700-1721 .), foundation of St. Petersburg (1703), establishment of the Senate (1711), Prut campaign of Peter I (1711), establishment of collegiums (1718), introduction of the “Table of Ranks” (1722) , Caspian campaign of Peter I (1722-1723) |
Catherine I (wife of Peter I) | Creation of the Supreme Privy Council (1726), conclusion of an alliance with Austria (1726) |
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(grandson of Peter I, son of Tsarevich Alexei) | Fall of Menshikov (1727), return of the capital to Moscow (1728) |
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Anna Ioannovna (daughter of Ivan V, granddaughter of Alexei Mikhailovich) | Creation of a cabinet of ministers instead of the Supreme Privy Council (1730), return of the capital to St. Petersburg (1732), Russian-Turkish war (1735-1739) |
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Ivan VI Antonovich | Regency and overthrow of Biron (1740), resignation of Minich (1741) |
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Elizaveta Petrovna (daughter of Peter I) | Opening of a university in Moscow (1755), Seven Years' War (1756-1762) |
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(nephew of Elizaveta Petrovna, grandson of Peter I) | Manifesto “On the Freedom of the Nobility”, the union of Prussia and Russia, decree on freedom of religion (all -1762) |
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Catherine II (wife of Peter III) | The laid down commission (1767-1768), Russian-Turkish wars (1768-1774 and 1787-1791), partitions of Poland (1772, 1793 and 1795), the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev (1773-1774), provincial reform (1775), charters granted to the nobility and cities (1785) |
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(son of Catherine II and Peter III) | Decree on three-day corvee, ban on selling serfs without land (1797), Decree on succession to the throne (1797), war with France (1798-1799), Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov (1799) |
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Alexander I (son of Paul I) | The establishment of ministries instead of collegiums (1802), the decree “On free cultivators” (1803), the liberal censorship charter and the introduction of university autonomy (1804), participation in the Napoleonic wars (1805-1814), the establishment State Council(1810), Congress of Vienna (1814-1815), granting a constitution to Poland (1815), creation of a system of military settlements, emergence of Decembrist organizations |
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Nicholas I (son of Paul 1) | Decembrist uprising (1825), creation of the “Code of Laws of the Russian Empire” (1833), monetary reform, reform in the state village, Crimean War (1853-1856) |
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Alexander II (son of Nicholas I) | End of the Crimean War - Treaty of Paris (1856), abolition of serfdom (1861), zemstvo and judicial reforms (both 1864), sale of Alaska to the United States (1867), reforms in finance, education and press, city government reform, military reforms: abolition of the limited articles of the Peace of Paris (1870), the alliance of the three emperors (1873), the Russian-Turkish war (1877-1878), the terror of the Narodnaya Volya (1879-1881) |
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Alexander III (son of Alexander II) | Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, Regulations on strengthening emergency protection (both 1881), counter-reforms, creation of the Noble Land and Peasant Banks, guardianship policy towards workers, creation of the Franco-Russian Union (1891-1893) |
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Nicholas II (son of Alexander III) | General Population Census (1897), Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 1st Russian Revolution (1905-1907), Stolypin Reform (1906-1911), World War I (1914-1918) .), February Revolution (February 1917) |
Results of the Romanov reign
During the reign of the Romanovs, the Russian monarchy experienced an era of prosperity, several periods of painful reforms and a sudden decline. The Moscow Kingdom, in which Mikhail Romanov was crowned king, annexed vast territories in the 17th century Eastern Siberia and reached the border with China. At the beginning of the 18th century, Russia became an empire and became one of the most influential states in Europe. Russia's decisive role in the victories over France and Turkey further strengthened its position. But at the beginning of the twentieth century, the Russian Empire, like other empires, collapsed under the influence of the events of the First World War.
In 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne and was arrested by the Provisional Government. The monarchy in Russia was abolished. Another year and a half later, the last emperor and his entire family were shot by decision of the Soviet government. Nikolai's surviving distant relatives settled in different countries Europe. Today, representatives of two branches of the Romanov dynasty: the Kirillovichs and the Nikolaeviches - claim the right to be considered locums of the Russian throne.
Historically, Russia is a monarchical state. First there were princes, then kings. The history of our state is old and diverse. Russia has known many monarchs with different characters, human and managerial qualities. However, it was the Romanov family that became the brightest representative of the Russian throne. The history of their reign goes back about three centuries. And the end of the Russian Empire is also inextricably linked with this surname.
Romanov family: history
The Romanovs, an old noble family, did not immediately have such a surname. For centuries they were first called Kobylins, a little bit later Koshkins, then Zakharyins. And only after more than 6 generations they acquired the surname Romanov.
For the first time, this noble family was allowed to approach the Russian throne by the marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible with Anastasia Zakharyina.
There is no direct connection between the Rurikovichs and the Romanovs. It has been established that Ivan III is the great-great-grandson of one of Andrei Kobyla’s sons, Fedor, on his mother’s side. While the Romanov family became a continuation of Fyodor’s other grandson, Zakhary.
However, this fact played a key role when in 1613, at the Zemsky Sobor, the grandson of Anastasia Zakharyina’s brother, Mikhail, was elected to reign. So the throne passed from the Rurikovichs to the Romanovs. After this, rulers of this family succeeded each other for three centuries. During this time, our country changed its form of government and became Russian Empire.
The first emperor was Peter I. And the last was Nicholas II, who abdicated power as a result February revolution 1917 and was shot with his family in July of the following year.
Biography of Nicholas II
In order to understand the reasons for the pitiful end of the imperial reign, it is necessary to take a closer look at the biography of Nikolai Romanov and his family:
- Nicholas II was born in 1868. From childhood he was brought up in the best traditions of the royal court. From a young age he became interested in military affairs. From the age of 5 he took part in military training, parades and processions. Even before taking the oath, he had various ranks, including being a Cossack chieftain. As a result, the highest military rank of Nicholas became the rank of colonel. Nicholas came to power at the age of 27. Nicholas was an educated, intelligent monarch;
- To Nicholas's fiancée, a German princess who accepted Russian name- Alexandra Fedorovna, at the time of the marriage she was 22 years old. The couple loved each other very much and treated each other reverently all their lives. However, those around him had a negative attitude towards the empress, suspecting that the autocrat was too dependent on his wife;
- Nicholas's family had four daughters - Olga, Tatyana, Maria, Anastasia, and the youngest son, Alexei, was born - a possible heir to the throne. Unlike his strong and healthy sisters, Alexey was diagnosed with hemophilia. This meant that the boy could die from any scratch.
Why was the Romanov family shot?
Nikolai made several fatal mistakes, which ultimately led to a tragic end:
- The stampede on the Khodynka field is considered the first ill-considered mistake of Nikolai. In the first days of his reign, people went to Khodynska Square to buy gifts promised by the new emperor. The result was pandemonium and more than 1,200 people died. Nicholas remained indifferent to this event until the end of all the events dedicated to his coronation, which lasted for several more days. The people did not forgive him for such behavior and called him Bloody;
- During his reign, there were many strife and contradictions in the country. The Emperor understood that it was necessary to urgently take measures in order to raise the patriotism of Russians and unite them. Many believe that it was for this purpose that the Russo-Japanese War was launched, which as a result was lost, and Russia lost part of its territory;
- After the end of the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, on the square in front of the Winter Palace, without the knowledge of Nicholas, the military shot people who had gathered for a rally. This event was called in history - “Bloody Sunday”;
- First world war Russian state entered also carelessly. The conflict began in 1914 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary. The Emperor considered it necessary to stand up for the Balkan state, as a result of which Germany came to the defense of Austria-Hungary. The war dragged on, which no longer suited the military.
As a result, a provisional government was created in Petrograd. Nicholas knew about the mood of the people, but was unable to take any decisive action and signed a paper about his abdication.
The Provisional Government placed the family under arrest, first in Tsarskoye Selo, and then they were exiled to Tobolsk. After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917, the whole family was transported to Yekaterinburg and, by decision of the Bolshevik council, executed to prevent a return to royal power.
Remains of the royal family in modern times
After the execution, all the remains were collected and transported to the mines of Ganina Yama. It was not possible to burn the bodies, so they were thrown into the mine shafts. The next day, village residents discovered bodies floating at the bottom of the flooded mines and it became clear that reburial was necessary.
The remains were again loaded into the car. However, having driven away a little, she fell into the mud in the Porosenkov Log area. There they buried the dead, dividing the ashes into two parts.
The first part of the bodies was discovered in 1978. However, due to the long process of obtaining permission for excavations, it was possible to get to them only in 1991. Two bodies, presumably Maria and Alexei, were found in 2007 a little away from the road.
Over the years, various groups of scientists have carried out many modern, high-tech examinations to determine the involvement of the remains in the royal family. As a result, the genetic similarity was proven, but some historians and the Russian Orthodox Church still disagree with these results.
Now the relics are reburied in the Peter and Paul Cathedral.
Living representatives of the genus
The Bolsheviks sought to exterminate as many representatives of the royal family as possible so that no one would even have the thought of returning to the previous power. However, many managed to escape abroad.
In the male line, living descendants descend from the sons of Nicholas I - Alexander and Mikhail. There are also descendants in the female line who originate from Ekaterina Ioannovna. For the most part, they all do not live on the territory of our state. However, representatives of the clan have created and are developing public and charitable organizations that operate in Russia as well.
Thus, the Romanov family is a symbol of a bygone empire for our country. Many are still arguing about whether it is possible to revive imperial power in the country and whether it is worth doing. Obviously, this page of our history has been turned, and its representatives are buried with appropriate honors.
Video: execution of the Romanov family
This video recreates the moment the Romanov family was captured and their subsequent execution:
The Romanovs are a Russian boyar family that began its existence in the 16th century and gave rise to the great dynasty of Russian tsars and emperors who ruled until 1917.
For the first time, the surname “Romanov” was used by Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret), who named himself so in honor of his grandfather Roman Yuryevich and father Nikita Romanovich Zakharyev, he is considered the first Romanov
The first royal representative of the dynasty was Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the last was Nikolai 2 Alexandrovich Romanov.
In 1856, the coat of arms of the Romanov family was approved; it depicts a vulture holding a golden sword and a tarch, and at the edges there are eight cut off lion heads.
“House of Romanov” is a designation for the totality of all the descendants of the different branches of the Romanovs.
Since 1761, the descendants of the Romanovs in the female line reigned in Russia, and with the death of Nicholas 2 and his family, there were no direct heirs left who could lay claim to the throne. However, despite this, today there are dozens of descendants of the royal family living all over the world, of varying degrees of kinship, and all of them officially belong to the House of Romanov. The family tree of the modern Romanovs is very extensive and has many branches.
Background to the Romanov reign
There is no consensus among scientists about where the Romanov family came from. Today, two versions are widespread: according to one, the ancestors of the Romanovs arrived in Rus' from Prussia, and according to the other, from Novgorod.
In the 16th century, the Romanov family became close to the king and could lay claim to the throne. This happened thanks to the fact that Ivan the Terrible married Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina, and her entire family now became relatives of the sovereign. After the suppression of the Rurikovich family, the Romanovs (formerly the Zakharyevs) became the main contenders for the state throne.
In 1613, one of the Romanov representatives, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected to the throne, which marked the beginning of the long reign of the Romanov dynasty in Russia.
Tsars from the Romanov dynasty
- Fedor Alekseevich;
- Ivan 5;
In 1721, Russia became an Empire, and all its rulers became emperors.
Emperors from the Romanov dynasty
The end of the Romanov dynasty and the last Romanov
Despite the fact that there were empresses in Russia, Paul 1 adopted a decree according to which the Russian throne could only be transferred to a boy - a direct descendant of the family. From that moment until the very end of the dynasty, Russia was ruled exclusively by men.
The last emperor was Nicholas 2. During his reign, the political situation in Russia became very tense. The Japanese War, as well as the First World War, greatly undermined the people's faith in the sovereign. As a result, in 1905, after the revolution, Nicholas signed a manifesto that gave the people extensive civil rights, but this did not help much either. In 1917, a new revolution broke out, as a result of which the tsar was overthrown. On the night of July 16-17, 1917, all royal family, including Nikolai’s five children, was shot. Other relatives of Nicholas, who were in the royal residence in Tsarskoye Selo and other places, were also caught and killed. Only those who were abroad survived.
The Russian throne was left without a direct heir, and political system changed in the country - the monarchy was overthrown, the Empire was destroyed.
Results of the Romanov reign
During the reign of the Romanov dynasty, Russia reached real prosperity. Rus' finally ceased to be a fragmented state, civil strife ended, and the country gradually began to gain military and economic power, which allowed it to defend its own independence and resist invaders.
Despite the difficulties that periodically occurred in the history of Russia, by the 19th century the country had turned into a huge, powerful Empire, which owned vast territories. In 1861, serfdom was completely abolished, the country switched to new type economy and economics.
The royal dynasty of the Romanovs is the second and last on the Russian throne. Rules from 1613 to 1917. During her time, Rus' from a provincial state lying outside the boundaries of Western civilization turned into a huge empire influencing all political processes in the world.The accession of the Romanovs ended in Rus'. The first tsar of the dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was elected autocrat Zemsky Sobor, assembled on the initiative of Minin, Trubetskoy and Pozharsky - the leaders of the militia that liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Mikhail Fedorovich was 17 years old at that time; he could neither read nor write. So, in fact, for a long time, Russia was ruled by his father, Metropolitan Philaret.
Reasons for the election of the Romanovs
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Mikhail Fedorovich was the grandson of Nikita Romanovich - the brother of Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina-Yuryeva - the first wife of Ivan the Terrible, most beloved and revered by the people, since the period of her reign was the most liberal during Ivan’s tenure, and the son
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Michael's father was a monk with the rank of patriarch, which suited the church
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The Romanov family, although not very noble, is still worthy in comparison with other Russian contenders for the throne
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The relative equidistance of the Romanovs from the political squabbles of the Time of Troubles, in contrast to the Shuiskys, Mstislavskys, Kurakins and Godunovs, who were significantly involved in them
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The boyars' hope is that Mikhail Fedorovich is inexperienced in management and, as a result, his controllability
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The Romanovs were desired by the Cossacks and the common people
The first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich (1596-1645), ruled Russia from 1613 to 1645
Royal Romanov dynasty. Years of reign
- 1613-1645
- 1645-1676
- 1676-1682
- 1682-1689
- 1682-1696
- 1682-1725
- 1725-1727
- 1727-1730
- 1730-1740
- 1740-1741
- 1740-1741
- 1741-1761
- 1761-1762
- 1762-1796
- 1796-1801
- 1801-1825
- 1825-1855
- 1855-1881
- 1881-1894
- 1894-1917
The Russian line of the Romanov dynasty was interrupted with Peter the Great. Elizaveta Petrovna was the daughter of Peter I and Marta Skavronskaya (the future Catherine I), in turn, Marta was either Estonian or Latvian. Peter III Fedorovich, actually Karl Peter Ulrich, was the Duke of Holstein, a historical region of Germany located in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. His wife, the future Catherine II, in fact Sophie Auguste Friederike von Anhalt-Zerbst-Dornburg, was the daughter of the ruler of the German principality of Anhalt-Zerbst (the territory of the modern German federal state of Saxony-Anhalt). The son of Catherine the Second and Peter the Third, Paul the First, had as his wife first Augusta Wilhelmina Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, then Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. The son of Paul and Sophia Dorothea, Alexander I, was married to the daughter of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, Louise Maria Augusta. Paul's second son, Emperor Nicholas I, was married to Frederick Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia. Their son, Emperor Alexander II - on the princess of the House of Hesse Maximilian Wilhelmina August Sophia Maria...
History of the Romanov dynasty in dates
- 1613, February 21 - Election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as Tsar by the Zemsky Sobor
- 1624 - Mikhail Fedorovich married Evdokia Streshneva, who became the mother of the second king of the dynasty - Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet)
- 1645, July 2 - Death of Mikhail Fedorovich
- 1648, January 16 - Alexei Mikhailovich married Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, mother of the future Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
- 1671, January 22 - Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina became the second wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1676, January 20 - Death of Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1682, April 17 - death of Fyodor Alekseevich, who left no heir. The boyars proclaimed Tsar Peter, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife Natalya Naryshkina
- 1682, May 23 - under the influence of Sophia, the sister of Tsar Fedor, who died childless, the Boyar Duma declared the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Quiet and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya Ivan V Alekseevich the first tsar, and his half-brother Peter I Alekseevich the second
- 1684, January 9 - Ivan V married Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, mother of the future Empress Anna Ioannovna
- 1689 - Peter married Evdokia Lopukhina
- 1689, September 2 - decree removing Sophia from power and exiling her to a monastery.
- 1690, February 18 - Birth of Peter the Great's son, Tsarevich Alexei
- 1696, January 26 - death of Ivan V, Peter the Great became autocrat
- 1698, September 23 - Evdokia Lopukhina, wife of Peter the Great, was exiled to a monastery, although she soon began to live as a laywoman
- 1712, February 19 - marriage of Peter the Great to Martha Skavronskaya, future Empress Catherine the First, mother of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
- 1715, October 12 - birth of the son of Tsarevich Alexei Peter, the future Emperor Peter II
- 1716, September 20 - Tsarevich Alexei, who disagreed with his father’s policies, fled to Europe in search of political asylum, which he received in Austria
- 1717 - Under the threat of war, Austria handed over Tsarevich Alexei to Peter the Great. On September 14 he returned home
- 1718, February - trial of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1718, March - Queen Evdokia Lopukhina was accused of adultery and again exiled to the monastery
- 1719, June 15 - Tsarevich Alexei died in prison
- 1725, January 28 - death of Peter the Great. With the support of the guard, his wife Marta Skavronskaya was proclaimed Empress Catherine the First
- 1726, May 17 - Catherine the First died. The throne was taken by twelve-year-old Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei
- 1729, November - betrothal of Peter II to Catherine Dolgoruka
- 1730, January 30 - Peter II died. The Supreme Privy Council proclaimed him heir, the daughter of Ivan V, the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich
- 1731 - Anna Ioannovna appointed Anna Leopoldovna, the daughter of her elder sister Ekaterina Ioannovna, who in turn was the daughter of the same Ivan V, as heir to the throne
- 1740, August 12 - Anna Leopoldovna had a son, Ivan Antonovich, the future Tsar Ivan VI, from her marriage to the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg Anton Ulrich
- 1740, October 5 - Anna Ioannovna appointed the young Ivan Antonovich, the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna, as heir to the throne
- 1740, October 17 - Death of Anna Ioannovna, Duke Biron was appointed regent for two-month-old Ivan Antonovich
- 1740, November 8 - Biron was arrested, Anna Leopoldovna was appointed regent under Ivan Antonovich
- 1741, November 25 - as a result palace coup The Russian throne was taken by the daughter of Peter the Great from his marriage to Catherine the First, Elizaveta Petrovna
- 1742, January - Anna Leopoldovna and her son were arrested
- 1742, November - Elizaveta Petrovna appointed her nephew, the son of her sister, the second daughter of Peter the Great from his marriage to Catherine the First (Martha Skavronsa) Anna Petrovna, Pyotr Fedorovich, as heir to the throne
- 1746, March - Anna Leopoldovna died in Kholmogory
- 1745, August 21 - Peter the Third married Sophia-Frederica-Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, who took the name Ekaterina Alekseevna
- 1746, March 19 - Anna Leopoldovna died in exile, in Kholmogory
- 1754, September 20 - the son of Pyotr Fedorovich and Ekaterina Alekseevna Pavel, the future Emperor Paul the First, was born
- 1761, December 25 - Elizaveta Petrovna died. Peter the Third took office
- 1762, June 28 - as a result of a coup d'etat, Russia was led by Ekaterina Alekseevna, wife of Peter the Third
- 1762, June 29 - Peter the Third abdicated the throne, was arrested and imprisoned in Ropshensky Castle near St. Petersburg
- 1762, July 17 - death of Peter the Third (died or was killed - unknown)
- 1762, September 2 - coronation of Catherine II in Moscow
- 1764, July 16 - after 23 years of being in the Shlisselburg fortress, Ivan Antonovich, Tsar Ivan VI, was killed during an attempt at liberation.
- 1773, October 10 - Heir to the throne Paul married Princess Augusta-Wilhelmina-Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, who took the name Natalia Alekseevna
- 1776, April 15 - Pavel's wife Natalya Alekseevna died during childbirth
- 1776, October 7 - The heir to the throne Paul married again. This time on Maria Feodorovna, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Württemberg, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg
- 1777, December 23 - birth of the son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander the First
- 1779, May 8 - birth of another son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Konstantin
- 1796, July 6 - birth of the third son of Paul the First and Maria Feodorovna Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas the First
- 1796, November 6 - Catherine the Second died, Paul the First took the throne
- 1797, February 5 - coronation of Paul the First in Moscow
- 1801, March 12 - Coup. Pavel the First was killed by the conspirators. His son Alexander is on the throne
- 1801, September - coronation of Alexander the First in Moscow
- 1817, July 13 - marriage of Nikolai Pavlovich and Friederike Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina of Prussia (Alexandra Feodorovna), mother of the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1818, April 29 - Nikolai Pavlovich and Alexandra Feodorovna had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander II
- 1823, August 28 - secret abdication of the throne by his heir, the second son of Alexander the First, Constantine
- 1825, December 1 - death of Emperor Alexander the First
- 1825, December 9 - the army and civil servants took the oath of allegiance to the new Emperor Constantine
- 1825, December - Constantine confirms his desire to abdicate the throne
- 1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising in an attempt to swear the guard in to the new Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich. The uprising is crushed
- 1826, September 3 - coronation of Nicholas in Moscow
- 1841, April 28 - marriage of the heir to the throne Alexander (Second) with Princess Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse-Darmstadt (in Orthodoxy Maria Alexandrovna)
- 1845, March 10 - Alexander and Maria had a son, Alexander, the future Emperor Alexander III
- 1855, March 2 - Nicholas the First died. On the throne is his son Alexander II
- 1866, April 4 - the first, unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1866, October 28 - the son of Alexander the Second, Alexander (the third), married the Danish princess Maria Sophia Friederike Dagmar (Maria Feodorovna), the mother of the future Emperor Nicholas II.
- 1867, May 25 - second, unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1868, May 18 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son, Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II
- 1878, November 22 - Alexander (the Third) and Maria Feodorovna had a son, Mikhail, the future Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1879, April 14 - third, unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1879, November 19 - fourth, unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1880, February 17 - fifth, unsuccessful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1881, April 1 - sixth, successful attempt on the life of Alexander II
- 1883, May 27 - coronation of Alexander III in Moscow
- 1894, October 20 - death of Alexander III
- 1894, October 21 - Nicholas II on the throne
- 1894, November 14 - marriage of Nicholas II with the German princess Alice of Hesse, in Orthodoxy Alexandra Fedorovna
- 1896, May 26 - coronation of Nicholas II in Moscow
- 1904, August 12 - Nikolai and Alexandra had a son, heir to the throne Alexey
- 1917, March 15 (new style) - in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich
- 1917, March 16 - Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich abdicated the throne in favor of the Provisional Government. The history of the monarchy in Russia is over
- 1918, July 17 - Nicholas II, his family and associates
Death of the royal family
Descending the interior staircase, the procession entered the courtyard and turned left to enter the lower floor. They were led to the opposite end of the house, into the room where the guards had previously been housed. From this room, five meters wide and six meters long, all the furniture was removed. High in the outer wall there was a single semicircular window covered with bars. Only one door was open, the other, opposite it, leading to the pantry, was locked. It was a dead end.
Alexandra Fedorovna asked why there were no chairs in the room. Yurovsky ordered two chairs to be brought, Nikolai sat Alexei on one of them, and the empress sat on the other. The rest were ordered to line up along the wall. A few minutes later, Yurovsky entered the room, accompanied by ten armed men. He himself described the scene that followed in these words: “When the team entered, the commandant (Yurovsky writes about himself in the third person) told the Romanovs that, due to the fact that their relatives in Europe were continuing to attack Soviet Russia, The Urals Executive Committee decided to shoot them.
Nikolai turned his back to the team, facing his family, then, as if coming to his senses, he turned to the commandant with the question: “What? What?" The commandant quickly repeated and ordered the team to get ready. The team was told in advance who to shoot at whom, and was ordered to aim straight at the heart in order to avoid large quantity blood and end it quickly. Nikolai said nothing more, turning again to the family, others uttered several incoherent exclamations, all this lasted a few seconds. Then the shooting began, which lasted two to three minutes. Nicholas was killed on the spot by the commandant himself (Richard Pipes “Russian Revolution”)”
Over the past 300-odd years, autocracy in Russia has been directly linked to the Romanov dynasty. They managed to gain a foothold on the throne during the Time of Troubles. The sudden appearance of a new dynasty on the political horizon is the largest event in the life of any state. Usually it is accompanied by a coup or revolution, but in any case, a change of power entails the removal of the old ruling elite by force.
Background
In Russia, the emergence of a new dynasty was due to the fact that the Rurikovich branch was interrupted with the death of the descendants of Ivan IV the Terrible. This state of affairs in the country gave rise not only to a profound political but also a social crisis. Ultimately, this led to foreigners beginning to interfere in the affairs of the state.
It should be noted that never before in the history of Russia have rulers changed so often, bringing with them new dynasties, as after the death of Tsar Ivan the Terrible. In those days, not only representatives of the elite, but also other social strata claimed the throne. Foreigners also tried to intervene in the power struggle.
On the throne, one after another, the descendants of the Rurikovichs appeared in the person of Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610), representatives of the untitled boyars led by Boris Godunov (1597-1605), and there were even impostors - False Dmitry I (1605-1606) and False Dmitry II (1607-1605). 1610). But none of them managed to stay in power for long. This continued until 1613, until the Russian tsars of the Romanov dynasty came.
Origin
It should be noted right away that this family as such came from the Zakharyevs. And the Romanovs are not quite the correct surname. It all started with the fact that, i.e. Zakharyev Fedor Nikolaevich, decided to change his last name. Guided by the fact that his father was Nikita Romanovich, and his grandfather was Roman Yuryevich, he came up with the surname “Romanov”. Thus the genus received a new name, which is still used today.
The royal Romanov dynasty (reigned 1613-1917) began with Mikhail Fedorovich. After him, Alexei Mikhailovich, popularly nicknamed “The Quietest,” ascended the throne. Then Alekseevna and Ivan V Alekseevich ruled.
During his reign - in 1721 - the state was finally reformed and became the Russian Empire. The kings have sunk into oblivion. Now the sovereign became the emperor. In total, the Romanovs gave Russia 19 rulers. Among them are 5 women. Here is a table that clearly shows the entire Romanov dynasty, years of reign and titles.
As mentioned above, the Russian throne was sometimes occupied by women. But the government of Paul I passed a law stating that from now on only the direct male heir could bear the title of emperor. Since then, no woman has ascended the throne again.
The Romanov dynasty, whose years of reign were not always calm times, received its official coat of arms back in 1856. It depicts a vulture holding a tarch and a golden sword in its paws. The edges of the coat of arms are decorated with eight severed lion heads.
The last Emperor
In 1917, the Bolsheviks seized power in the country and overthrew the country's government. Emperor Nicholas II was the last of the Romanov dynasty. He was given the nickname "Bloody" because thousands of people were killed on his orders during the two revolutions of 1905 and 1917.
Historians believe that the last emperor was a soft ruler, therefore he made several unforgivable mistakes both in internal and foreign policy. It was they who led to the situation in the country escalating to the limit. Failures in the Japanese and then the First World Wars greatly undermined the authority of the emperor himself and the entire royal family.
In 1918, on the night of July 17, the royal family, which included, in addition to the emperor himself and his wife, five children, was shot by the Bolsheviks. At the same time, the only heir to the Russian throne, Nicholas’s little son, Alexei, also died.
Nowadays
The Romanovs are the oldest boyar family that gave Russia a great dynasty of kings and then emperors. They ruled the state for a little over three hundred years, starting from the 16th century. The Romanov dynasty, whose reign ended with the Bolsheviks coming to power, was interrupted, but several branches of this family still exist. All of them live abroad. About 200 of them have various titles, but not one will be able to take the Russian throne, even if the monarchy is restored.
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