Why do natural areas exist? Natural zones of the hot zone

Prominent sculptors Ancient Greece

Smirnova Olga Georgievna MHK Grade 11,

Kouros and Kors of the archaic

• According to Plutarch, who may have been exaggerating slightly, there are more statues in Athens than living people.
• The earliest of the sculptural works of Kurosa and Kora that have come down to us, created in the archaic era.

• Figures of kuros (boys) were installed in in public places especially near temples.
• These young and slender, strong and tall (up to 3 m.) naked athletes were called "archaic Apollos", because. embodied the male ideal of beauty, youth and health.
• Kuros are surprisingly similar to each other. Their solemn poses are always the same, their facial features are devoid of individuality. They are reminiscent of examples of Egyptian plastic, but they feel the desire to convey the structure human body, emphasize physical strength and vitality

• The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication.
• Their poses are more monotonous and static, but at the same time, how elegant their chitons and cloaks with beautiful patterns of parallel wavy lines are, how original the colored border on the edges is!
• Tightly curled curls are intercepted by diadems and descend to the shoulders in long symmetrical strands.
• A characteristic detail for all cores is a mysterious smile.

Polykleitos

Praxiteles

Prominent sculptors of ancient Greece

• The works of Polykleitos (second half of the 5th century BC) became a real hymn to greatness and spiritual power.
• The favorite image of the master is a slender young man of athletic build, who has "all the virtues". His spiritual and physical appearance is harmonious, there is nothing superfluous in him, "nothing beyond measure."
• The embodiment of this ideal was a wonderful work Polykleitos

• This sculpture uses chiasm - the main technique of the ancient Greek masters for depicting a hidden movement in a state of rest.
• It is known that Poliklet set out to accurately determine the proportions of the human figure, according to his ideas about ideal beauty. The results of his mathematical calculations will be used by artists of future generations.

The proportions of the human body according to Polycletus

• Head - 1/7 of the total height;
• Face and hand - 1/10;
• Foot - 1/6;
• Poliklet set out his thoughts and calculations in theoretical treatise "Canon" which, unfortunately, has not survived to this day.

• The sculptor who embodied the ideal of the strength and beauty of Man was Myron(mid-5th century BC). Time has not preserved any of his original works, all of them have come down to us in Roman copies, but even from them one can judge the high skill of this artist.
• Let us turn to one of the masterpieces of ancient Greek sculpture, the famous "Discobolus".

Discus thrower. Miron.

• Features of a beautiful harmoniously developed person
• Moral and spiritual purity
• Transmitted vigor of movement, colossal exercise stress, but outwardly - calm and restrained
• Masterfully captured the moment

• Characteristic features of the sculpture of the first half of the 4th century. BC. reflected in the creations of these wonderful masters.
• Despite the differences between them, they are united by the desire to convey energetic actions, and most importantly, the feelings and experiences of a person.
• Passion and sadness, daydreaming and falling in love, fury and despair, suffering and grief became the object of these artists' creativity.

Scopas (420-c.355 BC)

• He was a native of the island of Paros, rich in marble. It was with marble that he worked, but almost all of his works were destroyed by time. The little that has survived testifies to the greatest artistic skill and virtuoso marble processing technique.
• The passionate, impetuous movements of his sculptures seem to lose their balance, the scenes of the battle with the Amazons convey the ardor of battle and the rapture of battle.
• One of the perfect creations of Scopas is the statue of Maenad, a nymph who raised the young Dionysus.
• Skopas also owns countless statues on the pediments, relief friezes, and round sculpture.
• He is known as an architect who took part in the decoration of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.

Praxiteles (c.390-330 BC)

• A native of Athens, he entered the history of art as an inspired singer of female beauty. The images of athletes, in all likelihood, did not interest the artist very much.
• If he turned to the ideal of a beautiful young man, then first of all he emphasized in his figure not physical qualities but harmony and grace, joy and serene happiness. These are Hermes and Dionysus, the Breathing Satyr, and Apollo Saurocton (or Apollo Killing the Lizard).
• But he was especially famous female images in sculpture

Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos.

• The model for the statue was the beautiful Phryne, with whom many beautiful legends are associated. According to one of them, she asked Praxiteles to give her his most beautiful sculpture. He agreed, but did not name the sculpture, then ...

Lysippus (370-300 BC)

• He created about 1,500 bronze statues, among which were colossal figures of gods, mythological characters, powerful athletes.
• He was the court sculptor of Alexander the Great and captured the image of the great commander in one of the battles.
• In the face of the commander one can guess the character of a strong and strong-willed person, a restless spirit, great willpower. Undoubtedly, we have before us a realistic portrait in which his individual features are clearly traced ...

Innovation of Lysippus

• The maximum approximation of images to reality.
• Show images in specific dynamic situations.
• The image of people in a fleeting, momentary impulse.
• He denied heaviness and immobility in the depiction of the human figure, strove for the lightness and dynamism of its proportions.

Leohar (mid-4th century BC)

• His work is a fine attempt to capture the classical ideal of Human beauty.
• Researchers and poets have repeatedly turned to the statue of Apollo Belvedere.

“It is not blood and nerves that heat and move his body, but heavenly spirituality. Spilling in a quiet stream, it fills all the outlines of this figure ... The statue of Apollo is the highest ideal of art among all the works that have survived from antiquity.

I.I. Winckelmann (1717-1768) German art historian

An arrow from the bow of Apollo rings in the ears,

And radiant himself, with a trembling bowstring,

Breathing with delight, shines before me.

A.N. Maikov,

Russian poet of the 19th century

• In the sculpture of the Hellenistic era, new themes and plots appeared, the interpretation of well-known classical motifs changed. Approaches to the depiction of human characters and events have become completely different.
• The excitement and tension of faces, the expression of movements, the whirlwind of feelings and experiences, and at the same time the elegiac and dreamy images, their harmonious perfection and solemnity are the main things in the sculpture of this period.

At the hour of my nightly delirium

You appear before my eyes

Samothrace Victory

With outstretched hands.

Frightening the silence of the night,

Gives rise to dizziness

Your winged, blind,

Unstoppable desire

In your insanely bright look

Something is laughing, flaming,

And our shadows rush from behind

Not being able to catch up with us.

N. Gumilyov

• A remarkable work of art dating back to the Hellenistic era - a sculptural group "Laookon with sons" by Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus (located: Vatican Museums)

... snakes attacked

Suddenly on him and entangled in strong rings twice,

Womb and chest surrounded him twice

A scaly body and menacingly raised their heads above it.

In vain to break the knots, he strains his weak hands -

Black poison and foam flow over sacred bandages;

In vain, we torment, he raises a piercing moan to the stars ...

Virgil "Aeneid" translation by V.A. Zhukovsky

Sculpture of the archaic: Kora - girls in
chitons.
Embodied the ideal
female beauty;
Looks like one
other: curly
hair, mysterious
smile, expression
sophistication.
Bark. 6th century BC

GREEK SCULPTURE CLASSICS

GREEK SCULPTURE
CLASSICS
End of the 5th-4th century. BC e. - a period of turbulent spiritual life of Greece,
formation of the idealistic ideas of Socrates and Plato in
philosophy that developed in the fight against materialistic
philosophy of Democritus, the time of addition and new forms
Greek visual arts. In sculpture to replace
masculinity and severity of images of strict classics comes
interest in the spiritual world of man, and in plastic finds
reflection is more complex and less rectilinear
characteristic.

Greek sculptors of the classical period:

Polykleitos
Myron
Scopas
Praxiteles
Lysippus
Leohar

Polykleitos

The works of Polikleitos became
a real hymn to greatness
and spiritual power of Man.
Favorite image -
slender young man
athletic
physique. It doesn't have
nothing extra,
"nothing beyond measure"
spiritual and physical
appearance is harmonious.
Polykleitos.
Doryfor (spearman).
450-440 BC Roman copy.
National Museum. Naples

Doryphorus has a difficult posture,
different from static posture
ancient kouros. Polykleitos
was the first to think of giving
figures such a setting,
that they rely on
lower part of only one
legs. In addition, the figure
seems to move and
lively thanks to
that the horizontal axes are not
parallel (the so-called chiasm).
"Dorifor" (Greek δορυφόρος - "Spear-bearer") - one
of the most famous statues of antiquity, embodies
so-called Canon of Polikleitos.

Canon of Polykleitos

Doryfor is not an image of a specific athlete-
winner, but an illustration of the canons of a male figure.
Polykleitos set out to accurately determine the proportions
human figure, according to their ideas about
perfect beauty. These proportions are with each other in
digital ratio.
"They even assured that Poliklet performed it on purpose, in order to
so that other artists use her as a model", wrote
contemporary.
The composition of the Canon itself had a great influence on
European culture, despite the fact that from the theoretical
Only two fragments of the work have survived.

Canon of Polykleitos

If you recalculate the proportions of this
Ideal Man for Height 178
see, the parameters of the statue will be as follows:
1. volume of the neck - 44 cm,
2.chest - 119,
3.biceps - 38,
4.waist - 93,
5. forearms - 33,
6. wrist - 19,
7. buttocks - 108,
8. hips - 60,
9.knee - 40,
10. lower legs - 42,
11. ankles - 25,
12. feet - 30 cm.

Polykleitos

"Wounded Amazon"

Myron

Myron - Greek
sculptor of the middle of the 5th century.
BC e. era sculptor,
previous
directly
the heyday
Greek art
(to. VI - early V century)
Embodied the ideals of strength and
beauty of Man.
was the first master
complex bronze
castings.
Miron. Discus thrower.450 BC
Roman copy. National Museum, Rome

Miron. "Discus thrower"
The ancients characterize Myron as
the greatest realist and expert in anatomy,
who, however, did not know how to give persons
life and expression. He portrayed the gods
heroes and animals, and with a special
reproduced the difficult ones with love,
transient postures.
His most famous work
"Discobolus", an athlete who intends
let the disc, - a statue that has come down to
of our time in several copies, from
of which the best is made of marble and
located in the Massami Palace in Rome.

"Discobolus" Miron in the Botanical Garden of Copenhagen

Discus thrower. Myron

Sculptures of Scopas

Skopas (420 - c. 355 BC), a native of the island of Paros,
rich in marble. Unlike Praxiteles Scopas
continued the traditions of high classics, creating images
monumental and heroic. But from the images of the 5th century. their
distinguishes the dramatic tension of all spiritual forces.
Passion, pathos, strong movement are the main features
the art of Scopas.
Also known as an architect, participated in the creation
relief frieze for the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.

Sculptures of Scopas
In a state of ecstasy
violent outburst of passion
depicted by Scopas
Maenad. God's Companion
Dionysus is shown in
swift dance, her
head tilted back
hair fell to the shoulders
body is curved
presented in complex
foreshortening, folds short
chiton emphasize
violent movement. IN
difference from the sculpture of the 5th century.
Maenad Scopas
already designed for
view from all sides.
Scopas. Maenad

sculptural
creations
Scopas
Also known as
architect, participated in
creating relief
frieze for
Halicarnassus
mausoleum.
Scopas. Battle with the Amazons

Praxiteles

Born in Athens (c.
390 - 330 BC.)
inspirational singer
female beauty.

sculptural creations
Praxiteles
Statue of Aphrodite of Knidos
first in Greek art
nude image
female figure. The statue stood
on the coast of the Knidos peninsula, and
contemporaries wrote about
real pilgrimages here,
to admire the beauty
goddess preparing to enter the water
and shedding her clothes on
vase next to it.
The original statue has not survived.
Praxiteles. Aphrodite of Knidos

Sculptures of Praxiteles

In the only one that has come down to us in
original marble sculptor Praxiteles
statue of Hermes (patron of trade and
travelers, as well as a messenger, "courier"
gods) the master depicted a beautiful young man, in
a state of calm and serenity. Thoughtfully
he looks at the infant Dionysus, whom
holds in his arms. In place of the courageous
the beauty of an athlete comes the beauty of a few
feminine, graceful, but also more
soulful. On the statue of Hermes
traces of ancient coloring have been preserved: red-brown hair, silver
bandage.
Praxiteles.
Hermes. Around 330 BC e.

sculptural creations
Praxiteles

Lysippos

Great sculptor of the 4th c. BC.
(370-300 BC).
He worked in bronze, because. sought
capture images in
fleeting impulse.
Left behind 1500
bronze statues, including
colossal figures of the gods,
heroes, athletes. They are inherent
pathos, inspiration,
emotionality
The original has not come down to us.
court sculptor
Marble copy of the head of A. Macedonian
A.Macedonsky

In this sculpture
amazing craftsmanship
conveyed passion
duel of Hercules with a lion.
Lysippos.
Hercules fighting a lion.
4th century BC
Roman copy
Hermitage, St. Petersburg

Sculptures of Lysippus

Lysippus tried his best
bring your images closer to
reality.
So, he showed athletes not in
moment of highest tension
forces, and, as a rule, at the moment of their
recession, after the match. Exactly
this is how his Apoxyomenos is represented,
cleaning off the sand
sports fight. He is tired
face, hair matted with sweat.
Lysippos. Apoxyomenos. Roman copy, 330 BC

Sculptures of Lysippus

captivating Hermes,
always fast and
alive too
represented by Lysippos
as if able
extreme fatigue,
briefly crouched
on the stone and ready in
next second
run on in your
winged sandals.
Lysippos. "Resting Hermes"

Sculptures of Lysippus

Lysippus created his canon
human body proportions
by which his figures are higher and
slimmer than Polikleitos
(head size is 1/9
figures).
Lysippos. "Hercules of Farnese"

Leohar

His creativity is
great try
capture a classic
ideal of human beauty.
In his works, no
only the perfection of images,
and skill and technique
execution.
Apollo is considered one of
the best works
Antiquity.
Leohar. Apollo Belvedere.
4th century BC Roman copy. Vatican Museums

sculptural
masterpieces of the era
Hellenism

Greek sculpture

So, in Greek sculpture, the expressiveness of the image
consisted in the whole body of a person, his movements, and not
in just one face. Despite the fact that many
Greek statues did not retain their upper part
(as, for example, Nika of Samothrace or
"Nika untying her sandals"
came to us without a head, but we forget about it,
looking at the integral plastic solution of the image.
Since the soul and body were conceived by the Greeks in
inseparable unity, then the bodies of Greek statues
unusually inspired.

Nike of Samothrace

The statue was placed on the occasion
victories of the Macedonian fleet over
Egyptian in 306 BC. e.
The goddess was depicted as
on the prow of the ship, heralding
victory with the sound of the trumpet.
The pathos of victory is expressed in
swift movement of the goddess,
in the sweep of her wings.
Nike of Samothrace
2nd century BC
Louvre, Paris
Marble

Nike of Samothrace

Nika untying her sandal

Goddess depicted
unleashing
sandal before
how to enter the temple
Marble. Athens

Venus de Milo

April 8, 1820 Greek peasant
from the island of Melos named Iorgos, digging
ground, felt his shovel,
muffled tinkling, bumped into something
hard.
Iorgos dug nearby - the same result.
He took a step back, but even here there was no spade.
wanted to enter the earth.
First Iorgos saw a stone niche.
She was about four or five meters
width. In a stone crypt he, to his
surprise, found a marble statue.
This was Venus.
Agesander. Venus de Milo.
Louvre. 120 BC

Laocoön with
sons
Agesander,
Athenodorus,
Polydor

Laocoon and his sons

Laocoon, you didn't save anyone!
Neither the city nor the world is a savior.
Powerless mind. Proud Three Mouth
a foregone conclusion; circle of fateful events
closed in a suffocating crown
snake rings. Horror on the face
the pleading and groans of your child;
the other son was silenced by the poison.
Your fainting. Your wheeze: "Let me be..."
(...Like the bleating of sacrificial lambs
Through the haze and piercingly and subtly!..)
And again - reality. And poison. They are stronger!
In the snake's mouth powerfully rage blazes...
Laocoon, and who heard you?!
Here are your boys... They... are not breathing.
But in each Troy they are waiting for their horses.