Seasons change because... How to correctly explain to children why winter comes? Change of seasons in the earth's hemispheres

The change of seasons is inextricably linked with the tilt of the earth's axis. Our blue planet moves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit (Latin orbita - track, road). In addition, the Earth rotates around its own axis. We do not feel all this variety of movements in outer space. Every morning, a bright star rises from the horizon in the east, rolls across the sky like a hot white disk, and then disappears behind the horizon in the west. The crimson sunset turns into twilight, and then night falls on the ground.

In winter, the Sun peeks above the horizon for only a third of the day. Dawn comes late, and dusk is always early. In summer the picture is completely different. The luminary climbs high into the sky and moves for a long time across the sky. Its travel time reaches 16 hours. People wake up when dawn is already dawning outside the window, and fall asleep without waiting for sunset.

The tilt of the earth's axis is to blame for all this. The earth's axis refers to an imaginary line connecting the North and South Poles. Moreover, it is located at an angle relative to the plane of the ecliptic. This means that at certain times the North Pole is closer to the Sun than the South Pole. And at other times the opposite is true - the South Pole is closer, and the North Pole is further away.

The angle between the axis and the plane is currently 23.44 degrees. But this value is not constant. Every year it changes by 0.47 seconds, and in the direction of decrease.

The Earth's orbit is not a perfect circle with the Sun at its center. This is an ellipse with an eccentricity of 0.0167. Therefore, the planet has minimally and maximally distant points in its orbit. At aphelion, the distance to the star is 152.083 million km, and at perihelion this value is correspondingly equal to 147.117 million km.

The planet passes perihelion around January 3rd. At this time, the Southern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, where summer is in full swing. Due to its closer distance, it receives more solar energy than the Northern Hemisphere. However, this effect and the change of seasons are in no way connected. Although there is more solar energy, all of its excess is absorbed by the waters of the world's oceans. The bulk of them are concentrated in the southern regions of the planet.

Winter, summer, spring and autumn depend only on the tilt of the earth's axis. As the Earth moves around the Sun, this tilt does not change. That is why, in one part of its trajectory, our blue planet is turned more toward the star with its lower half. And on the other leg of the path, the upper half receives more heat.

Imagine that you are standing near a fire. The face and chest are warm, but the back is cool. Without changing your body position, walk around the fire and stand on the other side. Now the back is warm, and the face and chest are deprived of heat. The same thing happens to a planet when it orbits a yellow star.

The moments when the height of the Sun above the horizon reaches its maximum or minimum are called solstice. The summer solstice falls on June 21-22. This is the longest day of the year. But the shortest day is observed during the winter solstice. It falls on December 21-22. In the spring on March 20-21 and in the fall on September 22-23 equinox. These are periods when the length of the day is equal to the length of the night.

The change of seasons in different hemispheres occurs over different periods of time. So in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn begins after 93.6 summer days and lasts 89.9 days. Winter, accordingly, lasts 89 days, and spring accounts for 92.8 days. In the Southern Hemisphere summer period ends after 89 days. Autumn lasts 92.9 days. Winter has 93.6 days, and spring has 89.9 days. We owe all this to the tilt of the axis and the earth's orbit. They are the ones responsible for different annual periods and give us warm summer and cold winter days.

Even in childhood, we notice that nature around us is constantly changing. It’s hot and sunny outside, the greenery is lush and we know that it’s summer. But then a month passes, then another, and it becomes cooler, leaves begin to fall, and it rains. It's autumn. After autumn comes snowy winter, which, in turn, gives way to spring, when the snow melts and streams run. And then summer comes again. Why does the season change? Let's try to figure it out.

Our planet Earth, which is spherical in shape, revolves around a star called the Sun. The Earth makes a complete revolution around the Sun in exactly one year. At the same time, the Earth also rotates around its axis, making one revolution per day. It is due to rotation around its axis that the change of day and night occurs on Earth.

The points through which the Earth's rotation axis passes are called poles. In the Northern Hemisphere, this point is called the North Pole and it is located in the Arctic Ocean, and in the Southern Hemisphere there is the South Pole, which is located on a continent called Antarctica.

Astronomers have long discovered that the Earth's axis is tilted relative to the plane in which the Earth rotates around the Sun. Due to this tilt of the earth's axis, the height of the sunrise above the horizon is different at different times of the year. For example, in the summer the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun and you can notice that at noon the Sun is high above your head, almost at its zenith. At the same time, the Sun warms the surface so well Northern Hemisphere that summer is coming there and all nature is blooming. In summer the days are very long and the nights are short. And in areas close to the North Pole, the Sun does not set below the horizon at all in summer and polar day begins there.

When the Earth makes another half revolution around the Sun, the Northern Hemisphere will be tilted in the direction opposite to the Sun, and winter will come. The sun will rise very low above the horizon. The day will become short and the night will be long. Due to the short daylight hours and the low altitude of the Sun above the horizon, the surface of the Northern Hemisphere warms up poorly and winter sets in. In the polar regions, in winter there is a polar night, when the Sun does not rise above the horizon at all.

In the Southern Hemisphere, everything happens exactly the opposite - in June, July, August there is winter and snowing, and in December, January, February, summer time begins.

In the intermediate positions of the Earth between “winter” and “summer”, when the North and South poles are equally distant from the Sun, spring or autumn periods begin, depending on the hemisphere. In autumn and spring there are two special days when day is equal to night. Such days are called equinox days.

The reason why the seasons change on Earth is the presence of an angle of inclination relative to the axis. Because of it, the hemispheres approach the heat source one by one as the planet rotates around the Sun. Summer begins on the half of the celestial body that receives most of the heat, while the other half warms up 3 times less during this period, which leads to the onset of winter.

Due to the tilt of the planet's rotation axis, its Northern and Southern hemispheres alternately approach the Sun. The closer to the Sun, the warmer it is. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/quibbll.com.

Why do seasons change?

In ancient times, people explained the changing seasons of the year using mythology. Only during the Renaissance was it proven that the planet has the shape of a ball and revolves around the Sun. Then the version proposed by religions was refuted.

When moving in orbit, the Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from the celestial body. The distance between the bodies varies from 147.1 to 152.1 million km. At the same time, at the beginning of June the Earth moves away as far as possible, and at the beginning of January it approaches the star. The change of seasons of the year is not explained by the movement around the celestial body. Many adults do not know this fact.

Winter and summer alternate due to the fact that the planet warms up unevenly. Since the angle of inclination of the axis relative to the Sun is 23°, the sun's rays hit one hemisphere at a right angle, and the other - at an acute angle. During the revolution, first one area is better illuminated, then another due to a change in position relative to the Sun. One hemisphere receives most of the heat. Summer days are coming there. At the same time, the winter cold comes in the opposite direction.

At the equator, where direct sunlight always hits, the change of seasons occurs more gently, there is no snow and freezing temperatures. The further the climate zone is from the equator, the greater the changes in weather conditions.

If there were no tilt angle, the Earth would warm up at the same rate all year round. Seasons would not arise in such a situation. There would be permanent summer at the equator, and the further away from it the weather would gradually become colder.

Weather conditions would be constant even in the absence of orbital movement. In such a situation, one hemisphere would be constantly illuminated better than the other, and eternal summer would be observed there. It would always be cold on the opposite side of the planet.

You can familiarize yourself with the mechanism of changing seasons in the diagram.

Calendar seasons

The year is divided into 4 seasons:

• winter;
• autumn;
• spring;
• summer.

In winter, daylight hours are shortened and temperatures drop. The amount of precipitation may increase. In most regions of Russia, snow falls and negative temperatures are observed. In areas with a milder climate, the cooling is not so strong; prolonged rains and downpours are possible.

Autumn and spring represent transitional states between summer and winter. Weather conditions gradually change during these periods. In spring it gradually gets warmer, and in autumn, on the contrary, it gets colder. The nature of precipitation is also changing. IN spring months Daylight hours become longer; in autumn their duration decreases.

In summer, the length of daylight hours is greatest. The air temperature also increases. In areas located near the poles, dark nights may be completely absent. It's light there all day long. It snows in summer only in areas close to the poles. In the southern hemisphere, summers are warmer as the planet moves closer to the Sun during this period.

Each season takes 3 months. When they are completed, the seasons change.

The higher the Sun is above the horizon, the more solar heat falls on the same area of ​​the Earth's surface. Credit: artlebedev.ru/quibbll.com.

Astronomical seasons

The beginning of the astronomical seasons is considered to be the days on which the center of the Sun passes through the solstices or equinoxes. There are 4 of them, as well as calendar seasons.

Astronomical summer lasts from the summer solstice (June 21) to the autumn equinox (September 23). It takes 93 days 14 hours and 24 minutes.

Then comes autumn, lasting until December 22 - the date of the winter solstice. It lasts 89 days 18 hours and 42 minutes.

This is followed by winter, which lasts until the spring equinox (March 21). The length of this season is 89 days and 30 minutes.

Spring ends with the summer solstice. Its duration is 92 days 20 hours and 12 minutes.

Equinox periods

Equinoxes are periods when the length of daylight is approximately equal to the length of night. Every year there are 2 such days. In the spring, the equinox falls on March 20-21, and in the fall - on September 22-23.

Solstices are the days with the longest daylight and longest night.

Climatic seasons

Because of physical properties liquid and soil climatic seasons change later than astronomical ones and do not coincide with calendar ones. The duration of delays depends on the climate zone. The further from the equator, the more different summer and winter are.

At and near the equator, summer and winter are characterized by big amount precipitation, prolonged rains. In spring and autumn, humidity decreases and showers disappear. Temperatures near the equator are always high. It never snows here.

In the tropics winter months rainy, and summer - hot and dry. In deserts, it rains infrequently even in winter. The temperature here is above 0°C all year round.

In the temperate zone, different options for the seasons are possible. This is explained by the proximity of the ocean, warm or cold currents. In Europe, conditions are milder than in Siberia due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream. Temperatures don't drop too low in the United States either.

In temperate continental climatic zone Most of the moisture occurs in summer. Winter is dry and cold. In the oceanic region, rain and snow occur more often in winter and autumn, and in summer and spring the amount of precipitation decreases. Monsoon climate characteristic of Far East, is characterized by heavy rainfall in summer with almost complete absence of precipitation in winter.

The Arctic and subarctic climate zones are characterized by a change in polar day and night. Most of the time, the sun's rays do not reach this area, which is why it is dark around the clock. Permafrost is observed. Even in summer the temperature does not rise high, the earth does not warm up. Seasonal fluctuations in precipitation are weak.

Tell me, how did you spend your recent weekend? Sunbathed, played snowballs or splashed through autumn puddles? What do you wear when you go out? Our every day depends on the time of year. in winter- skiing, in summer- swimming, in autumn- mushroom picking, and in the spring we're filming warm clothes and rejoice in the gentle Sun. I'll try to explain.

Year on Earth divided by four seasons. Winter- long evenings and short days, summer- the favorite time of most people, the days are the longest of the year, and the sun is high in the sky. There are also so-called off-season - autumn and spring. During these intervals it happens change from winter to summer and vice versa. Each season brings its own rules to nature:

• winter- the time when nature “falls asleep”;
• spring- a period of awakening and rapid growth;
• summer- the time when most species of flora and fauna enter the breeding phase;

• autumn- gradual fading, slowing down of natural mechanisms.

Why do seasons change?

To understand the principle changing times, we need to imagine our planet, and let your imagination complete the picture Earth's trajectory in the open space. Earth makes two movements: during the day around its axis, and around our star - Sun. The revolution around the star is equal to 1 year, A the trajectory has the shape of an ellipse.

You can often hear the misconception that change times occurs due to such a peculiar orbit, but this is not true. Main role plays an axis tilt angle of 23.5 degrees. The hemisphere closest to to the sun, South or Northern, will receive almost 3 times more thermal energy, and, therefore, it will be green there summer. On the opposite will reign winter, in all its snow-white splendor. Thus, if we imagine the absence of an axis tilt angle, then seasons would not exist in principle, and warming up air masses would happen equally.

What would be...

Interest Ask: what would happen if our planet had different axis tilt angle, or don’t have it at all? Using your imagination, you can consider three cases:

• the angle of inclination is 0 degrees;
• the angle is 45 degrees;
• the angle is 90 degrees, The earth is on its side.

The tilt angle is 0 degrees. If it were this way, we would live in conditions of eternal spring or autumn, the days would be equal to the night, and similar to each other like twins. At the poles there would be eternal morning, and the climate would be much milder.

The angle is 45 degrees. In this case, temperate zone would not exist, and the cold zone would be adjacent to the hot one. IN Moscow There would be continuous daylight throughout June, and continuous night during the winter months. At the poles, relatively warm summer, would give way to a harsh winter, and the Arctic ice masses would noticeably decrease in volume.

The earth is on its side. At the poles, day would reign for six months, and if it changed to night, twilight would last for several days. In mid-latitudes, the days would increase with the onset of spring, and then there would be a day that lasted several days. For latitude St. Petersburg, for example, like this day could be equal to 130 days. In winter, on the contrary, there is a dark night for many days. At the equator, day would be equal to night.

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As a resident of the middle zone, I am not at all surprised by such changes as Cold winter and warm summer. Every time I look forward to the arrival of a new season. I like to watch how nature changes, each time acquiring a familiar, but still unique appearance.

Why do the seasons change

Everyone knows that due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, there is a change of day and night. But the fact that due to its rotation around the Sun the seasons change is more difficult to imagine.

Here you need to know one subtlety. The earth's axis is tilted relative to the orbital plane. It is 66.5 degrees. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Being at the aphelion point (the greatest distance of the orbit from the Sun), the Earth turns towards the Sun with the southern hemisphere. During this period, it is better illuminated, and polar day begins beyond the southern polar circle. At this time, summer arrives throughout the Southern Hemisphere.

The northern hemisphere is turned away from the Sun to a greater extent, so polar night occurs in the polar region, and winter occurs throughout the hemisphere.

Six months later, when the planet approaches the perihelion point (the shortest distance to the Sun), everything changes exactly the opposite. Therefore, the seasons in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres do not coincide.

Thus, the reason for the change of seasons is the tilt of the earth's axis and the rotation of the earth around the sun.

What are the seasons like?

Summer is not always hot and winter is cold.

In each climate zone, the seasons of the year have their own characteristics and depend on the movement of air masses. This is clearly expressed in transitional belts.

1. In summer, equatorial air brings moisture to the subequatorial zone, and winter here is dry due to tropical air masses.
2. In summer, tropical air rushes into the subtropics, where the heat sets in. Winter here is humid due to the arrival of temperate air.
3. Cold polar air makes winter in subpolar latitudes harsh. With the arrival of a moderate air mass, a short, cool summer begins.

If the earth's axis did not have a tilt, then our winter and summer would not change, but eternal spring would reign.

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Winter is coming, as they wisely say in Winterfell. All of us, unlike George R.R. Martin's characters, are lucky. Winter, and other seasons, last only three months. And even in the winter cold we are not in danger of meeting the living dead. And that's a plus!

In winter, other troubles await us: cold, drifts and ice.

But what’s easier to find: a dragon or winter shoes that don’t slip?

This question is too difficult to answer, and the answer will most likely be disappointing, so I will move on to a simpler question (and closer to the topic). Why seasons change each other and last exactly three months each?

The endless waltz of the Earth and the Sun

Well, to tell the truth, it is our planet that is “waltzing”, because it is the one that is spinning around the sun.

And at each new period of time (here’s the season for you), the angle at which you and I are to the Sun changes. Here's to each section globe and get different amounts of “sun” depending on this angle. When the rays of a star fall directly, there is more heat and light; when at an angle - less. This is where they come from seasonal temperature fluctuations And length of daylight hours.

"Other" seasons

Sometimes it seems that it is difficult to find anything unusual in such a familiar annual cycle.

• December January February: New Year, snowmen, Epiphany frosts.
• March, April, May: slush, buds, flowers and butterflies.
• June, July, August: hot, hot, slightly less hot.
• September, October, November: school year, maple leaves, first frosts.

And how could it be any other way?

It very well may!

Everything happens completely differently:

• near Northern And South Pole;
• V equatorial And subequatorial belts;
• V temperate latitudes(where central Russia is located with its pronounced winter and summer).

IN Arctic And Antarctica It’s always cold, although there are real winter and summer (but you won’t be able to sunbathe and swim there even in summer), but they play a big role night And day who are here last for six months.

On equator, which lies exactly in the middle of the globe (the angle of its relation to the Sun practically does not change), the weather is boringly constant - it is always warm there. But there is a division into two seasons: wet and dry.

By the way, it turns out that there are not only those familiar to us calendar Seasons.

A little different from them astronomical, the boundaries of which are not dates on the calendar, but winter and summer solstice, as well as autumn and spring equinox.

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What is your favorite time of year? Maybe you, like me, love spring most of all? The time when nature awakens and renews itself. Trees change their appearance, birds return, breathing becomes easier. The air smells of flowers. What I like most is that people start to smile, as if they are blooming along with the buds on the trees. The rush gives way to walks in the parks. Clothes become lighter and brighter... Perhaps you prefer a different period, and you will probably have your own reasons for this. Have you ever wondered why do the seasons change each other?y?

Spring, summer, autumn, winter and spring again

It's no secret that nature has 4 seasons. We have known them since school days. In the middle latitudes of the northern and southern hemispheres, different seasons have particularly pronounced characteristics with changes in nature :

• Winter: the period when the air temperature reaches its lowest point. Snow falls. The earth does not bear fruit, and the trees shed their leaves. Nature falls asleep.
• Spring: period of awakening. The thaw begins, the temperature gradually rises. The trees put out their leaves and begin to bloom. Green grass appears and the sun begins to warm with its rays.
• Summer: warm time. The temperature on the thermometer is highest during this period. The variety of fruits and vegetables is pleasing. Time for rest and vacations.
• Autumn: the foliage changes colors and begins to fall. The amount of rain increases and the winds become colder. Nature is gradually preparing for bed.

The earth does not stand still

Why seasons change? The whole point is that The earth does not stand still. In addition to the fact that it rotates around its axis, it also moves around the Sun. The trajectory of movement has the shape of an ellipse - a circle slightly flattened on the sides. Thus, at different time intervals our planet is at at different distances relativelySun. When the Earth approaches it closest, it is summer, and when it moves away, it is winter.

Seasons in different countries

The seasons do not appear the same across the entire surface of the Earth. . For example, Vequatorial zone almost always like summer warm. The only difference between the seasons is the amount of precipitation. Onpoles– the situation is the opposite. There always winter, cold and lots of snow. This also occurs due to the rotation of the Earth. Some countries are always located far from the Sun, and its heat does not reach the surface.

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I live in the suburbs, the road to the office for me starts at seven in the morning and ends at nine. You understand, the capital. Public transport It's just crowded in the morning. But this happened in winter The worst thing is: the boss yelled at me and seriously promised to draw up the relevant documents that would confirm the fact of my dismissal. It was a shame to the point of tears, because I was late for work not of my own free will!

The elements got in the way. Snowfall and hail "caught" minibus halfway. After a busy day, I seriously thought about the question: why are we forced tolerate changes temperatures four times a year. I hasten to tell you my conclusions.

Why do seasons change?

Residents who endure the four seasons are very unlucky. Change your wardrobe, change your look, stock up on preserves for the winter. Whatever it may be, after a hot summer comes sedate autumn, and like this in circles because:

• The sun moves from the south hemisphere to northern.

• The sun moves from the north hemisphere to the southern.

• Earth rotates in relation to the sun constantly.

• Happening processes in space. The position of the earth towards the sun changes throughout the year.

There are a lot misconceptions, which are instilled in us from childhood. For example, that the weather depends on the distance of the Earth to the Sun. In fact, the Earth is closest to the sun (reached perihelion) in February. Remember if you had very hot when did the third month of winter come?

How the change of seasons affects a person

“The weather gives me a headache” - you’ve heard a similar expression at least once. Especially from older people. This is not fiction, every person weather dependent. Everyone feels a change in weather or upcoming climate changes. Poor health appears because it changes geomagnetic background of the Earth. And the sun shows its activity. The state of health changes and the following appear: symptoms:

• increased arterial pressure;

• head pain;

• change mood;

• irritability;

• drowsiness or vice versa - insomnia;

• observed changes in a hormonal background.

The body is especially vulnerable in autumn and spring. But you shouldn’t blame everything on the vagaries of the weather. It's worth visiting the doctor's office.

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Studying the nature that surrounds us is, of course, very, very interesting. Change of seasons observed throughout the entire history of existence humanity, from my point of view, delving into this issue will be very exciting. Let me first tell you about the aspect that is far away not in all points of the Earth autumn, spring, winter and summer are leaking synchronously, for example, in the countries of the Southern Hemisphere, the warm season begins at the end of December, which is surprising, isn’t it? We are accustomed to the fact that this month prepares us for a cold, snowy, but highly anticipated holiday - the New Year. Besides, in some regions are completely absent seasons familiar to us, there they are divided into rainy and dry This situation mainly occurs in tropical habitats.

Why do seasons change?

To clearly outline the picture of the changing seasons, I will first tell you what exactly influences this process:

1. Ecliptic.
2. Rotation axis tilt.
3. Ellipticity of the orbit.

Generally, the weather on our planet is associated with a cycle its revolution around the central object of the system - the Sun. Thus, at the moment of the vernal equinox, people of the Northern Hemisphere welcome spring, and residents of the Southern Hemisphere rejoice at the beginning of autumn.

Causes of climate change

Climate change directly related to how at a particular moment Earth positions itself in outer space. If its northern part is closer to the Sun due to the tilt of the axis, more light and heat enter there, respectively. South part freezes, after half a year the situation changes to the opposite(see image).

In this regard, it is also interesting to mention equator. Along this conventional section line always hot and there is a wonderful climate, but why is this so? In principle, there is nothing complicated here, I will try to explain it as clearly as possible. The equator runs straight through the middle between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which means, regardless of the location of the Earth, its rotation around its axis and orbit, it is always heated by the Sun evenly

My favourite season is winter. This has nothing to do with warm clothes, under which you can hide figure flaws.

It just so happened that before the New Year I met my husband. The winter fairy tale has begun: the gift-and-candy period. After which cruel reality set in, I plunged into everyday life. Now I’m raising a daughter who never tires of asking me questions. The next time, when I took my jacket to go for a walk, she asked me: “why is it cold outside, but when we go to grandma’s house it’s hot there?” I had to brush up on my knowledge of geography, and open the dusty encyclopedia.

Why the seasons change: versions

In the Middle Ages, people began to pay attention to this issue. We found an explanation why, after cold and snow, nature gradually wakes up and the sun shines brightly. They were interpreting natural phenomena very simple: higher powers are angry and then treat people condescendingly.

good weather accepted as grace. Because it brought a rich harvest. Scientific explanation the change of seasons does not confirm the ridiculous version of our ancestors, who were far from astronomy and geography. The seasons are changing in strict order because:

• our planet is constantly is in motion, over the course of a year it circles the Sun.

• The sun reaches lowest point Winter begins on the ecliptic.

• The sun moves from the southern hemisphere to the northern - the day of the spring equinox arrives(real spring is coming).

• The sun reaches its highest northern point - astronomical summer.

• The sun crosses the celestial equator top down and autumn begins.

The above statements are substantiated by research, and therefore by science itself. But in space there are processes that cannot be traced, much less stop. That's why, winter will disappear(in 150 years), it will be replaced by another spring..

Who invented the seasons: the mystery is revealed

The names of the seasons began to be invented ancient Romans.

They were guided by their observations. And the calendar year began in the spring. Because it was the time of awakening from sleep. The months did not have names, but were numbered. Later the Julian calendar appeared. Then, the Roman abbot Dionysius the Small invented the modern chronology system.

For people, the change of seasons is a reason to update their wardrobe. And for me, the change of season is a reason to go on sick leave.

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These educational materials will help your child quickly learn and remember the names of the seasons and months. Download and print the calendar picture; you will need to hang it in a visible place so that the child often sees the calendar with his eyes during the day. He will involuntarily scroll through his memory the names of the seasons, winter, spring, summer and autumn months.

Naturally, before this it is necessary to familiarize the child with these seasons. Start your story with winter. Be sure to tell the signs of what is happening in nature at this time of year, what the weather is like, so that the child can feel and vividly imagine the full picture of the season.

in winter the day is short. The sun is low and warms weakly. Snow falls. Cold. People wear winter clothes. In winter we celebrate everyone's favorite holiday - New Year.

in spring the day is getting longer. The sun is warming better. It is getting warmer. Snow is melting. Streams are flowing. Leaves appear on the trees. Grass begins to grow. Flowers are blooming. Migratory birds arrive. People wear demi-season clothes. The most famous spring holidays are March 8 and May Day.

In summer the sun is high, shining brightly, warming well. Costs hot weather. Flowers bloom and berries appear. People wear summer clothes. You can swim in natural reservoirs and sunbathe.

in autumn the day is getting shorter. The sun is lower. It's getting colder. The harvest of vegetables and fruits is ripe. Leaves are falling from the trees. Migratory birds fly south. It rains often. People wear warm clothes. The most famous autumn holiday is the Day of Knowledge.

And winter is coming again...

Do not forget to discuss the very concept of “seasons”, what a year is. Children often confuse “season”, “time of day”, “week”, “month” and simply “time”, immediately distinguish between these concepts. Riddles will help with this:

There is a tree in the royal garden. On one side the flowers bloom, on the other the leaves fall, on the third the fruits ripen, on the fourth the branches are pruned. What kind of tree is this? (year)

These birds fly in a line,
And they won't come back anymore.
There are seven birds in every flock,
You all know them! (Days of the week.)

twelve brothers
They wander after each other,
But they don't overtake each other. (Months.)

The bridge stretches
For seven miles,
And at the end of the bridge -
Golden Mile. (A week.)

They come every year
To visit us:
One gray-haired
Another young one
The third gallops
And the fourth one is crying. (Seasons.)

Invite your child to come up with his own story about the seasons.

Don't forget to tell your child that a year consists of 12 months, and each season has 3 months.

Calendar seasons

Further knowledge can be deepened by dividing what happens in nature into months, as shown in the pictures. Ask your child questions: “When do the leaves fall from the trees?”, “When will we go swimming in the river?” and the like in order to retain the material well in memory.

There are calendars on sale with a moving hand for studying the seasons and months of the year. You can make such a calendar with your own hands by simply printing out a drawing and attaching a cardboard arrow.

Cards, coloring pages and riddles will help children consolidate their knowledge about the seasons.

Cards

You need to cut along the lines.

IN kindergarten or at home you can make an applique from colored paper on the theme of the seasons. Sample:

How to learn the names of the months with your child

A simple poem will help you remember the months:

January was walking through the snowdrifts, the king of all winter frosts!
February caught up with him - he lost his shawl from the blizzard.

March came running for his shift and the ringing rang: “Spring, let’s start!”
April sailed along the streams, he carried drops in his pocket.

The leaves of May rustled: “Take off your warm jacket!”
The dandelion carried June. Do you want a miracle? Just blow!

And in July, and in July we had a holiday at sea!
August was buzzing with bees and sitting like a mushroom in the forest.

In golden September we forgot about the heat!
The wind blew in October: let's pick up yellow leaves!

November froze us and threw the first snow on the ground.
December is upon us, ending a long year!

(c) Irina Gurina

Or another poem:

We have learned the names of the months and their order, now you can tell your child the secret of how to determine/count the number of days in a month using their fists :)

Don't forget to tell us about leap year!

Thirty days are always in September,
In April, June and November.
One day more in other months,
Only February doesn’t want to catch up.
There are only twenty-eight days in it,