What is the climate in the Far East. Climatic conditions of the Far East

The Far East occupies more than one third of Russia and includes three regions - Kamchatka, Primorsky and Khabarovsk, three regions - Amur, Magadan and Sakhalin, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

Due to its remoteness from the European part of Russia, it is often called the end of the world. Indeed, these places are very different from other regions of the country and have a special flavor, unique flora and fauna, peculiar relief and specific climate.

Climate of the Far East (Khabarovsk) by months:

The main feature of the Far Eastern climate is its diversity. The impressive extent of the territory causes its change from a sharply continental type in the central and Kolyma regions Magadan region to monsoon in the south. The average annual temperature in the Far East varies from -10°С in the north to +6°С in the southern territories.

Precipitation is also characterized by a large spread - from 200 mm. per year in the north and up to 1000 mm. on South. Far Eastern air is humid throughout the territory: relative humidity here it is never less than 65%, in some areas its value exceeds 95%.

Spring

Spring in the south Far East begins in mid-April, and in the north - closer to May. Usually it is arid in nature, this is due to low rainfall and poor snow cover.

River floods and floods are observed only in the northern regions, where the snow melts quickly and intensively. Daytime temperature varies from +5°С to +15°С. In the northern part, daylight hours are significantly lengthened.

Summer

In the Far East, summer comes slowly, gradually. The first warm days fall at the end of May-beginning of June. The Pacific Ocean has a significant influence on coastal areas - sea and continental air masses form a warm summer monsoon. The average temperature in July here is +19°C.

In areas far from the sea, summer is hotter - the thermometer rises to +25..30°С. The coldest summer is on the coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Kuril Islands, where the temperature does not rise above + 15 ° C, rain and fog prevail. Often, strong downpours with winds, hurricanes and typhoons fall on coastal areas.

In the Magadan region, the time of white nights begins, when the duration of daylight hours can be more than 18 hours.

Autumn

August is the month of transition from summer to autumn. The average daily temperature during the month ranges from +8°С to +16°С. September in the Far East is characterized by rainy but moderately warm weather.

At the same time, the first snow falls in the continental regions. At the end of October-November, a permanent snow cover forms in most of the Far Eastern territory, rivers and lakes freeze.

Winter

Winter comes to the Far East at the end of November. The average temperature in January is about -22 °С.. -24 °С. The warmest and short winter in Primorye, on Kamchatka and on Sakhalin Island, the most severe - in the Magadan region and on the Amur. In these places, January frosts can reach up to -50°C.

In Primorye, the snow cover is poor, while in Kamchatka and the Magadan region it can reach up to 3 meters in height.

The territory of the Far East is located along the Pacific coast for more than 4,500 thousand km. from Chukotka to the border with Korea. The northern part of the region is located beyond the Arctic Circle, so even in summer period snow cover is preserved. The southern territories are located at 40 latitudes - among the spruce groves, subtropical plants are often found here.

Nature

This region is characterized by contrasting phenomena and processes, which are due to the interaction of various air masses, cold and warm air masses, as well as the junction of lithospheric plates. All this became a prerequisite for the formation of colorful natural conditions.

The Far Eastern Territory is located on the line of collision of the Pacific and Eurasian plates, resulting in the formation of mountain systems that stretch parallel to the ocean.

Most of the mountain ensembles of the Far East were formed back in the Mesozoic period, but mountain building processes continue to this day, as evidenced by systematic earthquakes in this region.

Climatic conditions

The contrasting climate of the Far Eastern Territory is predetermined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in the temperate zone. Due to the cold air flow from the Asian High, winters in the region are severe and frosty.

Under the influence of warm currents from the ocean in winter period drops out here a large number of precipitation sometimes the thickness of the snow cover reaches 2 m.

Summer in the region is quite warm, but monsoon rains fall here every day. Many rivers of the Far East, in particular the Amur, begin to flood in the summer, because due to the long spring, the snow melts gradually.

Relief, flora and fauna

A complex relief system, a combination of various air masses and closed basins are the factors that lead to the diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far Eastern Territory. The flora includes species characteristic of both cold Siberia and hot Asia.

Here are spruce coniferous forests adjacent to impenetrable thickets of bamboo. Lindens, spruces, hornbeams, pears, pines and nuts can be found in the forests. Dense thickets of broad-leaved forests are entwined with lianas, lemongrass and grapes.

The Far Eastern fauna is also very diverse: reindeer, squirrels, sables, elks, which belong to Siberian species, as well as black deer, raccoon dogs, and Amur tigers live here.

Economy of the region

Vivid contrasts are typical and for the economy of the region. Industry is well developed in the Far East and Agriculture. In the central and southern parts, rice, potatoes, soybeans are grown, legumes, wheat and a variety of vegetables.

Also, the south of the Far East specializes in gardening. In the northern part of the region, expensive furs are made. The coastal areas are dominated by fishing.

In the bowels of the Far Eastern Territory, a large-scale ensemble of minerals is presented, which are rarely found in one territory, these are copper, non-ferrous and iron ore, gold, phosphate rock, oil, natural gas, apatite and graphite.

Relief

Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and high uplands (about 75% of the territory), while mountains of medium and low height predominate. The largest mountain formations are the Sikhote-Alin, Bureinsky, Verkhoyansky, Stanovoy, Dzhugdzhursky, Koryaksky ridges, as well as the Chukotka and Aldan highlands. The east of the district is located in the zone of interaction of large lithospheric plates.

Powerful mountain-building processes and shifts of lithospheric plates continue, which is manifested in intense earthquakes and seaquakes. The Far East is the only territory of active volcanism in Russia, which is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are 160 volcanoes in Kamchatka, of which more than 20 are active, the largest of which is the highest point of the district - Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m). Volcanoes are accompanied by geysers, numerous sources of thermal waters.

Plains and lowlands occupy only relatively small areas (about 25% of the territory), mainly along river valleys, and it is in these areas that the main economic life of the region is concentrated. Main plains: Zeya-Bureya, Sredneamurskaya, Prikhankayskaya, Central Yakutskaya.

Climate

Features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East region determined the diversity of natural and climatic conditions - from the sharply continental to the monsoonal climate of the southeast of the region. The climate of the entire Far East is determined by the interaction of continental and maritime air masses of temperate latitudes.

The entire territory of the Far East is located in the zone of three climatic zones and five types of climate. This fact alone informs us about the diversity of nature and climate of the region. The Chukotka Autonomous Okrug lies in the zone of the Arctic and subarctic climatic zones. Kamchatka Krai, located to the south, is located in a temperate climate zone. This area is characterized by a special type of climate: the climate of the eastern coasts. This type of climate is also typical for the coast of the Magadan region, but as soon as you go deeper into the continent, the climate changes to subarctic tundra and forest tundra. Further south is the Khabarovsk Territory, located entirely in temperate zone and a zone of two types of climate: sharply continental on the border with Yakutia and monsoon closer to the coast Pacific Ocean. The rest of the subjects: Primorsky Krai, Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, are entirely located in the monsoon climate zone.

In the cold season, mainly in winter, westerly winds prevail in the Far East, carrying dry frosty air from Siberia in the form of anticyclones. Therefore, the winter in the Far East is very severe and dry. In the northern part of the region, the climate is the most severe with a 9-month cold winter with little snow (in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - the cold pole of the northern hemisphere).

In the warm season, the wind begins to blow from the ocean, bringing cyclones and, consequently, cloudy weather and precipitation. It is this principle of circulation of air masses (in winter the wind blows from the mainland, and in summer from the ocean) that is the monsoon climate. Therefore, most of the precipitation falls on summer time. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas. For example, in Khabarovsk, about 450 mm of precipitation falls from June to September, and only 50-60 mm from December to March. In general, precipitation in the Far East is unevenly distributed. For example, on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, from 150 to 600 mm of precipitation falls annually, in the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region annual amount precipitation ranges from 400 to 800 mm. In other regions, precipitation is comparatively higher - on average, from 500 to 1000 mm per year.

Main feature temperature regime Far East - a sharp increase in frost in the cold season as you move away from the coast deep into the continent. For example, on the east coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula average temperature January is about -4...-6 °C, and in the center of the peninsula it drops to -16...-22 °C. Similarly, on the coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Magadan Region and Khabarovsk Territory the average January temperature reaches -16...-20 °C, and on the border with Yakutia it drops to -30...-35 °C. In Primorsky Krai, the average temperature winter months on the coast it is also relatively high - -6...-8 °C, and on the border with China it drops to -20...-24 °C. In the Amur and Jewish autonomous regions the average January temperature is around -20...-26 °C.

As for the warm season, the spread of the average monthly temperature is greatly reduced due to the monsoonal climate. Only in the extreme north of Chukotka autonomous region the average July temperature is only +3...+8 °C, and in places -2...-1 °C. Almost throughout the rest of the Far East, the average July temperature is about +10...+15 °C, only in the southern part of the region, on the border with China, the average temperature of the summer months reaches +17...+21°C.

The annual amplitude of air temperature in the Far Eastern Federal District is the largest in the globe- up to 70-75 degrees Celsius.

Flora and fauna

The interaction of continental and marine air masses, northern and southern currents, complex relief, which combines mountains and lowlands, closed basins - all this together leads to a diversity of the vegetation cover of the Far East, to the presence of northern and southern species in its composition. In the northern lowlands there are tundras, into which larch forests enter from the south along the rivers. Most of the Kamchatka peninsula is occupied by sparse forests of stone birch and larch, and thickets of dwarf pine with alder and lichens grow on the slopes of the mountains. For the north of Sakhalin is characterized by sparse larch forests, and for the south - impenetrable thickets of bamboo and spruce-fir taiga.

Humidity" href="/text/category/vlazhnostmz/" rel="bookmark">humid, coniferous-deciduous forests of rich species composition grow. They consist of Korean cedar, spruce, fir, linden, hornbeam, Manchurian walnut, pear and many other species Dense thickets of trees intertwined with vines, grapes and lemongrass. medicinal herbs, including ginseng.

The fauna of the Far East is diverse. Marine animals are of industrial importance: fish, mollusks, sea animals, etc. The most unique species of land animals are the Ussuri tiger, brown and Himalayan bears, East Siberian leopard, etc. About 40 species of fur-bearing animals live in the Far East. To the most known species Animals of the Far East include squirrel, otter, ermine, hare, raccoon dog, Siberian weasel, fox, American mink, muskrat, arctic fox, sable, deer, wild boar, musk deer, roe deer, elk, reindeer, bighorn sheep and many others. Up to 100 species (often the rarest) birds nest here.

Characteristics of dangerous natural phenomena in general for the Far Eastern Federal District

The monsoon climate of the Amur region and Primorye brings heavy rains and storm winds, South part often exposed to the impact of transformed typhoons. In Kamchatka, Sakhalin, in the Magadan region, snow avalanches are observed.

The Far Eastern Federal District has the longest coastline in Russia. High seas and strong winds pose a danger to navigation areas, especially during transitional periods. In addition, on sea ​​coasts strong blizzards, deterioration in visibility, and surge phenomena are often noted. The coasts of Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Primorye are tsunami-prone areas.

The Amur and Lena rivers are among the most major rivers peace. The bulk of the internal water resources belongs to their pools. Almost all dangerous hydrological phenomena are observed on these rivers: jam floods, high spring floods, high rain floods. Other rivers of the region also cannot be called calm. A dangerous phenomenon is also prolonged low water, which is periodically observed on the navigable rivers of the Far Eastern Federal District.

A significant part of the territory of the district is occupied by a forest zone; forest fires pose a significant danger. An extremely high fire hazard (according to meteorological indicators) is also a dangerous meteorological phenomenon.

The Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye receive enough heat and rainfall for the cultivation of crops. In some years, atmospheric and soil droughts can be observed here, with heavy and prolonged rains - waterlogging of the soil.

It is impossible not to mention those dangerous phenomena that may result from human activities. For example, hydroelectric power stations, especially seasonal regulation, are in the area of ​​close attention of specialists. In addition, the spread of dangerous pollution natural environment predicted taking into account meteorological and hydrological characteristics.

Another feature of our region is the intra-annual distribution of hazardous phenomena, which is different from what is observed in Russia as a whole, where the main number of hazardous phenomena and complexes of adverse meteorological phenomena, the combination of which form a dangerous phenomenon, occurs in May-August. The peculiarity of the region is that it is located on the borders of land - ocean, arctic - tropical air masses. As a result, dangerous phenomena often form during transitional periods.

Climate

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the huge extent of the territory from north to south (almost 4500 km.) And from west to east ( at 2500-3000 km.). It looks good on climate map Russia (Fig. 3.) This contrast is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes.

Fig.3.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a sharply monsoonal climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the cold Primorsky Current along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan have a significant impact on the climate. The mountainous terrain also influences the climate.

In the cold season, mainly in winter, westerly winds prevail in the Far East, carrying dry frosty air from Siberia in the form of anticyclones. In the warm season, the wind begins to blow from the ocean, bringing cyclones and, consequently, cloudy weather and precipitation. It is this principle of circulation of air masses (in winter the wind blows from the mainland, and in summer from the ocean) that is the monsoon climate.

Based on the above features of the movement of air flows, one can guess that the bulk of the precipitation will fall precisely in the summer. which systematically causes river floods, flooding of buildings and agricultural land. For example, in Khabarovsk, from June to September, about 470-490 mm of precipitation falls, and from December to March, only 50-60 mm. In general, precipitation in the territory of the Far East is unevenly distributed even on the territory of the same subject. For example, on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, from 150 to 600 mm of precipitation falls annually, while in the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region, the annual amount of precipitation varies from 400 to 800 mm. In other regions, precipitation is comparatively higher - on average, from 500 to 1000 mm per year.

On the coast, both in winter and in summer, cyclones, prolonged heavy rains, typhoons and fogs are frequent. Also, the closer to the south, the greater the humidity. In the south of Primorye, weather with humidity over 90% is often established.

In contrast to the European part of the country, in the Far East in winter there is almost no "dullness", and there are long periods of settled clear and sunny weather, as well as continuous rain for several days in a row in summer - a common occurrence.

Also in the southern and central parts of the Far East, dust storms are sometimes observed coming from the deserts of Mongolia and northern China.

The main feature of the temperature regime of the Far East is a sharp increase in frost in the cold season as one moves away from the coast deep into the continent. For example, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, the average January temperature is about -4...-6 °C, while in the center of the peninsula it drops to -16...-22 °C. Similarly, on the coast of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Magadan Region and the Khabarovsk Territory, the average January temperature reaches -16...-20 °C, and on the border with Yakutia it drops to -30...-35 °C. In Primorsky Krai, the average temperature of the winter months on the coast is also relatively high - -6 ... -8 ° C, and on the border with China it drops to -20 ... -24 ° C. In the Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, the average January temperature is about -20...-26 °C.

As for the warm season, the spread of the average monthly temperature is greatly reduced. This, again, is one of the features of the monsoon climate. Only in the extreme north of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the average July temperature is only +3...+8 °C, and in some places even -2...-1 °C. Almost throughout the rest of the Far East, the average July temperature is about +10...+15 °C. Only in the southern part of the region, on the border with China, the average temperature of the summer months reaches +17...+21 °C.

The main features of the nature of the Soviet Far East are determined by its position on eastern outskirts Asia, directly affected by the Pacific Ocean and related seas. The Far East is washed by the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas, and in places and directly by the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Since their impact inland is rapidly weakening, the Far East occupies a relatively narrow strip of land, stretching from southwest to northeast for almost 4,500 km. In addition to the mainland, it includes Sakhalin Island, the Shantar Islands (in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk), the Kuril Island Arc, and the Karaginsky and Commander Islands located next to the Kamchatka Peninsula.

The climate of the Far East is distinguished by a special contrast - from sharply continental (the whole of Yakutia, the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region) to monsoonal (southeast), which is due to the vast extent of the territory from north to south (almost 3900 km.) And from west to east (to 2500-3000 km.). This is determined by the interaction of continental and sea air masses of temperate latitudes. In the northern part, the climate is exceptionally harsh. Winter with little snow, lasts up to 9 months. The southern part has a monsoon climate with cold winter and wet summers.

The most significant differences between the Far East and Siberia are associated with the predominance of a monsoon climate in the south and a monsoon-like and maritime climate in the north, which is the result of the interaction between the Pacific Ocean and the land of North Asia. The influence of the marginal seas of the Pacific Ocean, especially the cold Sea of ​​Okhotsk, is also noticeable. The complex, predominantly mountainous terrain has a great influence on the climate.

In winter, currents of cold air rush to the southeast from the powerful Asian High. In the northeast, along the margin of the Aleutian Low, cold continental air Eastern Siberia interacts with warm sea air. As a result, cyclones often occur, which are associated with a large amount of precipitation. There is a lot of snow in Kamchatka, blizzards are not uncommon. On the eastern coast of the peninsula, the height of the snow cover can sometimes reach 6 m. Snowfalls are also significant on Sakhalin.

In summer, air currents rush from the Pacific Ocean. Maritime air masses interact with continental air masses, as a result of which monsoon rains occur throughout the Far East in summer. The monsoon climate of the Far East covers the Amur Region and Primorsky Territory. As a result, the largest Far Eastern river, the Amur, and its tributaries flood not in the spring, but in the summer, which usually leads to catastrophic floods. Devastating typhoons often sweep over coastal areas, coming from the southern seas.

Under the influence of the coastal position, maritime and monsoonal climate, the border geographical areas on the plains of the Far East are strongly shifted to the south. Tundra landscapes are found here at 58-59°N. sh., i.e., much to the south than anywhere else on the mainland of Eurasia; forests reaching the extreme southern regions of the Far East and extending further, make up salient feature the entire margin of the continent in the middle latitudes, while the steppe and semi-desert landscapes, which are widespread at these latitudes in the more western interior parts of the continent, are absent here. A similar picture is typical for the eastern part of North America.

The complex relief, which is characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and intermountain plains, determines the landscape differentiation of the territory, the wide distribution of not only plain, forest and tundra, but especially mountain-forest, as well as bald landscapes.

In connection with the history of development and the position in the vicinity of floristically and zoogeographically diverse areas, the territory of the Far East is distinguished by a complex interweaving of landscape elements of various origins.