A message on the topic of dangerous weather events. Hazardous weather events

phenomena

Dangerous weather

Weather is a major factor

Weather is the main factor that determines

human safety in natural conditions.

Some weather conditions significantly complicate

a person's stay in natural environment.

When going on a hike, you need to find out how the

weather in the places of planned vacation at different times of the year.

We know that...

From the organization's experience active rest It has been established in nature that for any area and each type of tourist trip (hiking, mountain, water, skiing) the most favorable and unfavorable seasons can be distinguished in terms of weather conditions.

For mountain and ski trips

Thus, for amateur mountain hikes, the second half of summer (July - August) is considered the most favorable season in almost all regions of the country.

For ski tourism in the middle zone, March is preferable, and in the northern regions - March - April.

In bad weather

Experienced tourists advise that in case of short-term intense precipitation (heavy rain), stop at the first convenient location and wait out the bad weather in shelter, under an awning or a cape.

Transitions in snow and rain

You can continue driving in rain and snow on a technically simple section, along trails, on flat terrain, covered with a cape. Immediately after crossing in the rain (or snow), it is necessary to organize a bivouac, preferably in a shelter where you can make a fire, change clothes, and dry wet clothes and shoes.

What to do during a thunderstorm

Particular care must be taken during thunderstorms. This weather phenomenon is associated with the development of cumulonimbus clouds and the accumulation of large electric charges. The greatest danger to humans is a direct lightning strike.

Lightning

Lightning is a giant electrical discharge that occurs between storm clouds or between the clouds and the ground. Currents generated in the ground when lightning strikes the earth's surface are also dangerous.

Harbingers

The harbingers of a thunderstorm are powerful cumulonimbus clouds, multiple flashes of lightning, and rumbles of thunder. Immediately before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a lull or the wind changes direction, then the wind suddenly increases sharply (squall) and the rain begins.

First measures

If you are on a hill (on a ridge, hill, steep slope) when a thunderstorm approaches, you need to get down as quickly as possible to avoid being struck by lightning.

If you are in the water, you need to quickly get to shore.

In the forest, it is best to hide among low trees with dense undergrowth.

Remember that among trees, birch and maple are less susceptible to direct lightning strikes, while oak and poplar are the most susceptible.

Taking cover

In open areas, you should choose sandy or rocky areas; you can hide in a dry hole, ditch, or ravine.

In the mountains, it is undesirable to seek shelter from a thunderstorm in small grottoes (shallow caves with a wide entrance), rock holes, or depressions, as there is a danger of being struck by currents formed in the ground after a lightning strike.

In a cave

If you still had to take refuge in a cave, grotto, or large depression, you cannot be at the entrance or in the far corner of such a place; a person’s position is safe when the distance between him and the walls is at least 1 m.

Remember!

During a thunderstorm you cannot:

be located next to the railway track, near a body of water, near a tall object (tree);

lean your head, back or other parts of your body against the surface of rocks or tree trunks;

stop at the edges of the forest and forest clearings.

What to do during a blizzard

In a snowstorm, with strong wind and cold, a person’s normal breathing is disrupted, the heat-protective properties of clothing are reduced, due to poor visibility, he loses orientation, can get lost, run out of strength and die.

What to do during a blizzard

A blizzard does not come suddenly. Before it begins, there is an increase in air temperature and a gradual increase in wind speed. A harbinger of a blizzard is the appearance of a dark gray or black cloud growing on the horizon with changing outlines. The wind gradually intensifies and becomes gusty, which lifts the snow and disperses the drifting snow. A cloud covers the entire sky, and a blizzard begins.

What to do during a blizzard

It is best to wait out the snowstorm in a bivouac camp. If a group is moving along the route when a blizzard approaches, it is necessary to immediately stop, set up camp and wait for it to end.

What to do during a blizzard

The primary task facing a group of tourists before or after the onset of a blizzard is setting up a bivouac. When setting up a tent, you should find at least partial shelter from the wind. The tent is installed with the entrance on the leeward side, its guy ropes are secured by sticking them into the snow with skis or ski poles. After setting up the tent, backpacks are brought in and placed at the back windward wall and in the corners of the tent.

What to do during a blizzard

When setting up bivouac in a snowstorm, you cannot move away from the tent. A tourist who has moved away from the tent and lost sight of the camp must retrace his steps. If the tracks are covered up, you should stop and take all measures to independently arrange a temporary shelter.

Signs of worsening weather

If it is clear during the day, but clouds thicken in the evening, then rain or a change in weather should be expected.

Wavy (altocumulus) clouds that resemble ripples or wave crests are a sure sign of severe weather within a few hours. Air temperature in winter time increases slightly, warming sets in. In summer, the difference between air temperature day and night decreases; the evening is warmer than the day.

The wind intensifies, especially in the evening, and the regular daily changes in local winds are disrupted.

Cloudiness increases, clouds move in the opposite direction or across the direction in which the wind is blowing earth's surface.

The sun sets in a cloud, the evening dawn has a bright red color.

Dangerous meteorological phenomena – atmospheric phenomena which can cause serious damage national economy, and under certain conditions, the ecological resources of the territory. In Belarus, such phenomena include:

– squall and strong wind with maximum speed 15 - 29 m/s or gusts up to 15 - 34 m/s;

– rain or rain with snow with a precipitation amount of 15 − 49 mm;

– snow with a precipitation amount of 7–19 mm of water layer, which falls in no more than 12 hours;

– hail with a hailstone diameter of 6 − 19 mm;

– all thunderstorms;

– fog with visibility no more than 500 m and duration over 3 hours;

– a snowstorm with a wind speed of 11 - 14 m/s, lasting 3 hours or more;

– ice with sediment thickness of 6 − 19 mm; sticking of wet snow - 11 − 34 mm;

– frost - 50 mm or more;

– icy conditions;

– frosts on the soil surface or in the air during the growing season;

– a sharp transition (by 10 °C or more) of air temperature through 0 °C in spring or autumn;

– cases of extreme heat or frost. If the phenomenon exceeds the upper limits of intensity, then it goes into the category of especially dangerous meteorological phenomena. In Belarus, 20–60 days with dangerous meteorological phenomena are possible annually at each location. Among them, thunderstorms (about 50% of cases), fog (about 25%), frosts, blizzards, and strong winds predominate.
Posted on ref.rf
Property, crops and gardens are subject to insurance against dangerous meteorological influences.

Fog- Availability large quantity in the air of small drops of water (in liquid or frozen form), this leads to a decrease in the meteorological visibility range to 1000 m or less. The number of days with fog increases with increasing altitude. Maximum amount days with fog (140) were noted in 1964 in ᴦ. Novogrudok. The cold season accounts for 60–80% of all days with fog in a year. Fogs often appear before sunrise and dissipate a few hours after sunrise. The average continuous length of fog during the cold period is about 10 hours. Moreover, in some cases, fogs can last for several days in a row (in Minsk in January 1971 - 79 hours, in Novogrudok in December 1959 - 105 hours).

Lightning - an electrical discharge in the atmosphere between clouds or a cloud and the ground. More than 99% of lightning occurs between April and September. On average, in the summer months there are 4–7, and in the south 5–8 days with lightning. The area of the area covered by lightning is on average 500–600 km 2 , and only in 25% of cases the area of the lightning area exceeds 2000 km 2 . On the territory of the republic, in each summer month there are on average about 20 days when lightning is observed at at least one point. Every year you can expect 3-4 days when lightning is observed in more than 20% of the territory.

Ice- a layer of dense ice that forms on objects when supercooled drops or frost freeze (must be distinguished from glaze - ice or icy snow on the surface). At higher altitudes, power lines and communication lines, ice is observed more often. From November to March, ice is observed almost annually for 2–4 days per month (in March – 1). Largest quantity days with ice, which was observed, is approximately twice the average shown on the map. The number of days with ice increases with altitude and the greatest frequency is observed on the Novogrudok Upland, here in the winter of 1959/60. there were 63 days with ice.

Strong wind and squall. A squall is a sharp short-term increase in wind, an air vortex with a horizontal axis. Characterized by high speed and rapid changes in wind direction. On average, at a particular point, squalls are observed once every 5 years, the most probable speed is 15–20 m/s. In general, the republic annually experiences 3–5 days with destructive squalls (wind speed 25–30 m/s). Particularly dangerous is an increase in wind speed up to 25 m/s.

Thaw– increase in air temperature in winter to positive values. Thaws are dangerous for wintering crops; they can cause destruction of the exterior decoration of buildings and lead to the development of winter floods. Observed almost every year in all winter months. Thaws prevail, in which the temperature does not exceed 2˚С, but approximately once every 20 years, warming can be expected in December to 8–13˚С, and in January and February – to 5–19˚С, in February 1990 ᴦ. – 16–17˚С ( large values in the south and west). More than 50% of days with thaws have a positive average daily temperature.

Blizzard– wind transfer of snow from the surface of the snow cover; Most often (3–8 days per month) snowstorms are observed in January and February. Usually a snowstorm lasts up to 6–7 hours, but at times it can last for several days (in February 1956 in Vitebsk - 5.5 days, in February 1960 in Mozyr - more than 4 days). The total length during the winter ranges from 60–80 hours in the south to 150–190 hours in the north and west. Particularly dangerous are extended snowstorms (more than 12 hours) with high wind speeds (more than 15 m/s), which leads to a severe deterioration in visibility (less than 50 m). Such snowstorms occur once every 3–6 years. The greatest extent of such snowstorms was observed in February 1960. in Mozyr (more than 100 hours), in Gomel (76 hours).

hail- precipitation that falls in the form of dense pieces of ice of various shapes and sizes. Hail with a diameter of 2 cm or more is especially dangerous. In a single point, such hail is a rare phenomenon (once every 40–50 years), but in general, in the territory of the republic there are 4–5 days with such hail every year. Particularly dangerous hail is more often observed in elevated areas and the more forested south of the republic. In June 1953 ᴦ. In the Braslav region, hail with individual hailstones measuring 8–10 cm was observed.

Heavy rains. Rain with a daily rainfall of 15 mm or more is considered unsafe; with a daily rainfall of 50 mm or more, rain is considered especially dangerous. Unsafe rains at each point are observed almost every year, and in 1977 ᴦ. in Novogrudok there were 15 cases with such rains. Particularly unsafe ones are observed much less frequently, approximately once every 8–10 years (more often in the southwest). The maximum amount of precipitation was observed on August 6, 1970, in Bobruisk, when 146 mm fell in 5 hours.

Frost – lowering the temperature of the air or soil surface in the warm season to 0˚C and below. Frosts in Belarus are most often advective-radiative; they arise as a result of the penetration of cold air and its further cooling in partly cloudy weather due to cooling of the soil as a result of night radiation. More often, radiation frosts are observed in lower areas. In the air above drained peat bogs and on the surface of such peat bogs, the frequency of years with such frosts in May is almost twice as high as for mineral soils. Usually the number of days with frosts in a ten-day period (May) does not exceed three. The minimum temperature during frosts, as a rule, is not lower than –5˚С. Frosts in the air more often occur simultaneously on no more than one third of the entire area of the republic. Moreover, in 20–25% of cases they can spread to 70% of the territory. And in May 1980 ᴦ. frosts were observed in all three decades and covered 80–95% of the territory.

Drought– combination of values high temperatures air, shortage atmospheric precipitation, low air humidity and low moisture reserves in the soil for one month or more, leading to a significant reduction in yield or death of crops.
Posted on ref.rf
As a rule, to identify a dry period, the following basic criteria are accepted: duration - 30 or more days, daily precipitation - no more than 5 mm, Maximum temperature air – +25°С and above, in more than half of the days of the period.

Droughts in Belarus most often do not cover large territory, their distribution area in approximately half of the cases does not exceed 10% of the territory. Once every 7–12 years, droughts in at least one month cover more than 50% of the country's area. Such extensive droughts can span a two-month period once every 15–20 years.

Although the criterion for identifying drought is a dry period of more than 30 days, plants may begin to experience moisture deficiency if there is no rainfall, as is known, for a shorter period of time. In this regard, to complete the picture, it is advisable to consider rainless periods when for at least 10 consecutive days the daily precipitation amounts do not exceed 1 mm. From April to October, an average of 3–4 dangerous rainfall events are observed in each location in Belarus. The average continuous duration of rainless periods is 14–18 days, with a slight increase towards the south. In some years, the continuous duration of rainlessness can significantly exceed average values. Lack of rain lasting more than 20 days is observed about 7 times, and more than 30 days - up to 2 times a decade. Rainless periods are very often (in more than 80% of cases) combined with elevated air temperatures relative to average values, which increases the risk of droughts during such periods. In this case, the temperature increase should be quite significant: in half of the cases more than 2°C, and in 17% - more than 4°C.

Except negative impact on agricultural crops, during severe droughts conditions are created for the deterioration of the epidemiological situation and the mass reproduction of forest pests, and the risk of forest and peat fires increases.

According to generalized data for weather stations in Belarus, the frequency of extremely dry periods in the country varies from 3 to 23%, averaging 10%. The highest frequency (once every 4–6 years) is typical for the western part of Grodno and the central part of the Minsk region (Grodno and Minsk – frequency 17%, Volkovysk – 23%). The minimum frequency of occurrence – 3% or once every 33 years – was noted in Zhitkovichi and Gorki.

Dust storms black storms, transfer of large amounts of dust or sand by strong winds. They are usually found in deserts, semi-deserts, and plowed steppes. Severe dust storms also occur due to irrational cultivation of the land. Cause a lot of damage agriculture, cover crops and destroy the surface layer of soil over large areas. Dust from the southern regions is occasionally brought into Belarus of Eastern Europe, Mediterranean, and even the Sahara. On light mineral soils, at wind speeds above 5−6 m/s, and on peat soils above 8–9 m/s, wind erosion of the soil is observed. In the south of the republic in April - June, conditions are created for the occurrence of dust storms in dry weather, absence or underdevelopment in fields of vegetation and winds stronger than 15 m/s. There have been cases of wind removal of up to 40 tons of dry peat from 1 hectare and removal of soil from mineral areas 2-3 times more. Dust storms are prevented by planting shelterbelts, regulating snowmelt, retaining melt water, bilaterally regulating the soil water regime and other anti-erosion measures.

Weather is the main factor on which human safety in natural conditions depends. Some weather phenomena significantly complicate a person's stay in the natural environment.

Getting ready for a hike, you need to find out how the weather changes in the places of your planned vacation at different times of the year.

It is known that for any terrain and every type of hiking(hiking, mountain, water, skiing) we can distinguish the most favorable and unfavorable seasons in terms of weather conditions. Thus, for amateur mountain hikes, the second half of summer (July - August) is considered the most favorable season in almost all regions of the country.

For ski tourism in the middle zone, March is preferable, and in the northern regions - March - April.

In the natural environment people most often encounter such weather phenomena, How precipitation(rain, snow, hail). In a city or village they do not cause much inconvenience, since a person can take refuge in buildings, public transport and etc.

It’s a different matter in the natural environment, where you need to be able to provide protection from adverse weather using equipment and natural shelters.

Experienced tourists advise in case of short-term intense precipitation (heavy rain), stop in the first convenient place and wait out the bad weather in a shelter, under an awning or a cape.

What to do during a thunderstorm

Particular care must be taken during thunderstorms. This weather phenomenon is associated with the development of cumulonimbus clouds and the accumulation of large electrical charges in them. The greatest danger to humans is a direct lightning strike.

Lightning is a giant electrical discharge that occurs between thunderclouds or between clouds and the ground. Currents formed in the ground after lightning strikes on the earth's surface are also dangerous.

Thunderstorm harbingers- powerful cumulonimbus clouds, multiple flashes of lightning, rumbles of thunder. Immediately before the start of a thunderstorm, there is usually a lull or the wind changes direction, then the wind suddenly increases sharply (squall) and the rain begins.

When a thunderstorm approaches, before the rain starts, you should try to find a safe place, set up a bivouac or make a shelter.

If you are near a thunderstorm on a hill(on a ridge, hill, steep slope), you need to go down as quickly as possible to avoid being struck by lightning.

If you are in water, you need to quickly go ashore.

If you are In the woods, it is best to take refuge among low trees with dense undergrowth.

Remember that among trees, birch and maple are less susceptible to direct lightning strikes, while oak and poplar are the most susceptible.

In open areas You should choose sandy or rocky areas; you can hide in a dry hole, ditch, or ravine.

In the mountains It is undesirable to seek shelter from a thunderstorm in small grottoes (shallow caves with a wide entrance), rock holes, or depressions, as there is a danger of being struck by currents formed in the ground after lightning strikes.

If you still had to take cover in a cave, grotto, large depression, you cannot be at the entrance or in the far corner of such a place; a person’s position is safe when the distance between him and the walls is at least 1 m.

Having chosen a place in the shelter, you need to sit down, pulling your knees to your chest and clasping them with your arms. It is unacceptable to touch the surface of rocks or soil with your head, back or other parts of the body.

For insulation torso and legs from the earth's surface, you can use a backpack and other items of equipment, wrapping these items in plastic film.

During a thunderstorm you cannot:

■ be located next to the railway track, near a reservoir, near a tall object (tree);
■ lean your head, back or other parts of your body against the surface of rocks or tree trunks;
■ stop at the edges of the forest and forest clearings.

What to do during a blizzard

In winter, snowstorms and blizzards pose a significant danger to a person in natural conditions (skiing). A blizzard is characterized by strong winds and snow. It can last from several hours to several days.

In a snowstorm, with strong wind and cold, a person’s normal breathing is disrupted, the heat-protective properties of clothing are reduced, due to poor visibility, he loses orientation, can get lost, become exhausted and die.

In order to avoid getting caught in a snowstorm on the route, you need to prepare for it in time and know the signs of its approach.

A blizzard does not come suddenly. Before it begins, there is an increase in air temperature and a gradual increase in wind speed. A harbinger of a blizzard is the appearance of a dark gray or black cloud growing on the horizon with changing outlines. The wind gradually intensifies and becomes gusty, which lifts the snow and disperses the drifting snow. A cloud covers the entire sky, and a blizzard begins.

It is best to wait out the snowstorm in a bivouac camp. If a group is moving along the route when a blizzard approaches, it is necessary to immediately stop, set up camp and wait for it to end.

If, when a blizzard approaches, it is possible to take refuge in the forest, you need to move after putting on windbreakers, down jackets, and insulated mittens.

First priority, standing in front of a group of tourists before or after the onset of a blizzard, is a bivouac setup. When setting up a tent, you should find at least partial shelter from the wind. The tent is set up with the entrance on the leeward side, its guy ropes are secured by sticking them into the snow with skis or ski poles. After setting up the tent, backpacks are brought in and placed at the back windward wall and in the corners of the tent.

When setting up bivouac in a snowstorm, you should not leave the tent. A tourist who has moved away from the tent and lost sight of the camp must retrace his steps. If the tracks are covered up, you should stop and take all measures to independently arrange a temporary shelter.

Signs of worsening weather

If it is clear during the day, but the clouds thicken in the evening, then you should expect rain or a change in weather.

Wavy (altocumulus) clouds, resembling ripples or wave crests is a sure sign of the onset of inclement weather within a few hours.

Other signs may indicate worsening weather.

■ The air temperature rises slightly in winter, and warming sets in. In summer, the difference between air temperature during the day and at night decreases; in the evening it is warmer than during the day.
■ The wind increases, especially in the evening, and the regular daily changes in local winds are disrupted.
■ Cloudiness increases, clouds move in the opposite direction or across the direction in which the wind blows at the earth's surface.
■ The sun sets in a cloud, the evening dawn is bright red.

Test yourself

■ Why do you need to know the weather forecast before going outdoors?
■ How can you protect yourself from precipitation in natural conditions?
■ How dangerous is a thunderstorm for a person in natural conditions?

After lessons

List the precautions you should take to protect yourself from a snowstorm. Write them down in your safety diary.

Using the materials from the paragraph and the Internet, draw a table in your safety diary and fill it out.

5th grade

Weather events and human safety

Weather - what is meant by it?

You already know that the Earth is surrounded by a shell of air - atmosphere. The air shell of the Earth is very mobile, unstable and changeable. Changes in the Earth's air cover determine the weather.

Weather - This is the state of the atmosphere in a certain place and at a certain time.

Basic weather indicators:

First indicator- This temperature ambient air, which fluctuates depending on the season, time of day and temperature of the air mass over a certain area.
Second important indicator- This Atmosphere pressure , which affects air movement - wind.

Third indicator it's in eter Wind is characterized by the direction (where it blows from) and the speed of air movement.

Depending on the speed of air movement, there are:

Fresh breeze - wind speed from 5 to 10 m/s (18-36 km/h),

Storm (storm) - wind whose speed more than 20 m/s (72 km/h)

A short-term increase in wind up to 30 m/s is called - squall

Hurricane - wind whose speed is more than

30 m/s (more than 100 km/h)

Storm - stormy weather with rain, thunder and lightning .

Thunderstorms are associated with the development of cumulonimbus clouds, with the accumulation of large amounts of electricity in them. Multiple electrical discharges occurring in clouds or between clouds and ground, are called lightning.
A thunderstorm is always accompanied by peals of thunder and gusts of wind.

the main sign of an approaching thunderstorm .

is a collection of powerful cumulonimbus clouds that quickly move in and soon occupy the entire sky.

Ice - this is a layer of dense ice that forms on the earth's surface (sidewalks, roadways) and on objects (trees, wires, houses, etc.) when drops of supercooled rain and drizzle freeze, usually at air temperatures from 0 to -3 ° C .

Ice thickness during icy conditions can reach several centimeters.

Black ice - This is a thin layer of ice that formed on the earth's surface after a thaw or rain as a result of a cold snap, as well as after the freezing of wet snow.

Snow drift - This a natural phenomenon associated with heavy snowfall at speed winds over 15 m/s (54 km/h) and duration of snowfall more than 12 hours .

Blizzard - This is the transfer of snow by wind in the surface layer of air. Often a blizzard is accompanied by snowfall.

Blizzard - strong wind with snowfall.

Study §3.1
Learn the rules of behavior in the event of hazardous natural phenomena.
Write down folk signs(at least 5 signs) indicating a change in weather.

1 picture - http://images.clipartpanda.com/weather-clip-art-inclement_weather_Vector_Clipart.png
2 picture - http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PQ3V-ttpS1s/UopKK13sZWI/AAAAAAAAPdo/HzK1xwbp0KY/s1600/g%C3%BCne%C5%9F+resimleri+%2827%29.png
3 picture - http://yt3.ggpht.com/-Yl76pioRj5A/AAAAAAAAAAI/AAAAAAAAAAA/mH4FKPebItE/s900-c-k-no/photo.jpg
4 picture - Forshtat M.L. Learn to be a pedestrian. Tutorial according to traffic rules for 6th grade. Rice. D.G. Maistrenko/ Cover design by A.S. Andreeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "MiM", 1998.
5 picture - Forshtat M.L. Learn to be a pedestrian. A textbook on traffic rules for 6th grade. Rice. D.G. Maistrenko/ Cover design by A.S. Andreeva. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "MiM", 1998.
6 picture - Basics of life safety. 5th grade: educational. for general education organizations with adj. per electron carrier / A.T.Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov; edited by A.T. Smirnova; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – 3rd ed. – M.: Education, 2014.
7 picture - Basics of life safety. 5th grade: educational. for general education organizations with adj. per electron carrier / A.T.Smirnov, B.O. Khrennikov; edited by A.T. Smirnova; Ross. acad. Sciences, Ross. acad. education, publishing house "Enlightenment". – 3rd ed. – M.: Education, 2014.
8 picture - http://picnations.tk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Raindrops-on-Leaf-Wallpaper.jpg
9 picture - http://www.province.ru/tyumen/media/k2/items/cache/5003d452a8da016f3ed02a6385cf54e8_XL.jpg
10 picture - http://st.depositphotos.com/1027309/2999/v/950/depositphotos_29992109-Thermometer-snow-sun.jpg
11 picture - http://st2.depositphotos.com/1000489/5709/v/950/depositphotos_57094631-Owl-reading-a-book.jpg

Target: Familiarize yourself with safety precautions for various hazardous weather conditions

Time: 1 hour

Lesson type: combined lesson

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment.

II. Repetition of covered material.

1. Conversation on issues.

2. Report the topic of the lesson.

III. Studying a new topic.

Weather- this is the main factor on which human safety in natural conditions depends. Some weather phenomena significantly complicate a person's stay in the natural environment.

When going on a hike, you need to find out how the weather changes in the places of your planned vacation at different times of the year.

It is known that for any area and each type of tourist trip (hiking, mountain, water, skiing) the most favorable and unfavorable seasons can be distinguished in terms of weather conditions. Thus, for amateur mountain hikes, the second half of summer (July - August) is considered the most favorable season in almost all regions of the country.

For ski tourism in the middle zone, March is preferable, and in the northern regions - March - April.

In the natural environment, people most often encounter weather phenomena such as precipitation (rain, snow, hail). In a city or village, they do not cause much inconvenience, since a person can hide in buildings, public transport, etc.

It’s a different matter in the natural environment, where you need to be able to provide protection from adverse weather using equipment and natural shelters.

Experienced tourists advise that in case of short-term intense precipitation (heavy rain), stop in the first convenient place and wait out the bad weather in a shelter, under an awning or a cape.

What to do during a thunderstorm

Particular care must be taken during thunderstorms. This weather phenomenon is associated with the development of cumulonimbus clouds and the accumulation of large electrical charges in them. The greatest danger to humans is a direct lightning strike.

Lightning is a giant electrical discharge that occurs between thunderclouds or between clouds and the ground. Currents formed in the ground after lightning strikes on the earth's surface are also dangerous.

When a thunderstorm approaches, before the rain begins, you should try to find a safe place, set up a bivouac or make a shelter.

If you are on a hill (on a ridge, hill, steep slope) when a thunderstorm approaches, you need to get down as quickly as possible to avoid being struck by lightning.

If you are in the water, you need to quickly get to shore.

If you are in the forest, it is best to take cover among short trees with dense undergrowth.

Remember that among trees, birch and maple are less susceptible to direct lightning strikes, while oak and poplar are the most susceptible.

In open areas, you should choose sandy or rocky areas; you can hide in a dry hole, ditch, or ravine.

To isolate the torso and legs from the earth's surface, you can use a backpack and other items of equipment, wrapping these items in plastic film.

During a thunderstorm you cannot:

be located next to the railway track, near a body of water, near a tall object (tree);
lean your head, back or other parts of your body against the surface of rocks or tree trunks;
stop at the edges of the forest and forest clearings.

What to do during a blizzard

In order to avoid getting caught in a snowstorm on the route, you need to prepare for it in time and know the signs of its approach.

REMEMBER! It is best to wait out the snowstorm in a bivouac camp. If a group is moving along the route when a blizzard approaches, it is necessary to immediately stop, set up camp and wait for it to end.

If, when a blizzard approaches, it is possible to take refuge in the forest, you need to move after putting on windbreakers, down jackets, and insulated mittens.

The primary task facing a group of tourists before or after the onset of a blizzard is setting up a bivouac. When setting up a tent, you should find at least partial shelter from the wind. The tent is set up with the entrance on the leeward side, its guy ropes are secured by sticking them into the snow with skis or ski poles. After setting up the tent, backpacks are brought in and placed at the back windward wall and in the corners of the tent.

Signs of worsening weather

If it is clear during the day, but clouds thicken in the evening, then rain or a change in weather should be expected.

Wavy (altocumulus) clouds that resemble ripples or wave crests are a sure sign of severe weather within a few hours.

Other signs may indicate worsening weather.

The air temperature rises slightly in winter and warming sets in. In summer, the difference between air temperature during the day and at night decreases; in the evening it is warmer than during the day.
The wind intensifies, especially in the evening, and the regular daily changes in local winds are disrupted.
Cloudiness increases, clouds move in the opposite direction or across the direction in which the wind blows at the earth's surface.
The sun sets in a cloud, the evening dawn is bright red.

IV. Lesson summary.

1. Consolidate the topic of the lesson.

Why do you need to know the weather forecast before going outdoors?
How can you ensure your protection from precipitation in natural conditions?
How dangerous is a thunderstorm for a person in natural conditions?

2. Homework

List the precautions you should take to protect yourself from a snowstorm. Write them down in your safety diary.