Industry of the USSR in the post-war years, the fourth five-year plan. Five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy

In March 1946, at a session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy for 1946-1950 was approved. Its main task is to restore the war-damaged areas of the country, achieve the pre-war level of industrial development and Agriculture, and then surpass it. The five-year plan was aimed at the rapid restoration of areas affected by the fascist occupation, the inclusion of the natural, production and human resources available in them into the economic potential of the state.

To carry out the work envisaged in the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy, a significant amount of capital investment was required. During the years of the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the amount of capital investments of state and cooperative enterprises and organizations amounted to 348.7 billion rubles. Of this amount, more than a quarter was provided to regions that suffered during the war. Financing capital investments required significant financial resources. The restored enterprises that were put into operation had to be provided with the necessary working capital. The implementation of socio-cultural activities also required an increase in budgetary allocations.

IN post-war years The state of Soviet finances was favorably affected by changes in the structure of the social product. The share of industry in the production of the total social product has increased. The growth rate of the country's national income has increased significantly. In 1949, income increased by 17%, and in 1950 - by 21% compared to the previous year (in 1949-1950 it increased annually by 19%). The most important factors in the growth of national income were an increase in labor productivity and significant savings in the expenditure of all resources per unit of production.

Thus, improving the structure of the social product and developing production contributed to the growth of the country’s national income, strengthening financial system and the dynamic development of the state budget of the USSR, which over the years of the post-war five-year plan grew from 325 to 422 billion rubles.

The strengthening of the financial system in the post-war years was also facilitated by the monetary reform of 1947. During the war years, as a result of huge military expenditures and the state budget deficit, the state was forced to resort to money emission. In addition, in the temporarily occupied territories, the fascists, in order to undermine the economy of the USSR, put a significant amount of counterfeit money into circulation. All this led to the fact that after the war there was a money supply in circulation 3.8 times higher than the pre-war one and significantly exceeding the needs of the national economy, as a result of which the purchasing power of the ruble decreased.

To develop self-financing, strengthen commodity-money relations in the national economy, restore the usefulness of the Soviet ruble, and increase the role of money, it was necessary to withdraw the surplus from circulation money supply. Simultaneously with the monetary reform, the card system was abolished. allocated in 1946-1950 from the state budget 708.4 billion rubles. became the main source of financing for measures to restore sectors of the national economy, their technical re-equipment. The restoration of sectors of the national economy was hampered by the difficulties that the national economy experienced in the post-war years. These include a shortage of labor resources, building materials, equipment, and raw materials.

The transfer of the economy during the war years to a war footing led to imbalances in the development of individual industries that had to be overcome. It was necessary to restore the destroyed production connections not only between individual enterprises, but also the industrial centers of the country, to redistribute, in accordance with peacetime tasks, material, financial and labor resources between sectors of the national economy, to significantly increase the share of civilian industrial products in the total volume of industrial production.

A distinctive feature of the post-war period was the combination of restoration work with new construction of industrial enterprises. In the republics and regions liberated from the Nazis alone, the construction of 263 new enterprises began. These include such large facilities as the Kursk Rubber Products Plant, Minsk automobile plant, rail-beam mill and blooming at the Azovstal metallurgical plant, etc. The scale and pace of restoration work and new construction were such that production indicators for the most important sectors of the national economy by the end of the five-year plan were higher than before the war. Thus, coal was produced by 57% more than in 1940, oil by 22%, production of ferrous metals increased by 45%, and production of engineering plants doubled.

The war caused severe damage to agriculture. The Nazis destroyed and plundered more than 40% of all collective and state farms. The working-age population in rural areas decreased from 35.4 million to 23.9 million people. The number of tractors in agriculture was 59% of the pre-war level, and the number of horses decreased from 14.5 to 6.5 million heads. This led to a reduction in sown areas by 36 million hectares and a decrease in the gross grain harvest from 762 to 333 million centners. In general, the volume of gross agricultural output decreased by 40%. After the Great Patriotic War, the level of agricultural production compared to pre-war was lower than the level after the First World War and Civil War.

In the first year of the post-war five-year plan, the enormous damage caused to agriculture by the war added disaster. In 1946, Ukraine, Moldova, the regions of the Central Black Earth Zone, the Lower and part of the Middle Volga region were gripped by drought. It was the worst drought to hit our country in the previous fifty years. This year, collective farms collected 2.6 times less grain than before the war. The drought also had a hard impact on livestock farming. In drought-stricken areas, the number of cattle alone decreased by 1.5 million heads. Workers from other regions of the country came to the rescue of areas affected by drought, allocating material and financial resources from their meager resources.

Allocations for the development of agriculture and forestry from the state budget increased annually. At the same time, not only the absolute size of these funds increased, but also their share in expenditures on the national economy. If in 1946 they amounted to 12.9 billion rubles, or 11.9% of expenditures on the national economy, then in 1950 their volume amounted to 34 billion rubles, and their share was 21.6%. In total, over the years of the post-war five-year plan, 115.5 billion rubles were allocated from the state budget to agriculture and forestry.

In addition to centralized assistance to agriculture from the state, no less important was the assistance of industrial enterprises and city residents. City enterprises built and repaired tens of thousands of residential buildings, machine and tractor stations, industrial buildings, kindergartens, clubs, libraries, etc. All this made it possible to strengthen the material and technical base of agriculture. However, there were not enough funds for agriculture. The insufficient resource supply for agriculture was especially evident during the drought of 1946. The state was faced with the acute task of systematically transforming the nature of the country's arid regions in order to reduce the dependence of agricultural production on weather conditions.

The experience of many generations of farmers and scientific developments have proven that one of the methods of combating drought is afforestation in the steppe regions. Shelter forest belts protect fields from dry winds, improve the water regime of the soil, humidify the air, create a favorable microclimate for crops, and prevent the blowing out of the top fertile layer and soil erosion. In order to give afforestation in the steppe and forest-steppe regions an organized character and a national scale, the “Plan for field protective plantings, the introduction of grass crop rotations, the construction of ponds and reservoirs to ensure high and sustainable yields in the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the European part of the USSR” was adopted. It paid special attention to afforestation. During 1950-1965 provided for the creation in 16 regions, mainly in the RSFSR and Ukrainian SSR, of eight large state forest strips with a total length of 5320 km. In addition, it was planned to plant protective forest belts on the fields of state and collective farms with a total area of ​​5 million 709 thousand hectares.

In the spring of 1949, afforestation work began on a broad front. They were especially active in the Krasnodar Territory, Stalingrad, Ryazan, Rostov and Tula regions.

Work begun during the first post-war five-year plan to transform land and improve conditions for agricultural production gave positive results. Collective farms, state farms and forestry enterprises laid out forest shelterbelts on an area of ​​1852 thousand hectares before 1951: Kamyshin - Volgograd, Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don, Penza - Kamensk, Belgorod - Don, Chapaevsk - Vladimirovka, etc. Their length was more than 6 thousand km.

Forest plantations created more than 40 years ago today protect about 25 million hectares of agricultural land and are an example of peaceful application human strength and a wise attitude towards the earth and nature.

Thus, during the years of the first post-war five-year plan, as a result of the restoration of industrial and agricultural production, the quickly carried out conversion of military production, the volume of industrial production increased by 73% compared to 1940, capital investments - three times, labor productivity - by 37%, and generated national income - by 64%.

A democratic form of governance must be established in the USSR.

Vernadsky V.I.

Second World War was tragic for Soviet society not only in terms of human losses, but also in terms of devastation. The economy of the USSR after the war was in a difficult situation. During the 4 years of war, the USSR lost:

• 1710 cities and towns.
• 31850 factories and factories.
• 1135 mines.
• 65 thousand km of railway.

All this was destroyed. In addition to this, the country's cultivated area decreased by more than 36 million hectares, and the country's national wealth decreased by 1/3. This was the state of the Soviet economy after the war.

On May 11, 1945, the United States stopped supplies under Lend-Lease, and the USSR began to transfer the economy from a military focus to a civilian one. It is important to note that economic recovery, albeit at a slow pace, began back in 1943. The territories liberated from the Germans were gradually put in order. But the main breakthrough, of course, had to happen after the victory.

Post-war development

The general state of the Soviet economy after the war was difficult, and the economy in key sectors was set back 10-15 years. The USSR had 2 alternative plans for economic development and restoration.

ON THE. Voznesensky, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, proposed restoring the economy using the experience of the Civil War. He actually spoke about the resurrection of the NEP, and a focus on private enterprise. In the end, the point of view of Stalin, who spoke about military restoration measures, won.

In 1945-46, the following transformations were made in the country:

• The State Defense Committee (GKO) was abolished.
• Transformation of military People's Commissariat into civilian ones.
• Transfer of People's Commissariats to Ministries.

At the same time, working conditions are normalized. The state abolishes mandatory overtime. The length of the working day is again, as before the war, 8 hours. People are provided with annual paid leave. The final restructuring of the USSR economy on a peaceful basis took place towards the end of 1946.

Fourth Five Year Plan

In 1946-1950, the USSR carried out the 4th Five-Year Plan, which was supposed to return the USSR economy to its previous positions. The main tasks of the 4th Five-Year Plan:

• Industry – increase production volume by 48%.
• Agriculture – increase productivity by 27%.
• Salaries – increase by 48%.
• Card system – cancel.
• Build 2,700 new enterprises. Repair 3,400 large and medium-sized enterprises destroyed during the war.

The directives of the Fourth Five-Year Plan were approved in March 1946. The indicators were taken based on the increase in pre-war values. An increase in workers' wages by 48% did not mean an increase in the 1944 or 1945 amount, but an increase in the 1940 amount. It was not possible to achieve the planned indicator in agriculture. This is due to severe drought, which resulted in famine in Moldova and Ukraine.

One of the indicators that show the state of the Soviet economy after the Second World War may be the growth rate of labor productivity. Graphically, this data looks like this.

The data shows the percentage change relative to 1913. The figures are taken from the statistical collection “USSR in Figures”, published in 1958. The Soviet leadership often exaggerated the figures, but even if we assume that the figures are doubled, we still get huge growth rates that significantly exceed those of capitalist countries. This was achieved thanks to the Stalinist economic model, which literally saved the country: it prepared it for war and allowed it to overcome its consequences in the shortest possible time.

By the end of 1950, the Soviet economy had been almost completely restored after the war.

The Fourth Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) is the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR after the end of the Great Patriotic War. The main economic and political task of the five-year plan was formulated by I.V. Stalin on February 9, 1946: “to restore the affected areas of the country, restore the pre-war level of industry and agriculture and then exceed this level to a more or less significant extent.”
On March 18, 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law on the Fourth Five-Year Plan for the restoration and development of the country's national economy. It planned to increase (compared to the pre-war level) coal production by 51%, oil - by 14% (up to 35 million tons). In practice, oil production increased by 21.7%, coal - by 57.4%.
In 1946, 9.9 million tons of iron and 13.3 million tons of steel were smelted, 163.8 million tons of coal and 21.7 million tons of oil were produced
In 1945, industrial production as a whole was 92% of the 1940 level.
Fuel industries:

In 1945, production in the fuel industries was 77.8% of the 1940 level.
Refinery Soviet Union(as before the war) they processed almost all the oil produced - the raw materials were not exported.
Oil production in 1945 amounted to 19,436 thousand tons.
Mechanical engineering:
The volume of mechanical engineering output in the USSR in 1950 was 2.3 times greater than in 1940. In 1947, 9.6 thousand passenger cars were produced, in 1950 - 64.6 thousand.
Transport
In 1950 civil Aviation carried 3.5 times more passengers than in 1940.
As for plans for a longer period, the party intends to organize a new powerful rise in the national economy, which would give us the opportunity to raise the level of our industry, for example, three times compared to the pre-war level. We need to ensure that our industry can annually produce up to 50 million tons of iron, up to 60 million tons of steel, up to 500 million tons of coal, up to 60 million tons of oil. Only under this condition can we consider that our Motherland will be guaranteed against any accidents. This will probably take three new five-year plans, if not more. But this thing can be done, and we must do it."
- J.V. Stalin. Speech at the pre-election meeting of voters of the Stalin constituency in Moscow on February 9, 1946
15 years later, in 1961, the Soviet Union produced 50.9 million tons of pig iron (101.8% of the mentioned targets), 70.8 million tons of steel (118%), 506.4 million tons of coal (101.2 %), 166 million tons of oil (276.7%)

33. Development of virgin and fallow lands

In the USSR in 1954-1960. Large areas of virgin lands were developed. This was due to the fact that the country, which had not had time to heal the wounds inflicted by the Great Patriotic War, experienced an acute shortage of grain and other agricultural products. At the same time, in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East there were huge tracts of undeveloped lands that had been accumulating their fertility for centuries. Their development would make it possible to very quickly improve the supply of food to the population, and the industry - to agricultural raw materials.

An extremely important and urgent national economic task was put forward - to develop these lands as quickly as possible. In March 1954, the February-March Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee adopted a resolution “On the further increase in grain production in the country and on the development of virgin and fallow lands.” At the call of the party, hundreds of thousands of enthusiasts headed to the areas of virgin land development, more than 500 thousand of them on Komsomol vouchers. In the bare, uninhabited steppe, the first virgin lands people set up tents and began to work. They had to work in difficult conditions, regardless of time, but people knew how important what they were doing was for the country, and they did not spare their efforts. In 1954 alone, 425 virgin land state farms were created in the northern regions of Kazakhstan and Siberia. Many industrial enterprises provided equipment for them. Orders for virgin lands were placed under state control and were carried out first. For 1954-1956 41.8 million hectares of virgin land and fallow lands were plowed. By 1960, the acreage in virgin regions almost doubled, and grain production almost tripled. Due to the additional products received, by 1961 the state not only fully repaid the funds invested in the development of virgin lands (37.4 billion rubles for 1954-1959), but also had 3.3 billion rubles of net income.

Virgin farms accounted for about 40% of the country's gross grain harvest (their share in government grain purchases was about 50%). They also produced and sold sugar beets, sunflowers, milk, meat, wool and other agricultural products to the state. Along with agriculture, industry developed in the virgin regions, and a network of scientific institutions was created. All this transformed the appearance of entire regions, contributed to the strengthening of the country’s economy and the growth of people’s well-being.

At the same time, I had to deal with many things: land management of new and expanding old farms; the choice of locations for the estates of newly created state farms; the reception and accommodation of hundreds of thousands of people in a completely uninhabited steppe; the construction of dozens and then hundreds of state farm settlements; selection of many thousands of specialists; the creation of friendly, cohesive teams from a heterogeneous mass of people and, finally, the direct organization of the raising of virgin soil and the first spring sowing. A lot of important work was done, as a result of which “a gigantic agrarian-industrial complex was formed in this region, the influence of which had a powerful impact on the development of the entire economy of the country. And the virgin epic on this land once again showed the whole world the noblest moral qualities Soviet people. It became a symbol of selfless service to the Motherland, a great achievement of the socialist era” (L. I. Brezhnev).

FOURTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN FOR RESTORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY OF THE USSR

(1946-50) - carried out on the basis of the Law on the Five-Year Plan for 1946-50, adopted by the Supreme. Soviet Soviet in March 1946.

As a result, heroic efforts of the peoples of the Sov. Union and Sov. Armies in the Great Patriotic War. the war of 1941-45 was achieved worldwide. victory - the defeat of Nazi Germany and the defeat of the Japanese. imperialism. The victory of the USSR meant the victory of the Soviets. society and state building and its Armed Forces.

Successful implementation of three five-year national development plans. of the USSR in the field of industrialization of the country and collectivization. x-va ensured the construction of socialist. society, thanks to which the economy has strengthened. and military the power of the Sov. Union. In 1940, our country produced (compared to 1913) 3.5 times more cast iron, 4.2 times more steel, 5.7 times more coal, 3 times more oil, 9.6 million tons of grain, raw cotton - 3 times, etc. At the same time, there is an increase in the material well-being and cultural level of the peoples of the USSR.

The treacherous attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union. Union in 1941 and Nazi occupation. troops of the territory, where 88 million people lived, 33% of industrial output was produced. products of the entire country and 47% of the sown areas were sown, they applied x-wu huge damage. Basic The task of the 4th Five-Year Plan was to restore those affected by the Nazis. occupation of the country's districts, restore pre-war. level of industry and s. x-va, and then surpass this level in means. size and on this basis increase the material well-being of the owls. people. The total output of the entire industry of the USSR in 1950 was 48% higher than in 1940 (205 billion rubles in 1926-27 prices versus 138.5 billion rubles); at the same time, for ferrous metallurgy it is 35% more, for coal - by 51% (250 million tons); for electricity - by 70% (82 billion kWh), etc.; It was decided to complete the restoration of 182 mines in the Donbass in 1949 and build 60 new ones. In the area of x-va to ensure production growth by 27%. On average for 1946-50, grain production amounted to 64.8 million tons (with an average annual average of 6.7 centners per hectare). Exceed pre-war national level income by 38%. At the same time, a plan for the restoration and development of the people was adopted. economies of the union republics.

As a result of the heroic work of the owls. people's efforts to restore the economy are already in the cards. In 1949, gross industrial output in the liberated districts was 106% compared to pre-war. 1940 (and throughout the country - 173% with 148% according to plan); gross output s. farms in 1949 exceeded the pre-war level as a whole. level.

In the 4th Five-Year Plan, capital investments in people. x-in reached 48.1 billion rubles. 6,200 large industrial facilities were put into operation. enterprises, including such as heavy duty mechanical engineering in Kolomna, machine tool building. plant in Ryazan, turbo engine plant in Sverdlovsk, Bryansk Mashinostroit. plant, turbine plant in Kaluga; Zaporozhye and Krivorozhsky metallurgical plants were restored and put into operation. z-dy, the first units at the Transcaucasian Metallurgical Plant came into operation. plant and Kutaisi automobile plant. The following gas pipelines were put into operation: Dashava - Kyiv, Kokhtla-Jarve - Leningrad, Saratov - Moscow. Built and restored a large number of thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants.

The output of specialists from higher educational institutions (including those studying by correspondence) has sharply increased; in 1946-1950, the country's universities graduated 652 thousand, i.e. 130.4 thousand annually; in 1938 - 40, respectively, 328 thousand and 103.3 thousand, in 1941-45 - 302 and 60.4 thousand. As of October 1. 1950 number of scientific. employees amounted to 162.5 thousand people. (versus 98.3 in 1940). In 1950 in the USSR it was occupied in the people. x 400 thousand engineers.

With the adoption of the 4th Five-Year Plan, the industry was already transferred to the production of citizens in 1946. products. And although the gross industrial output as a result of this decreased by 16% compared to 1945, the increase in citizens. products amounted to 20%. On Dec. 1947 The rationing system for food and industrial goods was abolished. goods and a monetary reform was carried out (see Monetary reforms in the USSR), which played a huge role in the strengthening and development of socialism. economy.

As a result of the implementation of the 4th Five-Year Plan, the pre-war level was not only achieved, but also significantly exceeded.

In the village x-ve commercial wheat production in 1950 exceeded the 1940 level by 2.1 million tons; technical more crops were produced compared to 1940: raw cotton almost 1.6 times, sugar beets - 1.1 times. In livestock farming, the number of cattle increased by 2.3 million heads, sheep and goats - by 13.4 million heads. For the five years since. 536 thousand tractors (translated into 15-horsepower) and 93 thousand grain combines (including 39 thousand self-propelled ones) were supplied to the farm. Increased material and cultural level life of the people: national income compared to 1940 in comparable prices increased by 64%; the population received benefits at the expense of the state in the amount of 13 billion rubles. (2.8 times more than in 1940); was built and restored in cities and workers' settlements of residential buildings with a total area of ​​St. 100 million m2, and in rural areas - 2.7 million residential buildings.

Table Development of the national economy of the USSR (1940-1950) [s]QUARTER.FIVE.JPG

Fulfillment and overfulfillment of the main indicators of the plan further strengthened the socialist. production relations, contributed to accelerating the pace and increasing the scale of expanded reproduction, significantly increasing the material and cultural standard of living of owls. people. The successful implementation of the 4th Five-Year Plan of the USSR made it possible to adopt a new, Fifth Five-Year Plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR.

Lit.: Law on the five-year plan for the restoration and development of the peoples of the USSR for 1946-1950, M., 1946; Statement Message Planning Committee of the USSR and the Central Statistical Office of the USSR. On the results of the implementation of the fourth (first post-war) five-year plan of the USSR for 1946-1950, M., 1951; Directives of the CPSU and the Soviet government on economic issues. Sat. Doc-tov, vol. 3, 1946-1952, M., 1958; Decisions of the party and government on economic issues. Sat. Doc-tov, vol. 3, 1941-1952, M., 1968; Dvoinishnikov M. A., Shirogov V. G., Restoration and development of people. economics of the USSR - a great feat of the party and the people (1946-1955), M., 1967; Development of the socialist economy of the USSR in the post-war period. period, M., 1965.

V. N. Savinkov. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .

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After the war, the demobilization of the Red Army began, as well as the repatriation of our citizens. The state of emergency and martial law were lifted, and the State Defense Committee was abolished. Military production decreased and the redistribution of material, human and financial resources between economic regions began. The main task of the post-war period was the restoration of the destroyed economy. In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR at its session approved the new 4th five-year plan (1946-1950). The strategic task of the Fourth Five-Year Plan was to first of all restore the areas of the country that were under occupation, achieve the pre-war level of development of industry and agriculture and then surpass them. The plan provided for the priority development of heavy and defense industries. Due to the reduction in allocations for military needs, significant funds, material and human resources were directed here. It was planned to develop new coal regions, expand the metallurgical base in Kazakhstan, the Urals, Siberia, etc.

The restoration of destroyed plants and factories began back in 1943 as the occupiers were expelled. The demilitarization of the economy ended mainly by 1947, accompanied by the simultaneous modernization of the military-industrial complex. Direct military expenditures absorbed about 25% of the state budget in the early 50s. Another priority sector was heavy industry, mainly mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and the fuel and energy complex.

In general, during the years of the 4th Five-Year Plan, the historical task of restoring the national economy was solved: the mines of Donbass, Zaporizhstal, Dneproges and many others were restored. The level of industrial production in 1950 exceeded the pre-war level by 73%, and the production of means of production doubled. Fixed assets of industry over the years of the Five-Year Plan increased by 34% compared to 1940, and labor productivity by 37%.

Over the course of five years, over 6.2 thousand large enterprises were restored, rebuilt and put into operation. The production of the most important types of equipment, machines and mechanisms has increased significantly compared to the pre-war level: metallurgical equipment - 4.7 times; oil equipment - 3; coal miners - 6; gas turbines - 2.6; electrical equipment - 3 times, etc. In a number of industries, especially in mechanical engineering, the range of manufactured products has been significantly updated. Enterprises were equipped new technology. The mechanization of labor-intensive processes in the iron and steel and coal industries has increased. Electrification of production continued, which by the end of the five-year plan exceeded the 1940 level by 1.5 times.

Production growth was based on the following:

The labor enthusiasm of the people of the USSR, which was accompanied by high labor activity, the struggle for profitable work, for savings, for high quality;

High team potential of management personnel;

Reparations from Germany ($4.3 billion);

Free labor of Gulag prisoners (89 million people) and prisoners of war (1.5 million Germans and 0.5 million Japanese);

Redistribution of funds from light industry and the social sphere in favor of industrial sectors;

Transferring funds from the agricultural sector of the economy to the industrial sector.

Agriculture was greatly weakened after the war. In 1945, its gross output was 60% of the pre-war level. After the drought of 1946, the state began to reduce household plots and introduced a number of decrees punishing “encroachment on state or collective farm property.” In 1947, a mandatory minimum of workdays was confirmed, failure to comply with which would result in exile. In 1948, collective farmers were recommended to sell small livestock to the state (as a result, more than 2 million heads of livestock were slaughtered) and taxes on sales on the free market were increased. The deteriorating situation in agriculture is prompting the government to consolidate collective farms and tighten political control over them. This is accompanied by a new and significant reduction in the individual plots of peasants and a reduction in payments in kind to collective farmers. Nevertheless, the reform did not improve the situation in agriculture, which in the early 50s, having barely risen to the pre-war level, entered a period of stagnation. To ensure the food supply of cities and the army, it was necessary to use state reserves.

In 1947, the card system was abolished, and at the same time a monetary reform was carried out. However, prices for food and consumer goods were on average 3 times higher than pre-war. As during the years of industrialization, forced government loans among the population, but these tough measures made it possible to improve the economy.

Despite the extreme strain on the state budget, a significant part of which was spent on financing military programs, funds were found for the development of science, public education, cultural institutions. During the 4th Five-Year Plan, the Academy of Arts of the USSR, the Academies of Sciences in Kazakhstan, Latvia and Estonia were created, and the number of research institutes increased by almost a third. New universities are opening (in Chisinau, Uzhgorod, Ashgabat, Stalinabad), and graduate schools are being established at universities. IN short term the system of universal primary education, and since 1952, education in the amount of 7 grades has become compulsory, and evening schools have been opened for working youth. Soviet television begins regular broadcasting.

The Soviet people as a whole fulfilled the strategic task of restoring and developing the national economy of the USSR in the post-war period, which created the prerequisites for the further development of sectors of the national economy and contributed to the development of the production base of housing and industrial construction.

At the end of the 40s. personal plots were also heavily taxed. The peasants began to get rid of livestock and cut down fruit trees, since they could not afford to pay taxes. The peasants could not leave the village because they did not have passports. Nevertheless, the rural population was declining - peasants were recruited to construction sites, factories, and logging. In 1950, the rural population was halved compared to 1940. The last independence of collective farms was eliminated. District party committees removed and appointed chairmen, dictated what, where and when to sow. Their main task was to confiscate as much agricultural products as possible.

The economy in the early 50s developed on the basis of trends that had developed in the previous period.

In the 5th Five-Year Plan (1951-1955), as before, primary attention was paid to the heavy and especially defense industries. In addition, the directives for the 5th Five-Year Plan, approved by the 19th Congress of the CPSU, emphasized that the main means of solving long-term economic problems, an important factor determining the pace and direction of development of all sectors of the national economy, is capital construction. It was planned to implement a huge construction program to develop all sectors of the economy, especially industry. The scale of the upcoming capital construction predetermined the need for restructuring construction production- its industrialization based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, strengthening and expanding existing ones. At the end of 1954, the Second All-Union Meeting of Builders took place in the Kremlin, which went down in history as the “meeting on the industrialization of construction.”

1953 was a turning point in the history of the Soviet village. It is no longer seen only as a source of funds and resources for industry. Tax reform was carried out, taxes on personal plots were halved. Now the tax was levied only on land, and not on livestock and trees. In September 1953, a plenum of the Central Committee was held dedicated to the development of agriculture. Purchasing prices for agricultural products were increased significantly (3-6 times), and taxes on collective farmers were reduced by 2.5 times. The independence of collective and state farms was expanded, they got rid of the petty tutelage of district party committees.

The grain problem in the country was extremely acute; immediate emergency solutions were required. The idea arose to sharply increase grain production by introducing additional land into circulation in the east of the country, Siberia, and Kazakhstan). The country had an excess of labor resources and uncultivated fertile lands. In February - March 1954, a program for the development of virgin lands was adopted; over 500 thousand volunteers (mainly young people) went to develop virgin lands. Over 400 new state farms were created in the eastern regions. The development of virgin lands was the last surge in the extensive development of agriculture. Despite a number of mistakes and miscalculations, it made it possible to temporarily solve the grain problem and feed the country. The share of grain harvest on newly developed lands was 27% of the all-Union harvest.

There has also been a turn in the state's industrial policy. Isolation from developed countries during the " cold war"led to the lag of Soviet industry, in a number of cases it developed on the basis of outdated technological solutions and schemes. In June 1955, the Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held dedicated to the development of industry. The task of achieving the highest world level of development of science and technology was set, and ways to solve it were outlined .