Gorbachev xx. Concepts of modern natural science

Name: Concepts of modern natural science.

IN textbook physical principles are outlined that make it possible to explain the living world around us and inanimate nature from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined.
The manual contains Interesting Facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science.
Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.

The course “Concepts of modern natural science” is a synthesis of the wisdom of ancient civilizations, the achievements of the natural and human sciences, paving the way to an understanding of nature, man and society. It covers a wide range of issues and is fundamental, fundamental to all modern education.
One of the main goals of the manual is to involve the reader in the creative process of self-knowledge, to show that without the involvement of science it is impossible to understand one’s purpose on Earth, but at the same time there are still many unknown phenomena that are beyond the control of science. The course is structured in such a way that its study is creative, forming views on the world. Moreover, it perfectly corresponds to the traditions of domestic education with its school of fundamentality and breadth of approach to explaining the essence of things.

Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General Theory of Relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model of A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Big Bang Model 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238

Part two
PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 239
Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF LIVING PHYSICS 239
Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING 241
11.1. Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems 243
11.1.1. The role of entropy for living organisms 244
11.1.2. Instability as a factor in the development of living things 247
11.2. Energy approach to describing living things 249
11.2.1. Stable disequilibrium 251
11.3. Levels of organization of living systems and systems approach to the evolution of living things 253
11.3.1. Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things 253
11.3.2. Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization 255
11.3.3. Physical and biological methods studying the nature of living things 257
11.3.4. The anthropic principle in the physics of living things 259
11.3.5. Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Ch. Darwin 262
11.4. Physical interpretation of biological laws 264
11.4.1. Physical models in biology 265
11.4.2. Physical factors in the development of living things 268
11.5. Space and time for living organisms >. . , 270
11.5.1. The connection between space and energy for living things 271
11.5.2. Biological time of a living system 272
11.5.3. Psychological time of living organisms 276
11.6. Entropy and information in living systems 280
11.6.1. The value of information. . 282
11.6.2. Cybernetic approach to the description of living things 285
11.6.3. The role of physical laws in understanding living things 287
Test questions 289
Literature 289
Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 289
12.1. From atoms to protolife 289
12.1.1. Hypotheses about the origin of life 289
12.1.2. Necessary factors for the origin of life 293
12.1.3. The theory of the abiogenic origin of life by A. I. Oparin. . .294
12.1.4. Heterotrophs and autotrophs 297
12.2. Chemical processes and molecular self-organization 299
12.2.1. Chemical concepts and definitions 300
12.2.2. Amino acids 306
12.2.3. Theory of chemical evolution in biogenesis 307
12.2.4. M. Eigen's theory of molecular self-organization 308
12.2.5. Cyclic organization of chemical reactions and hypercycles 310
12. 3. Biochemical components of living matter 313
12.3.1. Molecules of living nature 313
12.3.2. Monomers and macromolecules 315
12.3.3. Proteins 316
12.3.4. Nucleic acids 321
12.3.5. Carbohydrates 323
12.3.6. Lipids 327
12.3.7. The role of water for living organisms 330
12.4. Cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology.... 332
12.4.1. Cell structure 334
12.4.2. Cell processes 338
12.4.3. Cell membranes 339
12.4.4. Photosynthesis 341
12.4.5. Cell division and organism formation 342
12.5. The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things 346
12.5.1. Optical activity of matter and chirality 347
12.5.2. Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms 349
Control questions. 353
Literature 353
Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS 354
13.1. Information molecules of heredity 354
13.1.1. Genetic code 355
13.1.2. Genes and the quantum world 359
13.2. Reproduction and inheritance of traits 360
13.2.1. Genotype and phenotype 361
13.2.2. Laws of genetics by G. Mendel 362
13.2.3. Chromosomal theory of heredity 363
13.3. Mutagenesis processes and transmission hereditary information 365
13.3.1. Mutations and radiation mutagenesis 365
13.3.2. Mutations and development of the organism 370
13.4. Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics 373
13.4.1. Transfer of hereditary information through replication. . . 373
13.4.2. Template synthesis by convariant reduplication 375
13.4.3. Transcription 375
13.4.4. Broadcast 376
13.4.5. Differences between proteins and nucleic acids 379
13.4.6. New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases 380
Test questions 382
Literature 382
Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS 383
14.1. Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization 383
14.1.1. Haeckel's law for ontogeny and phylogeny 383
14.1.2. Ontogenetic level of life 384
14.1.3. Populations and population-species level of living things 385
14.2. Physical representation of evolution 387
14.2.1. Synthetic theory of evolution 387
14.2.2. Evolution of populations 388
14.2.3. Elementary factors of evolution 391
14.2.4. Living organism in individual and historical development 392
14.2.5. Geological evolution and the general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to N.N. Moiseevu 393
14.3. Axioms of Biology 396
14.3.1. First axiom 397
14.3.2. Second axiom 398
14.3.3. Third axiom 400
14.3.4. Fourth axiom 402
14.3.5. Physical representations of the axioms of biology 404
14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life 406
14.4.1. Set of signs of living things 407
14.4.2. Definitions of Life 410
14.5. Physical model of demographic development of the SP. Kapitsa 414
Test questions 419
Literature 419
Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 420
15.1. Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body 420
15.1.1. Electromagnetic fields and radiation of a living organism 422
15.1.2. Thermal and other types of radiation 429
15.2. The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment. . 431
15.2.1. Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation 431
15.2.2. Possibilities of medical diagnostics and treatment based on radiation from the human body 436
15.3. Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body 440
15.3.1. Physical processes of information signal transmission in a living organism 441
15.3.2. Physical basis of memory 444
15.3.3. The human brain and the computer 448
Test questions 450
Literature 450
Chapter 16. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 450
16.1. Structural organization of the biosphere 450
16.1.1. Biocenoses. - 451
16.1.2. Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems 452
16.1.3. The concept of the biosphere 453
16.1.4. Biological cycle of substances in nature 455
16.1.5. The role of energy in evolution 456
16.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky and living matter 458
16.2.1. Living matter 458
16.2.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky 460
16.3. Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere 462
16.3.1. The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere 462
16.3.2. Noosphere 463
16.3.3. Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. 464
16.4. Physical factors of the influence of Space on terrestrial processes 467
16.4.1. Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A. L. Chizhevsky 470
16.5. Physical foundations of ecology 474
16.5.1. Increase anthropogenic load on environment 474
16.5.2. Physical principles of environmental degradation 479
16.6. Principles of sustainable development 481
16.6.1. Biosphere stability assessments 481
16.6.2. The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education 484
Test questions 486
Literature 486

Part three
CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMANITIES 487
Chapter 17. GENERAL NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD 487
17.1. Basic principles of universal evolutionism 489
17.2. Universal evolutionism and the methodology of using the Darwinian triad in the evolution of complex systems of any nature. . 490
17.3. Universal evolutionism and synergetics 493
17.4. Modern rationalism and universal evolutionism. .498
17.5. Physical understanding of the theory of passionarity L. N. Gumilyov 503
Chapter 18. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME 505
18.1. Emergence information society 505
18.2. Globalization and sustainable development 512
18.3. Sociosynergetics 515
18.4. Civilization and synergetics 521
18.5. Globalization and synergetic forecast of human development 527
Chapter 19. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 533
19.1. Physical models of self-organization in economics 533
19.2. Economic model of long waves N. D. Kondratiev 537
19.3. Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in economics 540
19.4. Synergistic views of sustainability in economics 541
19.5. Physical market modeling 543
19.6. The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model of N. D. Kondratiev 544
19.7. Model of oscillatory processes in economics 548
19.8. Evolutionary Management 550
Test questions 555
Literature 555

Conclusion
EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGIC PARADIGM: FROM HOLISTIC NATURAL SCIENCE TO HOLISTIC CULTURE 503
Applications
1. Newtonian ideas about time and space 566
2. Anthropic principle (AL) 567
3. Golden proportion as a criterion of harmony 570
4. Synergetic paradigm 576
5. The role of water in nature and living organisms, 580
6. The influence of radiation impacts on the environment 584
Notes 587
Literature 593
Themes coursework, abstracts and reports 600
Questions for test and exam 604
Glossary of terms 608

Concepts of modern natural science. Gorbachev V.V. The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the world of living and inanimate nature around us from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined.
The manual contains interesting facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science.
Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.
Format: djvu/zip (2nd ed., 2005, 672 pp.)
Size: 7.23 MB
Download
Format: pdf / zip (1st ed., 2003, 592 pp.)
Size: 7.2 MB
DownloadNote: Here http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook131/01/index.html the Electronic version of the printed publication is posted: Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science. At 2 o'clock: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing house MGUP, 2000, 274 p.
CONTENT
PREFACE 3
Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General Theory of Relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model of A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Big Bang Model 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238

Part two
PHYSICS OF LIVING AND EVOLUTION OF NATURE AND SOCIETY 239
Chapter 10. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF LIVING PHYSICS 239
Chapter 11. FROM THE PHYSICS OF THE EXISTING TO THE PHYSICS OF THE EMERGING 241
11.1. Thermodynamic features of the development of living systems 243
11.1.1. The role of entropy for living organisms 244
11.1.2. Instability as a factor in the development of living things 247
11.2. Energy approach to describing living things 249
11.2.1. Stable disequilibrium 251
11.3. Levels of organization of living systems and a systems approach to the evolution of living things 253
11.3.1. Hierarchy of levels of organization of living things 253
11.3.2. Fibonacci method as a factor of harmonic self-organization 255
11.3.3. Physical and biological methods of studying the nature of living things 257
11.3.4. The anthropic principle in the physics of living things 259
11.3.5. Physical evolution of L. Boltzmann and biological evolution of Ch. Darwin 262
11.4. Physical interpretation of biological laws 264
11.4.1. Physical models in biology 265
11.4.2. Physical factors in the development of living things 268
11.5. Space and time for living organisms >. . , 270
11.5.1. The connection between space and energy for living things 271
11.5.2. Biological time of a living system 272
11.5.3. Psychological time of living organisms 276
11.6. Entropy and information in living systems 280
11.6.1. The value of information. . 282
11.6.2. Cybernetic approach to the description of living things 285
11.6.3. The role of physical laws in understanding living things 287
Test questions 289
Literature 289
Chapter 12. PHYSICAL ASPECTS AND PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY 289
12.1. From atoms to protolife 289
12.1.1. Hypotheses about the origin of life 289
12.1.2. Necessary factors for the origin of life 293
12.1.3. The theory of the abiogenic origin of life by A. I. Oparin. . .294
12.1.4. Heterotrophs and autotrophs 297
12.2. Chemical processes and molecular self-organization 299
12.2.1. Chemical concepts and definitions 300
12.2.2. Amino acids 306
12.2.3. Theory of chemical evolution in biogenesis 307
12.2.4. M. Eigen's theory of molecular self-organization 308
12.2.5. Cyclic organization of chemical reactions and hypercycles 310
12. 3. Biochemical components of living matter 313
12.3.1. Molecules of living nature 313
12.3.2. Monomers and macromolecules 315
12.3.3. Proteins 316
12.3.4. Nucleic acids 321
12.3.5. Carbohydrates 323
12.3.6. Lipids 327
12.3.7. The role of water for living organisms 330
12.4. Cell as an elementary particle of molecular biology.... 332
12.4.1. Cell structure 334
12.4.2. Cell processes 338
12.4.3. Cell membranes 339
12.4.4. Photosynthesis 341
12.4.5. Cell division and organism formation 342
12.5. The role of asymmetry in the emergence of living things 346
12.5.1. Optical activity of matter and chirality 347
12.5.2. Homochirality and self-organization in living organisms 349
Control questions. 353
Literature 353
Chapter 13. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIVING SYSTEMS 354
13.1. Information molecules of heredity 354
13.1.1. Genetic code 355
13.1.2. Genes and the quantum world 359
13.2. Reproduction and inheritance of traits 360
13.2.1. Genotype and phenotype 361
13.2.2. Laws of genetics by G. Mendel 362
13.2.3. Chromosomal theory of heredity 363
13.3. Mutagenesis processes and transmission of hereditary information 365
13.3.1. Mutations and radiation mutagenesis 365
13.3.2. Mutations and development of the organism 370
13.4. Matrix principle of synthesis of information macromolecules and molecular genetics 373
13.4.1. Transfer of hereditary information through replication. . . 373
13.4.2. Template synthesis by convariant reduplication 375
13.4.3. Transcription 375
13.4.4. Broadcast 376
13.4.5. Differences between proteins and nucleic acids 379
13.4.6. New mechanism of transmission of hereditary information and prion diseases 380
Test questions 382
Literature 382
Chapter 14. PHYSICAL UNDERSTANDING OF EVOLUTIONARY AND INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANISMS 383
14.1. Ontogenesis and phylogeny. Ontogenetic and population levels of life organization 383
14.1.1. Haeckel's law for ontogeny and phylogeny 383
14.1.2. Ontogenetic level of life 384
14.1.3. Populations and population-species level of living things 385
14.2. Physical representation of evolution 387
14.2.1. Synthetic theory of evolution 387
14.2.2. Evolution of populations 388
14.2.3. Elementary factors of evolution 391
14.2.4. Living organism in individual and historical development 392
14.2.5. Geological evolution and the general scheme of the evolution of the Earth according to N.N. Moiseevu 393
14.3. Axioms of Biology 396
14.3.1. First axiom 397
14.3.2. Second axiom 398
14.3.3. Third axiom 400
14.3.4. Fourth axiom 402
14.3.5. Physical representations of the axioms of biology 404
14.4. Signs of living things and definitions of life 406
14.4.1. Set of signs of living things 407
14.4.2. Definitions of Life 410
14.5. Physical model of demographic development of the SP. Kapitsa 414
Test questions 419
Literature 419
Chapter 15. PHYSICAL AND INFORMATION FIELDS OF BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 420
15.1. Physical fields and radiation of a functioning human body 420
15.1.1. Electromagnetic fields and radiation of a living organism 422
15.1.2. Thermal and other types of radiation 429
15.2. The mechanism of interaction of human radiation with the environment. . 431
15.2.1. Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation 431
15.2.2. Possibilities of medical diagnostics and treatment based on radiation from the human body 436
15.3. Memory device. Reproduction and transmission of information in the body 440
15.3.1. Physical processes of information signal transmission in a living organism 441
15.3.2. Physical basis of memory 444
15.3.3. The human brain and the computer 448
Test questions 450
Literature 450
Chapter 16. PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE BIOSPHERE AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 450
16.1. Structural organization of the biosphere 450
16.1.1. Biocenoses. - 451
16.1.2. Geocenoses and biogeocenoses. Ecosystems 452
16.1.3. The concept of the biosphere 453
16.1.4. Biological cycle of substances in nature 455
16.1.5. The role of energy in evolution 456
16.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky and living matter 458
16.2.1. Living matter 458
16.2.2. Biogeochemical principles of V. I. Vernadsky 460
16.3. Physical representations of the evolution of the biosphere and the transition to the noosphere 462
16.3.1. The main stages of the evolution of the biosphere 462
16.3.2. Noosphere 463
16.3.3. Transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere. 464
16.4. Physical factors of the influence of Space on terrestrial processes 467
16.4.1. Connection between Space and Earth according to the concept of A. L. Chizhevsky 470
16.5. Physical foundations of ecology 474
16.5.1. Increasing anthropogenic load on the environment 474
16.5.2. Physical principles of environmental degradation 479
16.6. Principles of sustainable development 481
16.6.1. Biosphere stability assessments 481
16.6.2. The concept of sustainable development and the need for environmental education 484
Test questions 486
Literature 486

Part three
CONCEPTS OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN THE HUMANITIES 487
Chapter 17. GENERAL NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS IN THE EVOLUTIONARY PICTURE OF THE WORLD 487
17.1. Basic principles of universal evolutionism 489
17.2. Universal evolutionism and the methodology of using the Darwinian triad in the evolution of complex systems of any nature. . 490
17.3. Universal evolutionism and synergetics 493
17.4. Modern rationalism and universal evolutionism. .498
17.5. Physical understanding of the theory of passionarity L. N. Gumilyov 503
Chapter 18. GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERN TIME 505
18.1. The emergence of the information society 505
18.2. Globalization and sustainable development 512
18.3. Sociosynergetics 515
18.4. Civilization and synergetics 521
18.5. Globalization and synergetic forecast of human development 527
Chapter 19. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT 533
19.1. Physical models of self-organization in economics 533
19.2. Economic model of long waves N. D. Kondratiev 537
19.3. Reversibility and irreversibility of processes in economics 540
19.4. Synergistic views of sustainability in economics 541
19.5. Physical market modeling 543
19.6. The cyclical nature of economic processes in the model of N. D. Kondratiev 544
19.7. Model of oscillatory processes in economics 548
19.8. Evolutionary Management 550
Test questions 555
Literature 555

Conclusion
EVOLUTIONARY-SYNERGISTIC PARADIGM: FROM HOLISTIC NATURAL SCIENCE TO HOLISTIC CULTURE 503
Applications
1. Newtonian ideas about time and space 566
2. Anthropic principle (AL) 567
3. Golden proportion as a criterion of harmony 570
4. Synergetic paradigm 576
5. The role of water in nature and living organisms, 580
6. The influence of radiation impacts on the environment 584
Notes 587
Literature 593
Topics of term papers, essays and reports 600
Questions for test and exam 604
Glossary of terms 608

Attention: we inform the administrator about non-working download links through a comment below the current page, or through the contacts at the top!

So, let’s summarize today: You can always download any available material for free from our website. If you did not find on our website the planet GDZ, that material, ready-made homework, tickets for exams, tests or an essay. There are several solutions to this issue: 1. return to home planet gdz, choose the category that suits you best. 2.use smart search, but this can also be done from the current page in the right corner of the site. Enter text and search phrase. 3. if after the above procedures you still have not found the material you need, then we have a big request for you to tell our administrator what you would like to find on our planet gdz portal. And in the near future, our administrator will find the material you have not requested and publish it on the site, if copyrights are not violated! Attention: if you, dear user, notice a copyright violation, please inform the administrator, with minimal proof of the right. Good luck to everyone in their studies and graduate with excellent marks!

Free program Stdu Viewer for reading files PDF, DJVU, fb2, epub and other formats, you can here or at the top of the site in the section: program for reading files, books, gdz.

2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2005. -672 p.

The textbook outlines physical principles that make it possible to explain the world of living and inanimate nature around us from the standpoint of modern, including post-nonclassical, physics. General fundamental physical problems of the movement of material objects in the concepts of classical, quantum and relativistic mechanics, the relationship of space and time, models of the origin, evolution and organization of the Universe are considered. The physical foundations of ecology and the role of the biosphere and noosphere in human life and synergetic models in the economy are outlined.

The manual contains interesting facts and hypotheses from various fields of physics and technology, biology, chemistry, sociology and other sciences. The book includes self-test questions, an extensive list of references, abstract topics, and a dictionary of terms used in modern natural science.

Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.

Format: djvu (2- e ed., 200 5, 672 pp.)

Size: 7.23 MB

Download: yandex.disk

Format: pdf (1- ed., 2003, 592 p. )

Size: 7.8 MB

Download: yandex.disk

Note: Here http://www.hi-edu.ru/e-books/xbook131/01/index.htmlposted Electronic version of the printed publication: Gorbachev V.V. Concepts of modern natural science. At 2 o'clock: Tutorial. - M.: Publishing house MGUP, 2000, 274 p.

CONTENT
PREFACE 3

Part one
PHYSICAL BASICS OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD 5
Chapter 1. GENERAL VIEWS OF NATURAL SCIENCE 5
1.1. Stages of development and formation of natural science 11
1.1.1. Plato's program 12
1.1.2. Aristotle's ideas 13
1.1.3. Model of Democritus 15
1.2. Problems of natural science on the path to understanding the world 16
1.2.1.Physical rationalism 16
1.2.2. Methods of cognition 17
1.2.3. Holistic perception of the world 19
1.2.4. Physics and Eastern mysticism 20
1.2.5. The relationship between the natural sciences and the humanities 26
1.2.6. Synergetic paradigm 30
1.2.7. Universal principle of natural science - Bohr's principle of complementarity 31
Control questions. .41
Literature 41
Chapter 2. MECHANICS OF DISCRETE OBJECTS 42
2.1. Three-dimensionality of space 43
2.2. Space and time 48
2.3. Features of Newtonian mechanics 54
2.4. Movement in mechanics 59
2.5. Newton's laws - Galileo 60
2.6. Conservation laws 64
2.7. Principles of optimality 68
2.8. Mechanical picture of the world 71
Test questions 73
Literature 73
Chapter 3. PHYSICS OF FIELDS 73
3.1. Definition of the concept of field 73
3.2. Faraday - Maxwell's laws for electromagnetism 77
3.3. Electromagnetic field 79
3.4. Gravity field 81
3.5. Electromagnetic picture of the world 83
Test questions 84
Literature 84
Chapter 4. EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY - A BRIDGE BETWEEN MECHANICS AND ELECTROMAGNETISM... 85
4.1. Physical principles of the special theory of relativity (STR) 85
4.1.1. Postulates of A. Einstein in SRT 86
4.1.2. The principle of relativity of G. Galileo 88
4.1.3. Relativity and time invariance 91
4.1.4. Constancy of the speed of light 92
4.1.5. Transformations of G. Lorentz 93
4.1.6. Changing the length and duration of time in STO 94
4.1.7. "The Twin Paradox" 96
4.1.8. Change in mass in STO 98
4.2. General Theory of Relativity (GTR) 99
4.2.1. Postulates of GTR 99
4.2.2. Experimental verification of OTO 100
4.2.3. Gravity and space curvature 103
4.2.4. Main results of the fundamentals of the theory of relativity 106
Test questions 107
Literature 107
Chapter 5. FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS AND QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS 107
5.1. Description of processes in the microcosm. 107
5.2. The need to introduce quantum mechanics 109
5.3. Planck's hypothesis 113
5.4. Measurements in Quantum Mechanics 116
5.5. Wave function and the uncertainty principle of W. Heisenberg 117
5.6. Quantum mechanics and time reversibility 119
5.7. Quantum electrodynamics 120
Test questions 121
Literature 121
Chapter 6. PHYSICS OF THE UNIVERSE 122
6.1. Cosmological model of A. Einstein - A.A. Fridman 123
6.2. Other models of the origin of the Universe 125
6.2.1. Big Bang Model 126
6.2.2. CMB 130
6.2.3. Is the Universe expanding or contracting? 131
6.2.4. Scenario for the development of the Universe after the Big Bang 133
6.2.5. Inflating Universe Model 136
6.3. Modern ideas about elementary particles as the fundamental basis of the structure of matter in the Universe 138
6.3.1. Classification of elementary particles 140
6.3.2. Quark model 142
6.4. Fundamental interactions and world constants. ..... 145
6.4.1. World constants 147
6.4.2. Fundamental interactions and their role in nature 149
6.4.3. What does the matter of the Universe consist of? 150
6.4.4. Black holes 152
6.5. Model of a unified physical field and multidimensionality of space - time 156
6.5.1. Possibility of multidimensional space 157
6.6. Stability of the Universe and the anthropic principle 160
6.6.1. Plurality of worlds. . 161
6.6.2. Hierarchical structure of the Universe 164
6.7. Antimatter in the Universe and antigalaxies 167
6.8. Mechanism of star formation and evolution 169
6.8.1. Proton-proton cycle 169
6.8.2. Carbon-nitrogen cycle 171
6.8.3. Evolution of stars 172
6.8.4. Pulsars 175
6.8.5. Quasars 178
Test questions 181
Literature 181
Chapter 7. THE PROBLEM OF “ORDER-DISORDER” IN NATURE AND SOCIETY. SYNERGISTIC VIEWS 182
7.1. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics and synergetics 183
7.2. Dynamics of chaos and order 185
7.3. E. Lorenz model 186
7.4. Dissipative structures 187
7.5. Benard cells 187
7.6. Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions 188
7.7. Dynamic chaos 190
7.8. Phase space 191
7.9. Attractors 192
7.10. Aggravation mode 198
7.11. Poincaré model for describing changes in the state of a system 203
7.12. Dynamic instabilities 205
7.13. Energy change during system evolution 206
7.14. Harmony of chaos and order and the “golden” ratio 207
7.15. Open systems 212
7.16. The principle of producing minimum entropy 213
Test questions 215
Literature 215
Chapter 8. SYMMETRY AND ASYMMETRY IN VARIOUS PHYSICAL MANIFESTATIONS 216
8.1. Symmetry and conservation laws 219
8.2. Symmetry-asymmetry 221
8.3. Law of conservation of electric charge 222
8.4. Mirror symmetry 223
8.5. Other types of symmetry 224
8.6. Chirality of living and inanimate nature 227
8.7. Symmetry and entropy 229
Test questions 230
Literature 230
Chapter 9. MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD FROM THE POSITION OF PHYSICS 231
9.1. Mechanics classification 232
9.2. Modern physical picture of the world 234
Test questions 238
Literature 238

2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2005. -672 p.

Intended for undergraduates, graduate students and university teachers. Useful for a wide range of readers interested in the problems of modern natural science.

Format: djvu (2- e ed., 200 5, 672 pp.)

Size: 7.23 MB

Download: yandex.disk

Format: pdf (1- ed., 2003, 592 p. )

Size: 7.8 MB

Download: yandex.disk

CONTENT
PREFACE 3

Gorbachev xx. Concepts of modern natural science

Fleet patrol ships - classification and purpose See what "Passault ship" is in other dictionaries

History of samurai in Japan Samurai school in Japan

History of samurai in Japan Types of Japanese warriors

Categories

Latest articles

Thrush eggs, chicks and nests

And Kuprin is a wonderful doctor summary

Basic concepts of the sphere of methodological activity of hoopoe

Presentation "Teaching literacy (writing) L

Developing a one-year-old child

Recipes for cottage cheese dishes with photos - what can be prepared cold or hot at home

Kohlrabi cabbage: what is useful, how to store, what can be done

Urgent cash loans on the day of application Mos Express Bank loan online application

Is it possible to sell a mortgaged apartment?

Advertising

Gorbachev xx. Concepts of modern natural science

You might be interested:

Categories

Latest articles

Advertising