See what "Ore" is in other dictionaries. Types of iron ores - a general characteristic of iron ore Enrichment of iron ores

Ore

Chipmunk ore- local, Siberian, the name of the banded lead-zinc ore from the polymetallic deposits of Eastern Transbaikalia. It is characterized by frequent alternation of thin strips of sulfide minerals and carbonates. It is formed by selective replacement of crystalline limestones and banded dolomites with sphalerite and galena.

Stone ore- consisting of boulders or fragments of a useful component (for example; brown iron ore, bauxite, phosphorite) and loose barren host rock.

Disseminated ore- consisting of a predominant, empty (enclosing) rock, in which ore minerals are more or less evenly distributed (interspersed) in the form of individual grains, clusters of grains and veinlets. Often, such inclusions accompany large bodies of solid ores along the edges, forming halos around them, and also form independent, often very large deposits, for example, deposits of porphyritic copper (Cu) ores. synonym: Scattered ore.

Ore galmeynaya- secondary zinc ore, consisting mainly of calamine and smithsonite. It is typical for the oxidation zone of zinc deposits in carbonate rocks.

Pea ore- a kind of legume ores.

Soddy ore- loose, sometimes cemented, partly porous formations, consisting of clay formations of limonite with an admixture of other hydrates of iron oxide (Fe) and a variable amount of iron compounds with phosphoric, humic and silicic acids. Soddy ore also includes sand and clay. It is formed by subsoil waters rising to the surface with the participation of microorganisms in swamps and wet meadows and represents the second horizon of marsh and meadow soils. Synonym: meadow ore.

Nodular ore- represented by ore nodules. It occurs among sedimentary iron (limonite), phosphorite and some other deposits.

Ore cockade (ringed)- with cockade texture. See the texture of the ores cockade

Complex ore- a complex ore from which several metals or useful components are extracted or can be economically extracted, for example, copper-nickel ore, from which, in addition to nickel and copper, cobalt, platinum group metals, gold, silver, selenium can be extracted , tellurium, sulfur.

Meadow ore- a synonym for the term Soddy ore.

Ore is massive- a synonym for the term Solid ore.

Metal ore- ore, in which the useful component is any metalused by industry. Contrasted with non-metallic ores, such as phosphorus, barite, etc.

Mylonitized ore- crushed and finely ground ore, sometimes with a parallel texture. It is formed in crushing zones and along thrust and fault planes.

Mint ore- accumulations of small flat-shaped concretions of iron oxides or oxides of iron and manganese at the bottom of lakes; used as iron ore. Mint ores are confined to the lakes of the taiga zone in the areas of distribution of ancient eroded (destroyed) igneous rocks and wide development of flat-undulating relief with many swamps.

Lake ore- iron (limonite) ore deposited at the bottom of lakes. Similar to swamp ores. Distributed in the lakes of the northern part of Russia. See bean ore.

Oxidized ore- ore of the near-surface part (oxidation zone) of sulfide deposits, resulting from the oxidation of primary ores.

Oolitic ore- consisting of small rounded concentric-shelly and silt of radially radiant formations, the so-called. ooliths. A common structural type of iron ores, in which ore minerals are silicates from the chlorite group (chamoisite, thuringite) or siderite, hematite, limonite, sometimes magnetite, often present together, sometimes with a predominance of one of these minerals. The oolitic composition is also characteristic of the ores of many bauxite deposits.

Sedimentary ferruginous ore- see Sedimentary ferruginous rock

Smallpox ore- a variety of disseminated magnetite ores in syenite rocks in the Urals. local term.

Ore primary- not subjected to later changes.

Ore recrystallized- undergone the transformation of the mineral composition, textures and structures during the processes of metamorphism without change chemical composition.

Polymetallic ore- containing lead, zinc and usually copper, and as permanent impurities silver, gold and often cadmium, indium, gallium and some other rare metals.

Banded ore- consisting of thin layers (bands) that differ significantly in composition, grain size or quantitative ratio of minerals.

Porphyry copper ore (or porphyry copper)- formation of sulfide disseminated and vein-disseminated copper and molybdenum-copper ores in highly silicified hypabyssal moderately acidic granitoid and subvolcanic porphyry intrusions and their enclosing effusive, tuffaceous and metasomatic rocks. Ores are represented by pyrite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, more rarely bornite, fahlore, molybdenite. The copper content is usually low, on average 0.5-1%. In the absence or very low content of molybdenum, they are developed only in the zones of secondary sulfide enrichment, with a content of 0.8-1.5% copper. Elevated molybdenum content makes it possible to develop and copper ores primary zone. In view of the large size of ore deposits, porphyritic ores are one of the main industrial types of copper and molybdenum ores.

Naturally alloyed ore- lateritic iron ore with a higher than usual content of nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and other metals, which give an increased quality - alloying - to cast iron smelted from such ores and its processing products (iron, steel).

Ore radioactive- contains metals of radioactive elements (uranium, radium, thorium)

Ore collapsible- from which manual disassembly or elementary enrichment (screening, washing, winnowing, etc.) can be used to isolate a useful component in a pure or highly concentrated form.

Scattered ore- a synonym for the term disseminated ore.

Ore ordinary- 1. Usual average ore of this deposit, 2. Ore as it comes from mine workings before ore sorting or beneficiation. 3. Ordinary ore as opposed to collapsible ore.

Sooty ore- finely dispersed loose masses of black color, consisting of secondary oxides (tenorite) and copper sulfides - covelline and chalcocite, formed in the zone of secondary sulfide enrichment, and representing rich copper ore.

Ore- pieces (ores) of ordinary rich ore that do not require enrichment.

Ore endogenous- see endogenous minerals (ores).

Some of the ore minerals

• Beryl , Be 3 Al(SiO 3) 6
• Chalcopyrite (copper pyrites), CuFeS 2

see also

Literature

Geological Dictionary, T. 1. - M .: Nedra, 1978. - S. 193-194.

Links

• Definition of ore on the Mining Encyclopedia website

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See what "Ore" is in other dictionaries:

The struggle and clash of homonyms did not always end with the elimination of one of them. In these cases, the inconvenience of homonymy was eliminated by the withering away of the corresponding word, its disappearance. The question of the reasons that caused the decay of some ... ... History of words

Dial. also in meaning. blood, arch. (Sub.), Ukrainian. ore ore; blood, blr. ore dirt, blood, art. glory. road μέταλλον (Supr.), Bolg. ore ore, Serbohorv. ore - the same, Slovenian. ruda - the same, Czech, Slavic, Polish. ruda ore, c. puddle, n. puddles… … Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by Max Fasmer

1. ORE, s; ores; and. Natural mineral raw materials containing metals or their compounds. Zheleznaya r. Mednaya r. polymetallic ores. Percentage of copper in ore. ◁ Rudny, oh, oh. R th fossils. R ye deposits. R ye galleries. R o… … encyclopedic Dictionary

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Metal ores and their classification

metal ore is a mineral containing valuable metals in quantities that are beneficial for industrial processing.

Ferrous metals include iron, manganese, chromium, titanium, vanadium. Deposits of iron ore are classified as industrial with a metal content of at least several tens of millions of tons and a shallow occurrence of ore bodies. IN large deposits the iron content is estimated at hundreds of millions of tons. Most of the ore (in million tons) is mined in China (250), Brazil (185), Australia (more than 140), Russia (78), USA and India (60 each) and Ukraine (45).

Classification of ferrous metal ores:

b Hematite ores (red iron ore) are iron oxide with an iron content of 51 ... 66%, moisture - 1.6 ... 7%.

b Magnetite ores (magnetic iron ore) are complex oxides of iron. The iron content ranges from 50 ... 60%, moisture - 2 ... 12%.

b Brown iron ore - ores of iron hydroxide. The average iron content is 30-55%, moisture 8-18%.

b Iron pyrite (pyrite, sulfur pyrite) is a golden-yellow ore with a metallic sheen, contains up to 44% iron and up to 52% sulfur. ore metal non-ferrous deposit

Non-ferrous metals are divided into two main groups:

light (aluminum, magnesium, titanium);

heavy (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt).

Aluminum dominates among light non-ferrous metals in terms of production and consumption volumes. Russia has large reserves of non-ferrous metal ores. Their distinctive feature is the extremely low percentage of metal contained in them. Therefore, the ores of almost all non-ferrous metals are enriched. The main reserves are located in the Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia, Far East and other regions of the country.

Classification of non-ferrous metal ores:

b Ferromanganese - an alloy containing more than 10% iron and less than 10% manganese

b Chrome ore contains 13-61% chromium, 4-25% aluminum, 7-24% iron, 10-32% magnesium and other components

b Bauxite ores contain 50-60% alumina, which contains up to 37% aluminum.

b Alumina - a product of bauxite processing, polydisperse powder white color, due to the high content of aluminum oxide is the main raw material for the aluminum industry.

Methods for obtaining a useful element by chemical means.

1. Concentration

Many ores contain unwanted materials such as clay and granite, also known as gangue. Thus, metal extraction is to remove this waste rock.

2. Method of underground leaching

The method of extracting a mineral by selective dissolution of its chemical reagents in the ore body in situ with extraction to the surface. PV is used for the extraction of non-ferrous metals.

3. Recovery

The extraction of metals in this way consists in the restoration of their ores to a metallic state. Metals that exist in nature as oxide ores can be reduced with carbon or carbon monoxide.

4. Electrolysis

Metals belonging to the upper part of the voltage range are usually recovered by electrolysis of their molten ores. These metals include aluminum, magnesium and sodium.

5. Refining

Purification of metals from impurities using electrolysis, when the crude metal is the anode, and the purified metal is deposited on the cathode.

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Along with combustibles, there are so-called ore minerals. An ore is a rock that large quantities contains certain elements or their compounds (substances). The most used types of ores are iron, copper and nickel.

Ores are called, which contain iron in such quantities and chemical compounds that its extraction is possible and economically profitable. The most important minerals are: magnetite, magnomagnetite, titanomagnetite, hematite and others. Iron ores differ in their mineral composition, iron content, useful and harmful impurities, formation conditions and industrial properties.

Iron ores are divided into rich (more than 50% iron), ordinary (50-25%) and poor (less than 25% iron). Depending on the chemical composition, they are used for iron smelting in its natural form or after enrichment. Iron ores used to make steel must contain certain substances in the required proportions. The quality of the resulting product depends on this. Some chemical elements (other than iron) can be extracted from the ore and used for other purposes.

Iron ore deposits are divided by origin. Usually there are 3 groups: igneous, exogenous and metamorphogenic. They can be further subdivided into several groups. Magmatogenic are formed mainly when exposed to various compounds high temperatures. Exogenous deposits arose in the valleys during the deposition of and. Metamorphic deposits are pre-existing sedimentary deposits that have been transformed under conditions of high temperatures. The largest number iron ore is concentrated in Russia.

The Kursk magnetic anomaly is the most powerful iron ore basin in the world. Ore deposits on its territory are estimated at 200-210 billion tons, which is about 50% of the iron ore reserves on the planet. It is located mainly on the territory of the Kursk, Belgorod and Oryol regions.

Nickel ore is an ore containing chemical element in such quantities and chemical compounds that its extraction is not only possible, but also economically viable. Usually these are deposits of sulfide (nickel content 1-2%) and silicate (nickel content 1-1.5%) ores. The most important include the most common: sulfides, hydrous silicates and nickel chlorites.

Copper ores are natural mineral formations, the copper content of which is sufficient for the economically profitable extraction of this metal. Of the many known minerals containing copper, about 17 are used on an industrial scale: native copper, bornite, chalcopyrite (copper pyrites) and others. The following types of deposits are of industrial importance: copper pyrite, skarn copper-magnetite, copper-titanomagnetite and copper-porphyry.

They lie among the volcanic rocks of the ancient period. During this period, numerous ground and submarine operated. Volcanoes emitted sulphurous and hot waters saturated with metals - iron, copper, zinc and others. Of them on seabed and in the underlying rocks, ores were deposited, consisting of iron, copper and zinc sulfides, called pyrites. The main mineral of sulfide ores is pyrite, or sulfur pyrite, which makes up the predominant part (50–90%) of the volume of sulfide ores.

Most of the mined nickel is used for the production of heat-resistant, structural, tool, stainless steels and alloys. A small part of nickel is spent on the production of nickel and copper-nickel rolled products, for the manufacture of wire, tapes, various equipment for industry, as well as in aviation, rocket science, and in the production of equipment for nuclear power plants, production of radar devices. In industry, nickel alloys with copper, zinc, aluminum, chromium and other metals.

From the sonorous Latin word "minera" - "a stone that gives birth to metal", - the word "mineralogy" came about. The origins of knowledge about the stone were lost somewhere in the distance of the Paleolithic. The inexhaustible curiosity of our ancestors was combined with an insatiable desire to benefit from environment, and a naive tendency to deify nature - with a "blasphemous" desire to immediately use the power of the "gods" in action. Even the most formidable "deity" - fire - a man ventured to bring into his cave. And hard flint pebbles generously scattered by nature (these "cornerstones of history"), which split, exposing sharp edges, he turned into chisels, scrapers, spearheads and arrows.

Our Stone Age ancestor Homohabilis (skillful man) *, who mined flint as the first "ore", used (of course, unconsciously!) One of the main geochemical features of the silicon element, namely, its prevalence: in the earth's crust, silicon is a little more than a quarter, t i.e. as much as all other elements combined (minus oxygen).

* (The oldest stone tools found in Kenya and Tanzania were made over 2.5 million years ago!)

True, in order to master such an ore, it was necessary to experimentally study the basic properties of flint: the ability to give a spark upon impact, high hardness, viscosity, and most importantly, a conchoidal fracture that forms a sharp cutting edge (Fig. 32).

In addition to the rational form and perfect processing of Stone Age tools, we are also struck by something else: Stone Age man (already in the Neolithic) was not limited to searching for first-class flints on the surface, he mined flint "ores" at depth. Neolithic underground flint mining is known in Belgium, France, England, Sweden, Poland and Belarus. One of the mines in Belgium (the town of Spienne) reaches a depth of seventeen meters. At the bottom of the mine there are horizontal workings, fastened entirely by the left rock. One can only marvel at the skill with which the Stone Age miners dug these oldest shafts on earth, accurately tracing the interlayers of high-quality flint in the soft chalk limestone. These people cannot be denied involvement in mineralogy!

No less admirable is the first Neolithic city known in the history of mankind, Chatal-huyuk in South Anatolia, which arose in the 7th millennium BC. e. based on mining. The area once occupied by this settlement was 32 acres! In this area, houses with flat roofs were located, separated by narrow streets running up the hillside to the foot of the extinct volcanoes Karadzhidag and Gasandag. Archaeologist James Mellaart, who discovered this ancient settlement in 1958, describes the amazing things found there: bone and wooden vessels, figurines made of baked clay and dark green stone, including figurines of the Mother Goddess, small figurines of foot and horse people, images of bulls , sheep, leopards. Even more surprising are the bright multicolored paintings on the walls of the tomb temples and especially the huge, sometimes reaching two meters, bas-reliefs of people and animals. During their manufacture, a layer of gypsum was applied to a skeleton of straw or clay, and for the image of a deity with the head of a bull or a cow, simply a genuine skull with horns was attached to the wall of the temple as the basis of the bas-relief, which was also covered with then painted plaster.

Archaeologists have established the composition of the herd belonging to this tribe and found out that in addition to cattle breeding and agriculture, the people of Chatal-huyuk hunted wild donkeys, deer, wild boars, and leopards. And yet, according to James Mellaart, the basis of their existence, which determined the whole way of life and the size of the settlement, unprecedented at that time, was the extraction of obsidian - an excellent raw material for ceremonial and military weapons. The inexhaustible reserves of this high-quality raw material were concealed by the "pantries" of the Karadzhidag and Hasandag volcanoes. It can be considered that Chatal-huyuk is one of the first settlements on earth of "monopolists" of the excellent "strategic raw materials" of the Stone Age. Archaeologists found the best samples of this ancient "ore" hidden in reserve under the floors of houses.

But in Chatal-huyuk, another find is also interesting: it was here that the most ancient * metal products were first found - small awls, piercings, beads. Studies have shown that they are made mainly of copper.

* (Somewhat later, in the upper reaches of the river. Tigris, to the east of Chatal-huyuk, small objects made of copper (VIII - VII millennium BC) were discovered.)

Perhaps in Southern Anatolia people first got acquainted with ore in our understanding of the word. The findings of archaeologists show that mineralogists who lived almost nine thousand years ago knew perfectly well the properties of not only volcanic glass, but also some copper minerals.

So, the first acquaintance with ore took place back in the Stone Age, when people noticed that not all stones crack from the heat of a fire and scatter into sharp fragments (it was from a fire that stone processing often began), sometimes there are lumps that become soft, pliable in fire - malleable. The human palm for the first time felt the magnificent heaviness and chill of metal!

Probably, "finished" metals were mastered first of all - native copper, gold, iron. They are both metals and minerals - natural formations of constant composition.

But what exactly made gold "the metal of kings and the king of metals"? Why was copper ahead of iron by almost five millennia, while aluminum has been known to us for a little over a hundred years? Why do we call tantalum, beryllium and cesium "metals of today"?

It turns out that the fate of a metal very often depends not only on its own qualities, but also on the properties of its natural compounds - minerals. Let's remember the history of the development of metals.