The name of the international organization is the name of the city in which. International political organizations

International organizations - one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states. They are created on the basis of an agreement between the participants. The activities of international organizations are regulated by their charter. The effectiveness of the activities of organizations depends on the degree of coherence that states can achieve.

Organizations differ in areas of activity (issues of peace and security, economy, culture, healthcare, transport, etc.); by composition of participants (universal, regional); by scope of authority, etc.

The main goals and objectives of all international organizations is to create a constructive multilateral base international cooperation, the establishment of global and regional zones of peaceful coexistence.

A special place among interstate international organizations is occupied by the United Nations (UN) - as a universal international organization of general competence.

This chapter provides information on the most famous international economic and economic-political organizations.

UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO) - Wikiwand UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945. Proposals for UN reform are currently being discussed, including an increase in the number of permanent members of the Security Council.

The United Nations system includes the UN with its principal and subsidiary bodies. 17 UN specialized agencies have been formed, as well as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Also included in the UN system as an intergovernmental World Organization for tourism (TTO).

Specialized UN events are held to strengthen international cooperation and mutual understanding.

Member States: At present, over 180 countries of the world are members of the UN. Observers to the UN - Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc.

Support for peace and international security.

Development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination.

International cooperation to resolve world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature.

Promoting respect for human rights.

The transformation of the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals.

Structure:

1. General Assembly.
2. Security Council.
3. Economic and Social Council.
4. Guardian Council.
5. International Court.
6. Secretariat.

The General Assembly (GA) is the main body of the UN, uniting all its members (on the principle of "one state - one vote"). It is authorized to consider questions and make recommendations on problems that are in the political and material spheres within the scope of the Charter. Although the GA resolutions are advisory in nature and are not legally binding on all UN members, they are backed by the authority of the United Nations. The General Assembly determines the policy and program of action of the organization. GA sessions are held annually, but extraordinary sessions may also be convened.

The Security Council (SC) is the only UN body that can make decisions that are binding on the 148 UN members. Using a number of measures for a peaceful settlement international conflicts, in the event that the warring parties are not ready to participate in the peace process of negotiations, the Security Council can take enforcement measures.

Decisions to impose military sanctions are taken only when non-military sanctions prove insufficient. Groups of observers and UN peacekeeping forces ("blue helmets") are sent to conflict areas.

The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent maples (, France), with the right to "veto", and ten non-permanent members, elected for a period of two years in accordance with regional quotas (five seats for the states of Asia and one for the states of Eastern Europe, two for states and two for countries Western Europe).

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is responsible for the activities of the United Nations in the economic and social spheres and performs the tasks assigned to it in connection with the implementation of the recommendations of the General Assembly (studies, reports, etc.). It coordinates the activities of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.

The International Court of Justice is the main legal organ of the United Nations. The Court is open to all states of the world and individuals (even non-members of the UN).

The Secretariat operates under the direction of the Secretary General and is responsible for the day-to-day work of the UN. General Secretary- chief official of the UN - appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. The High Commissioner for Human Rights, appointed by the Secretary General, is responsible for the activities of the UN in the field of human rights.

The official languages ​​of the UN are English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

The headquarters is in New York.

WORLD BANK GROUP

Group World Bank includes four institutions: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD); International Finance Corporation (IFC); International Association development (MAP); Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).

INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION

AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) - INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT (IBRD) The idea of ​​IBRD was formulated at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference in 1944. IBRD as a specialized agency is part of the UN system.

Objectives: to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of the Member States by encouraging investment for production purposes; encouraging private and foreign investment through the provision of guarantees or participation in loans and other investments by private creditors; encouraging economic and social progress in developing countries through long-term financing of development projects and programs in order to ensure the growth of production; growth promotion international trade and development of productive resources of IBRD member states.

Currently, the IBRD includes about 180 states (including Russia). Membership is also open to members of the World Monetary Fund (IMF) on terms determined by the IBRD.

Funding Sources: IBRD, to which all member countries are subscribers to capital, finances its lending operations primarily from this capital, borrowings from financial markets, and repayments on past loans.

INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF) - INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)

The International Monetary Fund began to function in 1946. As a specialized agency, it is part of the UN system. The IMF has about 180 member states.

Objectives: to encourage international cooperation in the field of monetary policy; promoting the growth of world trade; maintaining the stability of currencies and streamlining currency relations between member states; provision of loan assistance to Member States, if necessary.

Membership is open to other states on the conditions determined by the IMF (the amount of authorized capital, quotas, voting rights, special drawing rights, etc.).

Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are an IMF tool that allows the creation of foreign exchange reserves on the basis of an international agreement in order to prevent the danger of a permanent shortage of foreign exchange reserves.

Funding sources: Member contributions (quotas) supplemented by IMF loans from its members. 150

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO)

It was established in 1949 on the basis of the signing and ratification of the North Atlantic Treaty (“Washington Treaty”). The process of political changes in (the collapse of the USSR, the cessation of the activities of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, etc.) in last years caused a number of NATO statements, including: the London Declaration "North Atlantic Alliance in the process of change" (1990), "The Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation" (1991); "A new strategic concept of the alliance" (1991); statement of the NATO Council with an invitation to join the program "Partnership for Peace" (1994), etc.

Member States (16): Belgium, UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Netherlands, USA, France. (Iceland, which does not have its own armed forces, is not included in the integrated military structure; Spain does not participate in an integrated command structure; France in 1966 withdrew from the integrated military structure).

Objectives: to ensure the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; joint action and all-round cooperation in order to strengthen the security of the Member States, ensure a just and lasting peace in Europe based on common values, democracy, human rights and the rule of law.

The headquarters of the governing bodies is in Brussels.

ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE) - ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE (OSCE)

The final act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe was signed in 1975 in Helsinki () by the heads of state and government of 33 countries of Western Europe, as well as the United States and. It became a long-term program for the development of the process of detente and cooperation in Europe.

A new period in the work of the OSCE began with the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed in 1990.

The OSCE's relations with the United Nations are based on a framework agreement concluded with the UN Secretariat and observer status in the UN General Assembly.

Objectives: to promote the improvement of mutual relations, create conditions for ensuring a lasting peace; supporting the détente of international tension; recognition of the close interdependence of peace and security in Europe and throughout the world.

EUROPEAN UNION (EU) - Wikiwand EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

The Treaty on the European Union (EU), signed in 1992 in Maastricht (Netherlands) by the heads of state and government of 12 member states of the European Economic Community, entered into force on November 1, 1993. The Treaty introduces EU citizenship in addition to national citizenship.

The predecessor of the EU was the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by Luxembourg, Germany, and in 1958 with the aim of creating a common market for goods, capital and labor by abolishing customs duties and other restrictions on trade, and pursuing a coordinated trade policy.

Later the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland (1973), Spain, Portugal (1981) and Greece (1986) were admitted to the Community.

Since 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden have become EU members.

Cyprus, Malta, Turkey, countries of Eastern Europe have also filed official applications with a request to join the EU.

The European Union (EU) is built on three pillars:

1. European Communities (European Coal and Steel Community - ECSC; European Economic Community - EEC; European Atomic Energy Community - EURATOM) with the forms of cooperation provided for by the Treaty on European Union.
2. Joint foreign and international security policy.

3. Cooperation in domestic and legal policy. Member States (15): Austria, Belgium, United Kingdom, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Finland, France, Sweden.

Formation of a close union of the peoples of Europe.

Promoting balanced and lasting progress, through: creating space without internal borders, strengthening economic and social interaction, the formation of an economic and monetary union and the creation of a single currency in the future.

Carrying out a joint foreign policy, and in the future, a joint defense policy.

Development of cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs.

Organs. EU: European Council; European Parliament; Advice European Union; European Commission; European Court.

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA)

The NAFTA agreement was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington and came into force on January 1, 1994.

Member States: Canada, Mexico, USA. Objectives: The agreement provides for the creation of a free trade zone within 15 years; measures are envisaged to liberalize the movement of goods, services, capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. Unlike the EU, the NAFTA countries do not envisage the creation of a single monetary system and the coordination of foreign policy.

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD)

The organization was established in 1961. It became the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed in 1948 in order to make the best use of American economic and financial assistance for the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with the European recipient countries of this assistance.

Applications for membership in the OECD of Hungary, the Republic of Korea, and are currently being considered. Russia cooperates with the OECD by signing in 1994 the Agreement on Privileges and Immunities.

Objectives: Contribute to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic development, employment growth and improved living standards while maintaining the financial stability of Member States; promoting economic and social well-being by coordinating the policies of member states; harmonization of OECD assistance to developing countries.

COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS - COMMONWEALTH

The Commonwealth of Nations is a "voluntary association of independent states" symbolized by the British monarch, recognized as head of the Commonwealth.

Sovereign states pursue independent policies and cooperate on the basis of common interests and in order to promote international understanding. The relationship of the member states is defined in the Westminster status of 1931 as independent and equal in internal and foreign policy.

The Commonwealth consists of 30 republics, 5 monarchies with their own kings, and 16 states that recognize the British monarch as head of state, represented in these countries by a governor general.

Member States (about 50): Australia, Antigua and Barbuda, United Kingdom, Grenada, Greece, Dominica, Indonesia, Canada, Cyprus, Malaysia, Malta, Nigeria, New Zealand, Saint Kitts and Nevis, , . Objectives: To promote the well-being of peoples.

At meetings of heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs Commonwealth.

ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU) - Wikiwand ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY (OAU)

It was established in 1963 at a conference of heads of state and government.

Objectives: to promote the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to secure independence and national rights; support for the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other important areas of life, etc.

The headquarters of the General Secretariat is in Jeddah.

LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS) - Wikiwand LEAGUE OF ARAB STATES (LAS)

The Arab League Pact formed the basis of the League of Arab States formed in 1945. It was signed by seven Arab states (Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan).

Member States. (22): Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Qatar, Comoros, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, UAE, Oman, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia.

Goals: strengthening ties between Member States in various sectors (economy, finance, transport, culture, healthcare); coordination among member states to protect national security and ensuring their independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to settle disputes; respect for the regimes existing in other countries and refusal to try to change them.

The headquarters is in Cairo.

ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

It was organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The charter was adopted in 1965, later it was repeatedly amended.

Member States (12): Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia.

Goals: coordination and unification of the oil policy of the Member States; definition of the most effective means protecting the interests of the participating States; finding ways to ensure price stability on world oil markets; environmental protection, etc.

UNION OF ARAB MAGRIB (UAM)

Formed in 1989. Member States (5): Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia.

Objectives: to contribute to the successful solution of issues of economic development, to ensure greater competitiveness of the goods of the countries of the region in the markets of the world.

SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION OF THE REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC)

Established in 1985. Member States (7): Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Objectives: to accelerate the economic development, social progress and cultural development of the member countries and the establishment of peace and stability in the region.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)

Objectives: to promote regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres with a view to strengthening peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint action in the spirit of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport and communications in order to improve the living standards of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc.

ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) - Wikiwand ASIAN PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)

The organization was founded on the initiative in 1989.

Member States (18): Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile.

Goals: creation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Community; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; extending cooperation to areas such as trade, environment and others. A group of eminent figures from the APEC countries is tasked with putting forward ideas about the future of the organization and discussing ways to implement them.

Formed on the basis of the Treaty of Montevideo II, signed by the LAST member countries and entered into force in 1981.

Goals: creation of a common market of countries and Mexico. Unlike LAST, the LAI integration process provides for a differentiated progress towards the creation of a common market, taking into account the level of economic development of the participating countries.

Within the framework of the LAI, subregional groups are preserved: the Treaty of the La Plata River Basin, 1969 (members - Argentina, Bo-158 Libya, Brazil, Paraguay,), Cartagena Agreement, 1969 (members - Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador), Agreement on cooperation between the countries of the Amazon zone, 1978 (members - Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador).

ANDINA SYSTEM OF INTEGRATION (SIA) - SISTEMA DE INTEGRACION ANDINA (SIA)

Formed on the basis of the Andean Pact. It includes two independent blocks of institutions: for political cooperation and for economic integration.

As a follow-up to the 1969 Cartagena Agreement on the establishment of the Andean Subregional Integration Group, a document was adopted called the "Andean Strategy", declaring the development of the Andean economic space, deepening international relations, a contribution to the unity of Latin America. At the same time, the “Peace Act” was adopted, which provided for the deepening of the integration process, the creation of the Andean common market (free trade zone, customs union) by 1995.

ANDINA PACT (AP) - ACUERDO DE INTEGRACION SUBREGIONAL ANDINA (AISA)

Created on the basis of an agreement that entered into force in 1969.

Member States (5): Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Since 1969 it has been an associate member.

Goals: liberalization of regional trade and introduction of common external tariffs; creation of a common market by 1985; coordination of economic policy in relation to foreign capital; industrial development, Agriculture and infrastructure through joint programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources.

LA PLATA GROUP - ORGANIZACION DE LA CUENCA DE LA PLATA

Formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and Joint Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969.

Member States (5): Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Objectives: optimal use and protection natural resources basin of La Plata.

In 1986, a long-term program of economic cooperation was signed between Argentina and Brazil - the "Integration Act", to which Uruguay joined, and in 1991 Paraguay.

COMMON MARKET OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE SOUTHERN CONE - EL MERCADO COMUN DEL SUR (MERCOSUR)

Formed as a development of the Integration Act of 1986 on the basis of the Treaty on the Common Market of the countries of the Southern Cone in 1991.

Member States (4): Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. For economically less developed Bolivia, instead of direct participation in integration, it is envisaged to maintain existing benefits.

Objectives: Creation of a common market of the participating countries within 10 years on the basis of projects and enterprises carried out within the framework of the La Plata Organization.

AMAZON PACT - EL PASTO AMAZONICO

Formed on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation in the Amazon and entered into force in 1980.

Member States (8): Bolivia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Ecuador.

Objectives: accelerated joint development and rational use of the natural resources of the basin, their protection from foreign exploitation, cooperation in the creation of infrastructure.

ORGANIZATION OF CENTRAL AMERICAN STATES (OCAS) - ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS CENTROAMERICANOS (OESA)

Formed in 1951 at the conference of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador and Costa Rica.

Objectives: Economic and political integration of the states of Central America, cultural cooperation of the participating countries, prevention and settlement of emerging conflicts.

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM)

Political and economic organization for cooperation in the field of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policy, creation of joint facilities.

The community was formed in 1973 on the basis of the Chagua Ramas Treaty (Trinidad and Tobago).

Member States (13): Bahamas (member only of the Community, not the Common Market), Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Guyana, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago , Jamaica. Associate members: British and Virgin Islands, Terke and Caicos.

Goals: Political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic rapprochement through the liberalization of mutual trade and the establishment of a common customs regime; policy coordination in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the field of education and health.

CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (CCM) - CARIBBEAN COMMON MARKET (ССМ, CARICOM)

Formed in 1974 in accordance with the annex to the Treaty of Chaguaramas, includes all members of the CC, with the exception of the Bahamas.

Governing bodies: Conference of Heads of Government and Common Market Council. In 1976, the participating countries introduced uniform customs tariffs. In 1982, at the Conference of Heads of Government, a proposal was put forward to create an Association of Caribbean States. In 1994, the Conference considered the prospects for membership of the COP-KOR in NAFTA.

ASSOCIATION OF THE CARIBBEAN STATES (ACG) - ASOCIACION DE LOS ESTADOS CARIBES (AEC)

The agreement establishing the ACG was signed by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994.

Member States: Anguilla, Antigua, Barbados, Belize, Venezuela, Guyana, Guatemala, Honduras, Grenada, Dominica, Colombia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Montserrat, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica.

Objectives: To promote the economic integration of Caribbean countries.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS)

The forerunner of the OAS was the Pan American System - a set of bodies and organizations operating under the control of the United States in the first half of the 20th century.

The OAS was formed in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the Charter of the OAS. At present, all 35 independent American states are members of the OAS. In 1962, Cuba was excluded from participation in the work of the OAS bodies.

Goals: maintaining peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts between Member States; organizing joint actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promotion of economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of the participating countries.

international organizations) - 1) associations of states or associations of national societies (associations) of a non-governmental nature and individual members for consultations, coordination of activities, development and achievement of common goals in various areas of international life (political, economic, scientific and technical, social, cultural, military etc.); 2) one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

fr. organisation, from lat. organizo - I give a slim look, arrange) - one of the main organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in modern world; voluntary organizations whose activities cover a variety of aspects of international relations: economic, political, cultural. The number of international organizations is steadily growing - if at the beginning of the 20th century. Since there were about 40 intergovernmental and 180 non-governmental organizations, there are currently about 300 and 5,000 respectively. The first international organization was the Universal Postal Union, established in 1875. Modern international organizations include: 1) regional organizations: the Council of Europe, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) , Organization of African Unity (OAU), Organization of American States (OAS); 2) organizations of an economic nature: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), etc.; 3) professional organizations: International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), International Association of Journalists political science(IAPN), International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL); 4) demographic organizations: Women's International Democratic Federation (IDFW), World Youth Association (WWA); 5) organizations in the field of culture and sports: International Olympic Committee (IOC); 6) military-political organizations: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Pacific Security Pact (ANZUS), etc.; 7) trade union organizations: international conference free trade unions (ICTU), the World Confederation of Labor (WCL), etc.; 8) various organizations in support of peace and international solidarity: the World Peace Council (WPC), the International Peace Institute in Vienna, etc.; 9) organizations in defense of victims of wars, disasters and natural Disasters: International Red Cross (ICC); 10) environmental organizations: Greenpeace and others. The most significant role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in order to maintain the global security system. The UN Charter enshrined such principles of international cooperation as the sovereign equality of all its members, the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, the renunciation of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The structure of the UN consists of: 1) the UN Secretariat (headed by General Secretary); 2) Security Council (15 countries, including 5 permanent members with veto power - Russia, USA, UK, France, China); 3) General Assembly (all member countries of the organization); 4) a number of organizations - structural units UN, including: WHO (World Health Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNESCO (World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International Monetary Fund), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD ( United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNICEF (International Children's Fund), International Court of Justice.

international organization is an association of states created in accordance with international law and on the basis of international treaty, for the implementation of cooperation in the political, economic, cultural, scientific, technical, legal and other fields, having the necessary system of organs, rights and obligations derived from the rights and obligations of states, and an autonomous will, the scope of which is determined by the will of the Member States.

Comment

• contradicts the foundations of international law, since over the states - the primary subjects of this law - there is not and cannot be supreme power;
• vesting a number of organizations with managerial functions does not mean transferring to them part of the sovereignty of states or their sovereign rights. International organizations do not and cannot have sovereignty;
• the obligation of direct execution by the member states of the decisions of international organizations is based on the provisions of the constituent acts and no more;
• no international organization has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of a state without the consent of the latter, because otherwise it would mean a gross violation of the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of a state with consequences for such an organization negative consequences;
• the possession of a “supranational” organization with the authority to create effective mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing compliance with binding rules is just one of the qualities of the legal personality of an organization.

Signs of an international organization:

Any international organization must have at least the following six features:

Establishment under international law

1) Creation in accordance with international law

This feature is, in fact, crucial. Any international organization must be established on a legal basis. In particular, the establishment of any organization should not infringe on the recognized interests of an individual state and the international community as a whole. The constituent document of the organization must comply with generally recognized principles and norms international law. According to Art. 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations, a peremptory norm of general international law is a norm which is accepted and recognized by the international community of States as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can only be modified by a subsequent norm of general international law bearing the same character.

If an international organization has been created illegally or its activities are contrary to international law, then the constituent act of such an organization must be recognized as null and void and its operation terminated in the shortest time. An international treaty or any of its provisions is invalid if its execution is connected with any act that is illegal under international law.

Establishment based on an international treaty

2) Establishment based on an international treaty

As a rule, international organizations are created on the basis of an international treaty (convention, agreement, treatise, protocol, etc.).

The object of such an agreement is the behavior of the subjects (parties of the agreement) and the international organization itself. The parties to the founding act are sovereign states. However, in recent years, intergovernmental organizations have also become full members of international organizations. For example, the European Union is a full member of many international fisheries organizations.

International organizations may be created in accordance with the resolutions of other organizations with more general competence.

Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

3) Implementation of cooperation in specific areas of activity

International organizations are created to coordinate the efforts of states in a particular area. They are designed to unite the efforts of states in the political (OSCE), military (NATO), scientific and technical (European Organization for Nuclear Research), economic (EU), monetary (IBRD, IMF), social (ILO) and in many other areas. At the same time, a number of organizations are authorized to coordinate the activities of states in almost all areas (UN, CIS, etc.).

International organizations become intermediaries between member states. States often refer to organizations for discussion and resolution of the most complex issues of international relations. International organizations, as it were, take over a significant number of issues on which relations between states had previously had a direct bilateral or multilateral character. However, not every organization can claim an equal position with states in the relevant areas of international relations. Any powers of such organizations are derived from the rights of the states themselves. Along with other forms of international communication (multilateral consultations, conferences, meetings, seminars, etc.), international organizations act as a body of cooperation on specific problems of international relations.

Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

4) Availability of an appropriate organizational structure

This sign is one of the important signs of the existence of an international organization. It seems to confirm the permanent nature of the organization and thus distinguishes it from numerous other forms of international cooperation.

Intergovernmental organizations have:

• headquarters;
• members in person sovereign states;
• necessary system of principal and subsidiary organs.

The highest body is the session, convened once a year (sometimes once every two years). The executive bodies are councils. The administrative apparatus is headed by the executive secretary (general director). All organizations have permanent or temporary executive bodies with different legal status and competence.

The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

5) The presence of the rights and obligations of the organization

It was emphasized above that the rights and obligations of the organization are derived from the rights and obligations of the member states. It depends on the parties and only on the parties that the given organization possesses exactly such (and not another) set of rights, that it is entrusted with the performance of these duties. No organization, without the consent of the member states, can take actions affecting the interests of its members. The rights and obligations of any organization are enshrined in a general form in its founding act, resolutions of higher and executive bodies, and in agreements between organizations. These documents enshrine the intentions of the Member States, which must then be implemented by the relevant international organization. States have the right to prohibit an organization from taking certain actions, and an organization cannot exceed its powers. For example, Art. 3 (5 "C") of the IAEA Statute prohibits the agency, in the performance of its functions related to the provision of assistance to its members, to be guided by political, economic, military or other requirements that are incompatible with the provisions of the Statute of this organization.

Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

6) Independent international rights and obligations of the organization

It is about the possession by an international organization of an autonomous will, distinct from the wills of the member states. This feature means that, within the limits of its competence, any organization has the right to independently choose the means and methods for fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to it by the member states. The latter, in a certain sense, does not care how the organization implements the activities entrusted to it or the statutory obligations in general. It is the organization itself, as a subject of international public and private law, that has the right to choose the most rational means and methods of activity. In this case, the member states exercise control over whether the organization is lawfully exercising its autonomous will.

Thus, international intergovernmental organization- this is a voluntary association of sovereign states or international organizations, created on the basis of an interstate agreement or a resolution of an international organization of general competence to coordinate the activities of states in a specific area of ​​cooperation, having an appropriate system of main and subsidiary bodies, having an autonomous will different from the wills of its members.

Classification of international organizations

Among the international organizations it is customary to single out:

1. by type of membership:
   • intergovernmental;
   • non-governmental;
2. around the participants:
   • universal - open to the participation of all states (UN, IAEA) or to the participation of public associations and individuals of all states (World Peace Council, International Association of Democratic Lawyers);
   • regional - whose members may be states or public associations and individuals of a certain geographical region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States, Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf);
   • interregional - organizations, membership in which is limited by a certain criterion that takes them beyond the scope of a regional organization, but does not allow them to become universal. In particular, participation in the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is open only to oil-exporting states. Only Muslim states can be members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC);
3. by competence:
   • general competence - activities affect all spheres of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural and others (UN);
   • special competence - cooperation is limited to one special area (WHO, ILO), subdivided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious;
4. by the nature of powers:
   • interstate - regulate the cooperation of states, their decisions are advisory or binding for the participating states;
   • supranational - are vested with the right to make decisions directly binding individuals and legal entities of the Member States and acting on the territory of the states along with national laws;
5. depending on the procedure for admission to international organizations:
   • open - any state can become a member at its own discretion;
   • closed - admission to membership is made at the invitation of the original founders (NATO);
6. by structure:
   • with a simplified structure;
   • with a developed structure;
7. by way of creation:
   • international organizations created in the classical way - on the basis of an international treaty with subsequent ratification;
   • international organizations created on a different basis - declarations, joint statements.

Legal basis of international organizations

The basis for the functioning of international organizations is the sovereign will of the states that establish them and their members. Such an expression of will is embodied in an international treaty concluded by these states, which becomes both a regulator of the rights and obligations of states and a constituent act of an international organization. The contractual nature of the constituent acts of international organizations is enshrined in the 1986 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations.

The charters of international organizations and relevant conventions usually clearly express the idea of ​​their constituent character. Thus, the preamble to the UN Charter proclaims that the governments represented at the San Francisco Conference "have agreed to accept the present Charter of the United Nations and hereby establish an international organization called the United Nations...".

Constituent acts serve as the legal basis for international organizations, they proclaim their goals and principles, and serve as a criterion for the legitimacy of their decisions and activities. In the founding act, the states decide on the international legal personality of the organization.

In addition to the constituent act of essential importance for determining legal status, competences and procedures for the functioning of an international organization have international treaties affecting various aspects of the organization's activities, for example, those treaties that develop and specify the functions of the organization and the powers of its bodies.

Constituent acts and other international treaties that serve as the legal basis for the creation and activities of international organizations also characterize such an aspect of the status of an organization as the exercise of the functions of a subject of national law as a legal entity. As a rule, these issues are regulated by special international legal acts.

The creation of an international organization is an international problem that can only be solved by coordinating the actions of states. States, by coordinating their positions and interests, determine the totality of the rights and obligations of the organization itself. Coordination of actions of the states at creation of the organization is carried out by them.

In the process of functioning of an international organization, the coordination of the activities of states acquires a different character, since it uses a special mechanism that is permanently operating and adapted for consideration and coordinated solution of problems.

The functioning of an international organization is reduced not only to relations between states, but also between the organization and states. These relations, due to the fact that states voluntarily agreed to certain restrictions, agreed to obey the decisions of an international organization, may have a subordinate nature. The specificity of such subordination relations lies in the fact that:

1. they depend on coordination relations, i.e., if the coordination of the activities of states within the framework of an international organization does not lead to a certain result, then subordinate relations do not arise;
2. they arise in connection with the achievement of a certain result through the functioning of an international organization. States agree to submit to the will of the organization due to the awareness of the need to take into account the interests of other states and the international community as a whole, in order to preserve such order in international relations in which they are interested.

Sovereign equality should be understood as legal equality. In the 1970 Declaration On the principles of international law relating to friendly relations and cooperation among states in accordance with the UN Charter, it is said that all states enjoy sovereign equality, they have the same rights and obligations, regardless of differences in economic and social, political or other nature. With regard to international organizations, this principle is enshrined in the constituent acts.

This principle means:

• all states have equal rights to participate in the creation of an international organization;
• every state, if it is not a member of an international organization, has the right to join it;
• all member states have the same rights to raise questions and discuss them within the organization;
• each member state has an equal right to represent and defend its interests in the bodies of the organization;
• when making decisions, each state has one vote, there are few organizations that work on the principle of the so-called weighted vote;
• The decision of an international organization applies to all members, unless otherwise stipulated in it.

Legal personality of international organizations

Legal personality is a property of a person, in the presence of which it acquires the qualities of a subject of law.

An international organization cannot be seen as a mere sum of member states, or even as their collective agent acting on behalf of all. In order to fulfill its active role, an organization must have a special legal personality, different from the mere summation of the legal personality of its members. Only under this premise does the problem of the impact of an international organization on its sphere make any sense.

Legal personality of an international organization includes the following four elements:

1. legal capacity, i.e. the ability to have rights and obligations;
2. legal capacity, i.e. the ability of the organization to exercise its rights and obligations by its actions;
3. the ability to participate in the process of international law-making;
4. ability to take legal responsibility for their actions.

One of the main attributes of the legal personality of international organizations is that they have their own will, which allows it to directly participate in international relations and successfully carry out its functions. Most Russian lawyers note that intergovernmental organizations have an autonomous will. Without its own will, without a certain set of rights and obligations, an international organization could not function normally and fulfill the tasks assigned to it. The independence of the will is manifested in the fact that after the organization is created by the states, it (the will) is already a new quality in comparison with the individual wills of the members of the organization. The will of an international organization is not the sum of the wills of the member states, nor is it the fusion of their wills. This will is "isolated" from the wills of other subjects of international law. The source of the will of an international organization is the constituent act as a product of the coordination of the wills of the founding states.

The most important features of the legal personality of international organizations are the following qualities:

1) Recognition of the quality of an international personality by the subjects of international law.

Essence this criterion is that the Member States and relevant international organizations recognize and undertake to respect the rights and obligations of the relevant intergovernmental organization, their competence, terms of reference, to grant privileges and immunities to the organization and its employees, etc. According to the constituent acts, all intergovernmental organizations are legal entities. Member States shall vest them with legal capacity to the extent necessary for the performance of their functions.

2) The presence of separate rights and obligations.

Separate rights and obligations. This criterion of the legal personality of intergovernmental organizations means that organizations have rights and obligations that are different from those of states and can be exercised at the international level. For example, the UNESCO Constitution lists the following responsibilities of the organization:

1. promoting rapprochement and mutual understanding of peoples through the use of all available media;
2. encourage development public education and dissemination of culture; c) assistance in the preservation, increase and dissemination of knowledge.

3) The right to freely perform their functions.

The right to freely perform their functions. Each intergovernmental organization has its own constituent act (in the form of conventions, statutes or resolutions of an organization with more general powers), rules of procedure, financial rules and other documents that form the internal law of the organization. Most often, in the performance of their functions, intergovernmental organizations proceed from implied competence. In the performance of their functions, they enter into certain legal relations with non-member states. For example, the UN ensures that non-member states act in accordance with the principles set out in Art. 2 of the Charter, as it may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security.

The independence of intergovernmental organizations is expressed in the implementation of prescriptions of norms constituting the internal law of these organizations. They may establish any subsidiary bodies that are necessary for the performance of the functions of such organizations. Intergovernmental organizations may adopt rules of procedure and other administrative rules. Organizations have the right to remove the vote of any member who is in arrears in dues. Finally, intergovernmental organizations may ask their member for an explanation if he does not comply with the recommendations on the problems of their activities.

4) The right to conclude contracts.

The contractual legal capacity of international organizations can be classified as one of the main criteria of international legal personality, since one of the characteristic features of the subject of international law is its ability to develop norms of international law.

In the exercise of their powers, agreements of intergovernmental organizations are of a public law, private law or mixed nature. In principle, each organization can conclude international treaties, which follows from the content of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations of 1986. In particular, the preamble of this Convention states that an international organization has such legal capacity to conclude treaties that necessary for the performance of its functions and the achievement of its objectives. According to Art. 6 of this Convention, the legal capacity of an international organization to conclude treaties is governed by the rules of that organization.

5) Participation in the creation of international law.

The law-making process of an international organization includes activities aimed at creating legal norms, as well as their further improvement, modification or cancellation. It should be emphasized that no international organization, including a universal one (for example, the UN, its specialized agencies), has "legislative" powers. This, in particular, means that any norm contained in the recommendations, rules and draft treaties adopted by an international organization must be recognized by the state, firstly, as an international legal norm, and secondly, as a norm binding on this state.

The law-making of an international organization is not unlimited. The scope and type of lawmaking of the organization are strictly defined in its founding agreement. Since the charter of each organization is individual, the volume, types and directions of law-making activities of international organizations differ from each other. The specific scope of powers granted to an international organization in the field of lawmaking can only be clarified on the basis of an analysis of its constituent act.

In the process of creating norms governing relations between states, an international organization can play various roles. In particular, in the initial phases of the law-making process, an international organization may:

• be an initiator, proposing to conclude a certain interstate agreement;
• act as the author of the draft text of such an agreement;
• convene in the future a diplomatic conference of states in order to agree on the text of the treaty;
• itself to play the role of such a conference, carrying out the coordination of the text of the treaty and its approval in its intergovernmental body;
• after the conclusion of the contract, perform the functions of the depositary;
• enjoy certain powers in the field of interpretation or revision of the contract concluded with its participation.

International organizations play a significant role in the formation of customary norms of international law. The decisions of these organizations contribute to the emergence, formation and termination of the norms of custom.

6) The right to enjoy privileges and immunities.

Without privileges and immunities, normal Practical activities any international organization. In some cases, the scope of privileges and immunities is determined by a special agreement, and in others - by national legislation. However, in general terms, the right to privileges and immunities is enshrined in the founding act of each organization. Thus, the UN enjoys on the territory of each of its members such privileges and immunities as are necessary to achieve its goals (Article 105 of the Charter). The property and assets of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), wherever they are located and whoever is their holders, are immune from search, confiscation, expropriation or any other form of seizure or alienation by executive or legislative action (Article 47 of the Agreement on institution of the EBRD).

Any organization cannot invoke immunity in all cases when it, on its own initiative, enters into civil legal relations in the host country.

7) The right to ensure the implementation of international law.

Giving international organizations the authority to ensure the implementation of international law indicates the independent nature of organizations in relation to member states and is one of the important signs of legal personality.

In this case, the main means are institutions international control and liability, including the application of sanctions. Control functions are carried out in two ways:

• through the submission of reports by Member States;
• observation and examination of a controlled object or situation on the spot.

International legal sanctions that can be applied by international organizations can be divided into two groups:

1) sanctions, the implementation of which is permissible by all international organizations:

• suspension of membership in the organization;
• expulsion from the organization;
• denial of membership;
• exclusion from international communication on certain issues of cooperation.

2) sanctions, the powers to implement which have strictly defined organizations.

The application of sanctions assigned to the second group depends on the goals of the given organization. For example, the UN Security Council, in order to maintain or restore international peace and security, has the right to use coercive actions by air, sea or land forces. Such actions may include demonstrations, blockades and other operations by air, sea or land forces of UN members (Article 42 of the UN Charter)

In case of a gross violation of the rules for the operation of nuclear facilities, the IAEA has the right to apply the so-called corrective measures, up to issuing an order to suspend the operation of such a facility.
Intergovernmental organizations have been granted the right to take a direct part in resolving disputes that arise between them and international organizations and states. When resolving disputes, they have the right to resort to the same peaceful means of resolving disputes that are usually used by the primary subjects of international law - sovereign states.

8) International legal responsibility.

Acting as independent entities, international organizations are subjects of international legal responsibility. For example, they should be held accountable for the illegal actions of their officials. Organizations may become liable if they abuse their privileges and immunities. It should be assumed that political responsibility may arise in the event that an organization violates its functions, fails to comply with agreements concluded with other organizations and states, for interference in the internal affairs of subjects of international law.

Liability of organizations may arise in case of violation of the legal rights of their employees, experts, brute force, etc. They are also obliged to be liable to the governments where they are located, their headquarters, for illegal actions, for example, for unjustified alienation of land, non-payment utilities, breach sanitary norms etc.

An international organization is understood as an association of member states of this commonwealth that have concluded an agreement between themselves that complies with all norms of international law for the purpose of economic, political, cultural, military and other types of cooperation between its members.

Main features

A mandatory attribute of this phenomenon in the life of society is the presence of:

Features possessed by such commonwealths

The question often arises as to what characteristics international organizations should have. List of the main features of such communities:

Participation in the association of three or more states.

Compliance of the provisions on the creation of an alliance with international law.

Respect for the sovereignty of each member and non-interference in its internal affairs.

The principle of an international treaty is the basis of unification.

Purposeful cooperation in specific areas.

A clear structure with special organs, each of which performs certain functions.

Classification

There are two main types: intergovernmental and non-governmental. They differ from each other in that the former are based on the association of states or authorized bodies, and the latter (they are also called public) - on the union of subjects from different countries that do not have the goal of political cooperation.

In addition, the international organizations listed below may also be:

Universal (participants from all over the world are involved) and regional (only for states of a certain area).

General (the areas of cooperation are extensive) and special, dedicated to only one aspect of relations (health, education, labor issues, etc.).

c) mixed unions.

So, as we see, there is a fairly developed system for classifying such institutions, which is associated with their prevalence and great influence on global political, economic and cultural processes.

International organizations of the world. List of most influential institutions

To date, there are a huge number of such associations that are active throughout the planet. It's like global organizations with big amount participants like the UN, and less numerous: the Union for the Mediterranean, the South American Community of Nations and others. All of them have completely different areas of activity, ranging from culture to law enforcement, but the most popular are political and political. The list and their tasks are usually numerous. The following are the names and characteristics of the most influential institutions.

UN and its subsidiaries

One of the most developed and well-known among all commonwealths is It was founded back in 1945 to resolve post-war issues that were then on the agenda. Its fields of activity are: preservation of peace; upholding human rights; c As of mid-2015, 193 states from different regions of the planet are members of this organization.

Due to the fact that the needs of the world community increased over time and were not limited to purely humanitarian issues both immediately after the creation of the UN and throughout the second half of the 20th century, other more specialized international organizations appeared as its constituent parts. Their list is not limited to all known UNESCO, IAEA and IMF. There are also such divisions as the Postal Union and many others. There are 14 of them in total.

International non-governmental organizations: list, areas of activity, relevance

Among these, the most powerful in terms of the scale of distribution and its activity is, for example, the non-profit charitable organization Wikimedia Foundation, or the International Rescue Committee, which deals with refugee issues. In general, there are more than 100 such unions, and their areas of activity are extremely diverse. Science, education, combating racial or gender discrimination, healthcare, certain industries and much more - all this is done by specialized international non-governmental organizations. The Top 5 list also includes communities such as Partners in Health, Oxfam and BRAC.

Participation of our country in the life of the world community

The Russian Federation consists of about twenty unions different type(UN, CIS, BRICS, CSTO, etc.). In the country's foreign policy, priority is cooperation and entry into various international organizations. The list in Russia of those institutions with which the state would like to work is constantly growing. In three commonwealths, she is an observer (IOM, OAS and OIC), maintains an active dialogue with them and participates in the discussion of important issues. Particularly promising is the entry into international economic organizations. The list of them is long (OECD, WTO, UNCTAD, etc.).

international organization- a permanent association of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of an international agreement in order to promote the solution of international problems specified in the agreement. International organizations are characterized by:

- the presence of a constituent document;

— permanent or regular nature of the activity;

– use as the main method of activity multilateral negotiations and discussion of problems;

There are intergovernmental, non-governmental, global and regional international organizations.

United Nations is an international organization of states founded in 1945. in order to maintain and strengthen peace, security and development of international cooperation.

The principal organs of the UN are the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, the UN Economic and Social Council, the UN Trusteeship Council, the UN International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, English: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) - established in 1946. a specialized agency of the United Nations that promotes the implementation of the goals of universal education, the development of culture, the preservation of the world's natural and cultural heritage, international scientific cooperation, and ensuring freedom of the press and communication.

European Economic Community (EEC)- the name of the European Union before 1994. The European Community was founded under the Treaty of Rome in 1957. as a common market of six European states.

European Union- economic association of 15 . The EU has created a single internal market, lifted restrictions on the free movement of goods, capital, labor between countries, formed a single monetary system with a single governing monetary institution.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC, English: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is a cartel (association of entrepreneurs), formed in 1960. some oil-producing countries in order to coordinate the policy of oil production and control over world prices for crude oil. OPEC sets quotas for oil production.

World trade Organization(WTO)- founded in 1995, a global international organization that deals with the rules of international trade. The WTO is based on agreements negotiated, signed and ratified by the majority of countries participating in international trade. The purpose of the WTO is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers in the conduct of their business. The WTO is the successor to the GATT.

Association of Southeastern States ()- founded in 1967 regional organization, which included , and . The goals of ASEAN are to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development of countries, establishing peace in the region.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO, English: North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - a military political alliance created on the initiative on the basis of the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in April 1949 in the United States,