World Health Organization. World Health Organization (WHO): charter, goals, norms, recommendations According to the World Health Organization WHO

JANUARY 2017

Topic of the issue – Health statistics 1

Statistical reports from the World Health Organization

The Global Health Observatory (GHO) produces analytical reports on current situations and trends in priority health issues. The WHO Global Health Observatory provides updated health statistics throughout the year. Its online database contains detailed information on more than 1,000 health indicators. It can be used to obtain up-to-date health statistics at the global, regional and country levels.

Global Health Observatory website:

The main document of the State Defense Order is the annual report “World Health Statistics”, published since 2005. The report is an authoritative source of information on global health.

It contains data from 194 countries on a range of mortality, morbidity and health system indicators, including life expectancy; morbidity and mortality from major diseases; health services and treatments; financial investments in health care; and risk factors and behaviors that affect health.

According to the 2016 World Health Statistics report, every year 2:

• 303,000 women die from complications related to pregnancy and childbirth;
• 5.9 million children die before the age of five;
• There are 2 million new HIV infections, 9.6 million new tuberculosis cases and 214 million malaria cases;
• 1.7 billion people suffering from neglected tropical diseases need treatment;
• More than 10 million people die before the age of 70 from cardiovascular diseases and cancer;
• 800,000 people commit suicide;
• 1.25 million people die as a result of road traffic accidents;
• 4.3 million people die from air pollution caused by cooking fuels;
• 3 million people die as a result of pollution environment;
• 475,000 people die violent deaths, of which 80% are men.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to combat risk factors that contribute to the development of diseases. Today all over the world:

• 1.1 billion people smoke tobacco;
• 156 million children under five years of age are stunted and 42 million children under five years of age are overweight;
• 1.8 billion people drink contaminated water, and 946 million people perform their daily necessities in the open air;
• 3.1 billion people rely primarily on polluting fuels for cooking.

According to the Report, life expectancy has risen sharply around the world since 2000, but serious inequalities in health persist both between and within countries.

Between 2000 and 2015, life expectancy increased by five years, the fastest rate of growth since the 1960s. These advances represent a significant turnaround from the decline that occurred in the 1990s, when life expectancy rates fell in Africa as a result of the AIDS epidemic and in Eastern Europe following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The largest increase in life expectancy occurred in the WHO African Region, where it increased by 9.4 years to 60 years, driven primarily by rising child survival rates, progress in malaria control, and increased access to antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection.

“The world has made great strides in reducing unnecessary suffering and premature death caused by preventable and treatable diseases,” says Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General. “However, the successes achieved are unevenly distributed. The best thing we can do to ensure that no one is left behind is to support countries to move towards achieving universal health coverage through effective primary health care.”

The average life expectancy for children born in 2015 worldwide was 71.4 years (73.8 years for girls and 69.1 years for boys), but the prognosis for each individual child depends on where he or she was born . The report shows that the average life expectancy of newborns in 29 high-income countries is 80 years or more, while the life expectancy of newborns in 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa is below 60 years.

Most long life women can expect to live in Japan, where the average life expectancy for women is 86.8 years. The highest average life expectancy for men - 81.3 years - is observed in Switzerland. The world's lowest life expectancy rates for both sexes are recorded in Sierra Leone - 50.8 years for women and 49.3 years for men.

Expected duration healthy life The average number of years lived in good health for a child born in 2015 worldwide is 63.1 years (64.6 years for girls and 61.5 years for boys).

This year's World Health Statistics report provides the latest evidence on the health targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by General Assembly United Nations in September 2015. The report identifies significant data gaps that need to be filled if progress towards achieving the health-related SDGs can be reliably monitored.

For example, approximately 53% of deaths worldwide go unreported, although some countries - including Brazil, China, the Islamic Republic of Iran, South Africa and Turkey - have made significant progress in this area.

While the Millennium Development Goals focused on achieving a narrow range of disease-specific health targets by 2015, the SDGs cover the period up to 2030 and are much broader in scope. For example, the SDGs include the broad health goal of achieving healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages, which calls for achieving universal health coverage.

Full text of the report at English language on the World Health Organization website:

Publications of the World Health Organization

• European health report 2015 Targets and a broader perspective – new frontiers in evidence management. - WHO Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen. 2015 – 157 pp.

Published every three years, the European Health Report provides readers, including policymakers, policymakers, public health professionals and journalists, with an objective picture of public health and health outcomes in the WHO European Region and the progress being made towards improving health and well-being. all people. The report shows the trends in the development of the European Health 2020 policy, progress towards achieving its goals and, at the same time, certain gaps, inequalities and shortcomings that require additional action.

The 2015 report shows continued improvement in health outcomes in the Region and a reduction in some health inequalities between countries, particularly in life expectancy and infant mortality. However, for these indicators, the gap between the countries with the best and worst values ​​is still 11 years of life and 20 healthy babies per 1000 live births, respectively. Absolute differences between countries remain unacceptably large, especially for indicators related to the social determinants of health. The report also clearly shows that the European Region continues to have the highest levels of alcohol consumption and smoking in the world.

• Kai Michelsen, Helmut Brand, Peter Achterberg, John Wilkinson. Health information systems integration efforts: best practices and challenges. - WHO Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen. 2016 – 33 pages.

This report examines what has been observed in Member States European Union and European Free Trade Association trends in ways to integrate health information systems. It presents the results of a survey conducted among experts from 13 EU countries, as well as a literature review, which provide a better understanding of what is meant by integration from a pragmatic perspective.

The summary report identifies the following policy options based on need for further study:

• continue work on the “core elements” (availability of quality data, data inventories and registries, standardization, legislation, physical infrastructure and human resources) and more “conceptual” sets of indicators;
• define what is meant by “improved integration” and demonstrate the specific benefits of integration;
• build a leadership structure for capacity development to further integrate health information systems;
• promote further exchange of information on work in this area.

Full text of the publication in Russian on the website of the WHO Regional Office for Europe:

• A toolkit for assessing information systems and developing and strengthening health information strategies. - WHO Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen. 2015 – 104 pp.

Quality health information helps the public health policy-making process. During its meeting in December 2013, the Standing Committee of the Regional Committee invited the WHO Regional Office to develop a practical tool to support Member States in establishing and improving their national health information systems through the development of national health information strategies. This will help countries as they implement the European Health 2020 policy. The availability of quality information, supported by reliable information systems, can help Member States identify directions for action to address Health 2020 priorities and evaluate the effectiveness of specific policies and interventions.

Given Toolkit builds on existing methodological tools developed by WHO's Health Metrics Network. This guide covers all stages of the health information strategy development process, from analysis of the current state of information systems and the actual development of the strategy to its implementation and evaluation. Moreover, it addresses all the different elements of health information systems, such as governance, databases and resources. This will allow flexibility in the use of the tool: Member States can either use it in its entirety or select specific steps or elements that require special attention or are of priority in their country's context. This toolkit is designed to be adaptable to different health information system development and policy situations in countries in the WHO European Region.

Full text of the publication in Russian on the website of the WHO Regional Office for Europe:

• Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators, 2015 ( global list Top 100 health indicators, 2015). - World organization healthcare. Geneva. 2015 – 134 pages.

The Global Core 100 Health Indicators is a standard set of 100 indicators that can be used to provide reliable information to assess health situations and trends at both global and national levels. It is periodically updated and supplemented. This publication provides a list of main indicators as of 2015.

• Global Reference List of 100 Core Health Indicators, 2015: Metadata

Full text in English on the World Health Organization website:

• Framework model and standards for national health information systems. Second edition. – World Health Organization. Geneva. 2014 – 63 pages.

The Health Metrics Network (HMN) was created in 2005 to help countries and other partners improve global health by strengthening systems that provide health information for evidence-based decision-making. The HSHP is the first global health partnership to address two core conditions for strengthening health systems in low- and middle-income countries. The first is the need to strengthen all health information and statistical systems as a whole, rather than focusing only on specific diseases. Secondly, there is a focus on strengthening country leadership in the production and use of health information. It has become clear that to meet these needs and advance global health, there is an urgent need for coordination and alignment of partners within a coherent plan for the development of national health information systems.

The HCI Framework is not intended to replace existing guidelines that provide detailed information on the elements of health information systems. On the contrary, they will aim to find relevant existing standards and promote their application. It is expected that this proactive approach will evolve over time, incorporating new developments, country experiences and partner input. This publication contains extensive information on various aspects of health information systems, obtained through consultation meetings and country visits. It is expected that its edition will be regularly updated as the Health Information System develops and health information systems improve. It is expected that the HCI Framework will help strengthen consensus on the vision, standards and processes that a health information system should support.

Full text in Russian on the website of the World Health Organization:

• Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2015 (Levels and trends in child mortality. Report 2015). - UNICEF / WHO / The World Bank/ UN. 2015 – 36 pages.

This report presents the latest estimates of infant and child mortality for 2015 at the national, regional and global levels. It also provides an overview on methods for estimating child mortality.

Full text in English on the World Health Organization website:

• Global Health Estimates: Proposals on the way forward. Summary of a Technical Meeting WHO, Geneva, 13-14 February 2013. - World Health Organization. Geneva. 2013 – 4 pages.

Global, regional and national population health statistics and indicators are essential for assessing the development and progress of global health and its resource base. There is growing demand for timely data, such as age-specific mortality rates, cause-specific mortality, the prevalence of various diseases and risk factors, and comparative estimates of mortality and disability from various diseases. But demand is particularly strong for comprehensive assessments across the spectrum, including noncommunicable diseases and injuries. Because major challenges and questions remain in the collection of mortality and health statistics, adjustments to baseline data and overall indicators are needed to achieve comprehensive and comparable estimates. Time series estimates for childhood and adult mortality and causes of death, including mortality from HIV infection, tuberculosis, malaria, maternal mortality and the predominant causes of child mortality, are published by UN agencies. More than 60 experts from around the world and staff from UN agencies gathered at a WHO meeting to assess the current state of health statistics for:

Taking stock of current and new approaches related to global health assessment;

Discuss and agree on ways to improve current assessment practices, including data availability, strengthening country capacity, selection of models, sharing of data, methods and assessment development tools.

Full text in English on the World Health Organization website:

• The utility of estimates for health monitoring and decision-making: global, regional and country perspectives. Report of a technical meeting (WHO, Glion sur Montreux, Switzerland 24–25 June 2015) -25 June 2015) - World Health Organization. Geneva. 2015 - 27 pages.

In June 2015, the WHO Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems invited specialists in the field of health statistics from different countries and institutions for a two-day meeting to learn from experience and build consensus to develop global use-based assessments statistical indicators. The following issues were discussed at the meeting:

Explore the use of health assessments for developing and planning health policies in countries;

Provide advice to WHO on improving the handling of statistics for global health assessments so that they meet the needs of countries;

Identifying ways to improve the ability to use national statistics to formulate our own estimates using standardized methods and tools.

Full text in English on the World Health Organization website:

• ICD-11 Revision Conference. Report. Tokyo, Japan 12-14 October, 2016 (Report of the Conference on the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. Tokyo, Japan, 12-14 October 2016). - World Health Organization. Geneva. 2016 - 12 pages

In October 2016, WHO and Member States reached an important milestone towards the completion of ICD-11. The Conference on the 11th Revision of the ICD was held in Tokyo, Japan, October 12-14, 2016. The Conference reviewed the recommendations of the Joint Task Force, which is the coordinating group for the development of ICD-11, version on morbidity and mortality statistics. The Joint Task Force provides strategic and technical advice to WHO to complete the development of ICD-11. The focus is on recommendations for ICD-11 subclasses that will be included as morbidity and mortality statistics codes for use in international reporting. In addition, the Joint Task Force reviewed recommendations for how to properly structure these codes for tabulation and aggregation. The Joint Task Force also provided recommendations for the development of a reference manual that included coding rules for morbidity and mortality. This report contains short description conference materials.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is an international organization dedicated to solving health problems for the population of our planet.

The organization was founded in 1948, today WHO unites 194 states. The headquarters is located in Geneva, Switzerland.

The organization has its own web resource - the WHO official website, the information on which is posted in 6 languages, including Russian. A list of all available languages ​​is presented in the upper right corner of the page.

WHO official website - Home page

The main page of the WHO official website contains the most relevant information to date. It also provides links to fact sheets, WHO's work around the world, key WHO documents and guidelines.

To search for materials you are interested in on the WHO official website, you can use the existing search bar (located in the upper right part of the page).

WHO official website - Search bar

However, special attention should be paid to the main menu of the WHO official website, which contains information related to health issues, statistics, news, publications, as well as programs and projects, information about governing bodies, and information about the organization itself.

Thus, the first tab of the main menu is dedicated to health issues. When you open it, you will see a number of links related to specific health issues. When you select the desired topic, you will be offered links to various projects, materials about work in this direction, initiatives, information products, etc.

WHO official website - Health Issues Tab

The next tab presents the data bank of the Global Health Observatory, as well as statistical reports from WHO.

WHO official website - Data and Statistics tab

In the “Programs and Projects” tab of the WHO official website, you can familiarize yourself with the programs, partnerships, and projects of the organization presented in alphabetical order, which makes it much easier to find the information you need.

WHO official website - “Programs and projects” tab

To obtain basic information, information about the activities of the organization, funding and other information, you should refer to the last tab of the main menu of the WHO official website.

WHO official website - Tab “Information about WHO”

The WHO official website also provides links to the pages of this organization in various in social networks. This makes WHO information even more accessible to a wider audience.

WHO official website - Tabs

WHO official website - who.int

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a special agency of the United Nations, consisting of 193 member states, whose main function is to address international problems health care and global health protection.

WHO was created on April 7, 1948. The organization's headquarters are located in Geneva, Switzerland. Member states of the UN are accepted into the WHO, however, in accordance with the Charter of the organization, countries that are not members of the UN can be admitted.

The purpose of WHO, as stated in its charter, is “the achievement by all peoples of the possible top level health." The WHO Constitution defines “health” as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The work of WHO is organized in the form of World Health Assemblies, at which annually representatives of member states discuss the most important health issues. Between the Assemblies, the main functional role is played by the Executive Committee, which includes representatives of 30 states, among them 5 permanent members: the USA, Russia, Great Britain, France and China.

For discussion and consultation, WHO attracts numerous well-known specialists who prepare technical, scientific and information materials and organize meetings of expert councils.

Since 2006, Margaret Chan has been the director general of the World Health Organization.

Today, WHO has identified priority areas for the activities of national health systems such as: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, promoting safe pregnancy - maternal and child health, adolescent health, mental health, chronic diseases.

Russia is a Plenipotentiary Member of WHO. Soviet Union was among the founding states of WHO and actively participated in the creation and implementation of the vast majority of WHO programs, sending specialists as experts, consultants and staff at WHO headquarters and its regional offices. The Soviet Union was the initiator of many important WHO initiatives. Thus, in 1958, at the proposal of the Soviet delegation, the XI World Health Assembly adopted a smallpox eradication program globe(it was successfully completed in 1980).

WHO scientific and reference centers and laboratories operate on the basis of research institutions of our country, and international scientific programs and projects are being developed. Thus, the cooperation of the Institute of Virology named after. D.I. Ivanovsky RAMS with WHO in the field of epidemiological information allows us to receive weekly advanced information about the epidemic situation and circulating strains of influenza in the world and quickly identify influenza viruses as they are identified in other countries.

Our country regularly hosts seminars, symposiums, and international conferences organized through WHO. In 1963, permanent WHO courses on organization, management and planning of health care were created on the basis of the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training. An important milestone in the history of WHO was international Conference WHO and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund - UNICEF on primary health care, held in Almaty in 1978. Its final documents had a significant impact on the development of health care in most countries of the world.

At the initiative of the USSR, resolutions were adopted: on the tasks of WHO in connection with the UN resolution on general and complete disarmament (1960) and the UN Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1961), on the protection of humanity from the danger of atomic radiation (1961), on the prohibition V as soon as possible bacteriological and chemical weapons (1970), about the role of WHO, doctors and other health workers in preserving and strengthening peace (1979, 1981, 1983), etc.

WHO DEFINITION OF HEALTH

In the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) c. health is interpreted as “a state of a person characterized not only by the absence of disease or physical defects, but by complete physical, mental and social well-being.” This definition may be considered idealized, but it makes it possible to see broad meaning concept of "health".

A variation of this approach can be considered the definition of health as biological and social well-being (K. Bayer, L. Sheinberg, 1997). The biological essence lies in the ability of a biosystem to self-organize through the mechanisms of homeostasis, adaptation, reactivity, resistance, etc. Manifestations of social function are carried out on a biological basis with the involvement of the highest levels of personality organization - mental and spiritual qualities. (G.A. Apanasenko, 2003).

Brigitte Tobes, in her speech “The Right to Health: Theory and Practice” (WHO, 2006), linked the concept of health with the concept of reliability: “No matter how scientists approach the definition of the concept of health, their main interest is focused on identifying those mechanisms that ensure normal life activity organism, its reliability as a biological system. The concepts of “health” and “reliability” are very close in this sense. In both cases, the absence of any significant disturbances in the functioning of the body and its constituent parts is assumed. There are also many similarities in the methods of restoring the lost norm. The reliability of a biosystem is also ensured by its ability to adapt and compensate on this basis for impaired functions, the perfection and speed of using feedback, the dynamic interaction of its constituent parts of self-regulating subsystems... Analysis of the essential characteristics of health made it possible to identify four main conceptual models for defining the concept of health: medical, biomedical, biosocial and value-social.

The medical model assumes a definition of health that contains only medical signs and characteristics of health.

The biomedical model considers health as the absence of organic disorders and subjective feelings of ill health in a person.

The biosocial model includes biological and social signs. These characteristics are considered in unity, but priority is given to social characteristics.

The value-social model recognizes health as a basic human value, a necessary prerequisite for a full life, satisfying the spiritual and material needs of the individual. This model is most consistent with the WHO definition of health.”

So, physical health either completely fell out of B. Tobes’ sight, or disappeared into the models she presented. Several studies have asked children to define health in terms of its various components. And although children singled out physical health from many other contexts, this area actually fell out of Brigitte Taubes's field of vision. But there were two social health issues at once. Tobes' priorities are visible, but this is not a reason to narrow the concept of health in the social field.

WHO defines health through a synonym word. Health is well-being. However, it is important to understand how WHO defines this concept quantitatively. A 2006 WHO report listed healthy life expectancy as a priority. It is important to understand that this primary parameter absorbs as a quotient many other parameters (such as child mortality, etc.). The WHO's opinion on what secondary parameters affect healthy life expectancy is interesting. “Parameters such as income, educational level and employment are of key importance. Although all three determinants are somewhat dependent on each other, they are not interchangeable: each of them reflects independent aspects of the socio-economic status of the population. We can only partially agree on this. Employment in itself means, if not the amount of income, then at least its availability. Therefore, employment should be considered as a kind of tertiary parameter that is related to the level of income. So, according to the WHO, we consider healthy life expectancy to be the primary parameter of health, and the level of income and level of education are secondary in relation to it.

Polozov A.A. Components of maximum life expectancy: what's new? [Text] / A.A. Polozov. – M.: Soviet Sport, 2011. – 380 pp.: ill.
www.polozov.nemi-ekb.ru

Health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being

We can objectively assume that health is socially conditioned. Modern development social sciences showed that it is not only a biomedical phenomenon. The characteristics and criteria of health should consider social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors. In the preface to the Constitution of the World Health Organization, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in the absence of disease and infirmity.” In Russian literature, “a state of complete physical, spiritual and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.” This definition was later expanded to “include the ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.” Human health, like illness, is a new quality in comparison with other living beings on earth, a social phenomenon and socially mediated, i.e. containing the influence of social conditions and factors. Health is a harmonious unity of biological and social qualities determined by congenital and acquired biological and social influences. When assessing health, they distinguish: individual, group, regional and public health. Individual health is the health of a specific person. Group health is the health of individual communities of people based on age, professional, social and other characteristics. Regional health is the health of the population living in certain administrative territories. Public health is the health of the population, society as a whole. WHO experts include the following criteria for public health: the percentage of gross national product spent on health care; accessibility to primary health care; infant mortality rate; average life expectancy.

Polozov Andrey

In connection with the above, it is necessary to highlight such indicators characterizing public health as the potential of public health or a measure of the quantity and quality of people’s health and its reserves accumulated by society, as well as the public health index, which reflects the ratio of healthy and unhealthy lifestyles. IN practical work terms are often used that reflect only one facet of population health: “mental health”, “reproductive health”, “environmental health”, etc. The works of domestic and foreign scientists show that health is determined by four main factors, which are: socio-economic and lifestyle factors (50%); conditions and environmental factors (20–25%); biological conditions and factors (15–20%); conditions and factors of the health care system and service (10-15%).

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The decision to create the World Health Organization was made in 1946. The organization began its activities on April 7, 1948: on this day, 26 UN member states ratified the WHO Charter. Since 1950, April 7 has been celebrated annually as World Health Day.
Currently (2015), the WHO includes 194 states (including Russia).
The location of the WHO headquarters is Geneva (Switzerland).

The statutory tasks of WHO are: combating particularly dangerous diseases and their elimination, developing international sanitary rules, improving the sanitary state of the external environment, quality control of medicines, etc.

In accordance with the WHO charter, the organization's goal is “the achievement by all peoples of the highest possible level of health” (Article 1).

Definition of "health" in the WHO constitution

The term “health” is interpreted in the preamble of the charter quite broadly, which allows WHO to deal not only with the fight against disease, but also with many problems of a social nature. WHO's mission is threefold: providing services internationally, providing assistance to individual countries, and promoting medical research.

WHO's service to all countries is the publication of aggregate statistics on fertility, disease, epidemics, injuries, causes of death, etc. Assistance provided to individual countries upon request includes scholarships for study abroad, assistance in eliminating rare but dangerous diseases and in the improvement of special services.

During the existence of WHO, various programs and resolutions have been developed and implemented aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality rates (expanded program on immunization; program to combat and eradicate polio, smallpox, cancer, etc.; global strategy in the field of diet, diet, physical activity and health, etc.), international classification of diseases, list of main medicines and etc.

In 2003, WHO adopted the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, a document aimed at protecting people's health from smoking.

WHO consists of three main bodies: the World Health Assembly, the Executive Board and the Secretariat. The highest body of WHO is the World Health Assembly; its main function is to determine the general political directions of WHO's activities. She also appoints the Director-General of WHO on the recommendation of the Executive Board.

The annual sessions of the Assembly are held in May.
WHO has 147 country offices and six regional offices: European, African, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, Western Pacific Ocean, American.

Official website of the World Health Organization (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

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Healthy and Beautiful » Human health

Human health

A healthy person is a full-fledged member of society. He is able to work normally, reproduce healthy offspring and provide himself with material goods at the proper level.

Health levels

Medicine defines human health as a state of the body in which all its systems function normally and reliably resist unfavorable factors environment. In addition, this list includes the absence of anatomical defects and normal physical development. This is the so-called level of biological health.

The mental level of health reflects a person’s ability to perform normal behavioral reactions and the state of his intelligence, emotions and cognitive functions. Social health is closely related to mental health, which manifests itself in a person’s labor and social activity.

Thus, we can distinguish three components of human health:

• Biological health
• Mental condition
• Social health

Preserving and strengthening human health largely depends on the level of development of the state in which he lives. Any civilized society cares about maintaining the health of each member, because this affects his performance and, as a consequence, the well-being of the society itself. Therefore, the state is taking certain steps to maintain the health of the population. This is the creation of high-quality health and preventive centers, the development sports institutions, labor protection at enterprises.

Social health

IN last years The term “public health” appeared, which is an indicator of the condition of the population of a country as a whole. This indicator takes into account the level of morbidity, degree physical development, average life expectancy. This also includes mortality and fertility.

Between human health and disease there is an intermediate state that combines the characteristics of both.

1.The definition of health given in the WHO statute:

More than half the population of any country is in this situation. The person does not seem to be sick, but his vitality is significantly depleted. For example, vitamin deficiency does not immediately lead to disease, but over time it can occur.

According to medical statistics, 90% of the population of our country suffer from a lack of vitamin C. By itself, this figure is not catastrophic if it is a periodic (seasonal) problem. But a constant lack of vitamin C leads to quite serious consequences: the elasticity of blood vessels decreases, resistance to infections decreases and there is a risk of tumor diseases. Therefore, you need to start supporting the body even before problems make themselves felt.

GENERAL CONCEPT OF HEALTH

“In general, 9/10 of our happiness is based on health.

Charter (Constitution) of the World Health Organization

With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it absolutely no external benefits can give pleasure, even subjective benefits: the qualities of the mind, soul, temperament weaken and die in a diseased state. It is by no means without reason that we first of all ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition for human happiness, ”the famous German philosopher of the 19th century said. Arthur Schopenhauer. Indeed, health occupies the most important place among human life values.

There are a number of definitions of health, but all of them usually contain the following five criteria:

Absence of disease;

Normal functioning of the body in the system "man - environment";

Complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;

The ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;

Ability to fully perform basic social functions.

There is a concept of individual and public health.

Individual health is the health of an individual person. Today, this concept has a rather broad meaning, it implies not only the absence of diseases, but also such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, and achieve a high degree of self-realization. For example, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”.

You can achieve well-being only through work aimed at expanding and realizing your spiritual, physical qualities and social opportunities.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, not just their physical condition.

Spiritual well-being is associated with the mind, intellect, and emotions. Social well-being reflects social connections, financial status, and interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being reflects a person’s biological capabilities and the state of his body. Human well-being includes two components: spiritual and physical.

Wherein great importance has a spiritual component. The ancient Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero spoke about this about 2 thousand years ago in his treatise “On Duties”: “First of all, nature has bestowed on each species of living beings the desire to defend itself, to protect its life, that is, its body, to avoid everything that what seems harmful and to obtain for themselves everything necessary for life: food, shelter, and so on. The desire common to all living beings to unite in order to produce offspring, and care for this offspring. But the greatest difference between man and beast is that the beast moves as much as its senses move it, and adapts only to the conditions around it, thinking little about the past and the future. On the contrary, a person endowed with reason, thanks to which he perceives the sequence between events, sees their causes, and previous events and, as it were, forerunners do not elude him, he compares similar phenomena and closely connects the future with the present, easily sees the entire course of his life and prepares himself everything he needs to live. Man is characterized, first of all, by the inclination to study and investigate the truth.”

Spiritual and physical health– two integral parts of human health, which must constantly be in harmonious unity, ensuring a high level of health.

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There are three types of health: physical (somatic), psychological and social.

Physical health(somatic) is the most important component in the complex structure of human health. It is determined by the body’s ability to self-regulate.

Physical health is a state of the human body, characterized by the ability to adapt to various environmental factors, the level of physical development, and the physical and functional readiness of the body to perform physical activity.

The degree of a person’s physical health is reliably determined by medicine using special differential diagnostic techniques.

Mental health indicators presented by a number of domestic authors (Grombakh A.M., 1988; Tkhostov A.Sh., 1993; Lebedinsky V.V., 1994; Karvasarsky B.D., 1982, etc.)

Taking into account complaints about the health of the person himself, there are four groups of people:

ü 1st group - completely healthy people, no complaints;

ü 2nd group - mild functional disorders, episodic complaints of an astheno-neurotic nature associated with specific traumatic events, tension in adaptation mechanisms under the influence of negative microsocial factors;

ü 3rd group - persons with preclinical conditions and clinical forms in the compensation stage, persistent asthenoneurotic complaints outside the scope difficult situations, overstrain of adaptation mechanisms (such individuals have a history of unfavorable pregnancy, childbirth, diathesis, head injuries and chronic infections);

ü 4th group - clinical forms of the disease in the subcompensation stage, insufficiency or breakdown of adaptation mechanisms.

The transition from the psychological to the social level is conditional. Mental health is influenced by social factors, family, communication with friends and relatives, work, leisure, religion, etc. Only people with a healthy psyche feel like active participants in the social system, and mental health itself is usually defined as involvement in communication, in social interaction.

Mental health criteria are based on the concepts of “adaptation”, “socialization” and “individualization” (Abramova G.S., Yudchits Yu.A., 1998).

The concept of "adaptation" "includes a person’s ability to consciously relate to the functions of his body (digestion, excretion, etc.), as well as his ability to regulate his mental processes (manage his thoughts, feelings, desires). There are limits to individual adaptation, but an adapted person can live in the usual its geosocial conditions.

Socialization determined by three criteria related to human health.

ü The first is associated with the ability to respond to another person as an equal. "Another is as alive as I am."

ü The second criterion is defined as a reaction to the fact of the existence of certain norms in relations with others and as the desire to follow them.

ü The third criterion is how a person experiences his relative dependence on other people. There is a necessary measure of loneliness for every person, and if a person exceeds this measure, then he feels bad. The measure of loneliness is a kind of correlation between the need for independence, privacy from others and one’s place among one’s environment.

Individualization, according to K.G. Jung, allows us to describe the formation of a person’s attitude towards himself. A person himself creates his own qualities in mental life, he realizes his own uniqueness as a value and does not allow other people to destroy it. The ability to recognize and preserve individuality in oneself and others is one of the most important parameters of mental health.

Every person has the possibilities of adaptation, socialization and individualization, the degree of their implementation depends on the social situation of his development, the ideals of a normative person in a given society at a given specific moment.

However, one can also notice the insufficiency of these criteria for full description internal picture of health . In particular, it is also connected with the fact that any person potentially has the opportunity to look at his life from the outside and evaluate it ( reflection ). Significant feature reflective experiences is that they arise against the will and individual efforts. They are prerequisites for a person’s spiritual life, in which, unlike mental life, the result is the experience of life as a value.

The spiritual health of a person, as emphasized by many psychologists (Maslow A., Rogers K. and others), is manifested, first of all, in the connection of a person with the whole world. This can manifest itself in various ways - in religiosity, in feelings of beauty and harmony, admiration for life itself, joy from life.

Experiences in which communication with other people is carried out, correspondence to a specific ideal of a person and constitute the content of the inner picture of health as a transcendental, holistic view of life.

Characteristic healthy people(according to A.

WHO Constitution: principles

1) Highest degree of perception of reality

2) A more developed ability to accept oneself, others and the world as a whole as they really are

3) Increased spontaneity, spontaneity

4) Greater ability to focus on a problem

5) More pronounced detachment and a clear desire for solitude

6) More pronounced autonomy and opposition to joining any one culture

7) Greater freshness of perception and richness of emotional reactions

8) More frequent breakthroughs to the peak of experiences

9) Stronger identification with the entire human race

10) Improvement in interpersonal relationships

11) More democratic character structure

12) High creativity

13) Certain changes in the value system

Social health is reflected in the following characteristics: adequate perception social reality, interest in the surrounding world, adaptation to the physical and social environment, consumer culture, altruism, empathy, responsibility to others, democratism in behavior.

A “healthy society” is a society where the level of “social diseases” is minimal (Nikiforov G.S., 1999).

Social health includes:

social significance of certain diseases due to their prevalence, economic losses caused by them, severity (i.e. threat to the existence of the population or fear of such a threat);

The influence of the social structure on the causes of diseases, the nature of their course and outcomes (ie, the possibility of recovery or death);

· assessment of the biological state of a certain part or the entire human population on the basis of integrated statistical indicators that make up social statistics.

Thus, promising areas of health psychology are the study of health mechanisms, the development of health diagnostics (determination of health levels) and borderline conditions, the attitude of the health care system and prevention to healthy clients. The practical task is to create simple and accessible self-use tests to determine health and the initial stages of diseases, to form a variety of preventive programs.

Despite the fact that mental health problems have been actively studied by domestic psychologists, health psychology as a separate field of knowledge is more common abroad, where it is more actively introduced into the practice of medical institutions. IN modern Russia Health psychology as a new and independent scientific direction is going through the stage of its formation.

The World Health Organization (WHO) is one of the largest specialized agencies of the United Nations (UN). The day of the official establishment of WHO is considered to be April 7, 1948, the day of ratification of the Organization’s Charter by 26 UN member states. As the main goal of the Organization, the WHO Charter proclaimed service to the humane idea - “the achievement by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.”

The emergence of cooperation between different countries in the field of healthcare is due to the need for international coordination of measures for sanitary protection of the territories of states in connection with periodically occurring epidemics and pandemics. This manifested itself most clearly during the classical Middle Ages, when specific measures against epidemics in Europe began to be applied (quarantines, infirmaries, outposts, etc.). The low effectiveness of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures carried out at the national level forced us to look for a solution to the problem on an interstate basis.

For these purposes, international sanitary councils began to be created: in Tangier (1792-1914), Constantinople (1839-1914), Tehran (1867-1914), Alexandria (1843-1938).

In 1851, the first International Sanitary Conference was held in Paris, at which doctors and diplomats from 12 states (Austria, England, the Vatican, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Russia, Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Turkey, France) developed and adopted the International Sanitary Convention and International Quarantine Regulations. They established maximum and minimum quarantine periods for smallpox, plague and cholera, clarified port sanitary rules and the functions of quarantine stations, and determined the importance of epidemiological information in international cooperation to prevent the spread of infections. Subsequently, such conferences became an important and fruitful form international cooperation European countries.

The first Pan American Sanitary Conference took place in December 1902 in Washington. The conference created a permanent body - the International (Pan American) Sanitary Bureau, which since 1958 has been known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) - Pan-American Health Organization (RANO).

Another important step towards the development of international health care was the creation in 1907 in Paris of the International Bureau of Public Hygiene (IBOH) - a permanent international organization whose tasks included: “collecting and bringing to the attention of the participating countries facts and documents of a general nature relating to public health, especially infectious diseases such as cholera, plague and yellow fever, and the collection and dissemination of information on measures to combat these diseases.” MBOG was also involved in the development of international conventions and agreements in the field of health, monitoring their implementation, issues of ship hygiene, water supply, food hygiene, resolving international quarantine disputes and studying national sanitary and quarantine legislation. Russia participated in the establishment of the MBOG and had its permanent representative in it. So, in 1926, A. N. Sysin was appointed permanent representative of our country to the MBOG.

MBOG published a weekly newsletter in French, which published information about the spread of smallpox, cholera, yellow fever and other common diseases in the world. With the direct participation of MBOG, the first international standard was created in 1922 - the diphtheria toxoid standard, and in 1930, with State Institute serums in Copenhagen, an international department has been established, responsible for maintaining the appropriate international standard for anti-diphtheria serum. The MBOG existed until the end of 1950. The experience of its work and information and publishing activities was subsequently used in the creation of the Health Organization of the League of Nations and WHO.

The Health Organization of the League of Nations (HLN) was created after the First World War in 1923 due to the sharp deterioration of the epidemic situation in Europe and the widespread spread of pandemics and epidemics of typhus, cholera, smallpox and others infectious diseases. The scope of its activities was much wider than the range of issues dealt with by the MBOG. The goal of the League of Nations Health Organization was “to take all measures of international scope for the prevention and control of disease.”

The main directions of work of the OZLN were: coordination and stimulation of scientific research on the most current problems public health, the creation of international standards for biological and medicinal products, the development of an international classification of diseases and causes of death, the unification of national pharmacopoeias, the fight against the most dangerous and widespread diseases, as well as the creation and development of the organizational foundations of an extensive system of global epidemiological information.

Attaching great importance to scientific research, OZLN established a number of Committees of Experts and commissions in the most important areas of its activity (on biological standardization, on sanitary statistics, on malaria, cancer, leprosy, plague, on the unification of national pharmacopoeias, on the control of opium and other drugs, on nutrition, etc.), in which the most prominent scientists of various nationalities worked. Groups of experts and scientific missions were sent to various countries Latin America, of Eastern Europe and Asia to assist local health authorities in establishing quarantine services, training medical personnel and organizing campaigns to combat cholera and smallpox.

The Health Organization of the League of Nations published the "Weekly Bulletin" and the "Yearbook of Epidemic Diseases", which published statistics on births, deaths and epidemic diseases of the world's population. By the end of the 1930s, the epidemiological information system of the OZFN (and its regional organizations in Washington, Alexandria and Sydney, including MBOH) covered about 90% of the world's population.

In 1946, the League of Nations, and with it its Health Organization, ceased to exist.

After World War II, the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 on the initiative of the victorious countries, became the leading organization of the international community. In February 1946, the UN conference decided on the need to create specialized institution UN Health Affairs. After appropriate preparatory work, the International Health Conference was convened in June 1946 in New York, which developed and adopted the Charter of a new international health organization - the World Health Organization - WHO (World Health Organization - WHO, Fig. 158).

The WHO Charter proclaimed the basic principles of cooperation between member states of the Organization, necessary “for happiness, harmonious relations between all peoples and for their security.” An important place among them is the definition of health:

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every person, without distinction as to race, religion, political opinion, economic or social status.

The health of all peoples is a fundamental factor in the achievement of peace and security and depends on the fullest cooperation of individuals and nations.

Governments are responsible for the health of their people, and this responsibility requires the adoption of appropriate social and health measures.”

By April 7, 1948, 26 UN member states sent their notifications of their acceptance of the WHO constitution and its ratification. This day - April 7 - is considered the date of final registration by the World Health Organization and is celebrated annually by WHO as Health Day.

The First World Health Assembly, the highest body of the World Health Organization, met at the Palais des Nations in Geneva on 24 June 1948. By the end of its work, the number of WHO Member States had reached 55. Dr Brock Chisholm, Brock, Canada). Geneva became the headquarters of WHO.

According to the Charter, WHO has a decentralized regional structure and unites six regions: African (headquarters in Brazzaville), American (Washington), Eastern Mediterranean (Alexandria), European (Copenhagen), Western Pacific (Manila), Southeast Asia (New Delhi).

Today, 140 states are members of WHO. WHO's annual budget exceeds $100 million. Every year, WHO carries out more than 1,500 different projects in the field of health. They are aimed at solving current problems: the development of national health services, the fight against infectious and non-infectious diseases, the training and improvement of medical personnel, environmental health, maternal and child health, the development of sanitary statistics, pharmacology and toxicology, international control for drugs, etc.

Social and political issues also occupy an important place in the work of WHO, such as the protection of humanity from the dangers of atomic radiation, the role of the doctor in strengthening peace, general and complete disarmament, the prohibition of chemical and bacteriological weapons and etc.

The Soviet Union was among the founding states of WHO and actively participated in the creation and implementation of the vast majority of WHO programs, sending specialists as experts, consultants and staff at WHO headquarters and its regional offices. The Soviet Union was the initiator of many important WHO initiatives. Thus, in 1958, at the proposal of the Soviet delegation, the XI World Health Assembly adopted a program to eradicate smallpox from the globe (it was successfully completed in 1980).

WHO scientific and reference centers and laboratories operate on the basis of research institutions of our country, and international scientific programs and projects are being developed. Thus, the cooperation of the Institute of Virology named after. D.I. Ivanovsky RAMS with WHO in the field of epidemiological information allows you to receive weekly advanced information about the epidemic situation and circulating strains of influenza virus in the world and quickly identify strains of influenza viruses as they are identified in other countries.

Our country regularly hosts seminars, symposiums, and international conferences organized through WHO. In 1963, permanent WHO courses on organization, management and planning of health care were created on the basis of the Central Institute for Advanced Medical Training. An important milestone in the history of WHO was the International Conference of WHO and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund - UNICEF on primary health care, held in Almaty in 1978. Its outcome documents had a significant impact on the development of health care in most countries of the world.

At the initiative of the USSR, resolutions were adopted: on the tasks of WHO in connection with the UN resolution on general and complete disarmament (1960) and the UN Declaration on Granting Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1961), on the protection of humanity from the danger of atomic radiation (1961), on the prohibition in the shortest possible time of bacteriological and chemical weapons (1970), about the role of WHO, doctors and other health workers in preserving and strengthening peace (1979, 1981, 1983), etc.