Lesson summary on the surrounding world "forest and man." Lesson summary on the surrounding world on the topic “Forest and Man” (4th grade) Independent application of knowledge
Forests purify the air, keep rivers full, and protect soils from wind and water flows. People admire the beauty of the forest, relax in it, pick mushrooms, berries, and medicinal plants. In the forests there are plants and animals included in the Red Book of Russia. Caring for the forest is the responsibility of every person!
Think and write down what role the forest plays in your life.
The forest is the main defender of the air, thanks to it I breathe clean air. It is also a vacation spot for me and my family.
Make a diagram based on the diagram in the textbook ( The world 4th grade, p. 103), replacing the text with drawings and symbols.
Think about what environmental problems of forest zones are expressed by these signs. Formulate and write down.
Suggest conservation measures for class discussion that would help solve these problems.
Continue filling out the poster “Red Book of Russia”, which was drawn by Seryozha and Nadya’s dad. Find the plants and animals of forest zones on the poster and write their names.
Lady's slipper, ginseng, beauty beetle, relic woodcutter, stag beetle, mandarin duck, eagle owl, bison, Amur tiger 
Come up with and draw symbols for the rules in the textbook (p. 107). Using these signs as a guide, talk about the rules for starting a fire.
How to make a fire
|
Children should not make a fire alone, without their elders |
A fire is needed to cook food or keep warm. You can't dilute it unnecessarily. |
|
 |
You need to carefully choose a place for a fire. There should be nothing nearby that could catch fire. |
 |
It is better to make a fire in an old fire pit. If it is not there, you need to remove the turf (a layer of soil with plants) with a shovel and build a fire in the resulting hole. |
 |
When leaving, be sure to extinguish the fire: fill it with water or cover it with sand, and put the turf back in place. |
Here you can make notes for your messages about one of the forest plants or animals included in the Red Book of Russia(according to the instructions of the textbook, p. 108).
Post subject: Lady's slipper
Message plan:
1) Description of the plant
2) Why is it called that?
3) Where does it grow?
4) Features of the plant and Interesting Facts
Important information for message:
Lady's slipper is a plant of the orchid family. Plants from the genus Lady's slipper can be called one of the most beautiful flowers of the taiga. The name of the plant, “Venus’s slipper,” comes from ancient times. An ancient legend says that once the goddess of beauty Venus, running away from her pursuer, hid in the northern forests among swampy swamps and dark, tall trees. Suddenly, the beautiful Venus stumbled, and the golden shoe with red satin ribbons flew off her foot and turned into a beautiful flower.
But the flower of the lady’s slipper is really very similar to the graceful slipper of a beauty. That’s why people called it “the Mother of God’s boots,” “Maryin’s slipper,” and “cuckoo’s slipper.”
The lady's slipper blooms for a long time, almost a month. But the Lady's slipper does not favor herbivorous forest animals. To avoid being eaten by moose or hares, it accumulates a bitter, toxic substance in its leaves. This substance is a real protective agent.
IN folk medicine This flower is popular as a sedative for insomnia. It is also used for headaches.
Source(s) of information: Internet, encyclopedia
Class: 4
Presentation for the lesson
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Lesson objectives:
- To form in students an idea of the role of forests in the life of man and nature; to familiarize with the environmental problems of the forest that have arisen due to human fault, with the conservation activities of people in the forest zone.
- Develop cognitive interest.
- To cultivate respect and love for nature, a culture of behavior.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment.
S. Pogorelsky
Hello forest, dense forest,
Full of fairy tales and miracles!
What are you making noise about in the leaves?
On a dark, stormy night?
What are you whispering at dawn?
Who is hiding in your wilderness?
What kind of animal? What bird?
Open everything, don’t hide:
You see, we are our own! Slide 1
II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
– Why did we start our lesson with a poem by S. Pogorelsky?
(This is a poem about the forest. The forest reveals all its secrets to us with pleasure. It gives us miracles, and we must take care of it.)
– Who should take care of the forest (People should do this.)
The topic of our lesson: “Forest and man.”
Today we will talk about the role of forests in the life of man and nature; Let's get acquainted with the environmental problems of the forest that arose due to human fault, with the protective activities of people in the forest zone.
III. Testing knowledge and skills.
1.Frontal work./At the same time, work on cards is underway./ Annex 1 .
– What do you know about the forest zone? Give a detailed description of the location of the forest zone on the map and tell us about the natural conditions that developed there.
(The forest zone is located south of the tundra zone. It is indicated in green on the map. The forest zone is located in temperate zone, which means that all four seasons of the year are clearly expressed, Cold winter and warm summer. The forest zone is mostly located on the East European and West Siberian plains, as well as on the Central Siberian Plateau. This natural area is the largest. This natural zone has three parts: the largest part is the taiga. It is painted dark green. There is also mixed forests– also green, but lighter. And another part - deciduous forests, green color even lighter.)
2. Group work.
Questions for nerds:
1st Group of Botanists
Help card:
- What is called taiga?
- Natural conditions taiga
- What do all taiga plants have in common?
- What plants grow in the taiga?
(Taiga is coniferous forest. It occupies most of the forest area. Winters in the taiga are cold, and summers are warmer than in the tundra, so trees that are not very demanding of heat grow here - these are coniferous trees. Coniferous trees have leaves that are needles, and they are always green. These are tall trees with powerful roots. In the taiga grow: spruce, pine, fir, larch, cedar pine. Slide 2
Spruce - known to everyone Christmas tree. The Christmas tree's needles are short, rough, arranged singly and densely covering the branches. The cones have an oblong shape. Long-lived spruces. The spruce forest is dark and humid. Slide 3
Pine is a coniferous tree with a smooth yellow trunk. Pine needles are long and sit in pairs. Pine cones have a round shape. The pine forests are light and dry.
Fir differs from spruce in that its needles are flat, and its cones stick up, and even mature ones do not fall to the ground, but scales simply fall off them.
Larch is the only coniferous tree that sheds its needles in the winter.
Cedar pine is popularly called Siberian cedar. Its needles are collected in bunches of five, and the seeds are pine nuts.
II group of botanists
Help card:
- Location of mixed and deciduous forests.
- Natural conditions in these forests.
- What unites the plants of these forests?
- What plants grow in these forests?
To the south the taiga comes to be replaced mixed forest. In it, along with coniferous trees Alder, birch, and aspen trees grow. Winter in such a forest is milder. Deciduous trees have medium-sized leaves, which they shed for the winter. Slide 4
Birch can be recognized by its bark, it is white; no other tree that reproduces by seeds has such bark. Slide 5
Aspen has rounded leaves, and they tremble with every breath of wind, the aspen bark is greenish, and in the spring you can see long fluffy catkins.
Alder has small dark cones on the branches, the trunk is black or gray. Closer to the south, the zone becomes even warmer, and mixed forests are replaced by broad-leaved ones, in which large trees grow, shed their leaves for the winter, and reproduce by seeds.
The oak can be recognized by its mighty trunk and carved leaves; the fruits of the oak are acorns.
Linden has heart-shaped leaves. In summer, when the linden blossoms, it spreads a wonderful aroma. Linden fruits are dark nuts, sitting in several pieces under one wing.
Elm can be recognized by its leaves and fruits: the leaves at the base are “lopsided”, one half is larger than the other, the fruits are winged, rounded nuts. Slide 6
Maple can be Norway, Tatarian and American. The fruits of all maple species are winged.
Zoologists
Help card:
- Birds of the taiga, what unites them.
- Animals of the taiga, what unites them.
- Fauna of mixed and broad-leaved forest.
Diverse animal world forest zone: here you can find large and small animals, insects. In the taiga live: nutcracker, chipmunk, flying squirrel, sable. Also living in the forest zone are: red deer, elk, bear, wolves, foxes, lynxes, hares, squirrels, wood grouse, chipmunks, voles. There are no borders for animals - they live throughout the entire zone. Some animals go into hibernation for the winter (hedgehogs, bears), others make supplies for the winter.
The nutcracker is a taiga bird; it makes provisions for the winter from pine nuts. Slide 7
The flying squirrel is a relative of the squirrel, but smaller. She can not only jump, but also fly: she has membranes between her front and hind legs. Slide 8
The brown bear is an omnivorous animal, very mobile, can run quickly, jump, climb trees, and swim.
Elk is a forest giant. In different seasons of the year, moose consume different amounts of food. In winter they form groups.
The lynx is a predator and has a spotted color. There are sideburns on the sides of the head, and tufts on the ears. The lynx, hiding, waits for the prey and quietly creeps up to it.
The white hare changes color for the winter, becomes white, only the tips of the ears are black, and the fur becomes thick. These are careful animals.
3. Blitz tournament“I know the forest.”
(Coniferous)
– Name the tree: “Tall, slender, with yellowish-reddish or brown bark.
The branches are only at the top. The needles are long and arranged in pairs. The cones are small and round.” (Pine)
– What special difference does larch have? (Drops needles)
– What bird distributes the fruits of the cedar pine? (Kedrovka)
– Which tree is a symbol of Russia? (Birch)
– This animal can not only jump, but also fly. (Flying squirrel)
– What tree are acorns the fruit of? (Oak fruit)
– Which animal has five black stripes on its back? (Chipmunk)
– What tree? broadleaf forest When it blooms, does it spread a wonderful aroma around? (Linden)
– Recognize the animal by its description: “Loves dark forests, quietly creeps up to the prey, has a spotted color, “whiskers” and tufts on the ears? (Lynx)
– What forest do we call taiga?
IV. Working with a new theme
S. Nikulina “Russian Forest” Slide 9
| There's nothing sweeter Wander and think here. Heals, warms, Feed the Russian forest. |
I'm looking for a mushroom clearing I, without sparing my legs, And if I get tired - I'll sit down on a tree stump. |
| And the thirst will torment you, That's a little forest guy for me Among the thorny thickets The fontanel will show. |
The forest loves pedestrians very much, For them, he is completely his own. There's a goblin wandering around here somewhere With a green beard. |
| I’ll bend over to him to get a drink - And you can see everything to the bottom. Water flows, Tasty and cold. |
Life seems different And my heart doesn't hurt When over your head, Like eternity, the forest is noisy. |
| Rowan trees are waiting for us in the forest, Nuts and flowers, Fragrant raspberry On dense bushes. |
– What relationships is this poem talking about?
(Between man and forest)
– What is a forest for a person?
The forest is a place of rest for a person, because “there is nothing nicer for a person to wander and think here”...
Resting-place
– Why forest-pharmacy? (There are many medicinal plants in the forest. Fresh air also heals.)
- In the forest, a person finds food for himself - these are berries, nuts, mushrooms, clean water: “it will feed the Russian forest”, “I bent down to drink from it...”
Source clean water and food
How can a forest warm a person? (A man heats a house with firewood. And firewood is trees that grew in the forest.)
– This means that the forest is a source of fuel for humans.
Fuel source
– Look around, what things made of wood do you see?
– What awaits a person in the forest? Find it in the poem. “Rowan berries, nuts and flowers, fragrant raspberries on dense bushes are waiting for us in the forest. I’m looking for a clearing of mushrooms, sparing no effort...”
– What do flowers, bushes, mushrooms do in the forest? (They grow there.)
– What is the forest for them?
– For whom else is the forest home? (For birds, animals, bugs, spiders, worms.)
– This means that the forest is also a home for plants, animals, and mushrooms.
House for plants, animals, mushrooms
– Look how many meanings the forest has, but that’s not all!
Article “The role of forests in nature and people’s lives”
– What roles does the forest play? Forest plants produce oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide. The forest clears the air of dust. Phytoncides kill pathogenic bacteria.
– What is the forest for the air? (Defender)
– What else is the forest a protector for? (Reservoirs and soils).
Protector of air, water bodies and soils
– How does a forest protect water bodies? (The forest feeds the rivers, the rivers do not become shallow)
– How does the forest protect the soil? (The forest protects the soil from the wind, and the roots of plants prevent the soil from being destroyed)
The forest is a home, a protector, a source, a pharmacy, a place of rest. Slide10
– Is a person always fair to the forest?
Is it his fault that environmental problems in the forest arise?
Listen to N. Nekrasov’s poem and think about what environmental problem in question:
Sasha cried as the forest was cut down,
Even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.
There were so many curly birches here!
There because of the old frowning spruce
The red clusters of viburnum looked out.
A young oak tree rose there,
Birds reigned in the top of the forest,
All sorts of animals were lurking below.
Suddenly men with axes appeared.
The forest rang, groaned, and crackled.
The hare listened and ran away. Slide 11
– What environmental problem is discussed in the poem? ? (About deforestation)
– People thought that there were so many forests that it was impossible to cut them down. Now it has become clear: the forests are in danger! The girl Sasha from Nekrasov’s poem also understood this; she felt sorry for the birds and animals left without a home.
– How does this problem make you feel?
– You are not indifferent to the fate of the forest, you are concerned about the problem that has arisen - this means that you will look for ways to solve it.
– Man has long killed animals to get food, but this was necessary for the survival of people, and they killed no more than they could eat. Now, excessive hunting has led to the complete or almost complete extermination of some animal species. Currently, forest animals are restricted and poaching is punishable by law. Many species of rare animals are taken under protection, and plants and animals listed in the Red Book are under special protection. The following are listed in the Red Book:
beetles – crosotel beetle, relic woodcutter, stag beetle; Slide12
plants - ginseng, lady's slipper; Slide 13
birds – eagle owl, mandarin duck; Slide 14
animals - bison, Amur tiger. Slide 15
– Nature reserves have been created in the forest zone. You will learn about one of them by reading the section in the textbook on pages 112, 113 “Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve”.
V. Physical education minute.
Hands raised and shook -
These are trees in the forest.
Arms bent, hands shaken -
The wind blows away the dew.
Let's wave our hands to the sides, smoothly -
These are the birds flying towards us.
Let us show you how they sit down quietly -
The wings were folded back.
VI. Work on the topic.
Continued study new topic.
“We also have to figure out what depends on each of us.” Listen to Sukhomlinsky's story “Ashamed before the nightingale.”
Olya and Lida, little girls, went into the forest. Tired of the journey, we sat down to rest and have lunch. They took bread, butter, and eggs out of the bag. When the girls had already finished dinner, a nightingale began to sing not far from them. Fascinated by the beautiful singing, Olya and Lida sat, afraid to move. The nightingale stopped singing. Olya collected the remains of her food and scraps of paper and threw them under a bush. Lida wrapped eggshells and bread crumbs in newspaper and put the bag in her bag.
“Why do you take garbage with you?” said Olya. Throw it under a bush. After all, we are in the forest, no one will see!
“I’m ashamed in front of the nightingale,” Lida answered quietly.
– Whose behavior in the forest do you think is correct?
– If everyone acts like Olya, the forest will turn into a dump. You know that plastic and glass objects do not rot even in the ground. If food waste and paper can be buried in the forest, then cans, glass and plastic bottles Under no circumstances should you leave it in the forest. And about the fragments broken bottles Animals may get hurt. I would like to talk about one more action of a person.
V. Shefner “Forest Fire” Slide 16
Forgetful hunter at rest
I didn’t sweep it away, I didn’t trample the fire.
He went into the forest, and the branches burned out
And they reluctantly smoked until the morning...
And in the morning the wind dispersed the fogs,
And the dying fire came to life.
And, throwing sparks in the middle of the clearing,
He spread out his crimson rags.
He burned all the grass and flowers together,
He burned the bushes and went into the green forest.
Like a frightened flock of red squirrels,
He darted from trunk to trunk.
And the forest was buzzing with a fiery blizzard,
The trunks fell with a frosty crack,
And like snowflakes, sparks flew from them
Above the gray drifts of ash.
– What human act became a terrible disaster for the forest?
- But this might not have happened if the person had followed the rules for making a fire and had not forgotten to extinguish it and make sure that the fire would not flare up again.
Reading the memo (p. 111 textbook).
– Why do you think some people do not follow the rules of conduct in the forest?
– At home, come up with and draw signs that would reflect human actions that are dangerous to the forest.
What are these actions?
- Cutting down trees on the banks of reservoirs.
- Piles of garbage. Left by a person after work.
- Forest pollution from household waste.
- Making fires.
– What should people remember when coming to the forest?
– Of course, each of us should think about how our descendants will see the forests in a century, in a millennium, and whether the forest will be able to give them what it gives us now. Slide 17
VIII. Summing up the lesson.
– Name the significance of the forest for humans.
IX. Homework.
Textbook (P.106-113).
Notebook (p.35).
Draw signs that would reflect human actions that are dangerous to the forest.
(6.5 MB)
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Goals:
- To form in students an idea of the importance of forests in the life of nature and people.
- Familiarize yourself with environmental forest problems arising due to human fault, with security activities in the forest zone.
- Develop cognitive interest, cultivate love and respect for nature, and a culture of behavior.
Equipment: multimedia projector; interactive board; presentations “Forest and Man”, “Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve”; Multimedia course "Lessons of Cyril and Methodius. The world around us. Grade 4." (CD); "Birds of central Russia: sounds of nature - 2002," a compact disc (CD-ROM) contains recordings of the voices of birds of central Russia. Rolled magnetic plastic poster "Natural Community of the Forest" and illustrated magnetic cards from the Spectra set. Pleshakov A.A. Kryuchkova E.A. The world around us: Textbook for 4th grade. Part 1. Pleshakov A.A. Kryuchkova E.A. The world around us: Let's test ourselves: Notebook for 4th grade elementary school students: Part 1. Puzzles. Exhibition of student written (printed) messages: about medicinal plants of the forest, forest mushrooms, berries; on the use of wood; on forest protection, the Red Book of the Russian Federation. (Children get acquainted with the messages before and after the lesson).
1. Org. moment. Updating knowledge.
Teacher. Guys, in the last lesson you got acquainted with the natural forest area. And in order for you to be able to determine what our lesson will be about today, I suggest listening to poems performed by our students:
The forest fills a basket with mushrooms
And in reserve
Leaves a little...
After all, the animals of the forest
They eat mushrooms
Therefore greedy
Entry into the forest is prohibited!
V. Shulzhik
It's good in our forest!
As soon as I entered the bushes -
I found a boletus
Two chanterelles, boletus
And a green moss.
The prickly hedgehog is in front of me
I ran to my home.
Two titmouses in silence
They sang songs to me loudly.
I wandered further away
I picked blueberries there.
Now I bring everything home.
It's good in our forest!
G. Ladonshchikov
Children. We will talk about what the forest can give to a person, and about caring for it
Showing the first slide of the presentation "Forest and Man".
U. Imagine that you are in the forest, close your eyes.
Listening to a fragment of the audio recording "Birds of Central Russia".
U. What sounds did you hear in the forest?
D. Birdsong.
U. Do you remember what the air is like in the forest?
D. There is clean air in the forest.
U. Do you like to be in the forest? Why?
D. The forest is beautiful, interesting, there are many different plants, animals, birds singing.
U. The forest is very important for nature and people. There is clean fresh air in the forest. The beauty of forests inspired poets, artists and musicians to create wonderful works of art, for example, composer P.I. Tchaikovsky, artist I.I. Shishkina. Admire reproductions of forest landscapes painted by Ivan Shishkin.
Showing slide II of the presentation “Forest and Man” by I.I. Shishkin.
Mini quiz.
U. Remember which works you read in class? literary reading, these lines, and who is their author? (Three students recite excerpts from poems by heart):
It's a sad time! Ouch charm!
Your farewell beauty is pleasant to me -
I love the lush decay of nature,
Forests dressed in scarlet and gold...
A.S. Pushkin"It's a sad time! The charm of the eyes!"
The forest is like a painted tower,
Lilac, gold, crimson,
A cheerful, motley wall
Standing above a bright clearing...
I.A. Bunin"Leaf fall."
Enchantress in Winter
Bewitched, the forest stands -
And under the snow fringe,
motionless, mute,
He shines with a wonderful life...Is the winter sun shining
On him your ray with a scythe -
Nothing will tremble in him,
It will all flare up and sparkle
Dazzling beauty.
F.I. Tyutchev"Enchantress Winter"
D. Forests are our common wealth, we must be able to admire them, we must protect the forest.
U. Lesson topic: "Forest and man." During the lesson we will talk about the role of forests in the lives of people and nature, get acquainted with the environmental problems of forests and the conservation activities of people in the forest zone.
II. Check of knowledge.
Working with the multimedia textbook "Lessons of Cyril and Methodius. The world around us. Grade 4." (CD). Lesson 09. Natural areas of Russia.
U. What have you learned about the forest area? (Students complete tasks on the interactive board):
a) Indicate the taiga zone on the map.
b) What plants are there in the taiga?
c) In what natural zone of Russia do oak, birch, maple, and aspen grow?
d) For which natural area What are the characteristics of these plants and animals?
Drawing up food chains using Spectra's illustrated magnetic cards "Natural Community of the Forest" (performed by 1 student).
Individual work on cards (the work is carried out by three students):
A) Complete the text: The forest zone is located... in the tundra zone. It is indicated... by color on the map of natural areas. The forest zone is the most... natural zone, which is located in... the belt. The forest zone consists of... parts.
b) Correct errors in the text: Taiga is a deciduous forest; it occupies the smallest part of the forest zone. In the taiga there are cold winters, summers are colder than in the tundra, so trees grow here that are especially demanding of heat: oak, cedar pine, birch, linden, maple, larch, spruce, aspen, fir, pine.
V ) Continue the sentences:
The forest zone is divided into three parts: ________________________
Closer to the south, mixed forests are replaced by ________________
In deciduous forests grow: ______________________________
Animals living in the taiga are:__________________________________________
Summing up the results of the knowledge test, marking.
III. Working on a new topic.
Guessing riddles.
U. I suggest you solve the riddles and think about the significance of the forest in the life of nature and people:
Like on a stitch, on a path
I see scarlet earrings.
I bent down for one,
And I came across ten!
I was leaning - I was not lazy,
I filled the mug with the top.
(Strawberries) E. Blaginina
A family lives on a stump:
Mom, dad, brother and me.
We have one house, and the roof
Everyone has their own.
(Honey mushrooms) N. Pikuleva
Of course not white -
I, brothers, am simpler,
I usually grow
In a birch grove.
(Boletus) 3. Alexandrova
This guy is very strong
Naughty tooth
Split it first
And then eat.
(Nut) Unknown author.
U. What were the riddles about? Think about why people come to the forest?
D. Collect mushrooms, berries, nuts.
U. What else does the forest give to a person? What does it mean for nature? (Children's answers).
Show III, IV, V slides of the presentation "Forest and Man". Students become familiar with the content of the slides and make comments.
U. Since ancient times, the forest fed and warmed people. Wood served as a material for building and heating homes. People made household utensils from wood, built huts, heated them with firewood and brushwood, wove bast shoes from bast, baskets from twigs, and boxes from birch bark. Our ancestors collected berries, mushrooms, and nuts in the forests, used medicinal herbs to heal ailments, and hunted wild animals.
Working with the textbook.
U. You will learn about what other significance the forest has by reading the article in the textbook “The Role of the Forest in Nature and People’s Lives” on pp. 106 - 107.
U. What other roles does the forest play? (Children's answers).
Show slide VI of the presentation "Forest and Man". The meaning of the forest.
IV. Physical education minute.
Here is a tall pine tree
She reaches for the sun.
An ancient oak tree above the clearing
He spread the branches to the sides.
And mushrooms grow below,
There are so many of them here now!
Don't be lazy and don't be shy,
Lean over for mushrooms!
It's good to walk through the forest!
But learning is more interesting!
O.V. Uzorova, E.A. Nefyodova
V. Continued study of a new topic.
U. Is a person always fair to the forest? Whose fault do you think causes environmental problems in the forest? (Children's answers).
Students reading an excerpt from a story by K.G. Paustovsky "Creaky Floorboards".
Perhaps most of all to the composer P.I. Tchaikovsky was helped by the forests, the forest house where he stayed this summer, clearings, thickets... this amazing air...
The house stood on a hill. The forests went down into the cheerful distance, where a lake lay among the thickets. The composer had a favorite place there - it was called Rudy Yar.
The road to Yar itself always caused excitement. Sometimes, in winter, in a damp hotel in Rome, he would wake up in the middle of the night and begin to remember this road step by step: first along a clearing where pink fireweed blooms near stumps, then through birch mushroom forests, then through a broken bridge over an overgrown river and along out and up, into the ship's forest.
He remembered this path, and his heart beat heavily. This place seemed to him the best expression of Russian nature...
He knew that today, having been there, he would return - and his favorite theme, long living somewhere inside, about the lyrical power of this forest side, would overflow and flow in streams of sounds. And so it happened. He stood for a long time on the cliff of Rudy Yar. Dew dripped from the thickets of linden and euonymus... The familiar land was all caressed by light, illuminated by it down to the last blade of grass. The variety and power of lighting caused Tchaikovsky to feel that state when it seems that something extraordinary, like a miracle, is about to happen. He had experienced this state before. He couldn't be lost. It was necessary to immediately return home, sit down at the piano and hastily write down what was played on sheets of music paper.
Tchaikovsky quickly walked towards the house. There was a tall, spreading pine tree in the clearing. He nicknamed it “the lighthouse.” She made a quiet noise, although there was no wind. Without stopping, he ran his hand over her heated bark...
Teacher.Having learned that the forest had been sold to the merchant Troshchenko, who was going to cut it down, Pyotr Ilyich desperately tried to “prevent the execution from happening”: he went to both the governor and Troshchenko. But, returning home, he nevertheless became an eyewitness to the “meanness”.
..."Will I have time? - thought Tchaikovsky... Tomorrow they will start cutting down the forest. What kind of meanness is this!" ... The horses carried the carriage into the clearing. Someone ahead shouted a warning. The coachman immediately reined in the horses. Tchaikovsky stood up and grabbed the coachman's shoulder. The lumberjacks scattered from the foot of the pine tree, bending over like thieves.
Suddenly the entire pine tree, from roots to top, shuddered and groaned. Tchaikovsky clearly heard this groan. The top of the pine tree swayed, the tree began to slowly lean towards the road and suddenly collapsed, crushing neighboring pines and breaking birches. With a heavy roar, the pine tree hit the ground, trembled with all its needles and froze. The horses backed away and began to snore.
It was a moment, just one terrible moment of death of a mighty tree that had lived here for two hundred years... Tchaikovsky approached the top of a fallen pine...
There were also birch branches broken off by pine trees. Tchaikovsky remembered how the birch trees tried to hold the falling pine tree, take it onto their flexible trunks in order to soften the fatal fall - the earth shook far away from him. He quickly went home. First to the right, then to the left, then behind was the roar of falling trunks. And still the earth groaned dully. Birds darted over the clearing... Tchaikovsky kept speeding up his steps. He almost ran.
Meanness! - he muttered. - Monstrous abomination! Who gave a person the right to mutilate and disfigure the earth so that some Troshchenko would slobber on banknotes at night? There are things that cannot be valued in rubles or billions of rubles. Is it really so difficult for these wise statesmen to understand there, in St. Petersburg, that the power of the country lies not only in material wealth, but also in the soul of the people! The wider and freer this soul is, the greater the greatness and strength the state achieves. And what fosters breadth of spirit if not this amazing nature! It must be protected, just as we protect human life itself. Descendants will never forgive us for the devastation of the earth, the desecration of what rightfully belongs not only to us, but also to them...
U. What environmental problem is K. Paustovsky talking about?
D. About deforestation.
Showing the VII slide of the presentation “Forest and Man” During deforestation.
U. Look at how timber is currently harvested. Such pictures remain after the work of loggers. How do these photographs make you feel?
Our forests are in danger! We are not indifferent to the fate of the forest, we are concerned about this problem, which means we need to look for ways to solve it. What would you propose to do to protect forests? (Collect waste paper).
U. Listen to the poem and tell me what kind of feasible assistance from schoolchildren in preserving forests is the author talking about?
Schoolboy, just one notebook
Let's save for a quarter with you!
And the forests we saved
They will say “thank you” to all voices.
Reading a poem (read by prepared students).
U. Think about what environmental problems of the forest Anatoly Orlov writes about “About the tourist Fedya and the bear (how not to behave in the forest)”
Through the thick green grass
A “green” tourist was going on a hike.
In the silence the “magician” rumbles,
His backpack rattles to the beat.
The sun is shining brightly in the sky,
A cool wind hits your face.
Fedya, that’s the tourist’s name,
For the first time he storms the distance...
- They are melting, - know this, -
There are cigarettes in a bright pack.
Yes, matches are smoking in the bushes,
What quits out of habit...
Here in a rowan jacket,
Picking up the toe of a shoe
Your cigarette butt, boy
Threw it deliciously onto a stump.
What a scared bird
It flew out of the nest in one fell swoop.
Fedya shouted after her:
- Hello to the wood grouse!
Unfinished bottle
Threw it into a pile at the fork.
A ray jumps from the bottle
A hot trickle through the heap...
A pile of dried branches
It will soon burst into flames like gunpowder.
-...The guy is strong, full of strength –
There is no trace of him...
From a rocket launcher to a squirrel
He hits the plate like in a shooting gallery...
Among the dense windfall
I decided to relax like I was at home.
And Fedya will soon go to rest -
A large fire was immediately lit.
I ate Snickers and drank tea. –
Full of fresh energy again.
And without putting out the fire,
Hidden in the dark wilderness...
But behind Fedya's back
The smoke is a thick veil.
And around this time
The bear walked quietly up the mountain.
Seeing everything is his habit:
He looks - the forest is burning from a match...
Where the fire glowed -
The old forest is burning.
From the burning heap to the thicket
The snake crawls, smoldering with fire...
They gave me a job
Until the seventh, immediately, sweat!
The red skin is smoking,
The bear continues to fight
With the fire running wild.
- There wasn’t enough time in the afternoon -
The evening is extinguishing, the night is extinguishing,
To help our native taiga!
Anger strangles the bear with all its might:
- I'll cut off the bastard's ears.
Let him cut it off on the nose,
How to behave in the forest.
But while I was extinguishing the taiga,
Fedya has long since disappeared...
Yes, - the bear thought, -
Hundreds of Fedya come to the forest.
Fedya will not see behind everyone
Even a thousand bears.
We need to make sure that Fedya
Honor the Bear Rules!
So that they, and all the boys
They were read like books.
Didn't smoke, didn't litter,
The forest was idolized in everything.
We took care of animals and birds,
Without bad habits, we would go on.
And then there are bears in the forest
Even Fedya will be welcome!
U. What rules of behavior in the forest did Fedya violate? What act of such a unfortunate tourist led to great trouble for the forest and its inhabitants?
D. Careless handling of fire leads to a fire in the forest.
Show the VIII slide of the presentation "Forest and Man". Forest fire.
U. Why is a forest fire dangerous? What should be done to prevent fires from starting a fire?
D. During a fire, forest inhabitants die, the ecological balance and ecological connections are disrupted. To avoid fires, you must follow the rules for making a fire.
Working with the textbook.
U. Read the memo “How to make a fire” on page 111 in the textbook.
U. What else can’t you do in the forest?
D. Break tree branches, destroy nests, make noise, litter.
U. This is what a forest can become.
Show slide IX of the presentation "Forest and Man". Landfills in the forest.
U. What harm do unauthorized landfills cause to forests and people?
D. They pollute the environment, disrupt the ecological balance, etc.
U. What other environmental problem of the forest do you know?
D. Killing animals is one of the environmental problems of the forest.
U. What did excessive hunting lead to?
D. To the complete or almost complete extermination of some animals.
U. What measures are being taken by the state to protect and save forest animals?
D. Hunting for forest animals is limited, poaching is punishable by law, rare and endangered animals and plants are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and are under special protection of the state.
Show X slide of the presentation "Forest and Man". Red Book.
Screening of the presentation "Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve".
U. Nature reserves have been created in the forest zone. You will learn about one of them by reading the presentation and the teacher’s story.
In the south of the Moscow region, near the city of Serpukhov, there is the Prioksko-Terrasny State Natural Biosphere Reserve - a pearl of nature in the southern Moscow region. The reserve was created in June 1945 after the war. Its area is 4945 hectares. Most of it is covered with forests. In 1979, the reserve received the status biosphere reserve. There are 960 species of plants growing on the territory of the reserve, including rare ones listed in the Red Book of Russia. The pearl of the reserve are areas of steppe vegetation surrounded by pine forests located in the south of the reserve. This is a unique “Oka flora”. Here you can see such rare plants for the Moscow region as feather feather grass, fescue, Bieberstein tulip, Russian hazel grouse and other plants steppe zone. 56 species of mammals live here. The most common inhabitants of the Russian Plain are wild boar, elk, badger, marten, weasel, and hares: hare and hare. Rarely does a wolf come in. IN last years there are lynx and otter. Roe deer and beaver have been restored. The bird fauna includes 140 species. In spring and summer, pied flycatchers, finches, robins, warblers, and great tits are numerous. There are capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse. And also the black kite, kestrel, hawks - goshawk and sparrowhawk, tawny owl, little owl. Among the insects rare species butterflies Mnemosyne, swallowtail, Apollo, etc. In 1948, the Central Bison Nursery was organized in the reserve, which became the center for the restoration and breeding of bison in Russia. Animals are kept here in conditions close to natural. During the existence of the nursery, more than 600 purebred bison were born, 250 of them were resettled in the forests of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania. Excursions are organized at the bison nursery.
VI. Consolidation.
Working with Spectra's "Forest Natural Community" magnetic poster and illustrated cards. Using cards, children show and talk about which human activities are aimed at benefiting the forest community, and which, on the contrary, bring harm to the forest.
U. Why do you think some people do not follow the rules of behavior in the forest?
Work in notebooks "Let's test ourselves." Peer testing in pairs.
- Option I - task No. 1. Supplement the diagram “The importance of forests in nature and people’s lives,” p. 29.
- Option II - task No. 2. Mark those animals that are listed in the Red Book and live in the forest zone, p. 30.
VII. Homework.
VIII. Bottom line.
U. What new did you learn in the lesson? What should a person remember when coming to the forest? (Children's answers). Everyone should think about how our descendants will see the forests, and whether the forest can give them what it gives us now.
Grading.
Materials used.
1. O. Dmitrieva: Lesson-based developments for the course "The World Around": 4th grade: K educational method. set of Pleshakov A.A. M.: VAKO, 2006.
3. Website of the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve http://www.danki.ru /
4. Website "Ecotravel" http://www.ecotravel.ru/regions/reserves/1/2/36/
Slide 1.
During the classes
I. Organizational beginning.
Dear Guys! Today is an unusual day at our school! Our guests are teachers from various schools. And I hope that they will like it at our school, and that you will be able to show what you have learned during this time. During the lesson, you will complete tasks, give complete answers, listen carefully to the teacher’s questions and your friends’ answers, and help each other in difficult situations.
Sit correctly and check the location of your lesson supplies.
Slide 2
1.2. Communicating the topic and objectives of the lesson
There is just a temple
There is a temple of science.
And there is a temple of nature -
With scaffolding reaching out
Towards the sun and winds.
He is holy at any time of the day,
Open to us in the heat and cold,
Come in here
Be a little hearty
Do not desecrate his shrines.
P. Checking homework
2.1. Differentiated approach
Before moving on to studying a new topic, I would like to find out what you know about the forest zone:
Animal world;
Taiga;
Mixed forest.
2.2. Working with cards
Connect with arrows the trees and the forest in which they grow:
Fir taiga
birch
Mixed forest
cedar pine
Linden
broadleaf forest
alder
pine
larch
Oak
Maple
Answer:
taiga - fir, cedar pine, pine, larch;
mixed forest - fir, birch, alder, pine, larch;
broadleaf forest - linden, oak, maple.
2.3. Work in pairs.
Blitz tournament “I know the forest”(the teacher dictates, and then the students change notebooks and check on the screen)
What forest do we call taiga?
Name the tree: “Tall, slender, with yellowish-reddish or brown bark. The branches are only at the top. The needles are long and arranged in pairs. The cones are small and round."
What special difference does larch have?
What bird distributes the fruits of the cedar pine?
Which tree is the symbol of Russia?
This animal can not only jump, but also fly.
Acorns are the fruit of which tree?
Which animal has five black stripes on its back?
What tree of the broad-leaved forest spreads a wonderful aroma around when it blooms?
Recognize the animal by its description: “Loves dark forests, quietly creeps up to its prey, has a spotted color, “whiskers” and tufts on the ears”?
Slide 3
III. Working on a new topic
What can be called a forest?
What types of forests are there?
Slide 4.
Slide 5.
Slide 6.
3.1. Independent reading of the poem.
Let's read S. Nikulina's poem “Russian Forest”, and then discuss it:
There's nothing sweeter
Wander and think here.
Heals, warms,
Feed the Russian forest.
And the thirst will torment -
That's a little forest guy for me
Among the thorny thickets
The fontanel will show.
I’ll bend over to him to get a drink -
And you can see everything to the bottom.
Water flows,
Tasty and cold.
Rowan trees are waiting for us in the forest,
Nuts and flowers,
Fragrant raspberry
On dense bushes.
I'm looking for a mushroom clearing
I, without sparing my legs,
And if I get tired -
I'll sit down on a tree stump.
The forest loves pedestrians very much,
For them, he is completely his own.
There's a goblin wandering around here somewhere
With a green beard.
Life seems different
And my heart doesn't hurt
When over your head,
Like eternity, the forest is noisy.
What relationships is this poem talking about?
So what is a forest for a person? (The first card opens - “resting place”).
Why is the forest a pharmacy?(the second card opens - “pharmacy”).
- In the forest, a person finds food for himself - these are berries, nuts, mushrooms, clean water: “it will feed the Russian forest,” “I’ll bend down to drink from it...”(the card “source of clean water and food” opens).
How can a forest warm a person?
- This means that the forest is a source of fuel for humans.(the “fuel source” card opens).
Look around, what things made of wood do you see?
- What on your tables is made of wood?
- What awaits a person in the forest? Find it in the poem.
- What do flowers, bushes, and mushrooms do in the forest?
- What does the forest mean to them?
- For whom else is the forest home?
- This means that the forest is also a home for plants, animals, and mushrooms.(a card “house for plants, animals, mushrooms” opens).
What roles does the forest play?
- What is forest to air?
- What else is the forest a protector for?The card “protector of air, water bodies and soils” opens.
How do forests protect water bodies?
- How does the forest protect the soil?
- We did a very good job. Look at the diagram we came up with.
Slide 7
Meaning of forest
1. Rest place
2. Pharmacy
3. Source of water and food
4. Fuel source
5. House for plants, mushrooms, animals
6. Protector of water bodies, air, soils
Let's read, What roles does the forest play?
3.2. Conversation about the environmental problem of the forest
- Is a person always fair to the forest? Is it his fault that environmental problems in the forest arise? What environmental problem is discussed in the following poem, listen:
Sasha cried as the forest was cut down,
Even now she feels sorry for him to the point of tears.
There were so many curly birches here!
There because of the old frowning spruce
The red clusters of viburnum looked out.
A young oak tree rose there,
Birds reigned in the top of the forest,
All sorts of animals were lurking below.
Suddenly men with axes appeared.
The forest rang, groaned, and crackled.
The hare listened and ran away.
N.Nekrasov
- What environmental problem is discussed in the poem?(We are talking about deforestation.)
- If earlier the forest was cut down as needed, with the help of an ax (which cannot destroy forest areas), now after the work of lumberjacks terrible pictures remain. People thought that there were so many forests that it was impossible to cut them down. Now it has become clear: the forests are in danger! The girl Sasha from Nekrasov’s poem also understood this; she felt sorry for the birds and animals left without a home. How does the poem make you feel?(Free expressions of children.)
But I’m glad that you care about the fate of the forest, that you are concerned about the problem that has arisen - this means that you will look for ways to solve it.
Now let’s draw up a diagram on “forest problems”. In the last lesson we talked about the extermination of animals, what is the name of this problem?
Slide 8
Forest problem
Felling
Illegal hunting (poaching)
Who is a poacher?
Man has long killed animals to obtain food, but this was necessary for the survival of people, and they killed no more than they could eat. Now, excessive hunting has led to the complete or almost complete extermination of some animal species. Currently, hunting of forest animals is limited, and poaching is punishable by law. Many species of rare animals are taken under protection, and plants and animals listed in the Red Book are under special protection. The following are listed in the Red Book:
(The listing is accompanied by drawings of beetles, plants, birds and animals listed in the Red Book.)
Slide 9
3.3. Student message prepared at home
In the forest zone, the Priorkso - Terrace Reserve was created, which ... will tell us about.
Slide 10
IV. Physical education minute
Hands raised and shook -
These are trees in the forest.
Arms bent, hands shaken -
The wind blows away the dew.
Let's wave our hands to the sides, smoothly -
These are the birds flying towards us.
We'll show you how they sit down quietly -
The wings were folded back.
V. Continued study of a new topic
5.1. Reading Sukhomlinsky's story by role
We also have to figure out what depends on each of us. Let's read the story role by role.
Olya and Lida, little girls, went into the forest. Tired of the journey, we sat down to rest and have lunch. They took bread, butter, and eggs out of the bag. When the girls had already finished dinner, a nightingale began to sing not far from them. Fascinated by the beautiful singing, Olya andLida sat, afraid to move. The nightingale stopped singing. She collected the remains of her food and scraps of paper and threw them under Lida, wrapped the eggshells and bread in newspaper and put the bag in her bag.
Why do you take trash with you? - Olya said. - Throw it under the bush. After all, we are in the forest, no one will see!
“I’m ashamed in front of the nightingale,” Lida answered quietly..
Whose behavior in the forest do you think is correct?
A What can the forest turn into?
Slide 11
You already know that plastic and glass objects do not rot even in the ground. If food waste and paper can be buried in the forest, then cans, glass and plastic bottles should never be left in the forest, and animals can be injured by the fragments of broken bottles.
5.2. Reading of the poem “Forest Fire” by V. Shefner and conversation on the content.
Today I would like to talk about one more human action. Listen to V. Shefner’s poem “Forest Fire”:
Forgetful hunter at rest
I didn’t sweep it away, I didn’t trample the fire.
He went into the forest, and the branches were burning out
And they reluctantly smoked until the morning...
And in the morning the wind dispersed the fogs,
And the dying fire came to life.
And, throwing sparks in the middle of the clearing.
He spread out his crimson rags.
He burned all the grass and flowers together,
He burned the bushes, green Forest went.
Like a frightened flock of red squirrels,
He darted from trunk to trunk.
And the forest was buzzing with a fiery blizzard,
The trunks fell with a frosty crack,
And like snowflakes, sparks flew from them
Above the gray drifts of ash.
What human act became a terrible disaster for the forest?
Slide 12
Screening of the video “Fire in the Forest.”
But this might not have happened if the person had followed the rules for making a fire and had not forgotten to extinguish it and make sure that the fire would not flare up again.
Let's read the rules for making a fire in the textbook on p. 111
VI. Group work
Why do you think some people do not follow the rules of behavior in the forest?
Now come up with and draw signs that would reflect human actions that are dangerous to the forest. What are these actions?
- Logical thinking task.
VII. Generalization.
- And at the end of our lesson, I would like to read you a poem by Tim Sobakin:
If I pick a flower,
If you pick a flower,
If everything: both you and me,
If we pick flowers,
They will be empty
And trees and bushes.
And there will be no beauty
And there will be no kindness
If it's just me and you
If we pick flowers...
What should people remember when coming to the forest?
- Of course, each of us should think about how our descendants will see the forests in a century, in a millennium, and whether the forest will be able to give them what it gives us now.
VIII. Summarizing
Grading.
IX.Homework
At home you will complete the task of your choice:
1) read the text of the textbook;
2) you will find additional material about animals and plants of our region;
3) creative work: “Mini-essays”, continue the essay with 2 – 3 sentences.
1. If I were a forester, I would...
2. I am a forest doctor because...
3. If I were an animal, I would...
4. I am a birch tree. They call me the forest beauty because...
Preview:
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A forest is an ecological complex system with many links. Trees, shrubs, lichens, grasses, mosses, fungi, animals and various microorganisms are all components of forests. Every plant or living creature is an integral part of the forest zone and is included in food chain. Plants produce oxygen and sugar. Herbivores feed on plants and distribute their seeds. And predators feed on these herbivores.
Thus, the forest is the basis for the life of the animal world within. Rivers, streams and various lakes are also an important component of the forest.
(Bamboo forest)
Forests are increasing in different conditions, both cold and hot. Forests include not only coniferous, deciduous, mixed and evergreen. Jungles, taiga, jungles and other green spaces are also forests. Natural and artificial forests are distinguished. The creator of the first is nature, and the second is man. Today forests occupy 1/3 of the land, although in the distant past forest lands were much more numerous.
The importance of forests in nature
In nature, forests are of great importance. Many species of plants grow in them, live a large number of animals and microorganisms. In addition, scaffolding performs a number of natural problems. One of them is the production and purification of oxygen. The amount of oxygen produced by one tree is enough for three people.
Another significant function of forests in nature is to reduce dust levels. Every year, 1 hectare of forest stops up to 100 tons of dust. Forests regulate and improve the water balance of water bodies located within or nearby the forest. This occurs due to the fact that the forest litter accumulates moisture formed in spring period. It is this that helps maintain the full flow of rivers and reservoirs.
The forests serve as sound insulation; they can reduce the noise level from the road by 11 decibels. Forested areas prevent strong winds, increase humidity and air quality, and can also moderate the climate. They serve air filter, purifying the air from harmful chemical substances. An important function of forests is to protect the soil from mudflows, landslides and various geological processes.
The importance of forests in human life
The forest has always played a huge role in human life. Today, the importance of forests is only increasing due to the fact that their number is noticeably decreasing. The role of forests in human life can be divided into three components - environmental, economic and social.
The environmental role lies in the quality environment and conservation of nature. Any living creature needs vital conditions for life. It is trees that contribute to the fact that modern people breathe clean air and have the opportunity to exercise agriculture and benefit from it.
For modern man forest plays a large economic role. Wood grows in forests, from which building materials, paper, furniture, wood fuel, food, material and medicinal products are made.
Main material resource is wood. But berries, mushrooms and medicinal plants that grow only in forests are also in demand by humans. Despite the fact that people are looking for a replacement for forest resources, wood will always be in demand. Fossil fuels that replace wood are running out and are much more expensive than wood. Replacing paper bags with plastic ones has caused great harm to the earth's cover due to the fact that plastic is not recycled. Forestry industry often becomes a city-forming activity and requires a large number of workers and equipment. Therefore, the role of forests will always be very important both for the environment and the modern world.
The social role of the forest lies in the fact that it is a historical link. Forest is an element of the development of peoples, their cultures and attitudes towards nature. Since ancient times, the forest has been a source of resources necessary for survival - here you can find food, water, and shelter. Folk songs, fairy tales and stories always play an important role in forests. Today, forests serve as a place for people to relax, relax and breathe fresh air.
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