7 main forest-forming tree species of the Krasnoyarsk region. General characteristics of forests

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the total area of ​​forest land was 87.6 million hectares as of January 1, 1999 (about 8% of the all-Russian total), of which 81.1 were under the jurisdiction of the Forestry Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the remaining 6.5 million hectares were in under the jurisdiction of the State Committee for Ecology of Russia, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Russian Federation, and the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. The forest map (Fig. 1) was prepared by O. E. Yakubailik based on an electronic forest map Russian Federation. As of January 1, 2000, the area of ​​forest land in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (excluding the Taimyr and Evenki Autonomous Okrugs) amounted to 58.4 million hectares. The area covered by forest is about 50 million hectares, of which 74% is occupied by coniferous forests, which contain 81.3% of the timber reserves. The total timber reserve is 7.4 billion m3 (80% coniferous). There are 5.2 billion m 3 of mature and overmature forest stands, including 3.4 billion m 3 possible for exploitation (2.8 billion m 3 of conifers). The distribution of forest-forming species is presented in the table.

The estimated cutting area for final felling in 1998 was 54.5 million m 3, for coniferous trees - 33.3 million m 3 (table). Clear cuttings account for 99.9%. The main procurement fund is located in the Angara region. The estimated cutting area is approximately doubled, so it is possible to increase logging in the coniferous sector to the level of 16-17 million m3 per year [Sokolov, 2000]. The estimated cutting area in the region is used at only 10.3%, and the supply of timber for coniferous farming is 94.5%. In 1998, the amount of use per 1 hectare of forests possible for exploitation in the region amounted to 0.23 m 3. Ten years ago it was equal to 2.9 m 3 in Finland, 2.6 in Sweden, 4.4 in Germany, 1.4 in Canada, and 1.3 m 3 in the USSR. The decrease in timber harvesting volumes is due to a decline in industrial production, an increase in the cost of forest products and the lack of solvent consumers.

The area of ​​reforestation lands of the forest fund as of January 1, 1998 amounted to 1,795.4 thousand hectares, of which 989.1 thousand hectares were restored naturally, 402 thousand hectares due to the promotion of natural regeneration and 4 04.9 thousand hectares - through the creation of forest crops. In 1997, the area of ​​reforestation work exceeded the volume of felling and destruction of plantations by 63.7 thousand hectares, in 1998 - by 159.0 thousand hectares. And for the period 1994-1998. The area covered with forest in the region, under the jurisdiction of the Forest Committee of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, increased by 717.7 thousand hectares (table). Accordingly, the increase in timber stock in the region since 1997 has been about 0.1%. At the same time, the area of ​​young coniferous forests is increasing. This trend gives hope for improving the structure of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the future.

Outbreak of mass reproduction Siberian silkworm, which is the main pest of the dark coniferous taiga, in 1994-1997. in the Angara and Yenisei region it affected forests covering an area of ​​1 million hectares. Forests died on an area of ​​14,0000 hectares, and the volume of standing forest destroyed amounted to 50 million m 3, which is six times the volume of logging in 1997 and almost equal to the annual estimated logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The occurrence of forest fires in the region is caused by violation of fire safety rules by the population (54%) and lightning discharges (30%). The Angara region accounts for 70-85% of forest fires in the region.

Protecting forests from fires has been and remains a serious problem (Table). Although 43.0 million hectares of forests in the region are actively protected from fires, of which 38.4 million hectares are by aviation forces, 38 million hectares are controlled by space monitoring, the level of forest protection from fires is currently reduced. Due to insufficient budget funding, the regulations for patrol flights of aircraft are not followed, fires are detected late and, as a result, become larger. The technical basis for localizing fires is also weak, and forest fire propaganda is insufficient. And the total costs of protecting 1 hectare of forest area in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are an order of magnitude less than in developed forest countries of the world.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Chemical-technological faculty of distance learning

Essay

"Forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed by: specialty student

form of study correspondence grade book code

Checked: _________________

Introduction. 3

Characteristics of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. 4

Structure. 7

Sales markets. 13

The main timber production areas of the region. 17

Conclusion. 21

References. 23

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . Interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in modern economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role played by forest industry enterprises in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has transitioned to a market from a system of economic relations with the dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation of diverse economic and social relations, allowing for fuller use of management potential. Fourthly, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export revenue and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries in the global forest products market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically ineffective orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also related to social problems society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that forestry enterprises employ a very a large number of of people.

Characteristics of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk region is one of the most “forested” regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The area of ​​forest land - 160 million hectares - accounts for 15% of the territory of Russia covered by forests.

However, the region's share in the production of timber products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m3, produces 1.2 million tons of pulp and paper, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, with a harvest of 9.5 million m3, produces only 0.084 million tons of pulp and paper. More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from region annually.

The total volume of forest reserves in the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world's forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex ranks fifth in the structure of industrial production in the region.

The total volume of timber products produced in the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.

The average net profit margin of the region's 12 profitable largest enterprises is 7%. Over 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1,800 commercial enterprises, 1,500 of which are small businesses.

About 50 thousand people work at timber industry enterprises, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.

The majority of forestry companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of forestry companies in the region

Source: Regional Statistics

Timber resource base

The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest reserve in the region, taking into account the autonomous okrugs, is 11.9 billion m3. The total estimated cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

The estimated cutting area is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including 24.1% in coniferous farming. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of logging in areas located along the main transport routes. Low rates of utilization of logging areas are also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and wood processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature plantings. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Characteristics of regional forest resources.

		Krasnoyarsk region	Russia
Area covered by forest vegetation	million hectares	106,3	774,2
Total wood supply	billion m3	11,9	81,9
Stock of ripe and overmature plantings	billion m3	8,4	44,1
of which coniferous species	billion m3	7,3	34,6
Annual growth	million m3	102,7	970,4
Estimated cutting area	million m3	59,7	551,5
Actual felling by main use	million m3	9,4	130
Total volume of forest felling	million m3	10,2	167,9
Wood harvesting from 1 hectare.	m3	0,1	0,2
Using the estimated cutting area	%	15,3	23,5

Source: OJSC "NIPIEIlesprom"

The most economically valuable species is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory this is the main logging site. The main area of ​​pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau; a special variety of pine called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone) also grows there. Larch wood ranks second in terms of economic value. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.

Table 3: Forest species composition, thousand m3

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

· Logging – 9.5 million m 3

· Lumber production – 1.8 million m3

· Fiberboard production – 52.6 million m 3

· Chipboard production – 37.8 thousand m 3

· Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of commercial pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· logging products (industrial timber, round timber);

· wood processing products (lumber, railway sleepers, fiber boards);

· pulp and paper products (cellulose, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of main types of products

Logging

Based on the results of 2004, the volume of timber harvesting in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if we compare logging with the Soviet period, the volume of logging at that time was about 25 million m3. At the end of 2004, only 15.9% of the estimated logging area was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the estimated logging area, according to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, are:

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of areas (Right Bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

2) Economic inaccessibility of a number of cutting areas (due to poor species composition (conifers less than 40%), low yield quality, small average diameters).

3) The inability of a number of companies to develop their logging area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises develop no more than 70% of the logging area).

The total area of ​​land on which forests grow in the Krasnoyarsk Territory as of 01/01/2015 is 164.0 million hectares. The forests of the region are located on lands of the forest fund, lands of defense and security, lands of specially protected areas, lands of populated areas and lands of other categories. The area of ​​forest fund lands as of January 1, 2015 amounted to 158.7 million hectares.

The forest fund lands include forest and non-forest lands. Forest lands are represented by areas covered with forest vegetation, and areas not covered by forest vegetation, but intended for its restoration (clearings, burnt areas, areas occupied by nurseries, etc.). Non-forest lands include lands intended for forestry (clearings, roads, etc.).

According to Rosreestr), as of January 1, 2015, the area of ​​forest land amounted to 120.9 million hectares, including 110.9 million hectares covered with forest vegetation, and 10.0 million hectares not covered with forest vegetation (Table 7.2).

Table 7.2

The total area of ​​forest fund land in the region, according to Rosreestr, is 155.6 million hectares (Table 3.1 in Section 3 of this Report), according to the Ministry’s records natural resources and ecology of the region - 158.7 million hectares (see Table 7.3). This discrepancy is explained by the fact that not all forest lands currently located in the category of agricultural lands (as of 01/01/2015 – 3.55 million hectares) and in other categories of land are registered with the state cadastral register with the category of lands “forest lands”. " IN municipal areas Forest management and land surveying work is being systematically carried out on all forest areas, with the subsequent registration of forest areas for cadastral registration in the Rosreestr Office for the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2014 due to similar works in the Abansky district, the area of ​​forest land increased by 7.0 thousand hectares.

Forest zoning of the Krasnoyarsk Territory ) . The forest vegetation of the region is rich and varied. It is characterized by a clear meridional and altitudinal zonation. The vegetation cover of the northern regions is dominated by pine and larch forests, in the southern regions - dark coniferous forests with spruce, fir, and cedar in the tree stand.

For the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (within the framework of the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), forest zoning of the forest fund was carried out: 4 forest growth zones and 7 forest areas with relatively similar conditions of use, protection, protection, and reproduction of forests were identified (the “Forest zoning” map is given in the Forest Plan of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the forest fund).

Zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga occupies 25,413.7 thousand hectares or 15.5% of the total area of ​​all forests in the region. The zone of tundra forests and sparse taiga includes one forest region - the Central Siberian region of tundra forests - forest-tundra and sparse taiga, represented by larch open forests alternating with shrub tundras and hilly peat bogs. The predominant tree species is Dahurian larch of quality classes V-Va. The forest cover of the area is about 4%.

Characteristic feature The vegetation cover of the tundra forest region is its mosaic and complexity, due to the widespread development of micro- and mesorelief forms, as well as the rapid change of soil and hydrological conditions. All forests of the Central Siberian region of tundra forests belong to protective forests.

Taiga zone occupies the largest territory, over 120 million hectares or 73.2% of the region’s forests. The average forest cover of the taiga zone is 70.6%. According to the nature of the vegetation cover, it is divided into 3 forest regions: West Siberian lowland taiga, Central Siberian plateau taiga and Priangarsky forest.

West Siberian lowland taiga region covers the basins of tributaries of the Yenisei - river. Kas, Sym, Kolchum and the upper reaches of the rivers of the Ob basin - Sochur, Bolshaya Elovaya. This is a drained area eastern outskirts West Siberian Plain. The total forest cover of the region is 73%; The area's swampiness is 27%.

The most valuable are pine forests of the green moss group of forest types (lingonberry, blueberry, wild rosemary), growing on sandy ridges with podzolic soils. Tree stands of III–IV quality, mostly of the same age. Regeneration, both under the forest canopy and after logging or fires, occurs successfully without changing species.

Also characteristic of the region are lichen pine forests with highly podzolic soils of IV, less often V quality. Larch forests are quite rare, birch forests are derivative.

Central Siberian plateau taiga region occupies the largest territory. The southern border runs along the watershed of the Angara and Podkamennaya Tunguska rivers and in the southwestern part along the watershed of the Dubches and Sym rivers. Northern - from Igarka through the Putorana plateau to the administrative border of the Republic of Sakha.

In the northern part of this forest area there are sparse forests with small reserves of wood, about 100 m³ per 1 hectare. The forests here are represented mainly by Daurian and Siberian larch, downy birch, and spruce. Productivity of larch stands of V-III quality classes. Pine and spruce forests are always V-Va in quality. Mature and overmature forest stands predominate here, accounting for almost 70% of wood reserves. There is no industrial exploitation of forests; a small amount is harvested for local needs. The forests are used for grazing deer and as hunting grounds.

In the middle part of the forest area, the tree stand becomes more dense, the average wood supply increases to 150 m³ per 1 hectare, the average growth also increases, and the grass and shrub undergrowth becomes richer. The vegetation cover is dominated by low-productivity sparse dark coniferous forests of spruce, cedar with Siberian larch in the 1st layer and birch forests derived from them from warty and downy birch. Significant areas are occupied by larch forests of Siberian larch and a hybrid form between Siberian and Daurian larch - Chekanovsky larch. Small areas are occupied by aspen and birch forests. The predominant groups of forest types: shrub-moss, lichen, sphagnum, green moss. Reed forests occur in small areas. Elf fir is widespread in the undergrowth. Dark coniferous species are more often of class V. Green moss larch forests can be of class III.

In the southern part of the Central Siberian plateau taiga region, the dominant position in vegetation is occupied by cedar and spruce forests. Often cedar and spruce form mixed stands. Forests with a predominance of fir are very rare, but mixed with cedar and spruce they are widespread. Larch and pine forests (forb and green moss groups of forest types) are noted in small areas in river valleys and watersheds. Birch forests are widespread on the site of burnt dark-coniferous taiga, where a layer of dark-coniferous species is formed everywhere under the canopy. The most widely represented are green-moss and long-moss pine forests. Tree stands of IV less than V quality, mature and overmature with a density of 0.5-0.6. Ledum-dolgomoss and sedge-lededum-dolgomoss pine forests are more common.

Forests are developed only for the purpose of harvesting furs, fish, berries, mushrooms, etc.

Priangarsky forest region occupies a vast territory. The forest cover is dominated by light coniferous forests of Scots pine and Siberian larch with an admixture of birch. Three types of soils predominate: sod-podzolic, sod-carbonate and gleyed gray forest, long-seasonally frozen.

The pine forests of the Angara region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are distinguished by relatively high productivity (III-IV, less often II quality) and high qualities wood In the last two decades, a significant part of the territory has been covered by clear cuttings, as well as large forest fires. Natural regeneration with light coniferous species is proceeding quite satisfactorily.

Within the boundaries of the forest area, 8 economic groups of forest types have been identified: lichen, green moss, forb, tall grass, fern-tail, long-moss, sphagnum and grass-swamp. The predominant (about 67%) are forb and green moss groups of forest types.

Forest-steppe zone is located in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and has a forest area equal to 7465.7 thousand hectares, which is 4.6% of the total area of ​​forest lands in the region. The forest-steppe zone includes the Central Siberian subtaiga-forest-steppe region.

The forests of the region are most economically developed and at present, in almost the entire territory of this forest region, no indigenous (“virgin”) vegetation of pine, larch and spruce-fir forests has been preserved. The average forest cover of the region (forest-steppe forest vegetation zone) is 56.6%. All modern vegetation cover is represented to one degree or another by derivative (secondary) groups of birch and aspen forests that arose under the direct influence of human activity or experienced its indirect transformative influence. Very few pine and dark coniferous forests have been preserved.

Profitable geographical position: the attraction to the Trans-Siberian railway, convenient rafting rivers (Yenisei, Chulym, Kan) contributed to the development of forests in this forest area. Climatic and soil conditions contributed to the development Agriculture and reduction of forest land.

South Siberian mountain zone covers most of the Western Sayan and to a small extent northwestern part Eastern Sayan. The total forest area is 9207.5 thousand hectares or 5.6% of the total forest area of ​​the region. The average forest cover is 74.4%. Two forest regions are identified in the zone, Altai-Sayan mountain taiga and Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe.

Altai-Sayan mountain taiga region stretches out in the form of a mountain bridge 100-200 km wide at a distance of more than 700 km, and occupies the southern part of the region, including mainly the northern slope of the Western Sayan and the Krasnoyarsk part of the Eastern Sayan with the headwaters of the Mana, Kizir and Kan rivers. It consists of a series of ridges composed of ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. The relief is predominantly mid-mountain and high-mountain, strongly and deeply dissected. Significant fluctuations in absolute heights determined the altitudinal distribution of climate, soils and vegetation. Forests cover about 70% of the territory of the Western Sayan, giving way to chars, rocky placers and subalpine meadows in the highlands, and to steppes and forest-steppes in the intermountain basins.

The belt of light coniferous and deciduous forests is associated with conditions of sufficient moisture and relatively high heat supply. It occupies a narrow strip along the northern periphery of the Western Sayan. The dominant groups of forest types are pine and birch forests of low-mountain herbs II and III, largely modified by logging, grazing and periodic fires.

At the contact with the dark coniferous belt, a strip of low-mountain black aspen forests of large-grass-fern group of quality II-III can be traced on thick, well-moistened gray forest soils. The dark coniferous belt dominates the area and covers the entire mid-mountain, partly low-mountain and high mountain region. The main forest-forming species are cedar and fir; spruce forests occupy about 1%.

Altai-Sayan mountain forest-steppe region covers a small part of the Western Sayan, located on the periphery of the Minusinsk Basin and having a range of zones: steppe, forest-steppe, light coniferous forests, dark coniferous forests and in some places mountain tundra.

The region is mid-mountain, with a slope steepness of 15-30 degrees and heights from 500 to 1000-1300 m. Larch and pine forests of a mixed herb group are widespread here, with the participation of cedar in the upper boundary of the belt. Their productivity is quite high, II-III quality in pine forests and I-III in larch forests. The composition contains a noticeable admixture of birch.

In the transition zone to the Minusinsk Basin, xerophytic forests with reduced productivity are formed, often with an undergrowth of caragana, honeysuckle, spirea and rose hips.

Of particular note are the ribbon forests located within the Minusinsk depression in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. They are an intrazonal formation and occupy sandy massifs on the right bank of the Yenisei; they owe their origin to the activities of the ancients river systems Yenisei and Tuba.

Characteristics of the forest fund. The area of ​​forest land as of January 1, 2015 was 158.7 million hectares. The total forested area within the forest fund lands amounted to 105.1 million hectares.

The Federal Forestry Agency, in accordance with orders dated July 18, 2008 No. 207 “On determining the number of forest districts and establishing their boundaries”, in order to form territorial management units on the lands of the forest fund of the region in the field of use, conservation, defense, and reproduction of forests, 61 forest districts were created . The boundaries of 32 forestries included both state and former rural forestry enterprises.

Age structure forest stands are characterized by a predominance of mature and overmature plantings, constituting about 59% of the area of ​​land covered with forest vegetation. Included coniferous forests their share exceeds 65.5% of the recorded areas.

According to the state forest register, the total timber reserve in the region is estimated at 11.5 billion m 3. The volume of coniferous wood is 9.6 billion m3, of which 6.8 billion m3 is represented by mature and overmature plantings. The supply of soft-leaved wood in general does not exceed 1.9 billion m 3 , including 1.2 billion m 3 in mature and overmature forests.

The main forest-forming species of the forest fund are larch (43.7 million hectares), birch (15.5 million hectares), pine (13.4 million hectares), and cedar (9.7 million hectares). Coniferous plantations occupy more than 76% of forested areas.

Forests located on forest fund lands are divided according to their intended purpose into protective, operational and reserve. The distribution of forests by intended purpose by administrative territory is presented in Table 7.3.

Table 7.3

Distribution of forests by intended purpose in the context of administrative

territories as of 01/01/2015

District name	Area as of 01/01/2015, ha	Total forest area, ha	Forest area by intended purpose, ha
protective	operational	reserve
Abansky					-
Achinsky					-
Balakhtinsky					-
Berezovsky					-
Birilyussky					-
Bogotolsky					-
Boguchansky					-
Bolshemurtinsky					-
Bolsheuluisky					-
Dzerzhinsky					-
Emelyanovsky					-
Yenisei
Ermakovsky					-
Idrinsky					-
Ilansky					-
Irbeysky					-
Kazachinsky					-
Kansky					-
Karatuzsky					-
Kezhemsky					-
Kozulsky					-
Krasnoturansky					-
Kuraginsky					-
Mansky					-
Minusinsky				-	-
Motyginsky					-
Nazarovsky					-
Nizhneingashsky					-
Novoselovsky					-
Guerrilla					-
Pirovsky					-
Rybinsky					-
Sayan					-
North Yenisei
Sukhobuzimsky					-
Taimyr				-	-
Taseevsky					-
Turukhansky
Tyukhtetsky					-
Uzhursky					-
Uyarsky					-
Sharypovsky					-
Shushensky					-
Evenki
GO Divnogorsk					-
Total by edge

TO protective Forests include forests that perform useful functions such as water protection, soil protection, sanitary and hygienic, general cultural, fruit production and others and at the same time being sources of reserves of mature and overmature wood. The use of forests in protective forests is aimed primarily at strengthening their target functions. The total area of ​​protective forests as of January 1, 2015 is 51,880.2 thousand hectares or 32.7% of the total forest area. The most significant part of the protective forests is located in the forest-tundra zone in the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets, Evenki, and Turukhansk regions. Protective forests of the forest fund of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are categorized into main groups (Table 7.4).

Table 7.4

Categories of protective forests	Area, thousand hectares
Forests located in water protection zones	1196,6
Forests that perform the functions of protecting natural and other objects - everything, including:	644,4
protective forest strips located along public railways, public federal highways, public highways owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation	172,9
green areas	458,4
forested areas	12,3
forests located in the first, second and third zones of sanitary (mountain sanitary) protection districts of medical and recreational areas and resorts	0,8
Valuable forests – total, including:	50039,3
anti-erosion forests	1048,0
forests located in desert, semi-desert, forest-steppe, forest-tundra zones, steppes, mountains	36702,3
forests having scientific or historical meaning	32,5
walnut fishing zones	2514,5
exclusion strips located along water bodies	2692,2
spawning forest strips	7049,8

TO operational Forests include forests that are subject to development for the purpose of sustainable and efficient use of forest resources, obtaining high-quality commercial timber and other forest resources while preserving the beneficial functions of forests. Exploitation forests in the region occupy an area of ​​62,352.2 thousand hectares or 39.3% of the forest fund lands. More than 5.1 billion m3 of mature and overmature wood are concentrated in production forests.

TO reserve forests on the territory of the region include forests mainly in the northern regions of the region, sparse, unproductive and remote from transport routes, where timber harvesting for economic reasons is not feasible over the next 20 years; their area is 44503.6 thousand hectares, which is 28.0%.

In 2014, compared to 2013, the area of ​​protective and operational forests increased by 22.7 thousand hectares and 394.1 thousand hectares, respectively, and the area of ​​reserve forests decreased by 415.6 thousand hectares. The total forest area increased by 1.2 thousand hectares compared to 2013.

Compared to 2013, in 2014 the total forest area increased in Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.5 thousand hectares), Irbeysky (by 0.2 thousand hectares), Idrinsky and Kansky (0.1 thousand hectares) areas (Table 7.3). The area of ​​protective forests increased in Ilansky (by 19.3 thousand hectares), Idrinsky (by 2.6 thousand hectares), Kuraginsky (by 0.8 thousand hectares), Irbeysky (by 0.1 thousand hectares), districts . The area of ​​exploitation forests increased in Turukhansky (by 415.6 thousand hectares), Nizhneingashsky (by 0.6 thousand hectares), Irbeysky and Kansky (by 0.1 thousand hectares) regions.

A decrease in the total forest area occurred in the Ilansky district (by 0.4 thousand hectares). The area of ​​exploitation forests decreased in the Idrinsky (by 2.5 thousand hectares), Ilansky (by 19.7 thousand hectares), and Kuraginsky (by 0.3 thousand hectares) districts. The area of ​​reserve forests in the Turukhansky district decreased (by 415.6 thousand hectares).

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Siberian State Technological University

Chemical-technological faculty of distance learning

Essay

"Forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Completed by: specialty student

form of study correspondence grade book code

Introduction

Relevance of the research topic . Interest in the activities of forest industry enterprises, especially in modern economic conditions, is due, firstly, to the role played by forest industry enterprises in the management system of local territories. Secondly, the significance of the further development of foreign trade activities for our country, as it has transitioned to a market from a system of economic relations with the dominant state form of ownership and unified forms of economic organization. Thirdly, the opportunities for the formation of diverse economic and social relations in the process of development of the forest industry, allowing for more complete use of management potential. Fourthly, the fact that the domestic forest industry is an important branch of international specialization. Russia was and remains the first country in the world in terms of forest reserves. At the same time, both in terms of export revenue and a number of other industry indicators, Russia lags behind the leading countries in the global forest products market. One of the reasons for such a lag is the historically ineffective orientation of exports to the country's raw materials, which continues to negatively affect the state of the forest industry, undermines the basis for the development of forest industries, and makes the prospects for their development unclear.

In addition, the importance of studying the timber industry is also related to the social problems of society. This is due to the city-forming role of enterprises in this industry, and the fact that forestry enterprises employ a very large number of people.

Characteristics of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Krasnoyarsk Territory is one of the most “forested” regions

Russian Federation, which accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The area of ​​forest land - 160 million hectares - accounts for 15% of the territory of Russia covered by forests.

However, the region's share in the production of timber products

Russia is only 2.48%. This is due to the underdevelopment of deep wood processing and the pulp and paper industry. For example, the neighboring Irkutsk region, with a logging volume of 23 million m3, produces 1.2 million tons of pulp and paper, and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, with a harvest of 9.5 million m3, produces only 0.084 million tons of pulp and paper. More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from region annually.

The total volume of forest reserves in the region (including Taimyr and Evenkia) is approximately 6% of the world's forest reserves. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the timber industry complex ranks fifth in the structure of industrial production in the region.

The total volume of timber products produced in the region is estimated at $0.25 billion. The share of the forest industry in the structure of industrial production of the region is 3.8%.

The average net profit margin of the region's 12 profitable largest enterprises is 7%. Over 3 thousand enterprises of the timber industry complex are registered in the region. Forest users are about 1,800 commercial enterprises, 1,500 of which are small businesses.

About 50 thousand people work at timber industry enterprises, which provides 15% of employment in the region. But, according to our estimates, this figure is underestimated by 1.5 times, since it does not take into account data on small enterprises, illegal workers, and also, as a rule, does not take into account migrants from foreign countries (Ukraine, China) employed in production.

The majority of forestry companies are privately owned (91%).

Table 1: Form of ownership of forestry companies in the region

Source: Regional Statistics

Timber resource base

The region accounts for 14.5% of forested areas. The total forest reserve in the region, taking into account the autonomous okrugs, is 11.9 billion m3. The total estimated cutting area is 59.7 million cubic meters. m3.

The estimated cutting area is used in the Krasnoyarsk Territory by only 15.3%, including 24.1% in coniferous farming. This is primarily the result of the lack of logging roads and the concentration of logging in areas located along the main transport routes. Low rates of utilization of logging areas are also associated with an insignificant degree of consolidation of logging and wood processing enterprises and the low quality of equipment and machinery.

The total forest stock is dominated by mature and overmature plantings. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory they account for 70.6%. The predominant place is occupied by coniferous plantations.

Table 2: Characteristics of regional forest resources.

		Krasnoyarsk region
Area covered by forest vegetation
Total wood supply
Stock of ripe and overmature plantings
of which coniferous species
Annual growth
Estimated cutting area
Actual felling by main use
Total volume of forest felling
Wood harvesting from 1 hectare.
Using the estimated cutting area

Source: OJSC "NIPIEIlesprom"

The most economically valuable species is pine. In the Krasnoyarsk Territory this is the main logging site. The main area of ​​pine forests is concentrated in the Angara River basin along its entire length, in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau; a special variety of pine called Angara pine (pine Siberian stone) also grows there. Larch wood ranks second in terms of economic value. Larch forests predominate in the northern regions in the basins of the Podkamennaya and Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Vitim rivers.

Table 3: Forest species composition, thousand m3

	Krasnoyarsk region	Irkutsk region
Larch

Structure

The timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 can be represented as follows:

· Logging – 9.5 million m 3

· Lumber production – 1.8 million m3

· Fiberboard production – 52.6 million m 3

· Chipboard production – 37.8 thousand m 3

· Pulp and paper industry: 1.12 thousand tons of commercial pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard

The main types of products manufactured in the region are:

· logging products (industrial timber, round timber);

· wood processing products (lumber, railway sleepers, fiber boards);

· pulp and paper products (cellulose, cardboard).

Figure 1. Structure of main types of products

Logging

Based on the results of 2004, the volume of timber harvesting in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is approximately 9.5 million m3. The total volume of logging has increased over the past 6 years by 28%. However, if we compare logging with the Soviet period, the volume of logging at that time was about 25 million m3. At the end of 2004, only 15.9% of the estimated logging area was used in the region. The main reasons for not developing the full volume of the estimated logging area, according to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, are:

1) Transport inaccessibility of a number of areas (Right Bank of the Angara River, Evenkia).

3) The inability of a number of companies to develop their logging area in full (as a rule, many logging enterprises develop no more than 70% of the logging area).

According to various estimates, the volume of illegal logging annually ranges from 0.5% (FALH for the Asnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr and Evenkia). The average price of one cubic meter of standing timber (rent) is about $1-3 (depending on forest management conditions) per m3. The cost of harvesting and hauling is $12-17 per m3 (with the whip harvesting method). Costs are constantly increasing due to rising prices for fuels and lubricants wages in the region. Currently, several main technological types of logging prevail in the region:

1) Using chainsaws.

2) Using feller bunchers.

3) Using automated systems.

Logging with automated systems is just beginning to gain its position in the region. From open sources of information it is known that so far only two enterprises in the region have mastered this harvesting method (Shiversky LPH, Angarsky LPH). But, as the practice of Finland, Canada and the European part of Russia shows, this is one of the most effective ways. LLC “Russian Investors - Siberia” April 9, 2005

In addition, when using this method procurement, the share of fuel and lubricants and wages in production costs decreases, and these are the two main categories that cause an increase in production costs.

A number of enterprises in the region use the labor of foreign workers (mainly from Ukraine) in their activities. According to information from unofficial sources, teams of Ukrainian workers are equipped with logging equipment (chainsaws) and tools and receive remuneration according to a piece-rate system for a certain volume of logging.

The main logging companies in the region are: Maltat Group of Companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), LLC Shiverales (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), CJSC Pashutinskoye (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), CJSC Angarsk LPH "(harvesting about 200 thousand m3), Sibartles LLC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other companies.

Currently, roundwood prices are rising in the markets of Japan and China. The rate of price growth for the period January 2003 – January 2004 amounted to 15-20%.

More than 5 million m3 of roundwood is exported from the region annually.

Lumber production

The Krasnoyarsk Territory ranks third in Russia in the production of lumber after the Arkhangelsk and Irkutsk regions. The total volume of lumber production in 2004 in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was about 1,821 thousand m3.

Figure 2: Lumber by region of the Russian Federation, 2004, thousand m3

Source: Goskomstat of the Russian Federation

The share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory is 15% in the all-Russian production of lumber. On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest producers of lumber in Russia with production volumes of over 400 thousand m3 - these are CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 505 thousand m3 of lumber) and OJSC Lesosibirsk LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 430 thousand m3 of lumber), which are located in Lesosibirsk.

In addition, Maklakovsky LDK OJSC is located in Lesosibirsk (production volume in 2003 amounted to 160 thousand m3 of lumber).

Figure 3: Dynamics of lumber production, thousand m3

Pulp and paper production

According to statistics, the pulp and paper industry produced: 1.12 thousand tons of commercial pulp, 43.4 thousand tons of paper, 58.2 thousand tons of cardboard. The only manufacturer of pulp and paper products in the region is Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill LLC, part of the Continental Management group.

Figure 4: Dynamics of paper production, thousand tons

The pulp and paper mill includes: lumber production, wood pulp shop, cooking shops (production of cellulose and semi-cellulose), paper mill, container board factory, cardboard drying shop, paper processing shop, acid shop, bleaching shop, chemical shop , treatment facilities, auxiliary production workshops.

Currently, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory has announced plans to build two pulp and paper mills in the region: in the city of Lesosibirsk and in the Boguchansky district (based on the Boguchanskaya HPP).

Figure 5: Dynamics of cardboard production, thousand tons

Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Fibreboard production

Krasnoyarsk region is the leader in the production of fiberboard in Russia. The region's share is 24% in the all-Russian production of DPV. Fiberboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 59.2 million m 3.

Figure 6: Dynamics of fiberboard production, thousand m 3 Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are two largest manufacturers of fiberboard - these are CJSC Novoeniseisky LHK (production volume in 2003 amounted to 25 thousand m2) and OJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1 (production volume in 2003 amounted to 24 thousand m2), which are located in Lesosibirsk. The volume of fiberboard production in 2004 increased by 10.8%.

Chipboard production

The volume of chipboard production in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2004 amounted to 72.8 thousand m 3

Figure 7: Dynamics of chipboard production, thousand m3 Source: ULK Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the volume of production of particle boards decreased by 7.5%.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk DOK is the main manufacturer of chipboards in the region. The decrease in particle board production was due to the shutdown of DOK production at the beginning of 2004 to carry out a major overhaul of equipment.

CJSC Krasnoyarsk DOK does not produce laminated chipboard, which is in demand among furniture manufacturers; furniture makers in the region are forced to import this type of raw material from neighboring regions. The company's products are consumed mainly by the construction industry.

Sales markets

The main component of the forest industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in foreign economic activity is the export orientation of the industry. In terms of export volume, it ranks third after non-ferrous metallurgy and the petrochemical complex. The main shippers of wood in 2000 were JSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex, JSC Lesosibirsk LDK No. 1, JSC Igarsky Sea Port, LLC Taiga-Ex, JSC First Siberian Forestry Company, JSC Dilen, JSC AK "Yeniseiles"

Exports of wood products and wood products can be divided into two relatively separate groups:

- unprocessed timber- exports for 2000 amounted to 25.1 million US dollars, an increase of 14.6%. Over the past few years, the first position in the geographical structure has been occupied by China (90.5%). However, it is worth noting the fact that unprocessed wood is exported to China at a price of about 60 US dollars per 1 cubic meter, mainly to Manchuria, where the so-called “Forest Base” has been created. This is a huge center from which Siberian products are sold in Central and Southern China at a price of 120 US dollars. The creation of this base was initiated not by Russia, but by the Chinese side, so the main efforts must be directed to developing relations with the southern provinces of China, which have benefits for conducting foreign economic activity.

- processed timber- exports for 2000 amounted to 101.3 million dollars, decreasing by 5.8% compared to 1999. The price for exported products varies from 80 dollars per 1 cubic meter. m. up to 295 per 1 ton. This group accounts for the main share in the commodity structure of exports - more than 60%.

The main positions in this group are still occupied by the two largest sawmills in the region, CJSC Novoeniseisky Timber Chemical Complex and CJSC Lesosibirsk LDK No. 1, located in Lesosibirsk. In total, these enterprises produce about 900 thousand cubic meters of export lumber per year, for which the coefficient of integrated use of wood reaches 95%.

At the highest prices (per 1 ton of timber), products were exported to Syria ($295), Tunisia ($268), Great Britain ($248) and Spain ($203.7), and the lowest in Turkey ($174.5), Egypt ($178) and neighboring countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan). However, if in the early 90s countries Central Asia were the main consumer of these products, today their share in consumption is very low.

One of the most important reasons for this situation was the existing policy of the Russian Ministry of Railways regarding export tariffs for goods to the CIS countries. Today, it is more profitable for enterprises in the region to supply their products to foreign countries, for example, to China, than to the Republic of Uzbekistan. As a result, the delivery of products from the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out mainly with the help of vehicles, which does not allow the volumes of product supplies necessary for the enterprises of the region to be met and the demand to be fully met.

Another reason that many enterprises are targeting Western foreign partners is the prevailing price level for forest products in the region, which is inaccessible to the Central Asian market and the introduction by the Republic of Kazakhstan of duties on the transit transportation of products to Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.

Sleepers for railway and tram tracks, chipboard, fiberboard, and plywood are also exported from the Krasnoyarsk Territory. These are mainly the countries of Central Asia, Egypt and Syria, however, here too, the tariff policy of the Russian Ministry of Railways has led to a reduction in the number of contracts concluded for the supply of products from small and medium-sized enterprises of the region's timber industry. D

It is enough to note that to send one car of chipboard to Tashkent, you need to pay a railway tariff in the amount of about $2,600, which is more than 60% of the price of the goods in the car. In general, the share of these product groups in the total export volume according to 2000 data was 5.6%.

- pulp, paper and cardboard- exports for 2000 amounted to 3.99 million US dollars, which is 30% higher than the 1999 level. It should be noted that in 2000, the export of wood pulp began - to Greece (448.5 thousand US dollars) and China (50.2 thousand US dollars), when, as in 1999, this product was not exported.

In 2000, exports of paper and cardboard amounted to $3.49 million, an increase of 29%. In contrast to 1999, supplies to the countries of Central Asia increased - Uzbekistan (+40.4%), Tajikistan (+58.9%), Kyrgyzstan (+50.9%). Supplies to Kazakhstan decreased (-7.4%), which is the main importer of paper and kraton.

Export to other regions

The main timber and paper products, which play a significant role in the markets of other regions of Russia and are exported by the Krasnoyarsk Territory, are commercial timber and lumber.

Export to foreign markets

The main flows of timber products are directed along the Trans-Siberian and Lesosibirsk railways, as well as along the Yenisei and Angara rivers.

Huge forest areas in the north cannot be developed due to their distance from roads. and the share of the Krasnoyarsk Territory accounts for 5% of all-Russian timber exports. In the total volume of forest exports of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the main share falls on round timber and lumber.

Export of timber and paper products from the Krasnoyarsk Territory is mainly focused on non-CIS countries. The share of CIS countries is insignificant. The main roundwood importing countries are China and Japan, which account for more than 90% of total roundwood exports from the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Lumber is exported to many countries in Asia, Europe, North Africa: Japan, China, Egypt, Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, Turkey, Tunisia, Lebanon, Greece, Italy, France. Pulp is exported to China, Ireland, Italy, the Republic of Korea, Poland, and Slovakia.

Currently, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region are exporters of softwood lumber on the Western European market. The largest importers in this market are France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy and Germany.

Main timber production areas of the region

Conventionally, the territory of the region can be divided into several timber industry regions: Esosibirsk (sawmill center), Boguchansky district (logging center), Kezhemsky district (logging and sawmilling), Krasnoyarsk (sawmilling and pulp and paper mill), Kansk (sawmilling).

Timber industry district of Lesosibirsk

Lesosibirsk is the largest timber industry center in the region and the largest city in the Nizhneangarsk region, which is located on the Yenisei highway 260 - 280 km north of Krasnoyarsk. The city is located 27 km south of the mouth of the river. Hangars. All right-bank logging enterprises on the Angara River have an inconvenient transport location and the city of Lesosibirsk will remain the only place through which forest streams will pass (rafting downstream of the Angara River). In addition, in the city of Lesosibirsk there is a railway Achinsk-Lesosibirsk (274 km). Sawmilling and wood processing are carried out by CJSC Novoyeniseisky LHK, CJSC Lesosibirsky LDK-1, OJSC Maklakovsky LDK. In addition, there are about twenty small enterprises in the city that are engaged in sawmilling, mainly on the basis of P-63 frames, or in the resale of sawlogs to China.

Boguchansky district

Boguchansky district is a leader in logging in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. According to the results of 2004, procurement volumes in the Boguchansky district amount to 3.1 million m3. Sawmilling is not developed in the area. Several small enterprises carry out sawmilling in the area on the basis of the R-63 sawmill, as well as a number of other small lines (machines). The average production volume of sawmills does not exceed 10-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The region has a poorly developed transport infrastructure; the main routes for exporting raw materials from the region are: the railway (single-track line from Karabula station) and the Angara River.

Most of the logging enterprises in the region are located on the left bank of the river. Angara send their products for export to China and Japan, due to high product prices in 2004. Right-bank enterprises cannot transport the harvested volumes to railway sidings, and are forced to float them to the city of Lesosibirsk along the Angara River.

The largest logging enterprise in the region is the Maltat group of companies (harvesting about 700 thousand m3), part of the MS Management group. In addition, the following companies produce harvesting in the region: Shiverales LLC (harvesting about 120 thousand m3), Pashutinskoye CJSC (harvesting about 250 thousand m3), Angarsky LPH CJSC (harvesting about 200 thousand m3), LLC Sibartles" (procurement of about 200 thousand m3) and a number of other enterprises. Currently, the main harvesting is shifting to the right bank of the Angara River due to the depletion of forest reserves on the left bank.

Kezhemsky district.

Timber industry district of Krasnoyarsk

In Krasnoyarsk there are a number of industries aimed at processing timber. Among these productions: OJSC Yenisei Pulp and Paper Mill, OJSC AK Eniseiles, CJSC KLM Co, CJSC Krasnoyarsk Wood Processing Plant, OJSC Krasnoyarsk BCP. In addition, in 2004, the Yenisei woodworking plant was built in the village of Berezovka.

The advantages of Krasnoyarsk as a site for processing raw materials are:

Availability of qualified personnel.

Developed infrastructure.

Availability of a pulp and paper mill where some of the waste can be delivered

production.

The disadvantages of Krasnoyarsk as a site for processing raw materials are:

Lack of raw materials in the city's vicinity leads to growth

transport logistics at least $9-20 per m3 of lumber.

Increasing environmental requirements for city enterprises.

High price for land.

According to Russian Investors - Siberia LLC, projects related to advanced wood processing will be developed in the city. Timber industry district of Kansk There are two main sawmills in Kansk: ZAO LDK Kansky and LLC Kanskwood. In addition, in the city there is OJSC Kansky BHZ, which accepts sawmill waste - chips and sawdust, etc. According to information obtained from open sources, JSC LDK Kansky produces about 46 thousand m3 of lumber annually. In December 2004, a new lumber drying workshop was opened in Kansk. According to public statements by management, already in 2005 the enterprise will process 100 thousand m3. Kanskwood LLC is part of the MS Management group and produces about 15-20 thousand m3 of lumber annually. The company is focused on the production of high-quality larch lumber.

Conclusion

Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

In 2004, the administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory adopted the “Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015”

Implementation of the Concept and main directions of development of the forestry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for the period 2004-2015. will make it possible to involve more currently unclaimed resources of low-quality raw materials into industrial production (due to the introduction of new capacities for advanced wood processing), while ensuring an increase in marketable products per 1 m3 of harvested wood from $25.2 to $70-80 in 2010 and $140-160 in 2015

If the concept is implemented (see Table 4)

The volume of procurement will increase by 1.8 times – from 9.5 to 18 thousand m3

Lumber production will increase 2.5 times – 1.8 to 4.5 thousand m3

Conditions are being created to increase profitability in forestry activities (by an average of 3 times).

The industry's annual profit will be 16.6 billion rubles, while budget income will be about 13.0 billion rubles.

The number of timber industry workers will increase by 15-16 thousand people.

The average salary will be about 16 thousand rubles.

In terms of profitability, the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory can reach the level of investment self-sufficiency for reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production, as well as accumulate funds for equity participation (in the amount of 50-60%) in investing in the new construction of forestry complex facilities, including the development of forest raw materials resources that were previously inaccessible .

Table 4: Calculation of marketable products in 2015 (“Concept for the development of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for 2004-2015”)

Products		Product volume		Product cost (millions of dollars)
Wood removal
Lumber
Total main products
Other products -3-5% (joinery and construction products, sleepers, wood chemicals, etc.)
Total LPK products				2 362,2-2 408,1
	million rubles

References

1. Granberg A. G. Fundamentals of regional economics - M.: State University Higher School of Economics, 2000

2. Regional economics: Textbook for universities/T. G. Morozova M.P. Pobedeeva et al., 2001

3. Economy of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001. Statistical Yearbook

4. Review of the timber industry complex of the Krasnoyarsk Territory LLC “Russian Investors-Siberia”. Statistical Review 2004

5. Magazine “Expert-Siberia” (“Top-200” Krasnoyarsk Territory)

This is the title of the book by a candidate of technical sciences, associate professor of the department of technology and logging equipment of the forest engineering faculty of our university, a patriot of the forest, the author of numerous publications in periodicals (one of them is just on the topic) (and also a member of the board of the Independent Public Ecological Chamber of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; his own Correspondent of "Lesnaya Gazeta" for the Krasnoyarsk Territory, correspondent of the newspaper "Nash Krai") Gennady Semenovich Mironov. The book was published by the Krasnoyarsk publishing house Litera-Print this year and, completely fresh (signed for circulation at the end of August this year), was donated by the author to the library.

Mironov, G. S. Enter the world of the forest: essays based on the exhibitions of the Forest Museum of the Krasnoyarsk Territory / G. S. Mironov. - Krasnoyarsk: Litera-Print, 2013. - 204 p.

The publication is dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Forest Museum (which, as noted in the book, is considered the best in Siberia). And the book is designed according to the occasion - coated paper, each page in color autumn leaves, many illustrations. The author, as if walking through the halls of the museum, talks about certain pages in the development of forestry, occasionally referring to the relevant exhibits. But this is not a tour through the halls of the museum in the traditional sense: the exhibitions remain “unseen” and continue to be a “mystery” for readers - the book in no way replaces a live tour and should interest those who have not yet been to the Forest Museum. I still haven’t been there, although I’ve been to the arboretum, which is opposite the museum, many times. However, there was another reason to postpone this event - our dear friend kedrovnic gave us a very detailed tour of the museum on the pages of her magazine back in June 2010.

In general, despite the fact that the text of the book is very easy to understand (the publication is addressed to a wide range of readers), it is rich in “serious” factual material and can serve as a reference book on the history of the forest industry of the region. Information about the emergence and abolition of certain structures, about the change of their leaders, dates, names is carefully collected and reflected.

Let's go through the chapters of the book.

Introduction is dedicated to the history of the creation of the forest museum and the people - the “culprits” of its creation. It’s interesting that the idea of ​​organizing such a museum arose back in 1920, and it appeared in 1997. Such famous Krasnoyarsk artists as K. S. Voinov, N. M. Shalamov, and designer V. I. Oleinik worked on the creation of the exhibitions. There is also a walk through the halls of the museum with a presentation of the most amazing exhibits. Surprise number 1 - in the museum there is a piece of petrified wood that is about 300 million years old! In the same chapter there is a photograph of the handwritten “Golden Book” about the history of timber exports of the region being presented to the museum by industry veterans. (In the spring of 2012 we spoke with museilesa_krsk regarding the possibility of donating one of the copies of the book to our library.)

Those inexperienced in the history of forestry in general and Krasnoyarsk in particular will find a lot of interesting factual data.
Fact number 1 from the most interesting chapter " Forest and power". "Emperor Peter I is considered the first forester of Russia. In 1703, he introduced strict state regulation of forest use along river banks, banned the cutting of valuable ship trees, and ordered that protected forests be made public. Description of forest resources was the first step towards their rational use" (p. 17).
So, it turns out that the Tsar is considered the first forester in Russia. And he, not Lenin (:

initiated the description of Russian forests.)

Apparently, in relation to the forest as a source of materials for the construction of the fleet, the reason is that even in the 19th century, the uniform of foresters, introduced by decree of Paul I, copied the uniforms of naval officers, and the “forest servicemen” were assigned to the Admiralty and the Navy Department and received their salary there (p. 19).

Fact number 2, testifying to the seriousness and spiritual essence of the activities of “forest service people” is the text of the oath to which the ranks of the forest guard were taken in the nearest church, formed and recorded in the Forest Charter of 1905. In it: “I promise and swear by Almighty God, before His holy Gospel, in that I want and owe His Imperial Majesty... to serve faithfully and unhypocritically and to obey in everything, not sparing my belly to the last drop of blood" (p. 21).

The chapter consistently traces the features of all periods of management of the forestry industry in Russia and the USSR. From here we learn, for example, that it was during the reign of L. I. Brezhnev that decisions were adopted on the development of forest protection belts around fields (field protection afforestation) (P. 23), and when M. S. Gorbachev was in power, in 1987-1988 . The region was experiencing a peak in logging volumes - 23-24 million cubic meters per year (in 1998 they amounted to only 5.5 million) (p. 27). From a more recent history: “In June 1993, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the Regulations on the lease of forest areas” (P. 29) - a revolution in the industry.

Separate, albeit short, The chapter is devoted to the forests of collective and state farms. And not in vain, because these forests for quite a long time, from 1948 to 1965, had a special status - they were assigned “to collective farms for eternal use, and the collective farms themselves were recognized as full users and all products obtained in rural forests as well as income from the sale of wood to other consumers, came at their disposal" (p. 40).

In the chapter " Honored Foresters of Russia" - about the forestry workers of the region who were awarded the honorary title "Honored Forester of the Russian Federation" (established in 1966). Their portraits are hung in the Labor Glory Hall of the museum.

Among them are employees of our university: director of the educational and experimental forestry enterprise () Dmitry Vasilyevich Yurchishin (title awarded in 1995), professor Rimma Nikitichna Matveeva (1998), dean of the forestry faculty (at the time the title was awarded - 2006) Pavel Ivanovich Aminev.

Perhaps one of the most carefully written chapters (with numerous details) " From an ax to a forestry harvester". It seems exciting even to those who are far from technology in the humanities and even encourages them to visit the corresponding large exhibition of the museum :). It is about the development of logging and timber transportation technologies, including old black-and-white documentary photographs.

"The first timber mill in Krasnoyarsk, merchant Lukin, was built in 1893 on the left bank of the Yenisei. In 1910, the Abakan timber mill appeared on the right bank. Raw materials for them were supplied by rafting along the Yenisei. In 1917, a timber mill built by a joint-stock company began operating in the village of Maklakovskoye Society of Shipping, Trade and Industry. It was intended for sawing timber for export along the Northern Sea Route" (P. 52).

Wooden rail track! Did you know about the existence of this? It was laid out right in the forest and the timber was transported along it on horses.

The evolution of such a seemingly banal tool for felling trees as a saw is traced. It turns out that “the saw came to the cutting area only in the middle of the 19th century... With the advent of better quality Swedish saws and files in Russia, loggers began to more willingly use these tools for felling trees” (P. 57). Do you know what a bow saw is? About her on page 60.
An interesting fact from the rules for accepting a cutting area after a team of lumberjacks worked on it in the 1930s: “To guarantee the clearing of the cutting area, a deposit of 10 percent was withheld from the salary of each member of the team. After acceptance of the cutting area by the foreman, the deposit was returned” (p. 59).

Tractors began to be used in logging in the late 30s. This was precisely the period of acute shortage of petroleum products, and therefore the government decided to switch to wood fuel - generator gas. Our (at that time) institute took an active part in the development of gas generator technology
.

Gas-generating cars on flat roads

Gas generator tractor on timber removal

A revolution in logging technology was the appearance in 1948 of the new skidding tractor KT-12. In 1955, it was replaced by the TDT-40, which runs on liquid fuel.

The next big step forward is the introduction of a jaw loader for loading logs and trees. “The authors of the first loader were the Ermakov brothers from the Tashtyp timber industry enterprise. Later, an improved design began to be produced at the Krasnoyarsk Forestry Engineering Plant” (P. 64).
Finally, in the 70s. felling machines appeared.
Machines that later came into use, and even more so, modern technology resembles robots: the operations they perform (cutting branches, grasping and dragging giant logs, etc.) are so similar to the movements of human hands, only huge ones.

Sufficient attention is paid to the evolution of timber rafting technology - transporting timber by water.

In the chapter on forest management You can see rare photographs from the early 20th century. Forest management (or “making forests known”) began a little earlier - at the end of the 19th century, and “by 1917, forest management was carried out in 136 state-owned forest dachas, which were divided into 24 forest districts” (p. 74). Interesting figures regarding 1924 are given

Separate The chapter is devoted to the Krasnoyarsk aviation base for forest protection. The protection of forests from the air in the region began in 1936. Then the first Krasnoyarsk air squad No. 03 of the All-Union Forest Aviation Trust was created. In 1940, it, consisting of 17 air divisions, provided air protection of forests from Lena to Ob with an area of ​​more than 50 million hectares! (p. 83). The history of the detachment is fascinating, given by the author in great detail. By 1986, the Krasnoyarsk air base had become one of the largest in the air forest protection system (the staff numbered 1,300 people) (p. 91).

The successor to the Krasnoyarsk aviation forest protection base became Forest fire center, created in 2010 and uniting all work on air and ground patrolling of forests, as well as air and ground fighting forest fires. This year the number of the Center is 1679 people! Among the technical innovations with which the Center is equipped, the most memorable is the unmanned aerial vehicle used to detect forest fires (P. 97).

At the beginning of 2011, the Forest Museum also became part of the Forest Fire Center. He began to belong to the Department of Propaganda in the Field of Forest Protection. The next chapter is devoted to the latter. Today the Department is headed by the director of the Forest Museum, Natalya Iosifovna Gorskikh.

In the chapter " Forest doctors" - about the Forest Protection Center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This is a branch of the Russian Forest Protection Center. How important such an organization is is immediately convincing historical fact, which, in fact, became the impetus for the formation of a forest protection station in Krasnoyarsk in 1969. These are outbreaks of mass reproduction of the silkworm, which led to the death and damage of forests over an area of ​​more than 10 million hectares. The “result” of the last major outbreak in the 90s was 480 hectares of dark coniferous plantations on the territory of seven forestry enterprises of the Angara-Yenisei group (p. 111).
Today, the Forest Protection Center has the capabilities of modern laboratories - phytopathological, entomological, radiation control; in its structure there is a forest seed station, a department of geographic information systems and technologies, a department of genetics and selection. Gennady Semenovich tells what successes the latter has achieved in studying plant DNA (including within the framework of international projects) and how these results can be used. Really fantastic!

Next chapter " Forest science in the Krasnoyarsk region" - about two centers of forest science: the V. N. Sukachev Forest Institute of the SB RAS and the All-Russian Research Institute of Forest Fire Protection and Forestry Mechanization (VNIIPOMleskhoz). The latter functioned for 30 years - from 1978 to 2008. - as an application center for the development of technologies for fighting forest fires.
The Forest Institute moved to Krasnoyarsk from Moscow in 1959. Why, after the institute was included in the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was it transferred to our city? But because at that time a number of scientific and industrial forestry institutions already existed here. Among them, our institute (then SibLTI - Siberian Forestry Engineering Institute) is the largest beyond the Urals.

“The institute’s staff was tasked with creating a block of normative documents that would determine the conduct of basic forestry work in Siberia, taking into account the specifics of forests” (p. 122). The activities of the institute, therefore, extended not only to the Krasnoyarsk region. For example, in the 60s, the institute worked on recommendations for preserving the environment-forming properties of forests in the Lake Baikal basin. The fact is that the purity of the lake’s waters depends on how the surrounding forests function.
The Institute has held and now holds a leading position. In the 80s, the institute became a leader in the research and use of aerospace information in forestry, and today it has acquired the status of “the most qualified scientific institution in the country” (p. 127).

A special exhibition of the museum is dedicated to educational institutions of the region that train specialists for the forestry industry. The chapter is dedicated to two of them - Siberian State Technical University and Divnogorsk Forestry Technical School " Forest education". The author traces the fate of the three “forest” faculties of the Siberian Technological University: forestry (LHF), forest engineering (LIF) and the faculty of forest exploitation and transport. The first of them was the first. Actually, it was he who was transferred in 1930 to Krasnoyarsk from Omsk, when the Siberian Institute of Agriculture and Forestry was disbanded there. The faculty was opened back in 1922, and therefore (paradox!) it is older than Siberian State Technical University. Talking about the forestry faculty, Gennady Semenovich pays significant attention to Krutovsky’s garden. The second faculty, LIF, is the same age as our university , it was founded simultaneously with its opening in 1930. In 1935, the third “forestry” faculty was created.

Among the scientific and innovative developments of the institute, the author highlights the work of the department of water transport in the 50s. This is the development of technology for wood rafting under conditions of severe wind-wave conditions at the reservoirs of the Kama and Volzhsky cascades of hydroelectric power stations (p. 141).
In the city one can trace quite a few scientific and cultural phenomena that originate in the first Krasnoyarsk university. So in the book “Enter the World of the Forest” I discovered a manifestation of this historical tendency. In 1956, V.N. Borisov, dean of the forest engineering faculty since 1949, was appointed rector of the newly created Krasnoyarsk Polytechnic Institute.
The Divnogorsk forestry technical school, which opened in 1975, turns out to be the best in Russia today (p. 145). Although this surprised me less than the fact that “into the structure educational institution includes a vast area of ​​forest suburban area Divnogorsk and the territory of the Emelyanovsky district with a total area of ​​6 thousand hectares" (P. 144) (!).

The last and most voluminous chapter " Green gold of Siberia"is dedicated to individual trees - larch, Scots pine, cedar, spruce, fir, birch, aspen, bird cherry, hawthorn, willow, poplar, rowan, alder, acacia. I wanted to skip it when getting acquainted with the book, but it didn’t work out: the characteristics of the trees are lovingly given , indicating very interesting and unusual properties. “So, for the Yakut aborigines, larch often replaced bread. Not the wood itself, of course, but the bast located on the inside of the bark. White succulent ribbons were separated from the trunk, boiled in water, then diluted with sour milk and eaten" (P. 153).

After processing, the book will go to the reading room of natural science literature. Come, read, consider.