Biological waste in animal husbandry article. On approval of the procedure for managing biological waste on the territory of the rural settlement of Rakhmanovskoye, Pavlovo Posad municipal district, Moscow region

Russian President Vladimir Putin approved a list of instructions on the management of livestock waste. The Kremlin press service reports this.

In accordance with instructions, the government Russian Federation by March 1, 2017, it is necessary to submit proposals to stimulate the use of agricultural products modern technologies waste disposal livestock farming In addition, by June 1, 2017, the Cabinet of Ministers must ensure the introduction of amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation providing for increased administrative liability for violation of the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation on environmental assessment and non-compliance with environmental and sanitary-epidemiological requirements when handling livestock waste.

In turn, the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation has been instructed to systematically verify the implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of management of production and consumption waste (as it relates to the management of livestock waste), as well as the legislation of the Russian Federation on environmental assessment in this area. It is necessary to report before December 1, 2017, then annually.

List of some regulatory legal acts containing requirements for livestock waste

1) clauses 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 of the Veterinary and Sanitary Rules for the collection, disposal and destruction of biological waste, approved by the Chief State Veterinary Inspector of the Russian Federation on December 4, 1995 No. 13-7-2/469 (as amended by August 16, 2007);
2) Art. 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation of May 14, 1993 No. 4979-1 “On Veterinary Medicine”, according to which animal owners and producers of animal products are obliged to comply with established veterinary and sanitary rules for the transportation and slaughter of animals, processing, storage and sale of animal products, and to prevent contamination environment animal waste;
3) art. 22 of the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population", according to which production and consumption waste is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for health population and habitat and which must be carried out in accordance with sanitary rules and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation;
4) Art. 51 of the Federal Law of January 10, 2002 No. 7-FZ "On Environmental Protection", according to which production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, are subject to collection, use and neutralization, transportation, storage and disposal, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Removal, processing and disposal of waste from hazard classes 1 to 5

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Livestock and poultry wastes become sources of environmental pollution. Russian livestock enterprises use modern equipment to keep livestock, but farms equipped modern technology for processing manure and droppings, it is extremely small.

Composition of animal waste

Solid and liquid excreta from livestock and poultry, which includes water, feed residues and gases, is called animal waste.

Animal waste products are divided into two types: manure and droppings.

Both types of excrement are distinguished by the degree of freshness. They can be either fresh or rotted.

Due to the possible presence of metal compounds, drugs and various chemical pollution in manure and droppings, they are classified as unstable organic pollutants.

According to World Organization Health Animal feces and wastewater are breeding grounds for approximately one hundred types of diseases that affect both animals and humans.

Livestock waste management

Livestock waste is classified into hazard classes 3-5, depending on the degree of freshness. Their treatment is regulated by two laws: “On production and consumption waste” and “On licensing individual species activities."

For farmers, manure and droppings are not an environmental threat, but valuable raw materials for production organic fertilizers. Fresh excrement is sent to storage facilities, where it is rotted, dried, and becomes ready to fertilize the soil of agricultural fields.

However, according to the latest estimates, in Russia more than half of this “product” is not used or neutralized, so more than two million hectares of land are occupied by manure storage alone. This amount of livestock waste can cover almost half the area of ​​the Moscow region.

Control of circulation

In Russia, control is carried out by three authorities: Rospotrebnadzor, Rosselkhoznadzor and Rosprirodnadzor. They are authorized to collect, transport, neutralize and process livestock and poultry waste.

At the beginning of 2017, it was proposed to introduce administrative liability and collect fines for violation of sanitary and epidemiological norms and rules.

The following requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation can be applied to livestock waste as production waste:

1. According to Article No. 11 of Federal Law No. 174-FZ “On Environmental Expertise” (as amended on December 28, 2017), a state environmental expertise of the documentation of places used for waste disposal and disposal is required.
2. Obtaining a license for all types of livestock waste management activities is prescribed by the Licensing Law No. 99-FZ.
3. The order on cadastral registration of waste approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources requires the inclusion of manure and litter storage facilities in the state register of waste disposal sites.
4. Payment for negative impact on the environment (NEOS).

It is also necessary to develop waste class passports and introduce limits on their disposal.

Now the issue of excrement disposal is a source of conflict between regulatory authorities and farmers. However, only through interaction with government authorities is it possible to create a structured system for processing livestock waste.

Disposal methods

There are four main technologies for recycling animal waste, which include:

• Processing excrement into compost.
• Reuse of animal waste as feed for livestock and poultry.
• Bioenergetic method of utilization.
• Transport to the fields.

Removal is a traditional method of processing animal excrement, which was convenient when keeping livestock small. plot of land. The manure was piled up in one heap, where it gradually turned into humus, suitable for fertilizing the soil.

Now this method of disposal causes a large number of problems not only financial, but also environmental. Transportation of large masses of waste requires high costs, and storage of unlined manure is rarely carried out according to the rules, which leads to pollution of the biosphere.

The composting technique requires the presence of special sites, various equipment and a large amount of materials (for example, straw, peat), which reduce the moisture level in poultry and livestock waste.

Using chicken manure as an example, you can disassemble a composting system.

1. A thick layer of peat chips up to 40 centimeters in size is poured onto the site. Litter is placed on top of it.
2. Using a bulldozer, peat is mixed with manure.
3. The resulting pile is covered with peat.
4. In this form, compost is stored for two months in winter, one month in summer.

If you follow all technological rules, then at the final stage of composting you get high-quality fertilizer.

When composting up to 40% useful substances, which are contained in animal waste, evaporate.

A large amount of useful substances contained in feed for poultry and livestock are not digested and remain in excrement. Therefore, treated poultry and livestock waste is used for re-feeding livestock.

For example, treated chicken manure is used as a feed additive for bull calves. It is processed and disinfected at very high temperatures Oh.

All unnecessary and dangerous components for animals that have not been digested are removed from the litter: seeds, feathers and fluff. The finished product contains up to thirty percent protein, which, when mixed with feed, provides good daily weight gain.

Bioenergetic method of disposal

The bioenergy method helps solve several basic problems that processing requires:

1. Collection and disposal.
2. Neutralization of hazardous gaseous substances.
3. Obtaining purified fertilizer for the soil.
4. Receiving fuel.

New recycling methods

All of the above methods are used today, however, with the expansion of technological capabilities, new, more productive ways of disposing of manure and droppings are emerging.

Among them are vermiculture and fish-breeding biological ponds.

Vermiculture is a biotechnology that turns waste into natural protein.

Worm farming has two purposes:

1. Maximum recycling of waste into fertilizer.
2. Increasing worm biomass.

The process occurs as follows: worms accelerate the breakdown of biowaste several times, and quite short time convert excrement into purified fertilizer.

Thanks to active processing, the biomass of the worms themselves increases, which are used as feed for pigs and poultry.

Fish-biological ponds

The natural self-purification system of reservoirs, due to the serious anthropogenic impact on the environment, cannot cope with the removal of polluting components.

In fish-breeding ponds, waste serves as food for algae and zooplankton, which, in turn, gradually clean and process it.

This is how organic fertilizers are extracted from animal waste and new livestock feed (for example, excess duckweed).

The management of livestock waste remains an important issue for environmental users, and for many the answer is not at all obvious. The legislation is structured in such a way that, from one point of view, manure and droppings are considered waste, and from the other, raw materials and goods, so at the same time different requirements apply to them. Milknews figured out how the waste management sector is regulated and how enterprises work with it in practice.

How does regulation work?

1. Waste as waste

Industrial waste is divided into 5 hazard classes according to the degree of negative impact on the environment; their list is contained in the Federal Classification Catalog of Waste, abbreviated as FKKO. In each group of livestock waste (cattle, horses, pigs, camels, etc.) the types of manure at different stages of rotting are prescribed - fresh manure (newly formed) and rotted (past natural process getting rid of moisture and decomposition). In accordance with the “condition” of the waste, they are assigned a certain hazard class, for example, fresh manure of cattle, small animals and wild animals after overheating moves from the fourth to the fifth hazard class, and fresh pig manure and droppings - from the third to the fourth.

2. Waste as fertilizer

At the same time, manure and droppings are considered organic fertilizers - there is a separate GOST R 53042-2008 “Organic Fertilizers”, which specifies its characteristics, as well as guidelines on preparing waste for use. The requirements are as follows: waste must be removed mechanically or hydraulically, transported by pumps and pipelines, and it must be neutralized either by composting in piles for six months or by anaerobic digestion in digesters.

Waste prepared for use as fertilizer must be free of pathogens and weed seeds, and the amount of nutrients must be normalized in accordance with veterinary and environmental requirements.

Can the waste be considered safe?

Member of the Academic Council of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Organic Fertilizers and Peat, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Ecology Department Sergei Tarasov explained to Milknews why two requirements are simultaneously applied to waste. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, waste refers to substances that are removed, intended or subject to disposal, at the same time, according to GOST 30772-2001, waste disposal is the collection, sorting, transportation and processing of waste with its burial or destruction.

“Based on these definitions, cattle manure cannot be classified as waste, since it is not destroyed and is not subject to burial, but is used either as organic fertilizer or raw material for their production. Currently, according to the clarification of the Ministry of Natural Resources, manure is defined as a by-product of production, which must have accompanying documentation with safety requirements: product passport - technical conditions,
establishing uniform requirements for their safety and quality, technological production regulations, test reports and accounting of volumes of production and use of organic fertilizers on the farm. In practice, the documents that regulate the safety of manure today are GOST R and the interstate GOST “Organic fertilizers based on livestock waste. Specifications”, which will soon be changed to apply only to manure and droppings.

These documents stipulate that the safety of cattle manure is regulated by biological, toxicological and radiological indicators - if the manure produced on farms meets the requirements of the standards, this product, in accordance with the instructions of VNIIVSGE, can be used in the form of fertilizer after undergoing quarantine. If the manure does not meet the requirements, the by-product is processed in accordance with standard technologies for the production of bedding-free manure and solid organic fertilizers,” Tarasov said.

Fifteen years ago, the All-Russian Research Institute of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology conducted a study, as a result of which scientists came to the conclusion that agricultural waste is low-hazard and non-toxic, since it consists of organic matter. Then Rosprirodnadzor, which supervises the FKKO, rejected the recommendations of scientists, so the hazard classes of waste have not changed to this day, and all activities related to waste are subject to licensing.

In September 2018, at a meeting with the Deputy Minister Agriculture Dzhambulata Khatuova, head of the laboratory of zoohygiene and environmental protection of VNIIVSGE Vladimir Tyurin, defended the position of the institute, stating that litter and manure can be classified as low-hazard waste. When asked by Milknews to explain how the safety of the waste was justified, VNIIVSGE responded that they were no longer dealing with this problem.

Tarasov does not share the position of the researchers and does not believe that the hazard class of livestock waste needs to be reduced. According to him, without neutralization, waste cannot be considered safe, since unrotted manure releases ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and toxic gases. “If theory is not enough, there are also practical examples - in Soviet times In one of the Suzdal farms, an accident occurred; repairmen without gas masks climbed into the hatches of the manure removal channels and died,” Tarasov summed up.

What are the challenges for the industry?

If we consider manure as an industrial waste, then the legislation requires its owner to develop a waste passport in accordance with the hazard class, conduct an environmental assessment of the design documentation of the facilities (!), obtain a separate license for activities related to waste of a certain hazard class (!!), enter manure storage facilities into the state register of waste disposal sites (!!!) and, of course, pay a fee for the negative impact on the environment.

Livestock waste is usually stored for about a year, so storage facilities must be entered into the GRORO (state register) and obtain a license. The law is structured in such a way that, for example, the use of rotted manure of the fifth hazard class from your cow as fertilizer for fields falls under the concept of disposal, and therefore must be licensed. The re-rotation of waste in lagoons, in turn, according to the law, fully falls within the scope of their neutralization, which, in turn, requires undergoing an examination and, again, obtaining a license.

Even if an enterprise has its own storage facilities that meet all the requirements and have all the necessary installations for waste disposal, but is located outside the main production site, it is necessary to obtain a license for both facilities. In addition, transport of manure between sites and waste preparation activities must also be licensed because they fall within the definition of waste treatment.

The costs of large enterprises for waste processing can reach up to 400-1500 rubles per ton, which on an annual basis can significantly affect the economy, and for small and medium-sized enterprises, in turn, it may be expensive to even obtain a license, not to mention the purchase of the necessary equipment . Websites that provide services for obtaining licenses for all types of activities offer to pay from 250 thousand to 2 million rubles for assistance in obtaining a license, depending on the hazard class and region.

In addition to the waste license, you will need an expert sanitary and epidemiological report, which is provided free of charge to the law. Websites with legal consulting services offer “help with registration” or get an urgent opinion for 30-150 thousand rubles. Registration and use of agrochemicals from manure and litter costs more - from 2 million rubles with a registration period of 6 months. To these costs should be added the cost of development and all the necessary equipment for processing.

How does a business find solutions?

As Ramon Schenk, Deputy General Director for Production at EkoNiva-APK Holding, told Milknews, the holding’s agricultural enterprises work with manure as follows: the manure is placed in lagoons, where separation into solid and liquid phases occurs around the clock. The solid fraction goes to bedding for animals, the liquid fraction goes completely to fertilizer, which is applied not superficially, but subsoil, through a hose system.

Dmitry Gritskikh, head of the environmental protection department of EkoNiva-APK Holding LLC, told Milknews that despite the seemingly transparency of regulatory requirements, there are contradictions between 89-FZ and regulations of other government departments.

“So, 99-FZ “On Licensing” is clearly aimed at the type of activity (OKVED). In our case, the main activity is cattle breeding, and not waste management and making a profit from it. By this logic, we do not need a license.

The second important point outlined in 89-FZ is that waste refers to substances and objects that are disposed of. However, in our case, the substances called “cattle manure” and “rotted cattle manure” remain in a closed cycle of auxiliary production that supports the main activity. Thus, we do not remove manure, but use it. Accordingly, Article 1 of 89-FZ conflicts with Art. 14. Three years ago, Article 1 stated that a legal entity independently determines what is waste in the process of production activities, but now it immediately states that waste is substances and objects that are disposed of,” Gritskikh said.

According to the expert, there is another contradiction in the legislation: according to the Federal Law “On Technical Regulation” legal entities in production processes, residues of raw materials and materials may be involved in production circulation.

“Thus, if an enterprise understands that it can use any by-product of its activities for its own benefit, then it is obliged to develop and approve Technological Regulations for the main production and Technological Regulations for auxiliary production. The latter, in our case, is the Technological Regulations for the production of bioorganic fertilizer based on cattle manure. Having developed specifications, we can safely use the by-product as a raw material, but we return to FKKO and see that at the legislative level, manure remains a waste at all stages of its occurrence and processing. Therefore, I believe that 89-FZ needs to be finalized in this part and break the fine line between the concepts of “waste” and “raw materials,” the expert comments.

“Work is underway to improve legislation. Last fall, I spoke as a representative of the Voronezh region at a meeting at the Ministry natural resources Russia with the participation of the largest agricultural enterprises, where he made his proposals on pressing issues and was heard,” concludes Gritskikh.

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The material is current as of 08/04/2014

Biological waste management

In the Russian Federation, the problem of legislative and technological support for handling waste has not yet been resolved. biological waste, although the presence in the country of a system of measures to streamline the handling and disposal of biological waste is one of the conditions for ensuring the epidemiological well-being of the population.

Biological waste is (clause 1.2 of the Rules):

• corpses of animals and birds, incl. laboratory;
• aborted and stillborn fetuses;
• veterinary confiscations (meat, fish, other products of animal origin), identified after a veterinary and sanitary examination at slaughterhouses, slaughterhouses, meat and fish processing organizations, markets, trade organizations and other facilities;
• other waste obtained from the processing of food and non-food raw materials of animal origin.

To date, there is no approved classification of biological waste.

Pet owners, on time no more than a day from the moment of the death of an animal or the discovery of an aborted or stillborn fetus, they are required to notify a veterinary specialist who, based on the results of the inspection, determines the procedure for the disposal or destruction of biological waste.

• processing at veterinary and sanitary recycling plants (workshops) in accordance with the Rules;
• disinfection in biothermal pits;
• destruction by burning;
• burial in specially designated places (in exceptional cases).

Biological waste infected or contaminated with pathogens (clause 1.9 of the Rules):

• anthrax, emphysematous carbuncle, rinderpest, camel plague, rabies, tularemia, tetanus, malignant edema, bluetongue of cattle and sheep, African swine fever, botulism, glanders, epizootic lymphangitis, melioidosis (false glanders), myxomatosis, hemorrhagic disease of rabbits, bird plague burned on site, as well as in incinerators or in specially designated areas ;
• encephalopathy, scrapie, adenomatosis, visnamaedi processed into meat and bone meal. If it is impossible to recycle, they are subject to incineration. ;
• diseases not previously registered in Russia, burn .

If biological waste is radioactively contaminated at a dose of 0.000001 Cu/kg or higher, it must be buried in special storage facilities in accordance with the requirements for radioactive waste.

Cleaning and transportation of biological waste

For disinfection, use one of the following chemicals: 4 percent hot solution caustic soda, 3% formaldehyde solution, a solution of preparations containing at least 3% active chlorine at a liquid consumption rate of 0.5 liters per 1 sq.m of area or other disinfectants specified in the current rules for veterinary disinfection of livestock facilities.

Workwear is disinfected by soaking in a 2% formaldehyde solution for 2 hours.

Disposal of biological waste

Biological waste approved by the veterinary service for processing for feed purposes at veterinary and sanitary factories, in the workshops of technical factories of meat processing plants, and recycling shops of livestock farms is subjected to sorting and grinding (clause 3.1 of the Rules).

It is allowed to remove skins from fresh corpses, which are disinfected in the manner and means in accordance with the current rules.

Utilization shops of livestock farms process biological waste obtained only in this farm. The import of biological waste from other farms and organizations is strictly prohibited.

Biological waste approved by a veterinarian for processing, except for those specified in paragraph 3.4 of the Rules, after thorough grinding, can be boiled in open or closed boilers for 2 hours from the moment the water boils.

The resulting boiled feed is used only within the farm within 12 hours from the moment of production for feeding pigs or poultry as an additive to the main diet.

Destruction of biological waste

Burial in earthen pits

• at mass death animals from natural disaster and the impossibility of their transportation for disposal, burning or disinfection in biothermal pits - by decision of the Chief State Veterinary Inspector of the republic, another subject of the Russian Federation;
• in the reindeer breeding zone (permafrost areas), in the absence of the possibility of constructing and equipping cattle burial grounds. For this purpose, special areas are allocated in pastures and along the routes of nomadic herds, if possible in dry, elevated places not visited by deer.

At the selected location, dig a trench at least 2 m deep. The length and width of the trench depend on the number of animal corpses. The bottom of the pit is covered with dry bleach or other chlorine-containing disinfectant with an active chlorine content of at least 25%, at the rate of 2 kg per 1 sq.m of area. Directly in the trench, before burial, the abdominal cavity of dead animals is opened in order to prevent spontaneous opening of the grave due to accumulated gases, and then the corpses are sprinkled with the same disinfectant. The trench is filled with excavated soil. A mound with a height of at least 1 m is poured over the grave and it is fenced off in accordance with the requirements of clause 5.6 of the Rules. There will be no further burials at this location.

Destruction of corpses of experimentally infected animals

The corpses of laboratory animals infected during a diagnostic study of pathological material are disposed of depending on the results of the study (clause 4.2.1 of the Rules):

• when isolating pathogens listed in clause 1.9 of the Rules, the corpses of laboratory animals are burned or disinfected by autoclaving at 2.0 atm. for 2 hours, followed by dumping of disinfected residues into a biothermal pit;
• in case of isolation of pathogens of other diseases and if the results of the study are negative, the corpses are processed at veterinary and sanitary plants, dumped in a biothermal pit or burned.

The corpses of animals experimentally infected with pathogens specified in clause 1.9 of the Rules, as well as other pathogens classified as groups 1 and 2, when working with cultures of pathogenic microorganisms, and subsequently dead or killed, are burned, disinfected by autoclaving at 1.5 atm. for 2 hours, followed by dumping of disinfected residues into a biothermal pit.

The corpses of dead or euthanized laboratory animals experimentally infected with pathogens of other groups of microorganisms are burned, dumped in biothermal pits or processed into meat and bone meal (clause 4.2.3 of the Rules).

Incineration of biological waste

The combustion of biological waste is carried out under the supervision of a veterinary specialist, in special furnaces or earthen trenches (pits) until a non-combustible inorganic residue is formed (clause 4.3.1 of the Rules).

Methods for constructing earthen trenches (pits) for burning corpses:

• dig two trenches, arranged crosswise, 2.6 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.5 m deep. A layer of straw is placed at the bottom of the trench, then firewood to the upper edge of the hole. Rubber waste or other solid combustible materials can be used instead of firewood. In the middle, at the junction of the trenches (crossbar), crossbars made of raw logs or metal beams are placed and the corpse of the animal is placed on them. The corpse is lined with firewood on the sides and top and covered with sheets of metal. The firewood in the pit is doused with kerosene or other flammable liquid and set on fire;
• They dig a hole (trench) measuring 2.5 x 1.5 m and a depth of 0.7 m, and the excavated earth is laid parallel to the longitudinal edges of the hole in the form of a ridge. The pit is filled with dry firewood, stacked in a cage, up to the top edge of the pit, and across it. Three to four metal beams or damp logs are placed on an earthen mound, on which the corpse is then placed. After this, the wood is set on fire;
• They dig a hole measuring 2.0 x 2.0 m and a depth of 0.75 m, at the bottom of it they dig a second hole measuring 2.0 x 1.0 m and a depth of 0.75 m. A layer of straw is placed at the bottom of the lower hole and it is filled with dry firewood. Firewood is doused with kerosene or other flammable liquid. At both ends of the pit, between the woodpile and the earthen wall, an empty space of 15-20 cm is left for better air draft. The lower pit is covered with crossbars made of damp logs, on which the animal's corpse is placed. The corpse is covered with firewood on the sides and top, then with a layer of peat (dung) and the wood is set on fire in the lower pit.

Trenches (pits) of the specified sizes are intended for burning the corpses of large animals. When burning carcasses of small animals, the dimensions are reduced accordingly (clause 4.3.3 of the Rules).

Ash and other unburnt inorganic residues are buried in the same pit where the burning took place.

Cattle burial grounds (biothermal pits) are placed on a dry, elevated plot of land with an area of ​​at least 600 sq.m.

The groundwater level must be at least 2 m from the ground surface.

The size of the sanitary protection zone from the cattle burial ground (biothermal pit) to (clause 5.4 of the Rules):

• residential, public buildings, livestock farms (complexes) - 1,000 m;
• cattle runs and pastures - 200 m;
• automotive, railways depending on their category 50-300 m.

Biothermal pits located on the territory of state veterinary organizations are part of the auxiliary structures. The distance between the pit and the production buildings of veterinary organizations located in this territory is not regulated.

The territory of the cattle burial ground (biothermal pit) is fenced off with a solid fence at least 2 m high with an entrance gate. From the inside of the fence along the entire perimeter, a trench is dug 0.8-1.4 m deep and at least 1.5 m wide with a shaft constructed from the excavated soil.

A bridge is built across the trench.

Construction of cattle burial grounds and biothermal pits

The burial ground (biothermal pit) must have convenient access roads.

Before entering its territory, a hitching post is set up for animals that were used to deliver biological waste.

Operation of cattle burial grounds and biothermal pits

Cattle burial grounds and biothermal pits owned by organizations are operated at their expense (clause 6.1 of the Rules).

The gates of the cattle burial ground and the lids of the biothermal pits are locked with locks, the keys to which are kept by specially appointed persons or a veterinary specialist of the farm (department) on whose territory the facility is located.

Before being discharged into a biothermal pit for disinfection, biological waste is subjected to a veterinary examination. At the same time, the compliance of each material (by tags) with the accompanying documents is checked. If necessary, a pathological autopsy of corpses is carried out (clause 6.3 of the Rules).

After each discharge of biological waste, the pit lid is tightly closed.

When a biological substrate decomposes under the influence thermophilic bacteria, an environment temperature of about 65-70 degrees C is created, which ensures the death of pathogenic microorganisms.

Allowed reuse biothermal pit 2 years after the last discharge of biological waste and the exclusion of the causative agent of anthrax in samples of humidified material taken throughout the depth of the pit every 0.25 m. The humidified residue is buried on the territory of the cattle burial ground in the ground.

After cleaning the pits, the integrity of the walls and bottom is checked, and if necessary, they are repaired.

• at least 2 years have passed into the biothermal pit;
• in an earthen pit - at least 25 years.

An industrial facility should not be associated with the reception, production and processing of food and feed.

Construction work is allowed to be carried out only after disinfection of the territory of the cattle burial ground with methyl bromide or another drug in accordance with the current rules and subsequent negative laboratory analysis of soil samples and gummed residue for anthrax.

In case of flooding of a cattle burial ground during the construction of hydraulic structures or flood waters, its territory is dug with a trench at least 2 m deep. The excavated soil is placed on the territory of the cattle burial ground and, together with the burial mounds, is leveled and rolled. The trench and the territory of the cattle burial ground are concreted. The thickness of the concrete layer above the ground surface must be at least 0.4 m.

Responsibility for the design, sanitary condition and equipment of a cattle burial ground (biothermal pit) in accordance with the Rules rests with the local administration and heads of organizations in charge of these facilities.

Livestock waste is manure and bedding of cattle and pigs, liquid manure, and chicken droppings.

Every year, livestock and poultry farms in Russia produce 200-250 million tons of manure and 20-25 million tons of litter, and the total volumes of liquid waste reach 700-800 million tons. Manure is produced every day: from one head of cattle - 45 kg, pigs - 4.5 kg, poultry - 0.1 kg (Table 5.10). Over the course of a year, a poultry farm with a capacity of 10 million broilers per year produces 15-20 thousand tons of litter and manure)