Deep secrets of the Black Sea. An explosion of hydrogen sulfide is possible in the depths of the Black Sea. The lad warned. The Black Sea - the grave of our ancestors The northwestern part of the Black Sea map

Published: 11.03.2018 Category: Author's essay / Republic of Crimea

"Bay" is a word derived from the German Bucht (a separate part of the land). Such pieces of the coast, isolated by the features of the relief, can have large reservoirs. The bays of Crimea (significant only 75) have a variety of attractions. Some of them have been turned into a series of convenient beaches.

Details about bathing recreations can be found at http://hochu-na-yuga.ru/krym/. And here we will only give general information about the Tauride waters, sometimes very stingy. It is worth noting that the peculiarity of the peninsula is that not a single mini-bay is similar to another. For convenience, all the bays are divided by geographical location, and the bays of Sevastopol are placed in a separate section. In the review, we move from the East Bank through the South to the West Bank.

Bays of Eastern Crimea

The eastern bays of Crimea lie in two coastal landscapes - steppe (around the city of Kerch and in the Leninsky district), as well as small-rocky (southwest of the city of Feodosia).

Kazantipskaya

A huge inflow in the Sea of ​​​​Azov - between the cape of the same name and the Chagany peninsula. The length of the coast is 28 kilometers (it is already considered a bay, but the second largest after Feodosia). The average depth is 8 meters. On its different sides there are such settlements as Mysovoe and Novootradnoe. The sea edge is shell-sandy. Entry into the water here is quite shallow, "childish". Inside are small coves. About them below.

Arabatskaya

By the length of the water's edge, it takes the 2nd place (in the rating of the eastern Crimea) - after the Kazantip. Popular holiday destination. Indeed, in summer, in local shallow waters, the temperature of the Azov water reaches + 29 ° C. In the west, it rests on an elongated spit with the same name. The surface is mostly shell rock. They get here through the villages of Kamenskoye and Zavodskoye. In the east it borders on the Aktash Upland.

Russian

This is a bay in the west of Cape Kazantip. There is a resort village on its shell rock. It is known only thanks to the elite guest house "Russian Bay" and the proximity to some beaches of the village of Shchelkino. The length of the edge is only 4 kilometers.

Tatar

It is located, on the contrary, in the east of Kazantip (village of Azov), also being part of it. The shell is small. Very clean. The sea is shallow. The place was chosen by windsurfers.

Wide

This is the harbor of the resort village of Semenovka and garden plots adjacent to it.

Turquoise

The southern extension of the Shirokaya Bay (still Semenovka). There is a famous hotel here. Arriving here, you can explore all the iron ore deposits of the Kerch Peninsula. Just take a closer look at the different layers of the 20-meter ravine, the “wall” of the bay.

Kitenskaya

Rest in the bays of Crimea for some tourists is to enjoy the "golden" sands. Some of them go in an arc between Capes Kiten and Krasny Kut (between the villages of Semyonovka and Zavodskoye). The highlight of the location is sandy beaches 30 m wide.

Bulganak (Rifov)

Reef Bay, this place was nicknamed because of the pitfalls. Thanks to them, many ships ran aground (this point is interesting for divers). In the south and southwest, the coasts are steep and steep. Yurkino Farm stands on the southeastern side. In the background is the city of Temir-Oba.

Marine Corps (Chokrakskaya)

Southern end of Perekop Bay

The most northern bay of the western coast (of those that are of recreational importance) is a heavily dissected water area, in the north of which stands the city of Krasnoperekopsk. There are sandy beaches in the extreme south of the bay (the village of Portovoe, Lebyazhy Islands). And the sand here is snow-white, although it is mixed with various plant sediments and shells! In fact, this is the southern section of the Perekop Bay.

Bays of Sevastopol

Those bays of the Crimea, which are located within the metropolis of Sevastopol, are the closest adjacent. No wonder the natives conditionally divide the city into their coastlines. The settlement was created as the largest Crimean port - just taking into account the amazing features of the local (exceptionally rocky) coast.

Sevastopol

We are talking about the largest bay of the Black Sea, because its area is 8 square kilometers, and its length coastline- almost 25.5 kilometers. It is of strategic importance for the Russian Federation - the main base of our fleet is located here. It is also located far from the last important trading port. There are marine factories and enterprises. Inside this water area (like in a large matryoshka doll) there are several more bays hidden. The eastern end of this basin is the estuary of the Chernaya River. And in terms of ease of navigation, only the bays of Hong Kong and Sydney can be compared with this corner of the oceans.

South

The rest of the bays of Sevastopol, lying inside the bay of Sevastopol, do not have such monumental significance. This is the most prestigious place in the city (Sea and Railway Stations, Grafskaya Pier, Lenin St. and many other business cards are located here).

Quarantine

These bays of Sevastopol (Southern and Karantinnaya) are separated by a small Artillery Bay. Unlike the first, the second is two-section.

Sandy (New)

Further to the west, the southern side of the Sevastopol Bay continues with this water area. The boulevard of the park named after A. Akhmatova and st. Efremov. There is a beach here. It consists of imported sand. This explains the name of the "new" harbor.

Streletskaya

The “deepened” bays of Crimea continue to move west, the longest is Streletskaya. Around it is Rybatsky Pier Avenue and the Presidential Cadet School.

Holland

This is the only bay of Sevastopol known to tourists, lying on the northern side of the Sevastopol Bay. On its embankments there is the Poklonny Cross, the square of Kurchatov Street, a noisy beach.

Cossack

Some bays of Crimea are outgrowths of larger bases. For example, Cossack Harbor - East End Double bay. It is popular for the excavations of Strabonov Chersonese, an abandoned airfield, three beaches, and also for riding on “water parachutes”.

Marble (Moon)

It is located far south of the center of the agglomeration - 2.5 kilometers east of Cape Fiolent. Pink limestone is mined here, very similar to marble. Reminds me of a sickle.

The city district also includes four more well-known bays of Sevastopol:

• Kamyshovaya - coordinates 44.584000, 33.424937. Oil berths, Rybakov street.
• Salty - coordinates 44.575320, 33.404096. 4 beaches, dolphinarium, airfield museum.
• Artillery - coordinates 44.613761, 33.518766. Embankments of Kornilov and Klokachev, Southern Hermitage, dolphinarium and zoo, 7 prestigious restaurants.
• Round - coordinates 44.601562, 33.444970. Yacht club, Parus stadium, Omega beach, Green Theatre, ruins of ancient settlements, a sanatorium, a hotel, 3 restaurants and an arboretum (located on Heroes of Stalingrad Avenue).

So, we have chosen for you the most curious (from the point of view of travelers) bays of Crimea. To those who are awarded a great story, photos are attached. And the role of bays can theoretically be performed by some lakes, resting with their ends already in the sea, but this is a completely different story ...

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Considering relief the Black Sea bottom, we can distinguish:

• shelf;
• extended continental slope;
• deep basin.

The widest part of the shelf (about 200 km) is located in the northwest of the Black Sea. The thickness of the water layer here is 110 - 160 meters. The depth of water above the shelf in other places of the sea is less and, as a rule, does not exceed 110 m. The width is from 10 to 15 km (near the Turkish coast - 2.5 km).

The continental slope is heterogeneous, heavily dissected by underwater valleys and canyons. Its steepness in some areas reaches 20-30°. From Sinop to Samsun, a system of deep ridges stretches almost parallel to the coast. Their total length is about 150 km. The bottom of the basin is an accumulative plain, deepening flat to the center up to 2000 m. depth of the Black Sea- 2211 m.

The bottom of the sea consists of parts of different ages and geologically heterogeneous. A larger section of the basin is located in the Alpine geosynclinal region. The earth's crust below it consists of many layers, which can be roughly divided into "sedimentary" and "basalt". Sedimentary layers are about 16 km thick, and their upper, 4 km, part is located horizontally. In the central section of the basin, the density of the earth's crust reaches 25 km. On the periphery, the basalt layer is hidden under a 35-kilometer granite layer. The northwestern section of the Black Sea shelf captures the epipaleozoic Scythian platform and the south of the East European platform.

coastal zone Black Sea- These are coarse-grained deposits, such as pebbles, gravel and sands. With distance from the coast, these deposits are replaced by silts and fine-grained sands. In the northwestern region of the Black Sea, there is an abundant formation of shell rock and jars inhabited by oysters, mussels and other mollusks.

In the Black Sea there are deposits of minerals - oil and gas. Their main reserves are concentrated in the northwestern part of the basin. In addition, the coastal zones of Taman and the Caucasus can boast placers of titanomagnetite sands.

The territory of the modern Black Sea has a complex geological past. Scientists today are discovering under calm sea ​​waves traces of certain natural disasters.

Forty million years ago, at the beginning of the Tertiary period, Asia and southern Europe were the bottom huge ocean basin called the Tethys Sea. With a giant canal, this sea connected the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. In the middle of the Tertiary period, movements of the earth's crust separated Tethys from Pacific Ocean and then from the Atlantic.

Active mountain-building movements in Eurasia began about seven million years ago, during the Miocene period. Formed over four million years Carpathians, Alps, Balkans and the Caucasus Mountains. The area of ​​the Tethys Sea decreased, separate basins were formed from it. One of these basins was the Sarmatian Sea, stretching from the foothills of the Tien Shan to modern Vienna.

At the beginning of the Pliocene period (1.5 - 3 million years ago), the Sarmatian Sea decreased in size, first becoming salty Meotic Sea, and later - almost fresh Pontic lake-sea. One million years ago, the size of this lake was comparable to the size of Chaudinsky Lake.

Approximately 500 thousand years ago, the Mindel glaciation ended. The glaciers began to melt. Their waters flowed in streams into Lake Chaudinsky, filling it and turning it into Ancient Euxinian Basin. Its area was close to that of the modern Black Sea.

150 thousand years ago, the Karangat Sea formed from the Ancient Euxinian basin. The salinity of the water in it was much higher than the salinity of the water in the Black Sea of ​​our days.

20 thousand years ago, the Karangat Sea slowly "turned" into the Novoevksinskoe Sea. Its appearance coincided with the end of the last Wurm icing. The transformation of the Novoeksinsky Sea lasted 10 thousand years, after which a new, modern stage life of the Black Sea. And at this stage, we, people, are strenuously helping nature to "accelerate" the course of the Black Sea history...

Map of the depths of the Black Sea detailed Sochi

What is a geographic map

A geographic map is an image of the Earth's surface with a coordinate grid and symbols, whose proportions directly depend on the scale. A geography map is a landmark by which you can identify the location of that, the yoke of an array, an object or a person’s place of residence. These are indispensable assistants for geologists, tourists, pilots and the military, whose professions are directly related to travel, trips over long distances.

Types of cards

Conditionally split geographic Maps available in 4 types:

• by coverage of the territory and these are maps of continents, countries;
• by appointment and these are tourism, educational, road, navigation, scientific and reference, technical, tourist maps;
• by content - thematic, general geographical, general political maps;
• by scale - small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale maps.

Each of the maps is devoted to a certain topic, the thematic one reflects islands, seas, vegetation, settlements, weather, soils, taking into account the coverage of the territory. The map can only represent the applied countries, continents or states separately on a certain scale. Taking into account how reduced this or that territory, the scale of the map is 1x1000.1500, which means a decrease in the distance by 20,000 times. Of course, it is easy to guess that the larger the scale, the more detailed the map is drawn. And yet, individual parts of the earth's surface on the map are distorted, in contrast to the globe, which is able to convey the appearance of the surface without changes. The earth is spherical and distortions occur, such as: area, angles, length of objects.

Despite all the possible distortions, the advantages of the map, unlike the globe, are obvious - the visibility on a sheet of paper of all hemispheres on Earth at once and a large number of geographical objects. A globe, for example, is inconvenient for travelers to use because it needs to be constantly rotated.

Usually scientists, explaining the presence of a huge mass of hydrogen sulfide in the Black Sea (BS), explain this by the uniqueness of this reservoir. The following arguments are given:

1. The Black Sea is a closed basin, it is connected to the world ocean by narrow straits.


2. Large rivers are dumped in the World Cup a large number of organics.


3. The ChM has a great depth and a sharp drop from the continental shelf to depth.


4. The high salinity of the deep layers of the Black Sea does not allow oxygen to penetrate down and this contributes to the formation and accumulation of hydrogen sulfide.


5. Due to the unique hydrology of the Black Sea, there is no mixing of layers in it.

Fig 1. Section of the Black Sea.

Looking at this map, we quickly see that the characteristics of the World Cup are not unique.

Rice. 2 Reliefs of the seas.
The Mediterranean Sea (SM) also has a closed character and is connected to the ocean by a relatively narrow Gibraltar. At the same time, the maximum depth of the SM is 5121 m, which significantly exceeds the depth of the SM (2210 m). The average depths of both seas are approximately the same - 1240 and 1541 m. At the same time, the map shows that the depth differences in the SM are almost greater than in the FM.
Regarding salinity, the salinity of the SM is much higher than the salinity of the FM (36-39.5 ‰ versus 15-18 ‰), which will undoubtedly hinder the penetration of oxygen to a greater extent. At the same time, the contribution of organic matter by the rivers of the Mediterranean basin is undoubtedly greater, not even because of the fact that it flows into it. more rivers, but because the industrialized countries of the EU are on the shores of this basin. They are densely populated, carry out intensive agricultural work, and large cities dump enormous amounts of waste. At the same time, in the EU countries there was no such drop in all economic indicators as in the countries of the former USSR and Eastern Europe.
Despite all this, hydrogen sulfide reserves are not formed in the SM.
But let's take the Caspian Sea (KM). It is generally a salt lake.

Fig.3 Caspian Sea.

The depth of the KM is quite decent - 1025 m. At the same time, we observe a significant difference in depths, almost a cliff in the confluence of the Kura River. Yes, and in the middle part of the pool, too. There is no doubt about organics - pollution from oil production is added to the drains of the mighty Volga, Kura and Urals. But there are no deep layers of hydrogen sulfide in the CM! Although the salinity in the southern part of the sea reaches 28 ‰.
There remains one and the last argument of the uniqueness of the FM - the absence of mixing layers. Why do they mix in other seas, but not in the Black Sea? It should be noted that the method for determining the parameters sea ​​water, deep currents and salinity is very complex. The fact is that such work requires significant costs. The operation of oceanographic vessels is fabulously expensive. Where better to spend money on the construction of cruise ships, a kind of floating paradises, then to sink and burn them in order to receive insurance.

Rice. 4 Oceanographic vessels.

In addition, the volume of such studies is extremely large. With great difficulty, we had some idea only about the surface of the oceans and seas, and if we also take their thickness .... this is a colossal amount of information. Often even submarines die due to lack of such knowledge. They fall into the deeper layers with a lower density, as if breaking through the ice of a denser layer. How these layers are formed, where they are located and why - all this is still a mystery to oceanology.
Therefore, it is premature to state with certainty that there is no vertical mixing of layers in the FM for such and such a reason. But it is missing, and this is a fact.
However, hydrogen sulfide is successfully formed in other seas and basins. An accelerated formation of hydrogen sulfide has been noticed, for example, in the Norwegian fjords. Driving by car to Odessa past the estuaries, we are forced to plug our noses and close the windows of the car - it stinks unbearably of hydrogen sulfide. This gas is also formed in other seas and even in lakes.
Not far from the resort of Playa del Carmen is a filled fresh water Cave of Cenote Angelita. Lost in the impenetrable jungle of Mexico, the cave is fraught with many surprises, one of which is an amazing underwater lake! At the bottom of this lake there is also a hydrogen sulfide layer.

Rice. 5 An underwater lake in Mexico.

From this we can conclude that the ChM is absolutely not a unique basin in this regard, and the presence of 3.1 billion tons of hydrogen sulfide in it is due to other reasons.
Here I would like to mention one more strange event. Recently, the American Landstat satellite took another picture Dead Sea(MM), which shocked scientists. In just one orbital revolution, the color of this reservoir changed to completely black. Oceanologists came to the conclusion that the sea instantly "turned over". The surface layers went down, and those saturated with hydrogen sulfide surfaced.

Rice. 6 Dead Sea.

This can happen when a critical density gradient is reached and is quite possible with our FM. Water saturated with hydrogen sulfide is black in color. Here is an explanation for you - why the World Cup is called black. But before it was called Russian, the Greeks called it hospitable. Only then did it suddenly turn black. Didn't the “reversal” of the layers happen in ancient times?
It is worth noting, and scientists always point to this, that the bottom of the ChM does not have a solid granite slab. That is, the ChM lies directly on the basalts of the mantle and is a remnant of the ancient ocean. The true depth of the ChM in this case reaches 16 km., The depression is filled with sediments.
A simple calculation shows that the volume of sedimentary substances is:
The area of ​​the deep-water part is 211,000 sq. km. * the thickness of the sedimentary layer is 16 km. = 3 million 376 thousand cubic meters. km.
Which exceeds the volume of the entire World Cup by more than 6 times.
At the same time, studies by the expedition of J. Murray in 1910, part of the Meteor expedition, studies on the cable steamer Lord Kelvin, the expedition of W. Snell and many others showed that the layer of sedimentary substances on the bottom of the oceans is 23-35 cm. That is, precipitation accumulate very slowly and slowly.
How could a layer of sediments 16 km thick accumulate in the CM?
At the same time, it should be noted that even at the beginning of the 20th century, hydrogen sulfide was located much deeper. In 1891, Professor A. Lebedintsev raised the first water sample from the depths of the Black Sea. The test showed that the water below 183 meters is saturated with hydrogen sulfide. In our time, poisonous and explosive gas is located at depths of 18 m, and sometimes even breaks to the surface, as happened during the Crimean earthquake of 1927. Then a whole flotilla of fishermen burned down in a flame on the surface of the sea.

Rice. 7 World Cup.
This means that the process of formation of hydrogen sulfide continues and goes quite quickly. And this is not due to an increase in reset in the World Cup organic matter He even shrunk. This is the result of rotting without access to oxygen of the huge amount of sediment that ended up in the ChM is unknown, as in the recent past.
We know that the breakthrough of the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles occurred in the historical period, this is noted in the annals. It is also known that on ancient maps the World Cup is depicted as a rounded basin, without peninsulas, and the Crimea as a flat coast.

There is no need to make idiots out of our ancestors, as if they, drawing the Crimea, did not see that this is a peninsula that protrudes 300 km into the sea. Just on old maps the World Cup is depicted as it was. And it was a lake in the deep part of the modern World Cup. I already wrote () that presumably, as a result of a huge tsunami, and even more likely - hyper-precipitation, super-powerful rains, all biomass from the Central Russian Upland, the southern part of Ukraine, was washed away into the Black Sea basin. As a result, we have the absence of thick layers of fertile soils in the Non-Chernozem region, wide floodplains of the rivers that do not correspond to their geological history, accumulations of chernozem in places where it was reclaimed, the absence of trees in steppe zone Ukraine, a thick layer of sediments in the steppe part of the Crimea.
At the bottom of the World Cup lie the remains of our ancient civilization. There is vegetation, soil, dead animals and people, flooded cities and riverbeds. Once wooded, full of living creatures, the fertile south of Ukraine has turned into a dry steppe. This happened not so long ago, as scientists would like to inspire us. You can still find references to this fertile region in historical documents. Our ancestors tried to protect themselves from the elements, they built colossal hydraulic structures along the large rivers - the Zmiev Shafts, which they are now trying to pass off as defensive structures against small nomads who can only gather in a gang, but not in an army.

Rice. 8 Serpent shafts.

The Crimean Isthmus was also dug up, a shaft was made separating the Kerch Peninsula. All for protection from mighty mudflows and floods.
The remnants of our civilization continue to "gas" at the bottom of the World Cup. This is precisely the uniqueness that is inherent in the former Russian, and now the Black Sea.

• All rights reserved Alexandra Lorenz