Truffle deer mushroom in folk medicine. The meaning of deer truffle in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse

Italy and France are rich in mushroom places, but the species that will be discussed further also grows in America and Asia. There are unique specimens of truffles in the Middle East. The geography of distribution of this fungus is quite interesting, as is the species itself.

Truffle, or as it is also called "Gastronomic diamond" is considered to be the most expensive and rare mushroom all over the world, since the demand for it is much higher than the supply. It gained its popularity due to its unsurpassed taste and aromatic properties.

The truffle mushroom belongs to the genus of marsupial mushrooms and is an edible member of the truffle family. The fruit body of the fungus has a tuberous surface and has a tuberous shape. A marble pattern is visible on the cross section of the fungus. In its structure, it resembles a tuber of an old potato. Despite the rather unpresentable appearance, for gourmets, this mushroom is a real treasure and a coveted specimen.

Description of the truffle

The truffle mushroom grows mostly in Europe, in deciduous forests. The fungus forms a mutually beneficial symbiosis with the roots different trees such as oak or linden. The truffle receives from the tree the necessary nutrients and in return protects him from various diseases. It prefers only warm climates.

A distinctive feature of the fungus from all the others is that it grows only underground at a depth of 10-30 cm, in small families. There are both small specimens and very large ones, the mass of which can reach more than 1 kg. There is quite a large number of varieties of truffles, but the most valuable in cooking are:

• White Piedmontese.
• Black Perigord.
• Summer.
• Winter.

This expensive delicacy cannot be purchased in a regular store, it can only be bought in specialized departments or directly from suppliers. Basically, truffles are ordered by prestigious restaurants in small batches. The high cost and inaccessibility of the product is due to their difficulty in obtaining.

In low-yield years, the price can increase several tens of times. Industrial cultivation of truffles is most developed in Italy and France. It is customary to use them exclusively for the preparation of a variety of gourmet dishes with great taste.

When and how to harvest truffles

Many mushroom pickers want to find such a valuable truffle mushroom in Russia, but this is very difficult. For this purpose, you will need certain knowledge and specially trained dogs or pigs that can smell the smell of truffles underground. Also, some connoisseurs of "quiet" hunting pay attention to a swarm of midges that circle in the place where the truffle is hiding.

After picking mushrooms, you need to remember the place in order to return next year for a new crop, but only if the mycelium was not disturbed. The found fruit must be dug out very carefully so as not to damage the mycelium. Truffle Cathedral depends on the mushroom variety and growing season, late autumn or in early spring it is best to collect it.

Inedible Truffle Lookalikes

Even the noble truffle has inedible doubles, which should not be eaten, as they can be dangerous for human body. These mushrooms include:

• Deer truffle.
• False truffle.

Despite the external similarity, these mushrooms belong to completely different families. Symptoms of poisoning manifest themselves as follows: 1

Truffles belong to the truffle genus of the truffle family (Tuberaceae). These are edible mushrooms, some of which are valuable delicacies.

The fruiting body of the truffle is located underground, it has a round or tuberous shape and a fleshy or cartilaginous texture. The size is variable, from the size of a hazelnut to a potato tuber. On top of the fruiting body is a leathery layer, smooth, cracking or covered with warts. On the cut, the tissue of the fruiting body has a marble pattern in which light and dark veins alternate.

Truffles grow in deciduous forests, under certain trees for each species. For example, black truffle and summer truffle grow under oaks, beeches, hornbeams, hazel, Piedmontese truffle is found next to birches, poplars, elms, lindens, mountain ash, hawthorn.

Truffles are harvested in autumn or early spring. For this purpose, specially trained dogs or pigs are often used.

Real truffles are edible mushrooms. The most valuable species are the Perigord, Piedmontese and winter truffles. Their flesh is characterized by a mushroom flavor with a hint of roasted seeds or walnuts and a strong characteristic aroma. After soaking in water, the truffle acquires a taste soy sauce. Truffles are often added to dishes raw at the very end of their preparation in order to preserve the aroma of these mushrooms.

Types of truffle mushroom

The fruit body is underground, tuberous or rounded, 2.5-10 cm in diameter. The surface is brown-black or bluish-black, covered with black warts. The pulp of a young mushroom is dense, becomes loose over time, the color changes from whitish to brown-yellow and gray-brown, light veins form a marble pattern. The taste is nutty, sweetish, the aroma is pleasant, strong.

It occurs in mixed and deciduous forests, on calcareous soils, under oaks, beeches, hornbeams, birches, in Central Europe, in Russia. The fruiting season begins in summer and continues until early autumn.

Fruiting body from irregularly spherical to almost round in shape, 8-15 cm in diameter. The weight of an adult fungus is 1-1.5 kg. The surface is covered with warts, 2-3 mm in size. The color of the young fungus is reddish-violet, blackens with age. pulp first white color, then becomes gray or gray-violet with white and yellowish-brown marble veins. It has a strong and pleasant smell, reminiscent of musk.

Grows in France, Italy, Switzerland, Ukraine. Ripens from November to February-March.

The fruiting body is underground, has the form of irregular tubers 2-12 cm in size and weighing 30-300 g. The surface is uneven, velvety, light ocher or brownish, the skin does not separate from the pulp. The flesh is firm, whitish or yellow-gray, sometimes reddish, with a white and creamy-brown marbled pattern. The taste is pleasant, the smell is spicy, similar to cheese with garlic.

Mycorrhiza forming with oak, willow and poplar, lindens. It is found in deciduous forests in northwestern Italy (Piedmont), in France. The collection of white Piedmontese truffle lasts from September 21 to January 31.

Fruiting body underground, tuberous, rounded or irregular shape, 3-9 cm in diameter. The surface is reddish-brown, in old mushrooms it is coal-black, it becomes rusty when pressed. The flesh is firm, light, gray or pinkish-brown in color with a white or reddish marbled pattern, dark in older mushrooms. It has a strong characteristic aroma and a pleasant taste with a slight bitterness.

It grows in deciduous forests, on calcareous soil, most often under oaks. Distributed in France, Italy and Spain. The season runs from November to March.

Poisonous and inedible types of truffle mushroom

Mushroom inedible for humans.

The fruit body is rounded, 1-4 cm in size, yellow-brown in color. The smell is sharp, earthy, similar to the smell of potatoes. The surface is finely tuberculate.

Found in Europe and North America, in Chile, China, Japan and Taiwan. growing under coniferous trees, as well as under chestnuts, beeches and oaks, in all seasons, massively at the end of summer and autumn.

As a substrate for growing truffles, seedlings of oak or common hazel are used. Seedlings are kept under sterile conditions for several weeks in order for the mycelium to take root. After that, the seedlings are planted in the nursery.

The soil for growing truffles should have a pH of 7.5-7.9, a high content of humus and calcium. It should not contain stones, weeds and should not be infested with other types of fungi. Before disembarkation, deep mechanical processing is carried out. Before planting, the soil is not fertilized. Environment must be dry, average temperature 16.5-22°C.

Seedlings are planted in spring. No more than 500 trees per hectare. A little water is poured into the hole, the seedling is covered tightly and watered again. The planting depth is 75 cm. Near each seedling, the top layer of forest soil with fallen leaves and plastic wrap are laid.

The edible part of the truffle is the fruiting body containing the spores. Fruit bodies are located at a depth of about 20 cm. They are dug up with small spatulas. An indicator of the presence of a crop of truffles are the so-called truffle flies.

truffle calories

The calorie content of 100 g of truffle is 25 kcal. Energy value:

• Proteins:…………………….3 g (12 kcal)
• Fats:…………………….0.5 g (5 kcal)
• Carbohydrates:………………….2 g (8 kcal)

• The maximum weight of a truffle reaches 1 kg, although there are also very tiny specimens the size of a pea.
• According to one hypothesis, mature truffles contain anandamide, a psychotropic substance that is similar in action to marijuana.
• In France and Italy, since the 15th century, it has been common to search for truffles growing in the forest with the help of search dogs and pigs, which can smell truffles underground at a distance of up to 20 m.
• In the 19th century, truffles began to be cultivated, in those days they collected up to 1000 tons of these mushrooms. IN last years the harvest of truffles is about 50 tons. Mushrooms are grown in the USA, Spain, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia and the UK. And in early XXI China has become the largest producer of truffles in the world. The Chinese variety is cheaper, but its quality is lower.

Truffles - mushrooms of the underground kingdom of nature, are rightfully aristocrats among other spore representatives. The culture of these delicious mushrooms goes back to the time of Avicenna, who mentioned them in his medical treatises. Today, truffle is an expensive delicacy in French cuisine. The price for 1 kilogram of fresh mushrooms in European markets reaches a thousand euros.

There are about 10 species in the world edible mushrooms, of which the black truffle is considered the most valuable. On the territory of Russia you can find a summer truffle. The homeland of the delicacy is the Mediterranean: France, Italy, Spain.

In recent years, industrial production of truffles has been established in China, the USA, New Zealand, Australia and England. Most Valuable food species for gourmets: Perigord, Piedmontese, winter.

Delicious mushrooms: extraction and cultivation

Unlike other species, these mushrooms prefer to settle underground. Their unpresentable appearance makes the townsfolk doubt the exclusivity of this product. But the highlight lies precisely in their unique aroma, attractive to animals. Like any other mushrooms, they reproduce by spores that form on a fleshy stalk. But for a truffle growing underground, wind, birds and animals are inaccessible, which in natural conditions are carriers of seeds over long distances. Therefore, for successful reproduction, nature endowed the underground inhabitants with a strong attractive aroma. To find them underground, you need the excellent sense of smell that pigs and dogs have. Therefore, animals have become the main earners of delicacy truffles.

Pigs deftly seek out truffles by virtue of their nature.

In France, Spain, Italy, mushrooms are searched with the help of trained pigs, but recently dogs have been trained to search for truffles. Pigs tear up the ground in search of food and often break the delicate threads of the mycelium. Dogs, unlike piglets, are able to call the owner to the location of the truffles without damaging the ground.

Mushrooms that grow naturally in the shade are considered truly tasty. deciduous trees. Myceliums are located between the roots of plants and form a kind of symbiosis, which qualitatively distinguishes the fungus from its aboveground counterparts. Depending on the species, certain types of higher plants are preferred. So, for example, black and summer truffles grow between the roots of hornbeam, hazel, oak, and beech. Piedmontese prefers to settle in symbiosis with poplar, birch, elm, linden, mountain ash, hawthorn.

The popularity of the delicacy has inspired some entrepreneurs to cultivate mushrooms in other areas. the globe. In the 17th century, attempts were made artificial cultivation truffles, which were crowned with success. Since then, the reproduction of the delicacy has been practiced all over the world.

Types of edible mushrooms

What is a truffle? This is a representative of the kingdom of marsupial (ascomycete) fungi that grow underground and reproduce by spores. It grows from a network of mycelium, forming a fleshy spherical body with a diameter of 2.5 to 10 cm. It has a rich mushroom aroma with a hint of overcooked sunflower seeds or walnuts. If you put it in water, after a while the liquid will turn brown and taste like soy sauce. The spores are inside the fruiting body in a kind of bags.

The color of the delicacy differs depending on the species and has a brown-black or bluish tint. When cut, cream-colored marble veins are visible. The pulp is very dense, with aging of the fungus it becomes loose. Varieties of truffles in nature are not uncommon, but not all of them are edible and have good flavor. Some species have a nauseating smell for humans of rotten herring, rotten onions or tar.

Edible species include the following:

• black (Perigorsky);
• summer;
• Piedmontese (Italian);
• winter.

The most expensive mushroom in the world - white truffle

The white truffle (Piedmontese or Italian) is extremely rare and grows only in the deciduous forests of the Piedmont region of Italy. This species has a unique flavor that allows you to combine it in different culinary delights. Its smell will make any dish taste delicious. The white truffle from Piedmont is considered the most expensive and popular of all types. An alternative to Piedmontese is Perigord, whose flavor is not as good, but is still considered one of the best delicacies in the world. It is collected in some regions of Spain, Italy and France, covered with deciduous forests. Harvest time: November to March.

The summer truffle grows up to 10 cm in diameter and is found in areas of Central Europe, Russia, Scandinavian countries, on the Black Sea coast. The mushroom is harvested summer period before the autumn cold. It is a kind of Perigord truffles, has a pleasant nutty aroma. Recently, it has been recognized as an object of hunting for sophisticated mushroom pickers in the forests of Russia. On the territory of the Moscow region, Ukraine and Belarus, you can find a Polish or Trinity truffle, which has the shape of a medium-sized potato.

DEER TRUFFLE

truffle (Elaphomyces cervinus), an underground marsupial fungus. The fruit body resembles a hazelnut or walnut, with a thick warty brownish bark. When ripe, the pulp turns into a black-brown dust, consisting mainly of spores. It usually grows in pine forests, in sandy soil, shallow from the surface. It is eaten by deer, hares, squirrels. It has nothing to do with real truffles.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is DEER TRUFFLE in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• DEER TRUFFLE
  
• DEER TRUFFLE
• DEER TRUFFLE in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  fungus of the marsupial class. The fruit body, similar to a nut, is in the soil. Grows in pine forests. It is eaten by deer, hares, squirrels. …
• DEER
  692774, Primorsky, ...
• DEER in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
  186444, Republic of Karelia, …
• TRUFFLE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  i, pl. truffles, her, m. 1. Marsupial underground tuberous fungus, some species of which are edible. 2. Variety chocolates round or...
• TRUFFLE V encyclopedic dictionary:
  , -i, pl. -ya, -ey and -and, -ey, m. 1. Marsupial underground tuberous mushroom, some species of which are edible. 2. Sort...
• DEER
  DEER TRUFFLE, mushroom class of marsupial mushrooms. Fetus. the nut-like body is in the soil. Grows in pine forests. Eaten by deer…
• DEER in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  DEER MOSS, the same as reindeer moss ...
• TRUFFLE
  truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, truffle, ...
• TRUFFLE in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  I try fel, I try feli, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, I try fel, ...
• DEER in the Full accentuated paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, deer, ...
• TRUFFLE in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (German truffel) 1) a fungus from the class of ascomycetes with a tuberous edible fruiting body that develops underground; 2) a variety of chocolate ...
• TRUFFLE in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [German] truffel] 1. fungus from the class of ascomycetes with a tuberous edible fruiting body that develops underground; 2. variety of chocolate ...
• TRUFFLE in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language:
  fungus, discomycetes, ...
• DEER in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
• TRUFFLE
  1. m. see truffles (1 *). 2. m. see truffles ...
• DEER in the New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language Efremova:
  adj. 1) Related by value. with n.: a deer associated with it. 2) Peculiar to a deer, characteristic of him. 3) Belonging to a deer. …
• DEER in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Lopatin:
  deer, -ya, ...
• TRUFFLE
  truffle, -i, pl. -and, -eyi -ya, ...
• DEER in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  deer, -ya, ...
• TRUFFLE in the Spelling Dictionary:
  tr'ufel, -i, pl. -i, -her and -`ya, ...
• DEER in the Spelling Dictionary:
  deer, -ya, ...
• TRUFFLE in the Dictionary of the Russian Language Ozhegov:
  marsupial underground tuberous mushroom, some species of which are edible truffle a variety of rounded chocolates ...
• TRUFFLE in the Dahl Dictionary:
  husband. edible plant, genus of underground fungus Tuber. Truffle taste, smell, peculiar, …
• TRUFFLE
  truffles and (less commonly) truffles, pl. truffles, truffles, and (less often) truffles, truffles, m. (German Trüffel). 1. An edible round-shaped mushroom that grows ...
• DEER in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language Ushakov:
  deer, deer. App. to the deer. Deer breed. Deer horns. Deer …
• TRUFFLE
  truffle 1. m. see truffles (1 *). 2. m. see truffles ...
• DEER in the Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova:
  reindeer adj. 1) Related by value. with n.: a deer associated with it. 2) Peculiar to a deer, characteristic of him. 3) Owned...
• TRUFFLE
  
• DEER in the New Dictionary of the Russian Language Efremova:
  adj. 1. ratio with noun. a deer associated with it 2. Peculiar to a deer, characteristic of it. 3. Belonging to a deer. 4. Consisting…
• TRUFFLE
  I m. see truffles I II m. see truffles ...
• DEER in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  adj. 1. ratio with noun. a deer associated with it 2. Peculiar to a deer, characteristic of it. 3. Belonging to a deer. 4. …
• DEER STREAK
  in the east of Moscow, in the Izmailovsky forest, l. Ave. stream flowing through the Red Pond. Length less than 1 km. It starts near Olenye ...
• REINDEER MOSS
  moss, deer lichen, reindeer moss, lichens from the genus Cladonia: Cladonia rangiferina, Cladonia alpestris, Cladonia sylvatica, etc. Sometimes O. ...
• TRUFFLE STEPPE
  a common name for truffles of the genus Terfezia, found in the sandy areas of Africa, Asia and southern Europe. Steppe T., which number up to ...
• DEER TRUFFLE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  common name for the truffle genus Elaphomyces. The fruit body is round, underground, smooth or warty, the contents of which turn into a dark powdery ...
• TRUFFLE WHITE in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  or Polish - a species of marsupial fungus from the truffle department (see), belonging to the genus Choiromyces (Ch. meandriformis) and similar in appearance ...
• GREEHOUND (ENGLISH GREYHOUND) in the Encyclopedia of Dogs.
• AUSTRIAN SHORTHAIRED PINSCHER in the Encyclopedia of Dogs:
  _Working dogs_ Origin The origin of these dogs is unknown. This breed is also called the Austrian Shorthair Terrier, but it should not be confused with ...
• ENCYCLOPEDIA in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Flowers:
  Alphabetical index A Abelia Abutilon, Indoor maple Avocado Agave Agapanthus, African lily Agapetes Ageratum Aglaomorpha Aglaonema Adenium Adiantum, Venus hair ...
• KNIFE
  DEER - 1. See hunting dagger. 2. See cleaver ...
• SWORD The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons:
  DEER - a kind of European hunting sword XVII ...
• DEER POND in the Directory of Rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and ravines of Moscow:
  in the north-east of Moscow, on the territory of the Sokolniki Park, in the valley of the Oleny Creek. They are a cascade of five interconnected ponds, …
• IZMAILOVSKIE POND in the Directory of Rivers, streams, lakes, ponds and ravines of Moscow:
  in the east of Moscow, in the valley of the river. Serebryanka, on the territory of the Izmailovsky forest park. The general name for a cascade of 13 ponds connected by channels. …
• TRuffles in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
  , a genus of marsupial fungi. They form underground fleshy fruiting bodies of a rounded shape (similar to potato tubers), covered with a warty or smooth skin. …
• ASCOMYCETES in the Encyclopedia of Biology:
  (marsupials), a class of fungi. Includes almost half of all their species. Marsupials are characterized by the presence of a special organ - a bag (ask), ...
• TRuffles in the Book of Tasty and Healthy Food:
  Truffles are underground mushrooms, they grow in the ground at a depth of 10-20 cm. Truffles are white and black. Black truffles are growing...
• TRuffles in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  in biology - marsupials from the group of discomycetes with underground tuberous fleshy fruiting bodies. OK. 100 species, in the temperate zone ...
• CAP MUSHROOMS in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  mushrooms, macromycetes, a group of higher fungi, usually having more or less large, fleshy fruiting bodies, often consisting of a cap and a stem. …
• PLEKTASK in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Plectascales), an order of marsupials with closed fruiting bodies (cleistothecia), bags in which are located between the elements of the main tissue. The simplest representatives ...