Dictionary types. Moscow State University of Printing Arts Basic modern explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language

The task of explanatory dictionaries, first of all, is to reflect the active vocabulary of the language of a certain period. Explanatory dictionaries explain the meaning of words and their shades, give a grammatical description of words, give stylistic marks, give instructions on the pronunciation of words and spelling, and also illustrate the use of words both in free and in phraseological phrases.
The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy" (1789-1794).

A significant event in the history of Russian lexicography was the creation of a four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I.Dalya (1863-1866). V.I.Dal worked on the dictionary for 53 years, the dictionary was based on folk speech, and common and dialect vocabulary was also included. In total, the dictionary contains about 200 thousand words and 30 thousand proverbs. Dahl explained many words related to folk rituals, customs, and beliefs:
look - "the first acquaintance of the groom with the bride";
autumns - "seeing off summer and meeting autumn";
handshaking - "the rite of the end of matchmaking."
In the Dictionary you can find the words of the secret language of wandering pedlars:
voksari - "firewood", molding - "shawl", nahirech - "mittens"
Dahl believed that the literary language of his day was too saturated with the West, so you need to turn to the living folk language and develop a literary one on its basis.
The words in the dictionary are located in alpha-nested okay. With such a distribution of material, finding some words is difficult, since individual articles contain more than 100 words. The use of words is illustrated by stable phrases, proverbs, sayings, riddles (only about 30 thousand proverbs and sayings).
There are very few grammatical marks in the Dictionary, stylistic marks are completely absent, since Dahl believed that one should speak and write in a folk language in which there are no “bad” words.

Among the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language Soviet era the first place on merit belongs to the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (1935-1940, vols. 1-4) under edited by Professor Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov. This dictionary is the normative dictionary of modern literary language.
Its normativity is clearly reflected in the indications about the meaning of the word, its grammatical properties, expressive and stylistic qualities, spelling and literary pronunciation. There are 85289 words in the dictionary. At present, the dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov is largely outdated.

Based on the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov created by Sergey Ivanovich Ozhegov one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian language"(1st edition in 1949, 9th edition under the editorship of N.Yu. Shvedova - in 1972)
The dictionary includes about 57 thousand of the most common words of the modern Russian literary language.

Published between 1950 and 1965 17 volumes of the Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences. This dictionary is normative and explanatory-historical at the same time. It contains "all the lexical richness of the Russian literary language with its grammatical characteristics, from the era of Pushkin to the present day."

Russian lexicography has accumulated significant experience in creating dictionaries and reference books different types. Theoretically, the type of a dictionary is determined by the information about the word that is the main one for this dictionary. The practical classification of dictionaries is somewhat more complicated. There are two classes of reference books. These are philological dictionaries containing knowledge about the language, and encyclopedic reference books containing knowledge about the world.

The units of language serve as the central object of description of philological (linguistic) dictionaries. Dictionaries of the philological type store knowledge about the language tools used by people in their speech activity. Such dictionaries provide information that helps the reader to pronounce the word correctly, write his speech in writing and correctly understand the text written by someone. The use of language guides allows a person to perform unmistakable speech actions so that the meaning contained in his statement is understandable to other people.

The central object of the description of encyclopedic reference books are concepts associated with individual words, phrases, and knowledge about the world and people correlated with these concepts. Thus, non-linguistic realities are characterized in encyclopedias and reference books, that is, our knowledge of objects and things, concepts related to the phenomena of nature and society is stated, biographies of people are given, information is given about important events, historical dates are indicated. Dictionaries of this type are compendiums about the surrounding world.

Within each such class of publications, specific reference books can be characterized by additional properties that determine the type and quality of information contained in dictionary entries.

Handbooks are distinguished by several parameters. These parameters can be combined in one dictionary or be a differentiating feature for dictionaries. Dictionaries are characterized by the object of description, the volume of the dictionary, the principles of selection of the dictionary, the conceptual and thematic composition of the dictionary, the order in which the units of description are located, and the addressing of the dictionary.

The object of description for reference books of the encyclopedic class is knowledge about extralinguistic realities. For example, linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary contains knowledge about the languages ​​of the world, fixed in special concepts and terms that reflect specific properties and phenomena characteristic of a particular language, a group of languages, or all languages.

Dictionaries of the Russian language are also divided into two subclasses according to the object of description: dictionaries that describe the formal (morphological, syntactic) features of the vocabulary, and dictionaries that describe the semantic features of the use of words in the text. In particular, dictionaries that describe the formal side of the use of Russian vocabulary include morpheme dictionaries, spelling, orthoepic dictionaries, dictionaries of difficulties (correctness), grammatical, syntactic dictionaries. Dictionaries describing the lexical semantics of the Russian language include explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, phraseological, paroemia dictionaries.

The vocabulary size parameter takes into account not so much quantitative composition vocabulary, how much quality its composition. This means that small-volume dictionaries do not contain a small number of words, but only the most necessary, minimally sufficient vocabulary units with which you can characterize the object of the dictionary description. Dictionaries of medium volume contain such a quantitative composition of the dictionary, with the help of which the bulk of speech cases that correspond to the object of the dictionary description are described. Large-volume dictionaries cover the largest possible composition of vocabulary units that make up the object of the dictionary description and describe it with academic completeness.

The principles of dictionary selection for Russian language dictionaries are an important differentiating parameter, which includes the selection of words on the basis of novelty, on the basis of synchrony and diachrony, on the basis of the regional existence of vocabulary, on the basis of the origin of words, on the basis of the fixation of words in the speech of a certain author or in a certain text. According to this parameter, dictionaries are distinguished, formed according to the unity of stylistic characteristics (colloquial vocabulary, swear words, everyday vocabulary), and dictionaries general type. A dictionary formed according to such predetermined principles, as an object of description, can have both grammatical and semantic features of the selected vocabulary.

According to the principles of vocabulary selection, reference books of the encyclopedic class are divided into encyclopedias containing a compendium of knowledge, and industry reference books containing special information from a particular area.

For dictionaries that describe the lexical system of the Russian language, the conceptual and thematic composition of the dictionary is an important differentiating parameter. This parameter distinguishes between universal and aspect dictionaries. Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, dictionaries on onomastics and toponymy stand out among aspect dictionaries.

The conceptual and thematic composition of the vocabulary of encyclopedic reference books corresponds to the principles of selection of the vocabulary and differs in terms of universal and specialized.

Alphabetical, reverse, ideographic, semantic, thematic dictionaries are distinguished by the order of the units of description.

Dictionary addressing is an important parameter of reference publications. This parameter must be specified in the annotation to any dictionary. Many other dictionary parameters depend on the categories of readers for which the dictionary is intended. Usually, reference books are aimed at those who use the dictionary for mastering or deeper study of their native language, and for those for whom this language is a foreign one.

The purpose of orthoepic dictionaries is to provide information about the pronunciation, stress and formation of grammatical forms of each word included in the dictionary. In dictionaries of this type, the pronunciation norms of the literary language are interpreted in relation to each unit of the dictionary. For this, a special system of regulatory guidelines is being developed, and prohibitive marks are being introduced. Depending on the volume of words included in it, such dictionaries can be intended for both specialists and the general reader. For example, the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms (under the editorship of R. I. Avanesov) is the most famous dictionary of this type. It is designed for specialists - philologists, teachers of the Russian language, lecturers, radio and television announcers, etc. For all other readers, the dictionary can be a reliable standard reference tool.

Dictionaries of this type contain information about the origin of words, language sources of entry into our speech. Dictionaries that describe this aspect of the life of a word indicate the original language material, the original sound and meaning in the source language, and provide other additional information about the word that explains the conceptual content of the borrowed word. The direct object of the description of the etymological dictionary is borrowed vocabulary, which is accompanied by reference information about the language source, the original forms of the word and its sound are reconstructed. The completeness of the etymological information about the word varies depending on the intended readership. The reference edition, intended for specialists, is characterized by the maximum completeness of the vocabulary, a detailed presentation of the history of the life of the word, and a broad argumentation of the proposed etymological interpretations. Educational etymological dictionaries aimed at the general reader have a smaller vocabulary, consisting of the most frequent borrowed words of the literary language. Popular dictionaries give one version of the origin of the word and a brief, simplified argument for it. Popular etymological dictionaries of the Russian language are the "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by G. P. Tsyganenko, "A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by V. V. Ivanov, T. V. Shanskaya and N. M. Shansky. The "Historical and Etymological Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" by P. Ya. Chernykh is intended for the general reader. The most famous scientific publication, of course, is the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes by M. Fasmer.

As examples of dictionaries of a general type, one can point to ordinary explanatory and bilingual (translation) dictionaries, in which the vocabulary that exists in the general literary layer of the language is described with varying degrees of completeness. Speaking of dictionaries of a general type, specialists mean dictionaries of varying degrees of completeness, in which, in one way or another, the common folk, general literary vocabulary is interpreted. Dictionaries of this type, of course, include the Dictionary of the Russian Language in 4 volumes by D. N. Ushakov, the Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by S. I. Ozhegov, N. Yu. Shvedova, the Modern Explanatory Dictionary Russian language S. A. Kuznetsova, Brief explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, ed. V. V. Rozanova, Small Explanatory Dictionary of V. V. Lopatin, L. E. Lopatina and others. Without a doubt, all explanatory dictionaries that develop a separate lexical class of the general literary language can be attributed to dictionaries of a general type. These are dictionaries of foreign words, phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of personal names, etc. General non-linguistic dictionaries include a variety of encyclopedic reference books (for example, Big Soviet Encyclopedia, Encyclopedic Dictionary).

In the practice of written and oral speech, many people face difficulties of a different nature. These include: writing individual words, pronunciation of a word or choosing the place of stress in some word form, word usage corresponding to the specific meaning of the word, grammatical attribution of the word, choosing the correct case form and number in a given speech situation, problems with the formation of short forms of adjectives, personal verb forms, syntactic and lexical compatibility of the word, etc. All these difficulties should be solved in dictionaries of difficulties. However, it is hardly possible to find an objective criterion for the selection of linguistic material in such a dictionary, especially when it comes to a dictionary intended for an indefinitely wide range of readers. When deciding on the composition of the dictionary for such a publication, the compilers determine the circle of potential readers and those areas of word usage that are most relevant for the intended readers. Dictionaries of difficulties include such cases that are described in orthoepic, grammatical and general philological dictionaries. The compilers of such dictionaries, of course, rely on such sources, in which various spellings, pronunciations and word usages are registered, and recommendations of a normative nature are given. Not the last role in the preparation of such reference books is played by the authors' own research, supported by the experience of observing the speech of educated people, experimental verification of "difficult" cases. This allows you to include in the dictionary words that, as a result of historical changes, exist in our speech in two versions: in the old and new, as well as new words, the pronunciation of which has not yet been established. As examples here you can specify such reference publications as: Kalenchuk M. L., Kasatkina R. F. Dictionary of Russian pronunciation difficulties: Ok. 15000 words. M., 1997; Gorbachevich K.S. Dictionary of difficulties in pronunciation and stress in modern Russian: 1200 words. St. Petersburg, 2000; Verbitskaya L.A. and others. Let's speak correctly! Difficulties of Modern Russian Pronunciation and Stress: A Brief Reference Dictionary. M., 2003.

At the end of the 19th century, dictionaries were first published in Russia, which included the characteristic "complete" in their name. As an example, the following publications can be mentioned: Orlov A.I. A complete philological dictionary of the Russian language with a detailed explanation of all the differences between colloquial speech and its written image and indicating the meaning and replacement of all foreign words that are part of the Russian language with purely Russian words: 2 volumes. M., 1884-1885; The most complete explanatory dictionary, which contains 200,000 foreign words included in the Russian language of our Russian literature / Comp. Kartashev, Velsky / Ed. Luchinsky. Ed. 9. - M., 1896-1897. - 208 p. In such cases, the word "complete" denoted such a vocabulary, which presumably contains all the words found in Russian texts. Asking what, in fact, it means: to compile a complete explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, Lev Uspensky wrote: “Try, comparing the old and newer lexicons of the common Russian language with each other, to find out where the countless new words and terms that have been added to it in recent years have come from. a hundred years. You will soon notice: the vast majority of them were not created at the desks of writers, not by the inspiration of poets or linguists. They were born in the tense atmosphere of inventive laboratories, in noisy factory workshops, in the fields where a person works, creating at once both new things and new words necessary for their name. (...) Who can say in advance which of the professional words - whether the word “booty”, which is different from the literary “booty” by the place of stress, or the expression “to the mountain”, used instead of the usual “to the mountain” or “up” - will firmly enter into it tomorrow? Obviously, we need a dictionary and professional, industrial, special words and expressions. In the scientific classifications of dictionaries, the term “complete” denotes the type of publication containing the exhaustive composition of those layers and categories of vocabulary that serve as the object of description of this reference book. In this sense, the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. V. V. Lopatin, and the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. S. A. Kuznetsova, and Pushkin's Dictionary of Language in 4 volumes, and Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language in 17 volumes. According to the nature of the selection of vocabulary, full-type dictionaries are "Pskov Regional Dictionary", "Dictionary of Bryansk Dialects". They describe all the words (literary language and dialect) recorded in the speech of the indigenous inhabitants of this territory. According to this criterion, such reference publications as the “System Dictionary of subject-everyday vocabulary of dialects of the Talitsky district” can be attributed to full-type dictionaries. Sverdlovsk region”, as well as the“ Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect ”or“ Vershinin Dictionary ”, describing the vocabulary of one village. Dictionaries of full type are opposed to dictionaries of differential type. The dictionary of such dictionaries is selected according to some one differentiating parameter. This may be a sign of difficulty in the speech use of the word, the limited scope of the use of the word on a territorial, temporal, social, professional basis, etc.

Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, meanings of words and phrases that appeared in a certain (described) period. Developed languages ​​are actively replenished with new words. Studies show that the number of neologisms that are used in speech practice is in the tens of thousands. With the advent of computer technologies that allow processing huge arrays of unstructured textual information, there is a need for automatic analysis of word forms, including newly formed ones. This made the collection and description of new words especially relevant, which, in turn, led to the emergence of a new lexicographic branch of knowledge - neography. In the USSR, the first dictionary of this type "New words and meanings: Dictionary reference book (based on the materials of the press and literature of the 60s)" ed. N. Z. Kotelova, Yu. S. Sorokin was released in Leningrad in 1971. Since then, work on the collection and analysis new vocabulary conducted on an ongoing basis. As an example, one can point to the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Actual Vocabulary”, ed. G. N. Sklyarevskaya.

Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about the formal (inflectional and syntactic) properties of a word. The order of words in such dictionaries can be either direct, when the words are arranged in alphabetical order from the first letter that begins the word to the last letter of the word, or vice versa, when the words are arranged in alphabetical order, starting with the last letter of the word. The reverse order allows readers to present word-formation properties of the word. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammar dictionary. One of the best dictionaries of this type is the Grammar Dictionary of the Russian Language. Inflection” by A. A. Zaliznyak. It contains about 100 thousand words arranged in reverse alphabetical order. For detailed description complex system of inflection, shaping and stress, the dictionary uses a unique system of indices that refer the word to a certain category.

Phraseological dictionaries as headings of dictionary entries contain phrases that are reproduced in speech practice in their entirety, without rearrangements or changes in their parts. Phraseological units are one of the most conservative categories of vocabulary. The specific properties of these linguistic units are determined by a number of important distinguishing features: semantic integrity, stability and super-verbal reproducibility. There are many phraseological dictionaries. Among them is the "Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" ed. A. I. Molotkova is by far the most complete dictionary. Educational dictionaries of a general type include the “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by V.P. Zhukov and A.V. Zhukov, the Dictionary-Reference Book of Russian Phraseology by R.I. Yarantsev. The most complete bilingual phraseological dictionary is the “French-Russian Phraseological Dictionary” by V. G. Gak and others.

Reference publications, distinguished by the sectoral (i.e. professional) sign of the limited scope of the use of the word, include dictionaries that interpret the meanings of words, and encyclopedic reference books that describe our knowledge of the world. As a dictionary of the first type, you can point to the "Explanatory Dictionary of Selected Medical Terms. Eponyms and figurative expressions” / Ed. L. P. Churilov, A. V. Kolobov, Yu. I. Stroev. There are many more examples of the second type, for example: "Naval Dictionary" / Ch. ed. V. N. Chernavin. - M.: Military Publishing, 1990; Encyclopedic edition “Political science. Lexicon / Editor A. I. Solovyov. M.: Russian political encyclopedia; Geography. Concepts and terms = Geography. Concepts and Terms: five-language academic dictionary: Russian, English, French, Spanish, German V. M. Kotlyakov, A. I. Komarova. M.: Nauka, 2007 and others.

The purpose of language guides of this type is to indicate the normative spelling of the word that corresponds to the rules of spelling. One of the first dictionaries of this type was published in 1813 under the title "Dictionary of Russian Spelling or Spelling". Since then, a wide variety of general, branch, school dictionaries of this type have been published. The most complete dictionary of a general type today is the Russian Spelling Dictionary: about 180 thousand words, resp. ed. V. V. Lopatin. This is an academic dictionary that reflects the Russian vocabulary in its current state by the end of the 20th century - beginning of XXI century. Heading words are given in their normative spelling with indication of stresses and necessary grammatical information.

Dictionaries of this type contain information about the morphemic articulation of the word, its word-formation structure. Such directories provide information about the structure of the word and the elements of which this word consists. In word-building dictionaries, words are collected both by root nests and in alphabetical order. Some school dictionaries of this type provide a description of both the morphemic and word-formation structure of head words. This helps students to better understand the issues that are encountered in the state final exam in the Russian language.

You rarely meet a person who has not looked into the dictionary at least once in his life. With their help, we not only learn the meaning of certain words, select synonyms or antonyms, but also learn a lot of new things.

Let's talk about what dictionaries are, what is their classification and remember the main "linguistic reference books" of the Russian language.

Dictionary Science

Lexicography is one of the branches of linguistics that deals with the problems of studying and compiling dictionaries. It is she who is engaged in the classification, puts forward requirements for the design of articles and their content.

Scholars who compile dictionaries call themselves lexicographers. It is important to note that dictionaries do not have authors, only compilers. This is due to the fact that they are compiled using special cards, on which the meanings of words and their forms are fixed. In this case, the compiler can use both cards collected by him personally, and cards collected by a whole staff of linguists.

Classification of modern dictionaries

All dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and philological, or linguistic.

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide information about various events. A striking example of such a dictionary is BES - the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary. The encyclopedia includes

What are linguistic dictionaries? This group of dictionaries deals directly with words and their interpretation. They are also divided into bilingual and monolingual.

Bilingual dictionaries contain the language and their foreign language equivalent.

Monolingual dictionaries are divided into groups depending on their purpose.

The most used types of dictionaries

What are the types of dictionaries? Among the monolingual dictionaries, the following should be distinguished:

Famous dictionaries of the Russian language

Let's now discuss what are the dictionaries of the Russian language.

• The most famous is the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, compiled by the famous scientist V. I. Dahl. This guide contains about 200 thousand words. Despite the fact that it is already more than a century old, it is read one of the most complete and used in our time.
• The second no less important "Explanatory Dictionary", compiled by another well-known linguist S.I. Ozhegov.
• The Orthoepic Dictionary was published by two different linguists - R. I. Avanesov and I. L. Reznichenko. Both dictionaries are impressive and will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students.
• We also note the "Dictionary of Synonyms" by Z. E. Aleksandrova and the "Dictionary of Antonyms" edited by L. A. Vvedenskaya.

What other dictionaries are there? You can learn the history of many words familiar to us by referring to the work of N. M. Shansky “A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”, and A. I. Molotkov’s “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” will help you get acquainted with phraseological units and their meaning.

It is also worth noting the "Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language" edited by the famous Russian philologist, author of many monographs and a collection of rules of the Russian language D. E. Rozental and M. A. Telenkova.

The structure of a dictionary entry

In conclusion, I would like to add a few words about the structure of the dictionary entry.

Any dictionary entry begins with a headword, which is often spelled capital letters and is highlighted in bold.

We note right away that the words used in dictionaries are always spelled correctly, therefore, if you doubt the correct spelling of a word, it is not necessary to refer to a spelling dictionary. It is enough to open any available at your fingertips.

Most dictionaries also indicate correct stress. Almost all Russian dictionaries will contain this information. What other notes are there?

After the headword comes information about what part of speech it belongs to. Then its meaning is described or there is a list of synonyms, antonyms - it all depends on the type of dictionary. The dictionary entry ends with examples of use - quotes from books, magazines. If this word has features in use, this information is also indicated at the end of the article.

conclusions

We have sorted out what lexicography is, what dictionaries are and their meaning, listed the main types, and also provided a list of the most useful for any educated person.

Remember, if you experience difficulties in writing or pronouncing a word, you cannot choose the most successful one, you just need to open one of the books we have listed.

The first explanatory dictionary of the Russian language was the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, the compilation of which began under the guidance of M.V. Lomonosov. Its 1st edition was published in 1789 - 1794, and the 2nd - in 1806 - 1822.

The arrangement of words in the 1st edition was nested, and in

2nd alphabetic. Most of the words placed in this dictionary are Church Slavonic borrowings or Russian words formed according to the Church Slavonic type. The significance of this dictionary was, however, very significant: it served as the first major experience in the field of Russian lexicography. During the XIX - early XX century. a number of dictionaries are also published, which today have only historical interest and are used primarily by linguists. This is the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”, published by the 2nd department

Academy of Sciences in 1847, "Dictionary of the Russian language", published in 1891 - 1895. under the editorship of J. K. Grot, then, until the beginning of the 20s. - edited by A. A. Shakhmatov, and after his death until 1937 - edited by L. V. Shcherba, V. I. Chernyshev and others and remained unfinished (brought to the letter O), and “Explanatory Dictionary of Living Great Russian language" by V. I. Dahl, published in the 1st edition in 1863 - 1866. and then repeatedly reprinted. This last dictionary is the only one of the pre-revolutionary dictionaries of the Russian language that continues to be used not only by specialists, but by all cultured people, so we will dwell on its description in more detail.

In terms of the coverage of linguistic material, the dictionary of V.I. different professions, some of the slang words, and in the 3rd and 4th editions - and taboo obscene language. By the number of included words (about 200 thousand), the dictionary remains unsurpassed in Russian lexicography. Despite the negative attitude of the author to foreign words, the dictionary fully reflects the borrowed vocabulary. The dictionary is remarkable for its illustrative material: among the examples of the use of words, proverbs, sayings and other apt folk sayings occupy a large place, the dictionary contains rich material about the lifestyle of the Russian people, their customs and beliefs. That is why the work of V. I. Dahl retained a living significance, despite all its shortcomings. But there are shortcomings in the dictionary. The nested arrangement of words, moreover, not infallible and not sustained in the form of a strict system, gives rise to difficulties in finding a word, even for those who have experience working with dictionaries. For example, if the reference mark “see. zhelv”, then there is no such label for the word zhelunets, placed in the same dictionary entry zhelv, and the reader may mistakenly conclude that the word is not in the dictionary. Interpretations of words are not always successful, and partially outdated. But the uniqueness of the dictionary largely atones for these shortcomings, and the work of V. I. Dahl is not forgotten after his death. In 1880 - 1882 the 2nd edition of the dictionary was published, revised, expanded and refined by the author. In 1903 - 1904. a new, 3rd edition was published, edited by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay. All additions and corrections in this edition are marked with square brackets, the text of V. I. Dahl is left unchanged. With the additions of Baudouin, the dictionary material amounted to about 220 thousand words. In 1912, this supplemented version of the dictionary was published again. This was the 4th edition. It includes an editor's article on public reaction to the 3rd edition, but generally follows that edition. IN Soviet time the 2nd edition was reproduced: it was reprinted in 1935, 1955, 1956, 1978 - 1980, 1981 - 1982, 1989 - 1991. In the post-Soviet period, in 1994, the 2nd was again reproduced, and soon (in the same year) - and

3rd edition. Thus, the dictionary of V. I. Dal for 130 years withstood 12 editions.

Explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language of the Soviet era are: 4-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by D. N. Ushakov, published in the 1st edition in 1935 - 1940 and the 2nd - in 1995; The 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language, which began to be published under the editorship of V. V. Vinogradov and completed under the editorship of F.

P. Filina, published from 1950 to 1965; the one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov (1st edition - 1949, reprinted many times); 4-volume "Dictionary of the Russian language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1st edition - 1957 - 1961.2nd -1981 - 1984.3rd - 1985 - 1988).

Of this list, the 17-volume "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" (the so-called Big Academic - in contrast to the Small 4-volume one) and the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S. I. Ozhegov should be especially noted. The Big Academic Dictionary is the best and most complete of the dictionaries of the modern Russian language. Although it, like all the dictionaries of the Soviet period indicated in the above list, is normative, it also quite fully reflects the dialect, colloquial, professional vocabulary. As for the dictionary

S.I. Ozhegov, it is convenient for its compactness and serves as a reference book for every philologist and not only a philologist. (In recent editions, this dictionary is published under the names of S. I. Ozhegova and N. Yu. Shvedova, who edited and supplemented the dictionary after the death of its first author.)

Explanatory dictionaries of phraseological units should also be mentioned. These are the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” published in 1967, edited by A.I. Molotkov, and the two-volume “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language” by A.I. Fedorov (Novosibirsk, 1995).

From the explanatory dictionaries of a dialectal nature, we point out the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects, which began to appear in 1965 and was brought to the letter C by 2002. This is an all-Russian dictionary that aims to reflect the lexical richness of all dialects of our language, based on previously published dialect dictionaries. As for the dictionaries of individual dialects, there are quite a lot of them. Of the newest, we will name the one released in 1992 - 1993. 3-volume "Dictionary of Russian old-timer dialects of the Middle Irtysh region" edited by G. A. Sadretdinova, reflecting the dialect vocabulary of the old-timer villages of the Omsk region. (In 1998 and 2003, after the death of G. A. Sadretdinova, two issues of additions to it were published under the editorship of the author of these lines). 4-volume "Dictionary of Russian dialects of Altai" edited by I. A. Vorobyeva and A. I. Ivanova; published in the 1970s and 1980s, the 7-volume Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Middle Urals (headed by A. K. Matveev), 4-volume Complete Dictionary of the Siberian Dialect, ed. O. I. Blinova, published in Tomsk in 1992 - 1995.

Among the etymological dictionaries, the most authoritative is the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by the German Slavist, student of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay M. Vasmer (M. Vasmer), published in Germany in the 50s, and in Russian translation - in 1964 - 1974 (with additions by O.N. Trubachev). In the dictionary, after the headword, its parallels in all Slavic languages ​​are given, then its etymology is given (or, if there is no unambiguous etymology, its various versions) and at the end of the dictionary entry is a list of those authors who were engaged in etymologization of this lexical unit. For school and practical purposes, the “Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” by N. M. Shansky is widely used,

V. V. Ivanov and T. V. Shanskoy, published in 1966 and repeatedly reprinted. Since 1974, the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages ​​has been published under the editorship of O.N. Trubachev (by 2002 it was brought to the letter O in the Latin alphabet).

In the orthoepy section, the "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language" was already mentioned, published in its modern version in 1983 and then reprinted. This is a dictionary that serves as a reference for correct pronunciation and stress, and which, like a short explanatory dictionary, is also useful and even necessary for every cultured person, especially a philologist.

Such is the range of Russian language dictionaries that students who study the languages ​​of European peoples need to know. Other dictionaries are of interest mainly to those who specialize in Russian studies.

Literature

Main

Modern Russian / Ed. L. A. Novikova. St. Petersburg, 1999. S. 307 - 329. Additional

Shansky N Zh Lexicology of the modern Russian language. M., 1972. (§§ 74 - 90).

Shmelev D. Ya Modern Russian language: Vocabulary. M., 1977. pp. 20 - 48.

A significant event in the history of Russian lexicography was the creation of a four-volume "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I.Dalya (1863-1866). V.I.Dal worked on the dictionary for 53 years, the dictionary was based on folk speech, and common and dialect vocabulary was also included. In total, the dictionary contains about 200 thousand words and 30 thousand proverbs. Among the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language of the Soviet era, the first place on merit belongs to the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language (1935-1940, vols. 1-4) under edited by Professor Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov. This dictionary is the normative dictionary of the modern literary language. But is now outdated.

Based on the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D.N. Ushakov created by Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian language"(1st edition in 1949, 9th edition under the editorship of N.Yu. Shvedova - in 1972) The dictionary includes about 57 thousand of the most common words of the modern Russian literary language.

From 1950 to 1965, 17 volumes were published "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" Academy of Sciences of the USSR. This dictionary is normative and explanatory-historical at the same time. It contains "all the lexical richness of the Russian literary language with its grammatical characteristics, from the era of Pushkin to the present day."

On the basis of the card file "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language" of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, small academic "Dictionary of the Russian language" in 4 volumes (M., 1957-1960; 1981-1984). it is a normative dictionary of the modern Russian literary language.

Basic aspect dictionaries

Aspect Dictionaries can be divided into two large groups.

The first group is synonymous, antonymic, paronymic, homonymous, derivational, dialectal dictionaries. It describes single-order language units that form a homogeneous microstructure.

The second group - etymological, historical, spelling, orthoepic dictionaries, dictionaries grammatical difficulties, foreign words, etc.

In these dictionaries, relatively heterogeneous lexical material is analyzed from a strictly defined point of view.

Among synonymous dictionaries recent years stands out first of all Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language, edited by Anastasia Petrovna Evgenieva(vols. 1-2, 1970-1971). This dictionary reflects the synonymic connections of the words of the modern Russian literary language. Each dictionary entry includes a synonymic row, a semantic and stylistic commentary on the synonymic row, and illustrations.

"Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language" Z.E. Alexandrova(1968) is a dictionary-index, it is designed for those who are sufficiently fluent in Russian.

In the 1970s, several antonymic dictionaries appeared: L.A. Vvedenskaya’s Dictionary of Antonyms of the Russian Language (1971); "Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language" N.P. Kolesnikov (1972); "Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language" M.R. Lvov (1978). “Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language” by M.R. Lvov).

IN "Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language" by O.S. Akhmanova(1974) considers the phenomenon of homonymy, the author takes into account the transitional cases from polysemy to homonymy.

From word-formation dictionaries, one should name "School word-building dictionary of the Russian language" A.N. Tikhonov (1978).

Among the various dialect dictionaries, it is necessary first of all to note the multivolume "Dictionary of Russian folk dialects"(1965), which presents the dialect vocabulary of all Russian dialects of the 19th-20th centuries.

Etymological Dictionaries contain information about the origin of words. From pre-revolutionary publications stands out for its completeness "Etymological dictionary of the Russian language" A.G. Preobrazhensky(1910-1914, 1958).

The most complete etymological dictionary is "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" M. Fasmera (T. 1-4, 1953-1958, 1964-1973).

Word-formation-historical is "A Brief Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" N.M. Shansky (1961, 1975).

A special type is difficulty dictionaries. For example, in the directory "Difficulties in word usage and variants of the norms of the Russian literary language" under the editorship of K.S. Gorbachevich (1973) included such words that need a certain qualification in terms of their relevance or inappropriateness in speech. The dictionary reflects the coexistence of various kinds of options: accentological (then "at once - immediately" with); pronunciation (identity - identity); shaping (from the forest - from the forest); formal grammatical (shutter - shutter).
"Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language" D.E.Rosenthal and M.A. Telenkova (1976) contains about 30 thousand words that cause difficulties of a very different nature (spelling, orthoepic, stylistic, grammatical, etc.)

Morpheme. Types of morphemes.

Morpheme (from Greek morphe - form) - the smallest indivisible meaningful part of a word.

According to the role in the word, morphemes are divided into root, auxiliary (affixal).

Root morphemes are the roots of words that make up the lexical base of a word. Ideally, a mandatory part of the word.

Service morphemes, or affixes (from Latin affixum - attached) - form the word as a lexical and grammatical unit in the system of parts of speech. These are optional parts of the word. These include: prefix (prefix), suffix, interfix (connecting vowel), ending, postfix.

According to the role in the formation and functioning of the word, morphemes are word-forming, formative.

Word-forming morphemes change the lexical meaning of the word and serve to form new words: cheerfulness, cheerfulness.

Exist different ways word formation, which studies word formation.

Formative morphemes serve to form forms of the same word without changing it. lexical meaning: brisk - brisk - brisk - th, speak - talk-box-th - speak-vsh-th. There are several ways to form word forms.

According to the degree of participation in the formation of words, morphemes can be productive, unproductive.

Productive morphemes are widely used to form new words and word forms: come, speak, reader, young.

Unproductive morphemes do not produce new words and forms of words: pa-vodka, su-glink, life, paste-uh, tr-emya,

circus-ach, throat-an, scream-un.