What is the order of words in a sentence in Russian: features and rules. Word order in a sentence, intonation, logical stress Correct placement of words in a sentence Russian language

The correctness of speech largely depends on the arrangement of words in a sentence. Poor word order can distort or obscure the meaning of a statement. For example, hearing the phrase: The village feeds the lake, we express bewilderment: does the lake need to be fed? Apparently the lake feeds the village(that is, the villagers make a living by fishing). We are accustomed to the fact that in such constructions the subject comes first.

The arrangement of sentence members, characteristic of the modern Russian language, was not fixed immediately. Remember the ponderous phrases in the works of M.V. Lomonosov, in the poetry of G.R. Derzhavina. Their syntax still retained traces of the influence of Latin-German constructions, which were very far from Russian colloquial speech. It is not surprising that the remarkable reformer of the Russian literary language N.M. Karamzin proclaimed the principle: “Write as we speak, and speak as we write.” Karamzin worked hard to develop the order of words in a sentence and gave an example of two constructions typical of the Russian language: The bell rang and the horses started moving.(the subject comes first, that is, prepositive, and the predicate is postpositive) and The sun is shining; Autumn has come; It's raining(prepositive predicate). Both constructions reflect direct word order, but their stylistic application is different. Sentences of the first type are used more often in narration:

We swam quite slowly. The old man had difficulty pulling his long pole out of the viscous mud... Finally we got to the reeds, and the fun began. The ducks rose noisily, “rushed” from the pond, frightened by our unexpected appearance in their domain, shots rang out in unison after them... These short-tailed birds tumbled in the air, splashed heavily on the water... Easily wounded, they dived... [T. ].

These structures vividly convey movement and development of action, reflecting the dynamics of events in the best way possible.

Sentences with a prepositive predicate are used when describing a situation, an object, a landscape:

It was a beautiful July day... Merry and majestic, as if taking off, the mighty luminary rises. Around noon, a lot of round, high clouds usually appear... Here and there bluish stripes will stretch from top to bottom: then barely noticeable rain falls... Everything bears the stamp of some touching meekness... [T.].

This word order is typical for an epic, calm tone of speech, for creating static pictures.

Usually the prepositive predicate in interrogative and exclamatory sentences: Do you know about this?; What a pleasant activity these dances are!(Sharp).

When determining the place of minor members of a sentence, it should be borne in mind that a sentence is usually built from phrases in which the coordinated words precede the core word, and the controlled words follow it.

Let us characterize the word order in phrases that are most often used in Russian constructions.

I. In combinations of nouns with adjectives, the latter are usually prepositive: good man, fun ride. The postpositive adjective is distinguished by its meaning and is often emphasized by intonation: Here youyou will meet the only sideburns, passed with extraordinary and amazing art under the tie... Here you will meetwonderful mustache , not depicted by any pen, by any brush... Here you will findthe only smile smile- the height of art(G.).

If the integrity of a phrase is violated in a sentence and the adjective is separated from the noun by a verb, then this is usually stylistically justified. Such an adjective is always emphasized, strengthened. For example: Boredom tormented mescary (T.); Early fellsnowball (Shol.); Invisible ranglark (Naked). In such cases, they talk about inversion - that is, a stylistic device consisting of a deliberate change in the usual word order for the purpose of emotional, semantic highlighting of any part of the statement.

II. In phrases of two nouns, the dependent word is usually postpositive: a mother's love, a walk in the moonlight, the path to victory. But a word indicating the appearance, size, color and other properties of an object can also be prepositive, always appearing in combination with an adjective: [Sobakevich] ... this time it seemed to him very similar toaverage size bear (G.).

III. In phrases with a core adjective word, the adverb usually comes first: very kind, deathly pale, incredibly large. The same position is occupied by a noun indicating the qualitative attribute of an adjective: extremely patient, fundamentally wrong.

IV. In verb phrases with the dependent case form of the noun, it is usually in second place: I lovethunderstorm, writingpencil, came upto the window. However, preposition of a noun is also possible if it indicates a quality or method of action: Quick steps she was walking towards the house(Nikol.); Then he did the samewith a searching gaze looked at Kocharyan and Mitya(Kettle.). If a verb refers to two nouns, then words with the meaning of addressee or circumstance are placed immediately after it: wrotefor students allowance, tookin the closet paper, openedkey door, the final position is occupied by a word form, which in meaning is more closely related to the verb: received from the editoranswer, writes to friendsletters.

In combinations of verbs with adverbs, the word order depends on the meaning of the statement: adverbs are postpositive if they have logical stress: He workedartistically (G.); Metfriendly (Furm.).

Particular attention should be paid to the order of words in a sentence when using homogeneous members. Of interest is the use of several definitions that occupy the same syntactic positions in a sentence: Bywide big highwayless road rode at a fast trottall blue Viennese stroller in a train(L.T.). As can be seen from the example, adjectives are placed closer to the nouns, naming a more important feature. If a pronoun appears in a series of homogeneous definitions, it moves forward: ...your beautiful Ryazan scarf(Es.).

An additional note can be made about the order of words in a sentence when using the infinitive. The dependent infinitive is always postpositive: Sasha... blushed, readycry (Ch.); I would like tolive and die in Paris, if there were no such land- Moscow(M.). The prepositive use of the infinitive gives speech a conversational coloring: I will buy, I will buy, only youcry something stop doing that; I don’t have long, I’m bringing pots to the kitchensoar I'll send(Sharp).

Order of words in a sentence

The relative arrangement of the members of a sentence, which has syntactic, semantic and stylistic meaning. The first is expressed in the fact that the place occupied by a member of a sentence can be associated with its syntactic function. Thus, in the sentence Sunny day, the adjective sunny acts as a definition for the word day, the main member of the nominative sentence; with a different word order (Sunny day), the same adjective plays the role of a predicate in a two-part sentence. In sentences like Mother loves her daughter with homonymous forms of the nominative and accusative cases, the syntactic role of both nouns is determined by their place in the sentence: with direct word order ( cm. below) the subject comes first, the direct object comes second. In the sentence Free brother returned the adjective sick occupies the position of an agreed definition, and in the sentence Brother returned sick - the position of the nominal part compound predicate. In identity sentences like Moscow - the capital of the USSR, the subject is in first place, and the predicate in second place; with a different word order (the capital of the USSR is Moscow), the former predicate becomes the subject, and the former subject becomes the predicate.

The grammatical-semantic meaning of word order finds its expression, for example, in combinations of a cardinal number with a noun. In the sentence At the meeting there were fifty people present, the prepositive cardinal number indicates the exact number of persons; in the sentence At the meeting there were fifty people present, the postpositive numeral indicates the approximate number of persons (with the rearrangement of words, the so-called category of approximate is created).

Dictionary-reference book linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what “word order in a sentence” is in other dictionaries:

Typology of word order (in a sentence) is one of the possible systems of typological classification of languages ​​used in linguistic typology. Based on the basic order in which the subject and predicate appear in a sentence... ... Wikipedia

In phrases it can have a formal meaning, that is, indicate various relationships between the parts of the phrase. In the so-called analytical languages ​​(see) PS, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in Chinese. or … Literary encyclopedia

Word order- WORD ORDER in phrases can have a formal meaning, that is, indicate different relationships between the parts of the phrase. In the so-called analytical languages ​​(see) P.S, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

Word order- Word order is a certain arrangement of words in a sentence or syntactic group. Structural types of P. s. differ in the following oppositions: progressive, or sequential (the defining word follows the qualifying word: “read a book”), ... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary

word order in a simple sentence- Typical relative arrangement of word forms in their specific functions - subject, predicate, etc. The order of words performs the corresponding functions, therefore it is not constant, fixed: 1) grammatical (neutral) order... ...

A multifunctional formal device used to construct a sentence. In synthetic languages ​​(for example, Russian) it serves mainly contextual connections of the sentence and is a means of actual division... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

word order- in phrases can have a formal meaning, that is, indicate various relationships between the parts of the phrase. In the so-called analytical languages ​​(see) P.S, as a formal feature, has a predominant meaning, as, for example, in the Chinese language... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

reverse word order (inversion)- The order of words in a sentence that does not coincide with the order of words in the phrase. O. p.s. used in different styles. So, in journalistic speech it contributes to the creation of expressiveness, the fulfillment of the influencing function of the statement: ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

See the word order is reversed (in the article the word order in a sentence) ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

In order to construct even the simplest sentence in English, you need to know the word order in the language. This seemingly simple, but very important topic is the starting point in the study of English grammar.

Subject + predicate + direct object

In a regular affirmative sentence, the subject is placed immediately before the predicate (verb). The direct object, when present, comes immediately after the verb. For example:

• They bought a car. — They bought a car.
• We can't do that. - We can't do this.
• The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano. — A girl in a blue dress was playing the piano.

Predicate

Note that by subject here we mean not only the main noun or pronoun, but also the adjectives or descriptive phrases that refer to it. The rest of the sentence that does not refer to the subject is called the predicate. For example:

• The girl in a blue dress was playing the piano.

Indirect additions and circumstances

If there are any other parts in the sentence - indirect additions or circumstances - they usually occupy a strictly defined place.

Indirect object position

after direct object if it contains the preposition to.

The indirect object is placed before direct object when to is missing. For example:

• The teacher gave dictionaries to the pupils. — The teacher distributed dictionaries to the students.
• The teacher gave them dictionaries. — The teacher gave them dictionaries.

Position of circumstance

The circumstance can be placed in three places:

Before the subject (usually these are tense adverbs)

• In the morning he was reading a book. — In the morning he was reading a book.

After the addition (almost any adverb or adverbial phrase can be placed here):

• He was reading a book at the library. — He was reading a book in the library.

Between the auxiliary and main verb (usually short adverbs):

• He has already read this book. — He has already read the book.

In standard English, there are usually no other words placed between the subject and the predicate or between the predicate and the object. But there are a few exceptions. Here are the most important of them:

Adverbs of frequency and indirect objects without the preposition to

• I sometimes drink coffee in the morning. - I Sometimes I drink coffee in the morning.
• He showed the driver his bus pass. - He showed to the driver your bus pass.

If you follow these simple rules, you will be able to avoid mistakes in the placement of words in an English sentence. The examples given are intentionally simple - but the same rules can be applied to more. For example:

• The woman, , never went to sleep before - The woman [who often felt lonely] never went to bed without calling her sister.

Stylistic change in word order

Of course, there are exceptions to the rules, and writers or speakers often use unusual word order to achieve a particular effect. But if we now focus on exceptions, we will distract ourselves from the main principles, and the problem of word order in a sentence may seem very difficult.

So here are some more examples: You should know that these sentences exist, but don't try to use them unless absolutely necessary until you have mastered the principles of normal word order (remember, you need to learn to walk before you can run!):

• Never before had he felt so miserable. “He had never felt so unhappy before.”

If a sentence begins with never or never before, the subject and predicate are often subject to inversion, i.e. change places. Don't use inversion when never follows the subject!

• Hardly had I finished cleaning the house, my friend called. “I had barely finished cleaning the house when my friend called.

(When a sentence begins with hardly, the subject and predicate must always be inverted.)

• Had they known, they"d never have done that. - Had they known this, they would never have done that.

(Inversion is used in hypothetical condition structures when if is omitted.)

• Whatever you can tell me, I know already. “Whatever you tell me, I already know.”

Here's the expanded addition: Whatever you can tell me, is placed at the beginning of the sentence for artistic reasons: this sentence structure is not necessary, it's just .

Now, having mastered the rules for constructing simple sentences, you can move on to more complex sentences with subordinate constructions.

How do you feel about non-standard word order in English? Difficult, unclear? Share in the comments!

There is a strong idea that word order in the Russian language is free. If it were truly free, the question of neither errors in word order nor such a stylistic device as inversion would arise. It would be more correct to say that word order in Russian is flexible: not only grammatical, but also semantic. For example, the famous line from Nekrasov IN the woodcutter's ax was heard in the forest possible with a different word order: The woodcutter's ax rang out in the forest etc. The order of words determines the meaning of these sentences: Nekrasov reports what happened in the forest, in the second version - where the woodcutter’s ax was heard.

In each specific case, the word order depends both on the grammatical nature of the words in a sentence and on the meaning of the entire sentence, which, in turn, is governed by the preceding and subsequent sentences.

180. Grammatical word order

Every sentence consists of phrases organized in one of the following ways: coordination – morning dawn, control – read the letter, adjacency – laughed merrily; Within a phrase, the grammatical order of words applies. It is predetermined by the grammatical nature of the words entering the phrase.

1. Coordination- a type of connection in which the main word requires that the dependent word take the same grammatical forms in which it itself is used. Such a connection arises between the defined and the definition, that is, between the noun and the adjective, as well as other parts of speech that can act as an adjective; participle, ordinal number, pronoun-adjective. The dependent word in all these cases comes before the main word, the process that has begun, the first successes, our disappointments. If the main word has several definitions that agree with it, then the order of arrangement depends on their morphological nature:

1) definitions expressed by pronouns come before definitions expressed by other parts of speech, for example: on this solemn day, all the typos noticed;

2) attributive pronouns precede all other pronouns, for example: all these amendments, every comment you make. But the pronoun most is placed after the demonstrative pronoun, for example: these same possibilities, the same case;

3) definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives come before definitions expressed relative adjectives(the latter, as expressing a more significant or permanent feature, are closer to the noun being defined), for example: new historical novel, late autumn;

4) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed only by qualitative adjectives, then the one that denotes a more stable attribute is placed closer to the defined noun, for example: huge black eyes, a pleasant light breeze;

5) if heterogeneous definitions are expressed only by relative adjectives, then they are usually arranged in order of ascending semantic gradation (from a narrower concept to a broader one), for example: daily weather reports, antique bronzes.

2. Control- this type of subordinating connection in which the main word of the phrase requires the placement of the dependent word in a certain case. Dependent words are nouns and noun pronouns, and main words are verbs, nouns, adjectives, participles, and gerunds: read a book, read it; reading a book, faithful to duty, reading a book, reading a book. In such combinations, where the main word precedes the dependent, objects and inconsistent modifiers expressed by nouns or pronouns appear after the words on which they depend. For example: be interested in history, the reviewer's opinion.

The lexical and grammatical meaning of the main word determines the need for a controlled word (one or more) and their form. For example, verb cut denotes an action that must be directed at something (object of action) and produced by something (instrument of action). The object to which the action extends has the form of the accusative case, and the instrument of action has the form of the instrumental case. Moreover, the obligatory nature of the object and the instrument with this verb is not the same: the object is obligatory (class of transitive verbs), therefore the control between the verb and the noun is strong here; the instrument of action is less obligatory, therefore control is weak. If the main word has several dependent ones, as in the above example, then, naturally, the more obligatory word (strong control) comes first, and then the less obligatory (weak control), so the following word order is assumed: cut (what?) paper (what?) with scissors; the arrival of (who?) son (to whom?) to his parents.

Deviation from this order is due to the semantics of dependent words: if a word with weak control denotes a person, and with strong control an object, then the word denoting a person (despite the fact that it is weak control) can come before a word with strong control denoting an object: write a letter to your brother - write a letter to your brother. If a weakly controlled word is expressed by a personal pronoun, then it must be placed immediately after the word controlling it: write him a letter, give us a surprise.

3. Adjacency- this type of subordinating connection in which the semantic relationship between the main and dependent word is not formally expressed, since the dependent word does not have inflection forms. Adjacent adverb, adjective in comparative degree, gerunds, infinitives, third person possessive pronouns and other unchangeable words and forms. Adjacent qualitative adverbs in -O And -e and adverbs measures And degrees precede the main word: happily reported, looked defiantly, quite an adult; the rest tend to follow: speak English, ride a horse, arrive in the evening, spoke in the heat of the moment. Precedes the main word adjoining possessive pronoun 3rd person: his, her, their opinion.

The main requirement for word order in a sentence is that don't destroy(without sufficient grounds) natural lexical-grammatical connections within the phrase. Destruction leads to error. Yes, in a sentence The public is widely preparing to celebrate the artist’s fiftieth birthday, the order of words is broken and requires editing: word wide adjoins the verb Mark, but not getting ready. You should: preparing to celebrate widely. It is necessary to correct the word order in the sentence P It is prohibited to drink water from rivers and reservoirs in our region. You should: It is forbidden (what?) to drink (what?) water (what? where?) from rivers and reservoirs (what? which?) of our region.

4. The subject and predicate form a predicative phrase constructed according to the type of agreement. But this is a special type of phrase: it does not name, but informs. The subject of speech is usually the subject (expressed by a noun or parts of speech that replace it), and the message about it is conveyed by a predicate, an expressed verb, or a combination of a verb with other parts of speech. Therefore, the strictly grammatical subject of a sentence precedes the predicate (first the subject of speech is named, then something is said about it). For example: Life went on as usual; He walked through the living room into the library. In author's remarks that break direct speech or follow it, a different order is necessary: Do not rush, - said the father, - you will have time; a different word order is also preferable when the subject and predicate are semantically undifferentiated, expressed by verbs being or course of action : it's raining, summer has flown by, lightning flashes.

§181. Semantic word order

Free-flowing sentence components

Grammatical word order doesn't have in the Russian language it is strictly fixed. The structure of a sentence allows for variations in the arrangement of some of its components. The choice of a specific option depends on the communicative task, that is, on the meaning of the sentence. These free-standing components include:

1) circumstances(except for the manner of action, as well as measure and degree), which, as a rule, are weakly controlled members of phrases; their place may change depending on the semantics of the entire sentence. Wed: The child could not speak from fear. – The child could not speak from fright. The first sentence tells about why the child could not speak, that is, the reason is indicated, in the second - about what happened (he got scared) and the consequences;

2) participial phrases ; compare: Referring to illness Petrov asked to postpone the exam– Petrov, referring to illness asked to reschedule the exam– Petrov asked to postpone the exam, referring to illness. The reason is expressed most strongly in the first sentence and weakest in the last;

3) particles; their place may change, but the more significant in each specific sentence is which particular word the particle is placed in front of. Wed: This the book is difficult even for him(we are talking about difficulties for a prepared reader); This the book is even difficult for him(the unexpectedness of the difficulty is emphasized); Even this the book is difficult for him(we are talking about a completely unprepared reader);

4) introductory words; their location is free, if they relate to the proposal as a whole, change of place introductory words leads to a change in the modality of the utterance. Wed: It seemed he fell asleep; He, it seemed fell asleep; He fell asleep it seemed (the degree of confidence that he is sleeping decreases from the first sentence to the third). If the introductory word is connected in meaning to a separate member of the sentence, then it is placed next to it, for example: A real bird, game, began to appear, according to the hunters (Aksakov); Our dilapidated little boat tilted, scooped up and solemnly sank to the bottom, fortunately, in a shallow place(Turgenev). You should not put an introductory word between a preposition and a full word. Instead of The matter was in it would seem that, in faithful hands follows: The matter was it would seem that, in the right hands;

5) appeals; their arrangement is free, but the appeal at the beginning or end of the sentence is logically emphasized, while the appeal at the beginning of the sentence has the function of attracting attention, and at the end - expressing a request or softening a statement. Wed: Doctor, tell me, what’s wrong with my child?; Tell, doctor, what's wrong with my child?; Tell me, what's wrong with my child, doctor? Tanya, you should know this; You should have known this Tanya. In appeals, slogans, appeals, orders, oratory, official and personal letters, the appeal, as a rule, is placed at the beginning of the sentence and is often separated into an independent statement: Gentlemen judges! Please pay attention...;

6) some parts of a complex sentence; V complex sentence some predicative parts are rigidly fixed (clause clauses always come after the word they define, for example: House, which stands on the corner, was built...), other predicative parts are freely arranged. Wed: Since you have not fulfilled your obligation, I terminate the contract; I terminate the contract because you have not fulfilled your obligation. The choice of option, as in a simple sentence, depends on the specific communicative situation;

7) author's words in sentences with direct speech. Wed: And I, waiting for the wind, say in a low voice:– I love you, Nadya! (Chekhov); I love you, Nadya! - I say... In the first case, the author’s commentary is more important than someone else’s speech, in the second case, someone else’s speech itself is more important. If someone else's speech is sufficiently developed, it can be broken by the author's words. In this case, the author’s commentary itself is reduced to the role of almost introductory words, but the part of the statement that comes after the author’s words is highlighted. Wed: – Shouldn't we go? - I say to Nadenka,– home?

§182. Word order and the complex syntactic whole

The order of words in a sentence depends not only on the grammatical connections of words and the meaning of the entire sentence, but also on the complex syntactic whole (see Chapter XLIX) of which the sentence is part. Wed: Suddenly, someone in white separated from the wall and began to approach. From fright the child could not utter a word; Everything at school is so unusual, strict and solemn that when they asked the question: “How old are you?”, the child could not utter a word from fright.

In some cases, the nature of the development of thought in a complex syntactic whole not only determines the place of a freely located component, but also requires a departure from the strictly grammatical order of words. Wed:

1) Everyone gathered at the table. Peter brought a book and there was silence;

2) There was a book on the table. Peter brought the book;

3) And here we have this book. Peter brought the book.

In the second and third options, the logic of the development of thought subordinates grammar: in the second case it is reported who brought the book, in the third - how it came to us. In the first case, sequentially developing events are reported.

The order of words in a sentence (and its meaning) depend not only on the preceding context, but also on the subsequent one. Wed;

1) Autumn... Dry leaves slowly fall to the ground. Soon it will be covered with a continuous multi-colored carpet;

2) Autumn... Slowly falling to the ground dry leaves. It’s as if they don’t want to part with the tree;

3) Autumn... Dry leaves slowly fall to the ground, and the smoke of the fires rises to the sky.

The first sentence allows all three variants of the second sentence after it, and the second variants are conditioned by their subsequent context.

Word order.

Word order - the arrangement of sentence components in relation to each other.

Syntactic structure is an area of ​​grammar.

In Russian, word order is neutral.

Neutral word order:

Subject before predicate

Definition before defined

Complement after the predicate

The arrangement can change - then the word order does stylistic function.

It relies on the semantic-discriminating function, which is connected by the actual division of the sentence (ASP).

In connected speech, the logic of the development of thought requires movement from the known to the unknown, from the given to the new, and this is how the sentence is divided.

Subject - what is known.

Rema - what's new.

Basic functions of word order:

Constructive-syntactic - by performing it, the PS becomes an indicator of constructive connections and relationships between verbal forms.

It is not typical for the Russian language, but the PS often differentiates the meaning.

The first is the subject, after the predicate is the object.

Communicative-syntactic - PS expresses a communicative perspective.

Stylistic - PS serves as a means of constructing various proposal options. The PS of words is related to intonation, it helps to focus attention on the old or new. This function is carried out by word order, usually when the linear order of the components of the sentence is violated. Then the sentence acquires either a conversational character or a highly poetic character. The PS, performing a stylistic function, divides the proposal into styles. In scientific and formal business styles PS is not used for expression, but it is PS that emphasizes the logical division of the text.

In formal business style, linear word order predominates - this is the point.

Different types of speech use different PS.

Reverse word order (inversion) is:

Stylistic device to add expressiveness to a sentence

Reverse word order (actually)

When inverted, the PS performs the function of updating (takes on logical stress).

PS here is related to AChP.

Inversion functions:

Emphatic (excretion) - main

Rhythmic-melodic organization of speech

Linguists note a change in the stylistic coloring of a statement during inversion. Characteristic of poetic, colloquial, journalistic and artistic speech.

Reverse word order suggests:

Subject after predicate - there is a connotation of an indefinite subject.

Coordination of the definition comes after the word being defined - the attribute is updated.

The agreed upon precedes the inconsistent.

The complement is placed before the control word.

The adverbial adverbial may be located at a distance from the verb.

Sometimes PS is used as a means of irony.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

In modern Russian syntax, 2 main processes are noted:

Syntactic compression - the loss of redundant verbal components from the logic of expanded constructions and the combination of the remaining ones while fully maintaining the meaning. At the same time, the focus of the statement on the adequacy of understanding is also preserved, and at the same time the implicit (hidden) meaning becomes deeper.

This is possible because the information conveyed by a statement can be placed within a more rigid framework.

Result- actualization of sentence members, saving of speech means, new shades of meaning appear.

“his musical talent was discovered early, but musical talent in general manifests itself early”

“don’t forget to come back on time, otherwise...”

One can also include hidden dialogization and secondary predication.

“He found her in perfect health, and she was in perfect health.”

Underlies the emergence of composites

Compositives - complex words based on phrases (cash, non-waste).

Syntactic reduction - cutting off a necessary syntactic link in the syntactic structure. Based on the reduction, specific terms were formed (rapid response policy, peaceful settlement, commonwealth countries)

These processes are usually observed in colloquial speech, but the ease of use of compressed constructions translates them into book speech.

They make speech concise, concise and expressive.

Compression and reduction are relevant processes in modern grammar.