The meaning of impersonal predicative words in the dictionary of linguistic terms. Classes of impersonal predicative words by education Predicative parts of speech
Adverb
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general meaning of a characteristic of an action, state or other characteristic (write fast And Beautiful ; to kid Very funny", very nice", talk extremely kindly). Syntactically, adverbs are adjacent to verbs, adjectives, adverbs, as well as special words that name the states of living beings and environment(see "Condition Category") 1 . In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs.
1 Some textbooks note that adverbs can also be combined with nouns (soft-boiled egg,: bulging eyes and so on.). However, in similar combinations.
It would not be entirely correct to define adverbs as unchangeable words: although they do not change either by gender, or by number, or by case, or by tense, nevertheless, adverbs are characterized by an inflectional morphological category of degrees of comparison ( funny, more fun, most fun).
In terms of word formation, adverbs are very diverse; along with non-derivative adverbs tina where, when, very, very there are quite a lot of derived adverbs formed by the most different ways from nouns (into the distance, without asking, in a whisper), adjectives ( fun, childish, openly), numerals ( two, three) verbs ( reluctantly, playfully) etc. The process of transition of various parts of speech into the category of adverbs (adverbialization) is productive and lively, which is reflected in the relative complexity of spelling adverbs compared to the spelling of other parts of speech.
Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two characteristics are taken into account: the function in the sentence and the type of meaning of the adverb.
1. Based on their function in a sentence, defining and adverbial adverbs are distinguished. Determinative adverbs clarify the quality and intensity of an action or attribute, specify the method of performing the action (to work a lot; very fast; read in Polish). Adverbs of measure and degree are distinguished ( a little, very, extremely, too, plenty), which adjoin verbs, adjectives, other adverbs (as well as words of the state category), and adverbs of manner of action (aloud, bass, chant, on foot, beautiful), which adjoin only verbs.
Adverbs of adverbs are attached only to verbs. They do not specify the nature of the action, but indicate the circumstances of its occurrence. Adverbs of place are highlighted (left, forward, home), time (soon, long ago, yesterday, daily), causes (rashly, involuntarily, blindly), consequences (white, full), goals (on purpose, out of spite), compatibility (together, together).
In phrases, an adverb loses its categorical meaning as a characteristic of an action, state or other characteristic and begins to denote a characteristic of an object. From a syntactic point of view, words like soft-boiled are not circumstances, but definitions of a noun. A. A. Shakhmatov noted that in such cases adjectivation of adverbs occurs (that is, adverbs become unchangeable adjectives).
2. By type of meaning, significant and pronominal adverbs are contrasted. Nominative adverbs have a nominative meaning; they name one or another characteristic of a property (good, very, on foot, by heart and etc.).
Pronominal adverbs (where when, Where, How etc.) do not have a nominative meaning: they do not name the attribute of a characteristic, but point to it. These adverbs are called pronominal because their meaning is similar to the meaning of pronominal words like Who, Which, How many; in addition, many pronominal adverbs are formed from pronouns ( In my, then, because and etc.).
Degrees of comparisons of adverbs
Like adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by the opposition of three forms: positive, comparative and superlatives. Forms of degrees of comparison are formed only from qualitative adverbs like funny, Beautiful(i.e. from attributive adverbs of the method of action, derived from qualitative adjectives).
The formation of forms of degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives is generally similar (cf.: cheerful - more fun And fun - more fun; beautiful - the most beautiful of all And beautiful - the most beautiful of all).
The comparative degree (or comparative degree) is formed synthetically and analytically. To form a synthetic (simple) form of the comparative, it follows after the truncation of the adverbial suffix -O add suffixes to the base of the adverb -ee, -ey, -e, -she (beautiful-oh - beautiful-ee, colloquial handsome; dry-o - dry-e; far-o-further). The analytical form of the comparative is formed by adding auxiliary words to the form of the positive degree of the adverb more, less (beautiful - more/less beautiful). Such forms are perceived as somewhat bookish; in colloquial speech the synthetic form of the comparative is more often used (more beautiful).
The superlative degree (or superlative degree) is usually formed analytically: by adding auxiliary words to the form of the positive degree most, least (loudest - most/least loudly); or by adding auxiliary words to the synthetic form of the comparative everything, everyone (more beautiful - the most beautiful of all; funnier - the funniest of all). Synthetic superlative form of adverbs (with suffixes -eyshe, -ayshe) V modern language used extremely
rare and perceived as archaic ( I humbly thank you; I bow deeply).
Category of state (impersonal predicative words)
The category of state is a part of speech that expresses the general category meaning of the state of living beings, nature, the environment in the grammatical form of the main component of impersonal constructions - its predicate: You need to leave; It's cloudy outside; The room is quiet.
Features of the state category as a part of speech
In school grammar, words of the state category are considered as a type of adverb. Indeed, impersonal predicative words are often homonymous with adverbs ending in -o (and corresponding short forms of adjectives); compare: The dress was beautiful(adj.); The student drew beautifully(adv.); The room was beautiful(cat. condition). However, L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov showed that these coincidences are purely external, that the category of state is a special part of speech.
Adverbs have a partial meaning of a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, impersonal predicative words have the meaning of a state. In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb, and the word of the state category is the main member of the sentence. Impersonal predicative words have analytical tense forms formed using copula and copular verbs be, become, make etc., including the zero form of the present tense of the verb be: It was cold yesterday, and tomorrow it will be warm; It's quiet here. Adverbs do not and cannot have categories of time. All this indicates the grammatical opposition of adverbs and words of the category of state.
- 1) words starting with -o (fun, quiet, warm, funny etc.), correlative with qualitative adverbs and short forms of adjectives;
- 2) words it's time laziness, hunting, warm* and others, which are correlative with nouns, but unlike them they do not denote an object, but a state: It's time for us to leave; £.sch/ want to read;
- 3) words nyado, possible, ashamed, ashamed, afraid, impossible, sorry, which do not find correspondence in other parts of speech of the modern Russian language.
Lexico-grammatical categories of impersonal predicative words
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: emotional- mental condition person ( sad, funny, scary) physical or physiological condition of a person (hungry, sick, sick) physical and meteorological state of the environment (dry, light, cloudy, cozy, deserted) etc. From qualitative impersonal predicative words it is possible to form forms of degrees of comparison - comparative (cozier, more/less dark) and superlativa (worst of all).
Modal impersonal predicative words express a modal assessment of the subject’s state, i.e. they have the meaning of desire, readiness, necessity, ability to perform this or that action (it is necessary, it is necessary, it is possible, it is necessary, it is impossible, laziness, times g. hunting and etc.).
Impersonal predicative words, or category of state, - these are significant, unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate in impersonal offer.
Semantic features of the state category.
Impersonal predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - the expression of a state or its assessment. It could be mental or physical state living beings, the state of nature and the environment, a state with modal coloring, assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc.
Classifications of impersonal predicative words by meaning.
| The mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, the environment and the situation. | State with modal coloring (necessity, possibility, obligation) | Assessment of condition or position | |||
| Mental state of a person | The volitional state of a person | Physical state of living beings | State of nature, environment and setting | ||
| Sad, pathetic, funny, offensive, scary, afraid, annoying, ashamed, fun, boring, etc. | Laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. | It’s painful, sickening, disgusting, bad, stuffy, disgusting, etc. | Dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, clean, dirty, windy, etc. | It is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it must, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. | Late, early, time, time, far, close, high, low; sin, horror, shame, good, convenient, bad, easy; seen, heard, etc. |
| And you are not ashamed to do this? You're bored with me. | And do you want to bother with this? I'm too lazy to raise my hand. | The room is stuffy. It hurts us to remember the past. | By evening it became quiet and warm. The living room was noisy and chaotic. | You can't keep up with your friends. You need to think about your future profession. | It's too late now. It’s a sin for you to complain about fate. |
1.Immutability, i.e. lack of declension and conjugation forms.
2.Presence of suffix – O in words formed from adjectives and adverbs, for example: it’s obviously necessary, cold, creepy.
3.The ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by the connective with which impersonal predicative words are combined, for example: cold, it was cold, it will be cold; it became fun, it became fun.
4.Saving forms of comparison in words in – O formed from short names of adjectives and adverbs, for example: It was cold - It will get colder.
Syntactic features of the state category.
1.The syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: The room is stuffy. It was cloudy outside.
2.They are not consistent and not controlled, they can only be combined with an abstract or semi-abstract connective ( to be, to become, to become, to be done), expressing tense and mood. For example: I felt sad. I felt unpleasant and awkward.
3.Can control nouns and pronouns in the dative form without a preposition and the genitive and prepositional case with prepositions. For example: It was cloudy outside. You might be bored with me.
4.Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words, i.e. You can't ask them a question. For example: He looked sad (the adverb modifies the verb). His face was sad (adjective modifies noun). He was sad (state category).
Thus, impersonal predicative words are allocated to a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “inactive” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability.
Formation of impersonal predicative words.
1.Impersonal predicative words in -O are correlated with short adjectives and adverbs: warm, hot, far, close, quiet, etc. These forms are similar to adjectives and adverbs by the commonality of word-formation features and the presence of comparative forms: I felt even sadder.
Short adjectives move into the category of state as a result of their loss of declension forms and fixation in the predicate position, and subsequently their acquisition of tense meanings, which are contained in the verb connective.
Among the impersonal predicative words in -O a group of words is distinguished that do not have homonyms among adverbs and short adjectives, for example: possible, necessary, necessary, must, ashamed, afraid, ashamed, sick, ticklish, etc. They especially noticeably develop the syntactic properties of the verb, for example, to control the accusative case.
In the combination “infinitive + word ending with –o” it can be difficult to distinguish between impersonal predicative words and adverbs or short neuter adjectives. Let's look at examples: Fool friends not good. Wait boring. About it Nice recall. Travel in the desert dangerous. It is believed that the syntactic nature of such a construction is determined by the order of its components. If the infinitive precedes a word ending in –o, then it is the subject, and the sentence is a two-part personal sentence in which the word ending in –o is a short neuter adjective. Typically, such a sentence is pronounced with a characteristic two-part intonation, clearly contrasting the subject group and the predicate group ( It's not good to deceive friends. In the same case when the word ending with –o precedes the infinitive ( It's not good to deceive your friends) the sentence is regarded as impersonal, and the infinitive depends on the impersonal predicative word.
However, you cannot always rely on the order of words in a sentence - the totality of semantic-syntactic features is important. Let's compare two sentences: It hurts him to swallow. Smoking is bad for him.
1) Word hurt impersonal predicative, it expresses the state of the subject and can also appear outside of combination with the infinitive: He's in pain. Word harmful has an evaluative meaning, it denotes a sign, a characteristic of an action, which makes it similar to an adjective. It cannot be used outside of combination with an infinitive; one cannot say “ It's bad for him."
Evaluative words can be predicates only in a personal sentence, in particular with a subject expressed by an infinitive.
2) The two-part nature of constructions with evaluative words ending in -o is confirmed by the possibility of synonymous replacements of both main members. The infinitive can be replaced with a verbal noun: Smoking is harmful - Smoking is harmful. The word ending with –o can be replaced by a descriptive expression: Smoking is a harmful activity.
In combination of an infinitive with an impersonal predicative word, such replacements are impossible.
3) The dative case form in an impersonal sentence denotes the subject of the state: To swallow to him hurt, that is " he experiences pain when swallowing.”
The form of the dative case in constructions with evaluative words has the meaning not of the subject, but of the object with shades of benefit, purpose, interest. The dative form is not an organically essential member of the construction and can be omitted: Smoking is harmful.
4) The syntactic role of the infinitive in the compared constructions is different. In sentences with evaluative words, the infinitive is the subject; in impersonal sentences, the infinitive is dependent; together with the impersonal predicative word, it forms the predicate.
So the suggestions are: It hurts him to swallow And Smoking is bad for him– have different syntactic structures.
Based on this, some linguists do not include evaluative words in the state category.
2. A small group is etymologically related to nouns: sin, shame, torment, pity, time, time, lack of leisure, etc. When turning into impersonal predicative words, they lose the meaning of objectivity and the form of cases, gender, and number. For example: Time to get to the buckshot! I don't have time to talk to you
S. F. Bakhtin, MKOU "Reconstruction Secondary School", Reconstruction village, Volgograd region
- WORDS in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
cm. … - WORDS
pl. 1) Text vocal work. 2) transfer decomposition Empty talk... - IMPERSONAL in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
adv. Correlates by value. with adj.: impersonal... - WORDS
plural words 1) The text of the vocal work. 2) transfer decomposition Empty talk... - IMPERSONAL in Ephraim's Explanatory Dictionary:
impersonally adv. Correlates by value. with adj.: impersonal... - WORDS
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pl. 1. The text of the vocal work. 2. transfer decomposition Empty talk... - IMPERSONAL in the Bolshoi Modern explanatory dictionary Russian language:
adv. quality-circumstances 1. Not referring to a specific person or a specific person; abstractly. Ott. trans. Having no individuality, originality. 2. ... - LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD
- the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and consolidating in it the idea of an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc., L. ... - PREDICATIVE FORMS OF VERB
Conjugated forms of a verb that perform the function of a predicate in a sentence and are formed by the forms of person, number, gender, tense and ... - PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVES in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
see condition category... - PREDICATIVE RELATIONS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
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Same as category... - PREDICATIVE VERB CATEGORIES in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
Verb categories that form predicativeness: category of person, category of tense, category of mood (cf.: non-predicative categories of the verb - category of aspect, category ... - CONDITION CATEGORY in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
(predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words, predicatives). Lexico-grammatical category of words characterized by: a) designation of the state of living beings, nature, environment, sometimes with a modal... - INTRODUCTORY WORDS in the Dictionary of Linguistic Terms:
Words that are not formally related to the members of the sentence, are not members of the sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to what is being expressed, indicating the source... - REALISM in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
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Alexander Afanasyevich - philologist, literary critic, ethnographer. R. in the family of a minor nobleman. He studied at a classical gymnasium, then at Kharkov University... - ENGLISH LANGUAGE in the Literary Encyclopedia:
language mixed. By its origin, it is associated with the western branch of the Germanic group of languages. (cm.). It is customary to share the history of A. Yaz. on the … - EXISTENTIALISM
(from Late Latin exsistentia - existence), or philosophy of existence, an irrationalist direction of modern bourgeois philosophy that arose on the eve of the 1st World War of 1914-18 in ... - SHESTOV LEV in big Soviet encyclopedia, TSB:
Lev (pseud.; real name and surname - Lev Isaakovich Shvartsman), Russian existentialist philosopher and writer. ... - HAFIZ (PERSIAN POET) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
Gafiz, Hafez (pseudonym; real name Shamseddin Mohammed) (circa 1325, Shiraz, - 1389 or 1390, ibid.), Persian poet. Coming from… - FATE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
in mythology, in irrationalistic philosophical systems, as well as in the philistine consciousness, the unreasonable and incomprehensible predetermination of human events and actions. An idea... - SELKUP LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
language, Selkup language. Distributed between the Ob and Yenisei rivers. Number of speakers of S. i. 2.2 thousand people (1970, census). ... - SAMODYAN LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
languages, Samoyed languages, a group of languages included in the Uralic language family. K S. I. include Nenets, Enets and Nganasan languages, widespread ... - ROLE SOCIAL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
social, a set of norms that determine the behavior of those acting in social system persons depending on their status or position, and the behavior itself, ... - ADVERB (PART OF SPEECH) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(calque of the Latin term adverbium; Latin ad - to, with, on and verbum - speech), part of speech, class of full-meaning words, unchangeable... - ACT DIPLOMATIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
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also known as “Altai”, “Turanian”, “Finno-Ugric-Tatar”; they are spoken by numerous peoples inhabiting mainly north-eastern and partly central Asia, ... - SEMASIOLOGY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
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words "tsky, words"tskaya, words"tskoe, words"tsky, words"tskogo, words"tskoi, words"tskogo, words"tskoi, words"tskoe, words"tskoi, words"tskoi, words"tskoi, words" tsky, words "tskuyu, words"tskoe, words"tskoe, words"tskogo, words"tskoe, words"tskoe, words"tskih, ... - VOCABULARY in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, word"rnaya, words" rnaya, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, slovarny, … - CHANGES THAT THE SPELLING COMMISSION DECIDED TO REFUSE in the Russian Language Rules:
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- a syntactic construction formed by connecting several (at least two) sentences based on conjunctions of composition and subordination or a zero conjunction... - COMBINATION
- DICTIONARY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary.
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—1) thought, reflecting in a generalized form objects and phenomena CONCEPT 383 reality by fixing their properties and relationships; last (properties... - POLISH LANGUAGE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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(from the Greek polysemos - polysemous) (polysemy) - the presence of more than one meaning in a language unit - two or several. So, for example, the form... - PERIPHRASE in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(periphrasis) (from Greek, periphrasis - descriptive expression, allegory) - a stylistic device consisting in an indirect, descriptive designation of objects and phenomena of reality... - NEGATIVE WORDS in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
-words expressing denial. These include negative. particles (Russian "ie", English not, Hungarian pet) and verbs (Finnish en puhu "not... - DEFINITION in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
- dependent syntactic position as part of a substantive phrase; a word form with a characteristic meaning that occupies this position. Through O. attributive relations are realized... - ADVERB in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(tracing paper, Latin adverbium, Greek epirrhema) - a lexical-grammatical class of unchangeable, as a rule, words denoting a sign of an action, quality or object and speaking ... - LEXICOLOGY in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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(Greek grammatike, from gramma - letter, writing) - 1) structure of language, i.e. system morphological categories and forms, syntactic categories...
- a group of languages widespread in Siberia along the Yenisei (sometimes, according to the most famous E. Ya., the group is called Ket, but this is less ...
II. Constant morphological properties:
(2) group by value;
(3) the presence of homonyms among other parts of speech (indicate the motivating word);
(4) immutability.
Variable morphological properties:
(5) for state words ending in o, motivated by an adjective or adverb, the degree of comparison;
(6) mood and - in the indicative mood - tense: are expressed analytically (syntactically) using a copular verb (specify the linking verb).
III. Syntactic properties:
(7) role in the sentence.
SAMPLES OF DISPLAY
Climbers have Golden Rule: You can't lose altitude. (V. Soloukhin.) You can’t (lose height) -
II - permanent properties:
(2) with modal meaning;
(3) unmotivated word;
(4) does not change; unstable properties:
(6) connective zero: indicative mood, present tense;
III- syntactic properties:
(7) predicate.
I feel the social atmosphere in the world as clearly as the physical one. Sometimes it becomes painful and stuffy, sometimes it becomes lighter, sometimes as if before a thunderstorm. (V. Soloukhin.)
(It becomes) easier -
2) post. - denotes the psychological state of a person; correlates with short f. attached and adverb (easy);
non-post - in synthetic form. compares, degrees; used with the copula "becomes".
3) predicate.
Kostya and I firmly believed that there could be no lies in the book, but that it was described as it really was. (D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak.)
(The book) describes -
1) cat. states (state);
2) post. - denotes the state of a phenomenon (object); correlates with short f. suffer. past participles;
non-post - zero connective: express, nakl., present, vr.;
3) predicate.
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More on the topic CATEGORY OF CONDITION (impersonal predicative words):
- 8. Noun case category. The meaning of cases.
Grammatical features of the state category
L.V. Shcherba noted immutability and use with a copula as formal features of the state category. V.V. Vinogradov recognized behind impersonal predicative words analytical forms of tense, mood and degrees of comparison.
Time forms. Impersonal predicative words are used in the form of three tenses: present (with zero, past (with copula was) and the future (about will be): warm, it’s possible, it’s a pity(present, vr.); it was warm, it was a pity(past tense); it will be warm, it will be possible, it will be% vr.). Dark(present, vr.) and it will be dark(bud. time).
Mood forms. The indicated tense forms are temporarily forms of the indicative mood of the category of state.
Semantic, morphological and syntactic features of impersonal predicative words
Impersonal predicative words, or the category of state, are significant, unchangeable nominal and adverbial words that denote a state and are used as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (they are also called predicative adverbs, thereby emphasizing the function of the predicate).
In the sentence Leonid will come, we will have a lot of fun (Letters) the word fun denotes a person’s mental state, is the predicate of an impersonal sentence, and is combined with the copula will, forming the analytical form of the future tense. The impersonal predicative word is cheerfully homonymous to the short form of the adjective and adverb; Wed: The expression on her face is cheerful (fun is a short adjective). - He smiled cheerfully (cheerfully - adverb). But it differs from the adjective in the absence of gender forms (vesel, cheerfully, cheerfully) and the inability to determine the name; from an adverb - the inability to define a verb and an adjective. In addition, the meaning of the attribute is alien to the impersonal predicative word (the attribute of an object is an adjective; the attribute of an action is an adverb).
Impersonal predicative words are characterized by a single meaning - the expression of a state or its assessment. This can be the state of living beings, mental or physical, the state of nature and the environment, a state with a modal coloring, an assessment of the state from a moral and ethical point of view, from the point of view of extension in time, space, etc. The state expressed by this category of words is thought only impersonally: The child is in pain (cf. the expression of the state by an adjective and a verb: The child is sick and the Child is sick).
The morphological features of impersonal predicative words are as follows:
- 1. Lack of declension and conjugation, i.e. immutability.
- 2. The presence of the suffix - o in words formed from adjectives and adverbs (cold, visible, offensive, necessary).
- 3. The ability to express the meaning of time conveyed by a connective with which impersonal predicative words are combined (sad, was sad, will be sad; became sad, will become sad). The absence of a copula serves as an indicator of the present tense.
- 4. Preservation of forms of comparison with words ending in - o, formed from short adjectives and adverbs. For example: It was warm - it will become warmer. It was easy - it will become easier.
- 5. Correlation with those parts of speech from which this category of words originated: sad corresponds with the word sad, warm - with warm, heavy - with heavy, frosty - with frosty. However, this feature is not characteristic of all impersonal predicative words: for example, conscientiously in modern Russian does not correlate with “conscientious”, maybe does not correlate with “possible”.
The syntactic features of impersonal predicative words are the clearest and most defined.
- 1. An essential feature of these words is the syntactic function of the predicate in an impersonal sentence (in combination with or without an infinitive). For example: Then she suddenly became thoughtful and somehow gloomily lost in thought, so it was hard and sad to see her in this position (Letters); We had to descend another five miles along icy rocks and muddy snow to reach Kobi (L.) station.
- 2. Impersonal predicative words are not consistent and not controlled; they can be combined with an abstract or semi-abstract connective (to be, to become, to become, to do), expressing time and mood. For example: I felt sad when I listened to her from the next room (L.); I felt unpleasant and awkward (Letters).
- 3. Impersonal predicative words can be distributed in the forms of nouns and pronouns in the dative case without a preposition and in the genitive and prepositional case with prepositions, i.e. manage these forms. For example:...You may be bored with me, but I am mentally happy (Letters); It was pitch dark outside (L.). The accusative case is also possible: I felt sad and annoyed with Lisa (Letters).
In addition, with impersonal predicative words the dependent infinitive is often used. For example: The snow at parting with the earth shimmered with such diamonds that it was painful to look at (Ch.);... But these three birches during life cannot be given to anyone (Sim.).
4. Unlike adverbs and adjectives, impersonal predicative words do not define any words. Compare, for example: She looked sad (adverb determines the verb) - Her face was sad (short adjective determines the noun) - She was sad (impersonal predicative word).
Thus, impersonal predicative words are allocated to a special lexico-grammatical group on the basis of semantic, morphological and syntactic features, the main of which are the following: the meaning of the “inactive” state, the function of the impersonal predicate, immutability and morphological correlation with adjectives, adverbs and nouns.
Classifications of impersonal predicative words by meaning.
Stand out the following groups impersonal predicative words by meaning:
- 1. Impersonal predicative words denoting the mental and physical state of living beings, the state of nature, environment and situation:
- a) a person’s mental state: annoyed, ashamed, afraid, cheerful, sad, pathetic, funny, insulting, scary, boring. For example: And you weren’t ashamed to believe this woman? (Letters); His face did not express anything special, and I felt annoyed (L.);
- b) volitional state: laziness, hunting, reluctance, captivity. For example: Since the commander is reluctant to talk, everyone feels uneasy (Laur.); But our ladies are apparently too lazy to get off the porch and show off over the Neva cold beauty(P.); I just want to live, I haven’t lived yet (Tvard.);
- c) the physical state of living beings: painful, sickening, stuffy, disgusting. For example: There is a place to spread your cold wings, but here you are stuffy and cramped, like an eagle that screams and beats against the bars of its iron cage (L.);
- d) the state of nature, the environment and the situation: dark, light, quiet, cold, frosty, rainy, sunny, windy, cozy, clean, dirty, damp, spacious, cramped, free. For example: At the beginning of the street it was still windy, and the road was swept away, but in the middle of the village it became quiet, warm and cheerful (L.T.); The living room was noisy and disorderly, as always happens before a general departure (Kupr.); It was warm in the house, but Olya was seized with chills even worse than on the street (Kochet.).
- 2. Impersonal predicative words denoting a modal state, i.e. containing the meaning of necessity, possibility, must: it is possible, it is necessary, it is possible, it should, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is impossible. For example: It must be said that when the conversation touched on love and feelings in general, she began to talk (Letters); Nothing can flatter my pride than by recognizing my skill in horse riding in the Caucasian style (L.).
- 3. Impersonal predicative words denoting an assessment of a state or position. The assessment can be relative to the extent in time and space: late, early, time, time, far, close, low, high; from a psychological, moral and ethical point of view: convenient, bad, good, difficult, easy, sin, horror, shame, disgrace; from the side of visual or auditory perception: visible, audible. For example: Now it’s too late, yesterday they gave him the floor, Lisa agreed (Letters); And it’s quiet and light - far from dusk (Fet); It is difficult to describe the delight of the entire honest company (L.); It’s good for you to rejoice, but I’m really sad, as I remember (L.); There were no courtyards or trees visible near the houses (Ch.).
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