The concept of the preposition ranks by value. Classes of prepositions

Preposition - service unit speech, formalizing the subordination of one significant word to another in a phrase or sentence and thereby expressing the relationship to each other of those objects and actions, states, signs that these words are called. (Example: talk about a trip, talk for an hour, not far from home, get bored among strangers)

Classification (Grammar80)

According to their formal organization, prepositions are divided, on the one hand, into primitive and non-primitive, on the other hand, into simple and complex.

Primitive prepositions are a small, non-replenishing group of simple words that are not connected by living word-formation relations with any significant words. Many of them are able to connect with more than one case form of the name, almost all primitive prepositions are polysemantic. Primitive prepositions include: without (without), in (in), for, before, for, from (iso), to (ko), except, between, between, on, over (necessary), about (about, about) , from (oto), before (before), for the sake of, through, under (under), y, about.

Paired prepositions-fusions: because of, from under, (obsolete because of, over)

Non-primitive prepositions are prepositions that have live word-formation relations and lexical-semantic connections with significant words - nouns, adverbs and verbs (germs). All of them are not meaningful, each preposition is connected with only one case form.

All non-primitive clauses are divided into: denominative (in view of, as, in the name of, along the line, under the guise), adverbial (near, above, after, according to) and verbal (including, excluding, not counting).

Simple items are both primitive and non-primitive, which consist of one word.

Compound clauses are those non-primitive prepositions that consist of two or three words: the form of a name, participle or adverb in combination with one or two primitive prepositions. (before, away from, in contrast to, according to, in relation to)

Non-primitive prepositions can be divided into ADVERSIBLE, DESIGNATIVE, VERBAL, depending on motivational relations (formed from adverbs, nouns or verbs).

Adverbs: simple and compound.

Simple adverbs coincide with the adverb. Examples: near, close, deep, along, instead of, inside, instead of, on the eve of, on the contrary, regarding, contrary to, about, around, contrary to, relatively, before, etc.

Compound adverbial prepositions are a combination of an adverb with a primitive preposition. Most of them are combined with the instrumental case, compatibility with one or another case is predetermined by the primitive preposition.

Examples: close to, far from, together with, away from, regardless of, in proportion to, along with, on par with, next to, next to, etc.

Denominative prepositions in form are

or (1) the prepositional case form of the name (i.e. the form of the indirect case of an abstract noun with a primitive preposition or preposition OUTSIDE): without help, as, due to, during, as a result, in relation to, during, from the side etc.

or (2) such a prepositional case, accompanied by another (second) primitive preposition: depending on, towards, in contrast to, in response to, in connection with, in comparison with, etc.

or (3) the non-prepositional form genus. or tv. n .: order (something), by means of, by (something), type (someone-something)

Prepositions of groups 1 and 2 are compound, 3 are simple.

Verbal prepositions.

In form they are gerunds, in their state of the art not related to the paradigm of the verb, carrying the meaning of the relationship.

Simple verbal: thanks, including, not reaching, later, later. The case form of the name attached by such a preposition is predetermined by the nature of the strong connection of the corresponding verb. Exception: thanks, not reaching - they have their own control.

All such prepositions are unambiguous, relations are based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs, excl. thanks to - has its own abstract meaning of cause, cause.

Compound verbal prepositions: looking at, looking at, judging by, based on, starting from, despite, despite.

Case forms with these prepositions reproduce the connections of the corresponding verbs: look, look at something, look at someone, something ..

All such prepositions are unambiguous, the relations they express are also based on the lexical meanings of the corresponding verbs.

Lexical meaning. The lexical meaning of a preposition as a single word is the meaning of one or another relation. This relationship can be maximally abstract, broad, specific, narrow. In any case, the preposition has a lexical meaning, only the degree of its abstractness is different. The meanings of non-primitive prepositions (except for some ambiguous ones) are somehow connected with the lexical meaning of those significant words with which they are motivated.

Together with the case form of the name, the preposition forms a syntactic unity, the so-called. prepositional case form of the name. In most cases, it is impossible to establish a case value separate from the preposition in such a connection. For example, in combinations without a father, with friends, in front of the house for SRY, the meaning of the case form cannot be considered outside its combination with a preposition: at the level of syntactic semantics, the prepositional case form is indivisible.

Ranks of prepositions by meaning and by combination with case forms

Prepositions express all sorts of relationships between significant words. The main types of relations expressed are:

1) spatial: "return to Moscow", "come from the south", "rest in the countryside";

2) temporary: "sleep until the morning", "work for a month", "meet in a few days", "find out during the session", etc.;

3) objective: "telling about yourself", "knowing about yourself", "sickness for the homeland", "falling in love with a stranger";

4) target: "apply with claims", "live for a career", "give as a keepsake";

5) comparisons, likenings: "live with mine", "a fist the size of a head", "daughter is all like a mother";

6) the meaning of the instrument of action: "screw with a screwdriver"; "establish during experiments";

7) the meaning of the mode of action: "say without any expression", "dine with appetite";

8) attributive relations: "apple trees in bloom", "coat on batting".

The meanings of prepositions are realized only in combination with forms of indirect cases.

A preposition is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of some words on others in a phrase and sentence ( talk V office, By evenings, behind table). Prepositions express various relationships between objects, actions and signs that are called by these words, for example, spatial ( go on south), temporary ( meet before sunset), causal ( exclude because of underachievement), target ( fight for the sake of happiness).

Prepositions are single-valued and multi-valued. Yes, suggestion inside indicates a place within something ( inside ball, Houses), near stands for time ( near hours) and place ( near schools). Polysemantic prepositions can be used with several cases. So, under used with V.p. and denotes the direction ( go under Moscow), state ( take under control ), time ( happen in the evening ), destination ( box for instruments ). Under is also used with T.p., denoting the space ( stand under the tree ) and reason ( admit under the weight evidence).

According to the structure, prepositions are simple, consisting of one word (in, on, With, before), and compound, usually consisting of two or three words ( together with, regardless, as, during, despite, in connection with, in accordance with).

Prepositions are non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivative, primitive are prepositions that are not formed from significant words: with, before, For, O etc. They can be used, as was shown in the example under, with different cases. This group of suggestions includes: without (without) + R.p., V (in) + V.p. and P.p., for + R.p., before+ R.p., behind+ V.p. and so on., from(iso) + R.p., To (to) + D.p., except + R.p., between, between+ R.p. and so on., on+ V.p. and P.p., above (necessary) + T.p., o (ob) + V.p. and P.p., from (oto) + R.p., before (before) + etc., By+ D.p., V.p. and P.p., under (under) + V.p. and so on., at+ P.p., pro + V.p., for the sake of+ R.p., through+ V.p. This also includes double prepositions formed from two simple ones: because of And from under + R.p.

Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of significant words into auxiliary ones. At the same time, they lose their lexical meaning and morphological features, they are usually used with one case. Yes, suggestion around+ R.p. ( around the garden) comes from the adverb around (look around); through+ R.p. ( form a word by adding) - from a noun path in T.p. ( go the other way). Derivative prepositions are formed:

• 1) from adverbs - and are usually used with R.p. ( close to someone, something, deep into something, along something, etc.), less often with D.p. ( in spite of anything, towards someone, something, according to something, etc.);
• 2) from nouns - and are usually used with R.p. ( through, through, in the role, in mind, depending on the etc.), less often with T.p. ( in connection with, compared with etc.); 3) from verbs - and are used with different cases, which is determined by the control of these verbs ( thanks to someone, something, in spite of someone, anything, starting with someone, something etc.).

Prepositions used together with nouns and pronouns in certain case forms form their prepositional case forms. The meaning of these forms depends on the meaning of the cases and the preposition, as well as on the lexical meaning of the name.

Prepositions according to the nature of the expressed relations

Since prepositions express not only the dependence of some words on others in phrases and sentences, but also the relationship between nouns (pronouns) and these words, we will point out the nature of the relations expressed and give appropriate examples.

1. Prepositions expressing spatial relationships are most common. These include: in, on, inside, through, through, between, but also others. In the table. 42-44 illustrate their particular meanings and main uses.

Table 42 Pretext V

With direction value (when asked Where? + V.p.)	With the meaning of finding (when asked Where? + p.p.)
Direction inside something: to the table, into the cupboard	Being inside something: in the table, in the closet
Direction towards the continent: in America, to Australia	Location on the continent: in America, in Australia
Direction to any country: to the Russian Federation, to the People's Republic of China, to the United States of America	Location in any country: V Russian Federation , in Chinese People's Republic , in the United States of America
Direction to any area or to any area (state, province): to the Moscow region, to the Vsevolzhsky district, to the state of Arkansas	Being in any area or in any area (state, province): in the Moscow region, in the Vsevolzhsky district, in Arkansas
Direction to the city, village, village: to Moscow, to the capital, to the village of Staropolye, to the village of Otradnoe	Location in the city, village, village: in Moscow, in the capital, in the village of Staropolye, in the village of Otradnoe
Referral to any institution, organization (university, lyceum, school, college, theater): to Moscow University, to the medical lyceum, to high school, to a nearby college, to class, to the group, to the city museum, to the United Nations	Being in any institution, organization (university, lyceum, school, college, theater): in Moscow University, at the Medical Lyceum, V high school , at a nearby college, in class, in Group, in the city museum, at the United Nations

Table 43 Pretext on

With direction value (when asked Where?+ V.p.)		With the meaning of finding (when asked Where?+ p.p.)
Direction to the surface of something: on the table, on the cabinet		Being on the surface of something: on the table, on the wardrobe
Direction to one of the four cardinal directions: to the East, southwest, and home, nor the Caucasus, to the Urals		Being on one of the four cardinal points: in the east, in the South-West, and at home, in the Caucasus, in the Urals
Direction to the enterprise (factory, factory): to the power plant, to the mine, and to the stadium, by mail, the station		Location at the enterprise (factory, factory): at the power plant, In a mine, and at the stadium, at the post office, at the station
Direction to a public event (meeting, congress, session, conference, congress): to a trade union meeting, to the party congress, to the international congress, nor the all-Russian exhibition, for work practice	Being at a public event (meeting, congress, meeting, conference, congress): at a trade union meeting, at a party convention, on international congress , at the national exhibition, in industrial practice
Direction to the street, avenue, square: to the main street, to Nevsky prospect, to Manezhnaya Square, and to stop, to the station, to the first floor	Location on the street, avenue, square: on the main street, on Nevsky prospect, on Manezhnaya Square, and At the stop, at the station, on the first floor
Direction to the faculty, department, course: to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, to the philological department, for the first year	Being at the faculty, department, course: at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, at the philological department, in the first year

Table 44 Prepositions expressing spatial relations (except V, on)

Prepositions		Meaning of prepositions				Usage examples
inside		The direction of movement in the middle, within the limits of something + R.p.				inside the laboratory, inside the museum
through		The direction of movement through the inside of something + B.p.		through what?		through the glass, through the wall, through the shell
through		Direction of movement from one side to the other + I.p.		through what?		over the bridge, across the square
		Direction of movement, path, trajectory of movement, in particular on the surface + D.p.				along the wall, by gender, around town
inside		A place within something, in the middle + R.p.				inside the office, inside the theater
		A place outside of something, outside + R.p.				outside the office, outside the earth
		Direction of movement towards someone, something + D.p.				to the station, to the window, to the head
		Limit, limit of action + R.p.
		Starting point of movement, action + R.p.				run away from home, get away from grandma
		Direction of action, movement from anywhere + R.p.; used with the same word groups as the preposition V(see tab. 42)				from the table, from America, from the Russian Federation, from the area, from the city, from the University
	Direction of action from somewhere + R.p.; used with the same word groups as the preposition on(see tab. 43)				co table, from the east, from the enterprise, from the meeting, from the street, from the faculty, from high
	Direction or being below someone, something + respectively B.p. and so on.; with T.p. can also mean closeness to something				put under the table, lie under the table, near Pskov, i.e. near Pskov
	Being above, on top of someone, something + Etc.				plane over the city, lamp over the table
before	Being at some distance from front side something against something		in front of whom (what?)		in front of the fighters, in front of the building
	Being on the other side, behind someone, something or around something + Etc.; direction on the other side of something + V.p.				the garden was behind the house, everyone sat at the table, travel outside the country

Prepositions can convey very subtle spatial nuances, for example:- Healthy live! Now your house on the edge , yes not with edge! - laughs Aunt Arina entering the gate[postman] and shakes a fresh magazine(V. Fedorov). Here the substantive-prepositional combination is played with edge associated with the proverb my house is on the edge, i.e. aside from common affairs, and substantive-prepositional combination on the edge(village) in its direct meaning.

• 2. Temporal relations are expressed big amount prepositions. In table. 45 illustrates the meaning and use of the most common of them.
• 3. Conditional-temporal relations, those. a condition with a temporary shade; are expressed by the preposition at + P.p. (When conducting competition should be shown maximum objectivity on the part of the commission).
• 4. Causal relationship expressed using prepositions, because of, thanks to, from, before, co, due to, as a result, due, as well as prepositional combinations under the action (under influence), influenced.

Table 45 Prepositions expressing temporal relations

Prepositions	Meaning of prepositions	Usage examples
V, in	Indicates the day of the week + Bp; Indicates the month + p.p.; Indicate the year + p.p.; Indicates the hour + B.p.	The rally took place on Wednesday (Thursday, Sunday ); There were heavy rains in June (in august, in september); A. S. Pushkin was born in one thousand seven hundred and ninety-nine; Someone called me at one o'clock nights (at two o'clock at five o'clock )
during, during, per century	Denotes the period within which the action is performed + R.p.	During revolutionary transformations in society change a lot; During debate, an unpleasant incident occurred; IN century scientific and technological progress exacerbated environmental problems
during (in continuation), in progress, during	Designate the period during which the action is performed + R.p.	During the day the weather changed several times; During (during) the election campaign candidates for deputies presented their programs
	Indicates the length of time during which the execution of the action is completed + V.p.	Behind year the child has grown a lot; spring mud per night covered with a thin layer of ice(D. Mamin-Sibiryak)
	Indicates the period during which an action is performed or its result is saved + V.p.	The Federation Council of the first convocation was elected for a term for two years
	Indicates the initial time of the action + R.p.	Every Russian person knew his poems from school (N. Tikhonov)
	Indicates the end time of the action + R.p.	I sometimes want to live up to 120 years (K. Paustovsky)
	Indicates the period by which the action is performed + D.p.	Come by nine hours; By the evening It became cold
through	Indicates the time at the end of which the action is performed + V.p.	In a few minutes steps were heard, and Anna Mikhailovna entered the room (IN. Korolenko)
after	Indicates something that ends with an action + R.p.	After the theater we decided to walk around the city; See you after vacation; Meeting after parting
before	Denotes some time before something + Etc.	Before the exam the teacher conducted a consultation; Walk before bedtime
the day before	Denotes the day preceding something + R.p.	On the eve of the holiday I received a telegram from a friend; A country the day before new elections

Prepositions from+ R.p. And By+ D.p. differ in that from used to indicate a cause that can be controlled, but by- in his absence made out of carelessness - by negligence). Pretext from+ R.p. and from + R.p. most often differ in that from used with verbs denoting a static state ( silent out of fear), A from- with verbs denoting a change in the state of the actor ( ran out of fear).

Preposition difference thanks + D.p. And because of+ R.p. is that thanks to used to denote a cause that positively affects something ( Thanks to the performance Director's resolution was adopted at the meeting), A because of- to indicate the reason that negatively affects something ( Due to performance Director's resolution was not adopted at the meeting).

Preposition difference By And because of is that the suggestion By indicates a reason that is associated with the behavior, action of someone, and the preposition because of- for a reason unrelated to this ( by sentence court; due to lack raw materials).

After verbs denoting attitude towards someone or something ( kind of love, respect, hate, be angry, thank, criticize), to indicate the reason for a particular relationship, constructions with the preposition behind (People respected him for objectivity. -People respected him for that ,that he was objective ).

Prepositions due to, as a result, in connection with, as well as prepositional combinations Under the influence (impact), influenced are bookish. All of them, except for the suggestion in connection with, require after themselves R.p.

After a preposition in connection with is used etc. (Due to strong droughts the harvest this year was lower than usual; As a result of the measures the effects of the drought were minimal; Under heat the metal began to melt; Influenced by reading the young man increasingly thought about the meaning of life; In connection with the arrival foreign delegation on the streets of the city were hung flags).

5. Target relationships are expressed by prepositions For, behind, in order to, with the aim of etc. In ordinary speech, the preposition is used For+ R.p. ( Everyone has the right to association for guard their interests).

In colloquial speech, the preposition can be used behind (Go to the grocery store), which is combined only with verbs of motion ( walk, run away etc.).

Book speech is characterized by prepositions in order to and with purpose. They differ in that the first is combined only with verbal nouns (in study purposes, checks, liquidation), and the second - with verbal nouns (with purpose of studying, checks, liquidation), and with the infinitive (with aim to study, check, liquidate).

• 6. Compatibility relationships expressed with prepositions, together with + etc. (Lined up with the first huts , he turned sharply towards the vegetable gardens. D. Grigorovich; The smell of grass and damp stones permeated the room. along with the voices birds. K. Paustovsky).
• 7. Object relations are expressed by many prepositions, for example: prepositions o + P.p., relatively+ R.p., pro + V.p., which indicate the object of speech and thought, and the first is neutral, the second is bookish, the third is colloquial ( The discussion was about future ways economic development - (relatively further ways economic development); Young artists usually sing about love ); pretext on + V.p. ( for what?) or P.p. ( on what?) when referring to transport as a mode of transportation ( By tram you can drive to any part of the city). However, if the reference is not to the mode of transport, but only to the direction inward of something and the place of action of something, it is used according to general rule pretext V+ V.p. ( into what?) and P.p. ( in what?) (In the tram it was cramped and stuffy).

Examples of the use of other prepositions expressing object relations: Groom's relatives, according to the agreement , brought three glasses of vodka(M. Sholokhov) ; The command of the Southern Front has developed, in accordance with the instructions of the commander-in-chief, counteroffensive plan(K. Fedin) ; Break the mirror to trouble (K. Simonov) ; Aleksey had already mentally outlined an adversary for himself and, without losing sight of others, rushed on him(B. Field).

• 8. Comparison relations are expressed by prepositions V+ V.p., s + R.p., like+ R.p. ( All son in father , growth from him , figure like a scarecrow ).
• 9. The relation of the tool to the action is indicated by prepositions on+ P.p., with help(With help) + R.p., through+ R.p. ( play On guitar , open with help (by using )key , resolve the issue by voting. Cf .: non-prepositional constructions open with a key, decide by vote).
• 10. The relationship of the source of information to the action is indicated by prepositions from, y + R.p. animate nouns (O transfer of credit students learned from the teacher; Ask for the timetable laboratory assistant ). At the same time, the suggestion from is used with a passive attitude of the actor to the source of information, and a preposition - with an active one. The relation of the source of information to the action can also be indicated by the preposition from+ R.p. inanimate nouns ( Employees learned this news from the conversation with the boss. Wed: at chief, from the boss).
• 11. Determinative relations are indicated by prepositions V-I- V.p., By+ D.p. (vessel two cubic decimeters - in professional speech in this case, an unprepositional construction is used, which has a colloquial character: volume two cubic decimeter; breeding experience early vegetables- this prepositional construction is characteristic formal business style in contrast to the unpredictable design breeding experience , which is neutral).
• 12. Assignment relationship denoted by prepositions contrary to +D.p., despite + B.p. (Contrary to the forecast there was no rain on the weekend; Despite being tired travelers continued to walk without rest).

Morphological analysis of the preposition

Analysis plan: 1. Part of speech. General value. 2. Morphological features: simple or compound; derivative or non-derivative.

Parsing sample. Competitions were held at the stadium and in the pool.

Oral analysis. On And V- suggestions. 1. Serve to link the main word passed with dependent nouns stadium And basin in P.p. 2. They have morphological features - simple, non-derivative, unchangeable words.

Written review. On And V- suggestions. 1. Passed at the stadium and in the pool(P.p.). 2. Morph, recognition: simple, non-produced, unchanging.

They are divided into two categories - derivatives and non-derivatives.

To non-derivative prepositions refer without , in , before , on , beyond , from , to , except , between , over , before . Shansky N. M., Tikhonov A. N. and Shelyakin M. A. include here also complex prepositions because of, from under.

Non-derivative prepositions are usually ambiguous, but there are also unambiguous ones, for example, without (absence of something) for the sake of (goals).

By composition, non-derivative prepositions can be simple (consist of one word): to, in, from and complex (consist of two simple prepositions connected by a hyphen): because of, from under, over.

Derivative prepositions quantitatively prevail over non-derivative ones.

There are usually three groups of derivative prepositions: adverbial, denominative and verbal.

Adverbial prepositions

As a rule, adverbial prepositions are used with the form and express:

1. Spatial relations: deep, inside, in the middle, near, around, above, in front, behind, side, near.*

• Remove wallet deep into bags.
• Around the gardens were impenetrable thickets.

2. Temporary relationship: after, the day before, before.

• After conversation became easier for me.
• the day before departure we invited friends.

3. Quantitative relations: over, over, beyond.

• Apart from magnets and souvenirs, we brought sea pebbles and shells.

denominative prepositions

Denominative prepositions are the former prepositional case form: in view of, by means of, through, in the course of, as a result of, about, in measure.**

• Find out the details through interviewing witnesses.
• inquire about tomorrow's event.
• I know the importance of the matter and work as forces.
• Due to severe frosts killed the crops.

Most of the denominative prepositions have completely lost their lexical connection with the noun; prepositions within the borders , in the role maintain a semantic connection with the noun.

verbal prepositions

Verbal prepositions by origin are forms: thanks to, including, considering, on the basis of, in spite of, in spite of.

• Thanks to the heroism of the workers catastrophe was averted.
• (K. G. Paustovsky)
• Later summer they don’t go to the forest for raspberries.(Proverb)

By composition, derivative prepositions can be simple (consisting of one word): within, instead of, according to, by, due to, thanks to And composite (consisting of several words): on a par with, starting with, in spite of, in spite of, in connection with.

In terms of meaning, derivative prepositions are unambiguous.

* It is necessary to distinguish between prepositions around , the day before , near from eponymous adverbs. If the word is followed by a pronoun or a noun, then we have a preposition.

• Around I had many friends.
• All guests have arrived the day before weddings.

** It is often difficult to distinguish between denominative prepositions and nouns. Expressing a relationship, denominative prepositions simultaneously carry an element of objective meaning: without help , within the borders , in area , due .

• be silent by virtue of ban. (By force = due to, preposition.)
• Believe in the power of prohibition. (Believe (in what?) - in strength, noun.)

Classes of suggestions. By value. By origin. Non-derivatives. Non-derivatives. Derivatives. Derivatives. Derivatives. Spatial (point to a place). Temporal (indicate the time). Causal (indicate the cause). Target (point to a target). Mode of action (indicate the mode of action). Additional (indicate the subject to which the action is directed). Adverbs. Denominated. Verbal. In, on, under, at, to, from, over, from, to, to, etc. Near inside, around about. Due to during in continuation by. Thanks inclusive excluding later. In, on, because of, under, around, around at, to, over, etc. He went out onto the road and came to a friend. Through, to, before, from, before, during before, etc. Sleep until dinner, come to the evening. By, for, in view of, because of, from, as a result, etc. Extinguished due to the wind. For, for the sake of, for, etc. To do for you; bring for everyone. With, without, in, to, from, etc. He wrote without errors; laugh heartily. Oh, oh, pro, s, to, about, etc. Don't think about it football lessons.

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Russian language grade 7

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By formation, prepositions are divided into 2 groups:

1) non-derivative(primordial): in, on, to, for, by, under, at, over, o (ob), s, from, for and others. Non-derivatives also include paired, or double, prepositions: above, below, behind. Primitive prepositions are the most ancient, they appeared in the common Slavic era and usually consist of one, two, three sounds;

2) derivatives prepositions related to other parts of speech. Depending on what part of speech they are formed from, they are distinguished:

- adverb prepositions: near, along, inside, past, opposite, in front of, about, behind;

- o t m e n n e prepositions formed from nouns: in the course of, through, by means of, like, due to and etc.;

- o t a d j e c t i v e formed from adjectives: regarding, in comparison with, proportionately, according to, regardless of, similarly, relatively, accordingly and etc.

- o t h a l o l n e:thanks to, including, excluding, later, in spite of, in spite of, despite, not counting.

According to the structure, the prepositions are simple, compound and compound. TO p r o s t y m include prepositions consisting of: one word: to, over, by, thanks to, concerning and etc. COMPOSITES prepositions are non-primitive, include a preposition followed by a name: in the course of, in continuation, along the line, on the basis of, in question, on the part of, in part, for the reason of etc. COMPLEX COMPONENTS prepositions consist of the oblique case of a noun and prepositions before and after it: in relation to, in contrast to, in relation to, in response to, in connection with etc., as well as from a short adjective, adverb or participle followed by a primary preposition: regardless of, on a par with, along with, regardless of, following, up to, depending on and etc.

§ 4. Meanings of prepositions.

In the semantics of prepositions, there is an inseparable connection between lexical and grammatical meanings.

The meanings expressed with the help of prepositions are very diverse and are far from being fully described in the linguistic literature. Let's name some of them:

1) space(or local): in, on, to, at, near, between, around, near and etc.: in the house, in front of the house, around the house, near the house etc.;

2) temporal(or temporal): in, after, during, in continuation, through, after: after dinner, within an hour, in half an hour;

3) p r and h i n n e(or causal): for the sake of, because of, thanks to, due to, because of, because of, from, because of: blush from shame, because of bad weather, because of misfortune, because of the upcoming exam, thanks to good conditions, etc. .;

4) target: for, for, for, for, to, for the purpose of: to do for a brother, ask for help, for the sake of safety, in order to achieve success, etc .;

5) genetically: from, from: by origin from the nobility, a person from the earth;

6) defining: from, to, with, without, under: dress with polka dots, marble walls, eyes without shine, a bag under the skin;

7) comparative: with, like, like, against: the sky looks like a sheepskin, the best indicators against last year;

8) concessive: in spite of, in spite of, in spite of: contrary to prevailing conditions, in spite of difficulties;

9) in relation to compatibility: with, together with, together with: we are with you, we worked together with a friend;

10) d i s t r i b u t i v n e(distributive): by, for: distribute an apple, distribute for two;

11) R o t e r e n t i o n e o n e o n o f(ablative or caritive): without, outside, for: to be left without parents, was outside the institute;

12) t r a n s g e r s s i v e(transition from one state to another): from, into, into: tear into pieces, turn into dust,: from a bag into a matting;

13) in relation to the image and the facilitation of the action: on, in, on, through, under, from, with, to: play for money, talk heart to heart, tell a joke;

14) o r r e r i t e r(limiting): by, in relation to, in the region, in relation to: deputy for personnel, make decisions in the field of education, solve problems in relation to the brother;

15) conditional: when, in case, on condition: to act when (if) necessary, subject to a decision being made;

16) f and n and t and in n e: by, before: fed up, tired to hell;

17) deliberative (indication of content, reason for judgment, subject of speech, thoughts): about (about), about, about, about, over: think about mother, talk about about the meeting, reflect on the task;

18) in relation to substitution, being in the role of someone: for, instead of: remained for (instead of) the director.

The meanings of prepositions, especially polysemantic ones, are realized in the context. Minimum context - control and controlled word, from lexical meanings which the relation expressed with the help of the preposition depends. So, for example, the suggestion V in combination I go to college has spatial significance, in combination I will come at five o'clock- temporary, but in combination crush into fine sand- transgressive. The context creates conditions for the realization of the meanings of the preposition. There are contexts in which the preposition is meaningful in itself, and these meanings are revealed in the same context: on the table - in the table, under the table - above the table, in front of the table - at the table.