Morphological features of the scientific style of speech. Formal business style
The language of scientific communication also has its own grammatical features. The abstractness and generality of scientific speech are manifested in the peculiarities of the functioning of various grammatical, in particular morphological, units, which is revealed in the choice of categories and forms, as well as the degree of their frequency in the text. The implementation of the law of economy of linguistic means in the scientific style of speech leads to the use of shorter variant forms, in particular forms of nouns male instead of feminine forms: klyuchi (instead of key), cuffs (instead of cuff).
Forms singular nouns are used in the plural: Wolf - a predatory animal of the dog genus; Linden begins to bloom at the end of June. Real and abstract nouns are often used in the form plural: lubricating oils, radio noise, great depths.
Naming concepts in scientific style predominates over naming actions, resulting in less use of verbs and more use of nouns. When using verbs, there is a noticeable tendency towards their desemantization, that is, loss lexical meaning, which meets the requirement of abstraction and generalization of the scientific style. This is manifested in the fact that most of the verbs in the scientific style function as connectives: to be, to appear, to be called, to be considered, to become, to become, to become, to seem, to conclude, to compose, to possess, to be determined, to introduce, etc. There is a significant group of verbs acting as components of verbal-nominal combinations, where the main semantic load falls on the noun denoting an action, and the verb plays a grammatical role (denoting an action in the broadest sense of the word, conveys the grammatical meaning of mood, person and number): lead - to the emergence, to death, to disruption, to emancipation; make - calculations, calculations, observations. The desemantization of the verb is also manifested in the predominance in the scientific text of verbs of broad, abstract semantics: to exist, to occur, to have, to appear, to change, to continue, etc.
Scientific speech is characterized by the use of verb forms with weakened lexico-grammatical meanings of time, person, number, which is confirmed by the synonymy of sentence structures: distillation is carried out - distillation is carried out; you can draw a conclusion - a conclusion is drawn, etc.
Another morphological feature of the scientific style is the use of the present timeless (with a qualitative, indicative meaning), which is necessary to characterize the properties and characteristics of the objects and phenomena under study: When certain places in the cerebral cortex are irritated, contractions regularly occur. Carbon constitutes the most important part of a plant. In the context of scientific speech, the past tense of the verb also acquires a timeless meaning: n experiments were carried out, in each of which x took on a certain meaning. In general, according to the observations of scientists, the percentage of present tense verbs is three times higher than the percentage of past tense forms, accounting for 67-85% of all verb forms.
The abstractness and generality of scientific speech is manifested in the peculiarities of the use of the verb aspect category: about 80% are imperfective forms, being more abstractly generalized. Few perfective verbs are used in stable phrases in the form of the future tense, which is synonymous with the present timeless: consider..., the equation takes the form. Many imperfective verbs lack paired perfective verbs: Metals are easy to cut.
Person forms of the verb and personal pronouns in a scientific style are also used in accordance with the transfer of abstract generalizing meanings. The 2nd person forms and pronouns you, you are practically not used, since they are the most specific; the percentage of 1st person singular forms is small. numbers. The most common in scientific speech are the abstract forms of the 3rd person and the pronouns he, she, it. The pronoun we, in addition to being used in the meaning of the so-called author's we, together with the form of the verb, often expresses the meaning of varying degrees of abstraction and generality in the meaning of “we are the totality” (I and the audience): We come to the result. We can conclude.
Linguistic features of scientific speech
Vocabulary. In scientific texts, almost every word acts as a designation for a general or abstract concept.
Morphology.
Syntax. One of the most important specific features of scientific speech is emphasized logic, expressed at the syntactic level.
Vocabulary of scientific style of speech
Vocabulary. In scientific texts, almost every word acts as a designation of a general or abstract concept (cf.: "Chemist must pay attention to...", i.e. a chemist -abstract face; Birch tolerates frost well; here the word “birch” does not mean a single object, a tree, but a species of tree, i.e. general concept).
The vocabulary of scientific speech consists of three main layers: commonly used words, general scientific words and terms.
Commonly used vocabulary includes words of the general language that are most often found in scientific texts and form the basis of the presentation. For example: The languages of the world include the languages of the peoples inhabiting (or previously inhabiting) the globe. There is not a single special word here.
General scientific vocabulary is already a direct part of scientific speech, as speech describing scientific objects and phenomena. General scientific words are assigned to certain concepts, but are not terms, for example: operation, question, task, phenomenon, process, etc.
The core of the scientific style is the third layer of the vocabulary of the scientific style - terminology. A term can be defined as a word or phrase that accurately and unambiguously names an object, phenomenon or concept of science and reveals its content; the term is based on a scientifically constructed definition.
The abstract and generalized nature of speech is emphasized by special lexical units (usually, usually, regularly, always, every, everyone) and grammatical means: indefinite personal sentences, passive constructions (To do this, take a funnel in laboratories; At the end of the experiment, the remaining acid is counted out and so on.).
Morphology of scientific style of speech
Morphology. Scientific texts are characterized by the preferential use of certain classes of words, for example, nouns, the so-called nominal character of the scientific style.
The verb is widely used in the form of the present timeless (with qualitative meanings), which is caused by the need to characterize the properties and characteristics of the objects and phenomena being studied: Carbon constitutes... the most important part of the plant (K.A. Timiryazev).
Almost no 2nd person forms or pronouns are used you you, as the most specific; the percentage of 1st person singular forms is negligible. In the vast majority of cases, the most abstract forms of the 3rd person and pronouns are used he she it.
The singular number of nouns serves in scientific speech to express an indivisible totality and integrity: elk are more often found in logging areas; then oak and aspen predominate. Names of plants, animals, etc. are used in natural science texts almost exclusively in the singular form. But scientific speech is inherent in the plural form of abstract and real nouns: warmth, length, activity, value, climate, fauna, flora, tobacco, wormwood etc.
The abstractness and generality of scientific speech are expressed in the increased use of neuter words. These are nouns with abstract meaning: movement, quantity, phenomenon, relation, action, property, formation, condition, influence, meaning, definition etc.
The use of short adjectives in scientific speech is associated with the expression of permanent properties of an object: cells are poor in protoplasm..., tertiary alcohols..., isomeric... .
Scientific speech should be moderately expressive-emotional, figurative, and not faceless. Otherwise, she will not achieve her goal.
The most often used as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of statements are:
1) intensifying, restrictive particles, pronouns, quantitative adverbs: only abstract theorists..., there were absolutely no grounds..., you need to be extremely careful with hydrocyanic acid...;
2) emotionally expressive adjectives: children do a merciless number of errors; depressing impression...; a colossal amount...; superlative: the most difficult task; simplest solution;
3) means of verbal imagery: the doors (to the depths of the atom) are open...; a plant cell is a trap;
4) “questions”: “Why is the object so complicated? What is the reason for this?
1 . Scientific style is characterized by explicit predominance of the name over the verb. Verbs are replaced by a phrase (verbal noun that carries meaning + connective) N: subject to evaluation, analysis. Statistics show that 1st place in this style is occupied by nouns, 2nd by adjectives, 3rd by verbs.
2. The abstractness and generality of the scientific style is expressed in its widespread use neuter nouns: radiation, definition, view, state of mind, redistribution, tension, occurrence, oxidation
3. The scientific style is typical using the singular to mean the plural: Magnifier ¾ the simplest magnifying device; Jay ¾ a bird common in our forests; Every year thousands of people went to the taiga to hunt sable. In these cases, nouns denoting the objects being counted (magnifying glass, jay, sable), name a whole class of objects indicating them characteristic features or have a collective generalized meaning.
4. Abstract and real scientific nouns are used in plural form, acquiring a specific meaning (heart murmurs, power, capacity etc.) or meaning ‘variety’, ‘variety’ (lubricating oils, active oxygens, low temperatures, white and red clays etc.).
5. Among case forms, the first place in terms of frequency of use is occupied by the forms of the genitive case, which often act as a definition: compound reaction, solution attempt, melting point, norm literary language, language of international communication, Pythagorean theorem, axiom of parallelism, sign of congruence of figures.
6. Chain R.p: N: On the issue of semantics and pragmatics of personal masculine nouns in the Russian literary language of the 19th century.
7. In scientific speech they are used mainly analytical forms of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives (more complex, more compact, more inert, simplest, most important). Moreover, the superlative degree is usually formed by combining the positive degree of an adjective and adverbs most, least; sometimes an adverb is used Very and is almost never used most. Synthetic superlative form with suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- due to its emotionally expressive tone, it is atypical for scientific speech, with the exception of some stable combinations of a terminological nature: the smallest particles, the simplest organisms. From synonymous forms comparative degree higher¾ somewhat (slightly) higher As a rule, the latter are used.
8. The vast majority of verbs are used in present tense form. They appear in an abstract temporary meaning ( present timeless): Carbon is part of carbon dioxide; Atoms move; When heated, bodies expand.
Russian nouns have the categories of gender, number and case.
9. Among the personal forms of the verb, the 3rd person plural predominates:
N: Among the borrowings there are: internationalisms and exoticisms.
10. 3rd person pronouns can be used in 1st person plural h. With the following meanings: a) “we” - the author’s: We consider it necessary to clarify
b) “we” in the aggregate (me + audience): Let’s compare 2 sentences.
11. 1st person forms singular verbs and pronoun I in scientific speech almost not used, since here attention is focused primarily on the content and logical sequence of its presentation, and not on the subject. Practically not used and 2nd person forms singular and plural as the most specific, usually indicating the author of the speech and the addressee. In scientific speech, the addresser and addressee are removed; What is important here is not who is speaking, but what is being said, i.e. subject of the message, content of the statement. Scientific speech is usually addressed not to any specific person, but to an indefinitely wide circle of people.
12. Frequently used participles and gerunds.
4. Syntactic features of scientific style.
1. Direct word order.
2. Predominance of narrative sentences. Inviting and interrogative sentences are rare.
3. Complex derivative conjunctions are used: because, thanks to the fact that, meanwhile, while, while.
4. Complex derivative prepositions: during, despite, with the help of.
5. Widely used passive(passive) designs, since in them the action is brought to the fore, and not its producer, as a result of which objectivity and an impersonal manner of presentation are ensured. For example: The points are connected by a straight line; Forces acting in different directions are applied to two points; “Russian Grammar” reflects and describes many phenomena of colloquial and specialized speech.
6. Most common vaguely personal with a direct object at the beginning of a sentence, synonymous with passive constructions (Applying fertilizers during plant growth is called fertilizing. Plants are fed with the mineral fertilizers that they require at a given period of life).
7.Common generalized-personal sentences with the main member expressed by a verb in the form of the 1st person plural of the present or future tense in a timeless meaning (Let's draw a straight line; Place the composition in the flask; Let's turn to consideration...; Gradually heat the solution), as well as impersonal sentences of various types (except for those that express the state of man and nature): We need to prove a theorem; It is required to determine the volume of the body; The formula can be applied; It is important to emphasize that...
8. Characteristic impersonal offers.
N: It would be incorrect to interpret this term as grammatical.
9. Among complex sentences in scientific speech, conjunctions and compounds with a clearly defined syntactic connection between individual parts predominate.
The predominance of allied sentences over non-union sentences is explained by the fact that the connection between the parts of a complex sentence with the help of unions is expressed more accurately and unambiguously. Compare:
10. Of the conjunction sentences, the most common are complex,
Among complex sentences, the most common are sentences with subordinate clauses definitive and explanatory, in which the main information is contained in the subordinate part, It should be said that...; It must be emphasized that...; It is interesting to note that...; Let us pay attention to the fact that...; Observations show that...; Let us note (emphasize, prove) that...
11. The most common and typical type of connection between sentences in scientific speech is the repetition of nouns, often in combination with demonstrative pronouns this, that, this: In modern grammatical science, the most various ways descriptions of the grammatical structure of the language. These descriptions implement different, very dissimilar concepts...
12. The need for a clear logical structure of scientific speech determines the widespread use in the connecting function of adverbs, adverbial expressions, as well as other parts of speech and combinations of words: therefore, therefore, first, then, in conclusion, so, so, thus, finally, moreover etc. They, as a rule, stand at the beginning of a sentence and serve to combine parts of the text (in particular paragraphs) that are logically closely related to each other: The grammatical norms of colloquial speech are recorded unsystematically and randomly¾ mainly in connection with the fixation of written norms and by contrasting them. Therefore, spoken language is often defined as uncodified; Suppose that these lines intersect or are parallel. Then both of them lie in a certain plane.
13. Characteristic introductory words, naming naming order ( Firstly Secondly), degree of confidence ( apparently, of course, really), The source of information (as stated by such and such a scientist).
14.Sentences are often complicated participial and participial phrases, plug-in constructions, clarifying members, isolated phrases: In language fiction and related genres of writing (essays, feuilletons, memoirs, literary processed diary entries, etc.) there is a complex interaction between written and spoken language, specialized speech, and vernacular.
Thus, at the syntactic level, first of all, one of the main specific features of the scientific style is expressed - emphasized logic, which is also manifested in the features of the composition. For a scientific text, a three-part structure (introduction, main part, conclusion) is almost universal as the most successful way of logical organization of the conveyed content.
Etc.), which makes it possible to talk about the specifics of the style as a whole. At the same time, it is quite natural that, for example, texts on physics, chemistry, mathematics differ markedly in the nature of presentation from texts on philology or history.
The scientific style is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, an ordered system of communication between parts of the statement, and the authors’ desire for accuracy, conciseness, and unambiguity while maintaining richness of content.
- Logic- this is the presence of semantic connections between successive units (blocks) of text.
- Consistency only a text in which conclusions follow from the content, they are consistent, the text is divided into separate semantic segments that reflect the movement of thought from the particular to the general or from the general to the particular.
- Clarity, as the quality of scientific speech, presupposes understandability and accessibility.
In terms of accessibility, scientific, educational and popular science texts differ in material.
Vocabulary of scientific style of speech
Since the leading form of scientific thinking is the concept, almost every lexical unit in the scientific style denotes a concept or an abstract object. Special concepts of the scientific sphere of communication are accurately and unambiguously named and their content is revealed by special lexical units - terms. A term is a word or phrase that denotes the concept of a special field of knowledge or activity and is an element of a certain system of terms. Within this system, the term tends to be unambiguous and does not express expression. However, this does not mean that it is stylistically neutral. The term, like many other lexical units, is characterized by stylistic coloring (scientific style), which is noted in the form of stylistic marks in the corresponding dictionaries. Let us give examples of terms: “atrophy”, “numerical methods of algebra”, “range”, “zenith”, “laser”, “prism”, “radar”, “symptom”, “sphere”, “phase”, “low temperatures” , "cermets". A significant part of the terms are international words.
In quantitative terms, in scientific style texts, terms prevail over other types of special vocabulary (nomenclature names, professionalisms, professional jargon, etc.); on average, terminological vocabulary is usually 15-20% general vocabulary scientific style. In the given fragment of popular science text, the terms are highlighted in a special font, which allows you to see their quantitative advantage compared to other lexical units:
Terms, as the main lexical components of the scientific style of speech, as well as other words in a scientific text, are typically used in one, specific, definite meaning. If a word is polysemantic, then it is used in a scientific style in one, less often - in two meanings, which are terminological: strength, size, body, sour, movement, hard (Strength is a vector quantity and at each moment of time is characterized by a numerical value. In this The chapter contains information about the main poetic meters). The generality and abstractness of presentation in a scientific style at the lexical level is realized in use large quantity lexical units with abstract meaning (abstract vocabulary). “Scientific language coincides with conceptual-logical language, ... conceptual language appears as more abstract” (Bally S. French stylistics. - M., 1961. P. 144, 248). The scientific style also has its own phraseology, including compound terms: solar plexus, right angle, inclined plane, voiceless consonants, participial turnover, a complex sentence, as well as various kinds of clichés: consists of ..., represents ..., consists of ..., is used for ... etc.
Morphological features of the scientific style of speech
The language of scientific communication has its own grammatical features. The abstractness and generality of scientific speech are manifested in the peculiarities of the functioning of various grammatical, in particular morphological, units, which is revealed in the choice of categories and forms, as well as the degree of their frequency in the text. The implementation of the law of economy of linguistic means in the scientific style of speech leads to the use of shorter variant forms, in particular forms of masculine nouns instead of feminine forms: klyuchi (instead of key), cuffs (instead of cuff).
Singular forms of nouns are used in the plural: Wolf - a predatory animal of the dog genus; Linden begins to bloom at the end of June. Real and abstract nouns are often used in the plural form: lubricating oils, noise in the radio, great depths.
Naming concepts in scientific style predominates over naming actions, resulting in less use of verbs and more use of nouns. When using verbs, there is a noticeable tendency towards their desemantization, that is, the loss of lexical meaning, which meets the requirement of abstraction and generalization of the scientific style of presentation. This is manifested in the fact that most of the verbs in the scientific style function as connectives: to be, to appear, to be called, to be considered, to become, to become, to become, to seem, to conclude, to compose, to possess, to be determined, to introduce, etc. There is a significant group of verbs acting as components of verbal-nominal combinations, where the main semantic load falls on the noun naming the action, and the verb plays a grammatical role (denoting the action itself in a broad sense words, conveys grammatical meaning moods, persons and numbers): lead - to emergence, to death, to disruption, to emancipation; make - calculations, calculations, observations. The desemantization of the verb is also manifested in the predominance in the scientific text of verbs of broad, abstract semantics: to exist, to occur, to have, to appear, to change, to continue, etc.
Scientific speech is characterized by the use of verb forms with weakened lexico-grammatical meanings of time, person, number, which is confirmed by the synonymy of sentence structures: distillation is carried out - distillation is carried out; you can draw a conclusion - a conclusion is drawn, etc.
Another morphological feature of the scientific style is the use of the present timeless (with a qualitative, indicative meaning), which is necessary to characterize the properties and characteristics of the objects and phenomena being studied: When certain places in the cerebral cortex are irritated, contractions regularly occur; Carbon constitutes the most important part of a plant. In the context of scientific speech, the past tense of the verb also acquires a timeless meaning: N experiments were performed, in each of which x took a certain value. According to scientists' observations, the percentage of present tense verbs is three times higher than the percentage of past tense forms, accounting for 67-85% of all verb forms.
The abstractness and generality of scientific speech is manifested in the peculiarities of the use of the verb aspect category: about 80% are imperfective forms, being more abstractly generalized. Few perfective verbs are used in stable phrases in the form of the future tense, which is synonymous with the present timeless: consider..., the equation takes the form. Many imperfective verbs lack paired perfective verbs: Metals are easy to cut.
Person forms of the verb and personal pronouns in a scientific style are also used in accordance with the transfer of abstract generalizing meanings. The 2nd person forms and pronouns you, you are practically not used, since they are the most specific; the percentage of 1st person singular forms is small. numbers. The most common in scientific speech are the abstract forms of the 3rd person and the pronouns he, she, it. The pronoun we, in addition to being used in the meaning of the so-called author's we, together with the form of the verb, often expresses the meaning of varying degrees of abstraction and generality in the meaning of “we are the totality” (I and the audience): We come to the result. We can conclude.
Syntactic features of the scientific style of speech
The syntax of the scientific style of speech is characterized by a tendency towards complex constructions, which contributes to the transfer of a complex system of scientific concepts, the establishment of relationships between generic and specific concepts, between cause and effect, evidence and conclusions. For this purpose, sentences with homogeneous members and generalizing words with them. Common in scientific texts different types complex sentences, in particular with the use of compound subordinating conjunctions, which is generally characteristic of book speech: due to the fact that; due to the fact that, while, etc. The means of connecting parts of the text are introductory words and combinations: firstly, finally, on the other hand, indicating the sequence of presentation. To combine parts of the text, in particular paragraphs that have a close logical connection with each other, words and phrases indicating this connection are used: thus, in conclusion, etc. Sentences in a scientific style are uniform in the purpose of the statement - they are almost always narrative. Interrogative sentences are rare and are used to attract the reader’s attention to a particular issue.
The generalized-abstract nature of scientific speech and the timeless plan for presenting the material determine the use of certain types of syntactic constructions: vaguely personal, generalized personal and impersonal offers. The character in them is absent or is thought of in a generalized, vague way; all attention is focused on the action, on its circumstances. Indefinitely personal and generalized personal sentences are used when introducing terms, deriving formulas, and explaining material in examples: Velocity is represented by a directed segment; Consider the following example; Let's compare offers.
Substyles of scientific style
The difference between scientific and all other styles of speech is that it can be divided into four substyles:
- Scientific. The addressee of this style is a scientist, a specialist. The purpose of style can be called the identification and description of new facts, patterns, discoveries. Typical for dissertations, monographs, abstracts, scientific articles, scientific reports, theses, scientific reviews, etc.
- Scientific and educational. Works in this style are addressed to future specialists and students, with the goal of teaching and describing the facts necessary to master the material, therefore the facts presented in the text and examples are given as typical ones. A description “from general to specific”, strict classification, active introduction and use of special terms are mandatory. Typical for textbooks, teaching aids, lectures, etc.
Genres using scientific style
Scientific texts are presented in the form of separate completed works, the structure of which is subject to the laws of the genre.
The following genres of scientific prose can be distinguished: monograph, journal, review, textbook ( tutorial), lecture, report, information message (about a conference, symposium, congress), oral presentation (at a conference, symposium, etc.), dissertation, scientific report. These genres belong to primary, that is, created by the author for the first time.
TO secondary texts, that is, texts compiled on the basis of existing ones, include: abstract, author's abstract, synopsis, abstract, abstract. When preparing secondary texts, information is collapsed in order to reduce the volume of the text.
The genres of the educational and scientific substyle include: lecture, seminar report, course work, abstract message. Each genre has its own individual stylistic features, but they do not violate the unity of the scientific and technical style, inheriting its general characteristics and features.
History of scientific style
The emergence is associated with the development of different areas of scientific knowledge, different spheres of human activity. At first, the style of scientific presentation was close to the style of artistic narration. The separation of the scientific style from the artistic one occurred in the Alexandrian period, when scientific terminology began to be created in the Greek language, which at that time had spread its influence throughout the entire cultural world.
Subsequently, the terminology was replenished from the resources of Latin, which became the international scientific language of the European Middle Ages. During the Renaissance, scientists strived for conciseness and accuracy of scientific description, free from emotional and artistic elements of presentation as contradictory to the abstract and logical representation of nature. However, the liberation of the scientific style from these elements proceeded gradually. It is known that the overly “artistic” nature of Galileo’s presentation irritated Kepler, and Descartes found Galileo’s style of scientific proof to be overly “fictionalized.” Subsequently, Newton's logical presentation became a model of scientific language.
In Russia, a scientific language and style began to take shape in the first decades of the 18th century, when authors of scientific books and translators began to create Russian scientific terminology. In the second half of this century, thanks to the works of M.V. Lomonosov and his students, the formation of the scientific style took a step forward, but it finally took shape in the second half of the 19th century, together with scientific activity the greatest scientists of this time.
Example
An example illustrating the scientific style of speech:
Notes
Literature
- Ryzhikov Yu. I. Working on a dissertation in technical sciences. Requirements for a scientist and for a dissertation; Psychology and organization scientific work; Language and style of the dissertation, etc. - St. Petersburg. : BHV-Petersburg, 2005. - 496 p. - ISBN 5-94157-804-0
- Savko I. E. Russian language. From phonetics to text. - Minsk: Harvest LLC, 2005. - 512 p. - ISBN 985-13-4208-4
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See what “Scientific style” is in other dictionaries:
SCIENTIFIC STYLE- SCIENTIFIC STYLE. See functional styles... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of language teaching)
Scientific style- presents scientific. the sphere of communication and speech activity related to the implementation of science as a form public consciousness; reflects theoretical thinking, appearing in a conceptually logical form, which is characterized by objectivity and abstraction... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language
scientific style- mokslinis stilius statusas T sritis Kūno kultūra ir sportas apibrėžtis Sportininkų veiklos tvarkymo ir sprendimų priėmimo būdas, grindžiamas geru trenerio teoriniu ir metodiniu parengtumu, nuolatiniu domėjimusi naujovėmis, sportinio rengi mo… …Sporto terminų žodynas
scientific style- see language style... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
Topics 7–8. The language of scientific work.
Research terms and concepts. Glossary
Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and the goals of communication, several functional-style varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of linguistic means in them. Stylistics studies functional styles and the peculiarities of the use of linguistic means in them. There are several functional styles: official business, artistic, scientific, journalistic, conversational style.
Scientific style of speech serves the sphere of human analytical activity (science), it is intended to describe the facts of reality, explain their interaction, and formulate patterns and laws.
In scientific speech it prevails reasoning as a functional-semantic type of speech, and this is understandable: in order to identify and describe patterns, it is necessary to prove that what has been done is true.
The stylistic features of the scientific style are:
§ emphasized logic,
§ evidence,
§ accuracy (unambiguity),
§ abstraction (generalization).
Underlined logical speech should allow the author to prove that he is right and convince the addressee that he is right. Evidence serves almost the same purpose. The author of the text is required accuracy, which should eliminate the possibility of misunderstanding the text. Science, dealing with specific examples, extracts general patterns from them. And therefore, speaking about the specific, at the same time he speaks about the universal - this often explains abstraction and generalization of scientific style.
Some scientists also note such a stylistic feature as unemotional, without O vileness of the text. Indeed, the goal of science is to influence the addressee not with the help of emotions, but using logic and evidence.
Style features scientific style are manifested in linguistic means: lexical, morphological, syntactic, etc.
Lexical means of scientific style
Scientific style there are special words denoting concepts - terms. The main requirement for the term is lexical unambiguity. Any word in a scientific text is used only in one meaning, since word play is unacceptable in science. The word often appears in a generalized meaning. For example, in the sentence - “Aspen grows quickly” - we mean any aspen, and not some specific one. In the scientific style there are a lot of words that have an abstract (abstract) meaning: establishment, dependence, pattern, origin, etc. The repetition of the word is used as the main means of coherence in the scientific style. As a rule, they are not used in scientific style emotionally charged vocabulary y, and also with anonymous replacement as a means of connectivity.
In scientific speech, due to its saturation with terms that have a Greek or Latin basis, foreign words and expressions are present in significant quantities.
Morphological means of scientific style
In scientific style they are more often used present imperfective verbs. This is a special form of the present tense. It is sometimes called "present timeless" because it has the meaning "always", "constantly".
The system of terms of a given field of science, production or art constitutes its terminology (for example, linguistic, physical, medical terminology, etc.). Unlike other words of the language, terms are created artificially. Thus, the word “root” (of plants) arose in language, and the term “root” (of words) was formed in linguistics. Therefore, in every terminology, the term has a definition - a precise, strictly logical definition. Many verbs (is, appears, counts, etc.) act as connectives in a compound nominal predicate.
There are significantly more nouns in a sentence than verbs(ratio 4:1), with neuter nouns being used more often. Pronouns are necessary so that the text does not seem monotonous.
Other parts of speech, in particular adjectives, can be used as pronouns: This phenomenon has certain characteristics. Sentences also use adverbs with the following meaning: first, then, then.
The pronoun we plays a special role in scientific style. It is used to indicate the author: We have come to a conclusion = I have come to a conclusion. The pronoun “we” acts as the author’s “I”. It should be noted that in the last decade of the twentieth century, we, the author's word, is increasingly being replaced by I, and also the pronoun we appears in the meaning we of the totality: So, we saw = You and I saw.
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