Journalistic style: features and examples. The main features of the journalistic style Style features of the journalistic style of speech
Style features journalistic style are determined in accordance with the basic constructive principle of the organization of language means, which V.G. Kostomarov defines it as the alternation of expression and standard. The essence of this principle lies in the fact that in journalistic texts there is a "mandatory and rectilinearly constant correlation of standardized and expressive segments of the speech chain, their alternation and contrasting" .
The expressive function, due to the influencing orientation on the addressee, is manifested in the following style features:
Appraisal (open and hidden). Open appraisal is manifested through a certain authorial or collective attitude to the facts presented. The social significance of the assessment is especially important here. G.Ya.Solganik considers the principle of social appraisal to be the most important principle of journalism.
Hidden (implicit) evaluativeness is manifested through groups of stylistic means in the language of means mass media who prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky names what is recognized and what is rejected. "The semantic sphere of the recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.), which are considered positive from the point of view of the information organ and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of the rejected includes all objects thoughts that are considered negative."
In the media of the beginning of the 21st century, the sphere of acceptance includes the following words and stable combinations of words: economic recovery, the revival of Russia, state interests, global role Russia, president, democracy, etc.; the scope of what is rejected includes: NATO expansion, corruption, migrants, terrorists, etc.
Stylistic "novelty effect": the use of unusual phrases, a language game, the use of expressive colloquial speech means, unexpected comparisons, metaphors, etc.
Personification and intimization of presentation: presentation of information "through the eyes of an eyewitness" (use of pronouns of the 1st person, definitely personal sentences); identification with the reader, listener, viewer: the use of pronouns of the 1st person pl. numbers we, ours; the use of generalized personal constructions (the main member is a verb in the form of the 2nd person singular: you understand that ...). This style feature is designed to provide more high level addressee's trust.
Information function carried out through the logical and conceptual side and is embodied in the following style features:
Documentary and factual accuracy: an exact indication of the time and place of the event, the designation of the participants in the events, official titles institutions, geographical names, etc.
Formality and neutrality of presentation: the use of neutral, official business and scientific vocabulary, the presence of stable clichés of book origin: to make a great contribution, universal values, etc., the presence of passive constructions and strict structure complex sentences: a high yield has been grown, an exhibition has been opened, etc.
Argumentation. The persuasiveness of speech is ensured by the methods of dialogization (question-answer complexes), the so-called accentuators - special means of the language that emphasize the author's confidence (modal words, introductory constructions with the modality of confidence, etc.), a clear design of the logical relations between the parts of the sentence (the allied connection) and the parts text.
The need for expressive and visual means in journalism is especially high, but it conflicts with the requirement to quickly respond to all events of current life, to be able to write quickly. For all their diversity, socio-political situations often repeat themselves, which makes it necessary to use stereotypical descriptions for stereotyped events. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the journalistic style, especially newspaper and journalistic, is the presence of speech standards, clichés and speech stamps in it.
The stable elements of the language act in two functions. Where it is necessary to refer to exact formulations that provide unambiguity and speed of understanding, the stable elements of the language act as standards proper. First of all, this is the area of official communication: clerical, business speech, legal sphere(language of laws, decrees, orders), diplomatic activity (language of agreements, treaties, communiques), socio-political area (language of resolutions, decisions, appeals, etc.). However, the same official turns, going beyond the limits of special use and the genre organic for them, are perceived as a stylistic speech defect.
In newspapers recent years you can easily find examples of stamped-clerical speech: they resolutely headed for recovery national relations, Creation real conditions that contribute to increased attention to the pressing issues of people's lives, to immediately focus attention on solving the most urgent problems. Many formulaic turns of speech arose under the influence formal business style: at this stage, in a given period of time, emphasized with all its sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not add anything new to the content of the statement, but only clog up the sentence.
Standards, being ready-made speech forms, correlated with a specific situation, greatly facilitate communication. They help the reader to get the information he needs, since the text, perceived in its usual form, is absorbed quickly, in whole semantic blocks. Therefore, speech standards are especially convenient for use in the media: the branches of Russian government, public sector employees, the employment service, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, according to informed sources, the household service, etc. In particular, numerous journalistic metaphor style. Once born as a new language unit, a successful metaphor can then, as a result of repeated use, become an erased metaphor, that is, a cliche: the presidential race, the political arena, an explosion of discontent, the roots of nationalism, an economic blockade, etc. Clichés are most often used in those genres which require an economical and concise form of presentation and which are operationally related to the event itself, for example: official communication, press review, report on meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.
The desire for emotional saturation of the language of the newspaper encourages journalists to use various methods of artistic expression (tropes, stylistic figures), which activate the attention of readers, attract them to a specific information topic. But if these techniques are repeated, replicated in various newspaper texts, they also turn into speech clichés. Stamps also appear to express outdated ideas about social and economic life as a constant struggle and an ongoing battle, for example: the battle for the harvest, the front of work, the struggle for advanced ideals, breakthroughs to new frontiers, etc.
Speech stamps are an evaluative category, depending on the circumstances of speech and therefore historically changeable. Speech stamps have gone out of use: agents (sharks) of imperialism, find a warm response in the hearts, on behalf and on behalf, in response to the wishes of the working people. New time gives birth to new stamps: denationalization, barter deals, humanitarian aid, the struggle of sovereignties, the release of prices, the consumer basket, unpopular measures, socially vulnerable groups, economic space, etc.
The function of influence determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. Publicism takes from the literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness (often negative), which is especially clearly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology: sore, inhuman, lawlessness, vandalism, harmful, criticism, mafia, hype, bacchanalia, conspiracy, idea, dictate, fraud, political kitchen, etc.
Publicism not only uses ready-made material, it transforms, transforms words from different areas of the language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative sense (crime incubator, routes of technological progress), sports vocabulary (pre-election marathon, round (tour) of negotiations, declare a check to the government); names of literary genres (drama of nations, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy), etc.
Publicistic style is characterized by some features in the field of word formation. For example, an assessment of an event can also be expressed with the help of word-building elements (education, storming, narrow-mindedness, hosting, putting on airs, ultramodern), as well as with the help of occasionalisms or speech neologisms - words created by certain authors, but not widely received. use, especially since they are not recorded in modern dictionaries: privatization, Khrushchev.
In the journalistic style, there is a greater activity than in other styles of international educational suffixes (-ation, -ur, -ist, -izm, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (anti-, archi-, hyper-, de-, dez-, counter-, pro-, post-, trans-): globalization, agents, terrorist, centrism, contestant, anti-globalism, deportation, arch-reactionary, hyperinflation, disinformation, countermeasures, pro-American, post-Soviet, trans-European). Frequent use of nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (personality, greed, annulment, cooperation, trust); adverbs with a prefix in -: in a businesslike way, in a state way. Adjectives are also characterized by Russian and Old Slavic prefixes: co-owner, non-departmental, intercontinental, pro-Western, illegal. Some Old Slavonic prefixes give the words a "high" sound: recreate, all-powerful, reunite, fulfill.
In journalistic texts, especially in the language of newspapers, there are very often words formed by addition: mutually beneficial, good neighborly, multilateral, ubiquitous, will, multifaceted, commercial and industrial, socio-political, socio-economic, liberal-democratic, administrative-command. In order to save speech resources, abbreviations are used (AEO, MFA, PE, CIS, ISS, UFO, SOBR) and abbreviations (Security Council, Secretary General, federals, exclusive, cash, lawlessness).
At the morphological level, there are relatively few publicistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms of various parts of speech. For example, the use singular noun in the meaning of the plural: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer, etc.
The study of the frequency of the use of verb tense forms shows that the genre of reportage and genres close to it are characterized by the use of the present tense of the verb, the so-called "real reportage". Obviously, this is due to the fact that the journalism emphasizes the "momentary" nature of the events described and that the author is an eyewitness or even a participant in the events described: on April 3, the visit to Minsk of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland begins. Scientists are dismantling the underground rooms of the southern wing. Among the morphological forms, the forms of the reflexive and passive voices of the verb stand out, they are associated with the information function and contribute to the objectivity of the presentation: military tension subsides, political passions heat up. The forms of passive communion are very active: measures have been taken, Russian-American negotiations have been completed. Journalists prefer bookish, normative variants of inflection, but often still use colloquial endings to achieve a confidential, relaxed nature of communication with a reader or listener: in the workshop, on vacation, tractor.
For modern newspaper speech, as a whole, open appeal, sloganism, unreasoned directiveness of editorials are less characteristic, analyticity, evidence of presentation, restraint in international materials and sharp criticism in materials about the internal life of the country, an increase in dialogue forms of presentation (clash of different points of view) are more characteristic. Dialogic genres (interview, conversation), information-analytical (article, commentary) come to the fore, new genres appear ("straight line", "round table", "journalistic investigation").
Influencing functions are clearly manifested in the syntax of the journalistic style, which also has its own characteristics. From a variety of syntactic constructions, journalists select those that have a significant potential for impact and expressiveness. This is what attracts publicism to the constructions of colloquial speech: they are, as a rule, concise, capacious, concise. Their other important quality is mass character, democracy, accessibility. Characteristic for many journalistic genres is also chopped prose coming from colloquial speech: short, jerky sentences resembling painterly strokes that make up the overall picture, for example: The Great Hall. There is a huge globe in the corner. On the walls are maps of continents, diagrams. Future turns of flight are drawn on them with red lines. spaceship. The blue screens of electronic devices are lit. White lines run continuously along them. At the television screens of the radio receivers, the operators were bowed in businesslike tension. The use of elliptical structures also gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of lively speech: a privatization check is for everyone, banks are not only for bankers.
Almost all figures of speech are found in journalism, but four groups predominate significantly: questions various types, repetitions created by means of different language levels, applications and structural-graphic highlights.
From the first lines of the article, the reader often encounters various kinds of questions to an imaginary interlocutor that serve to pose a problem. Based on the questions formulated, the reader judges the insight of the journalist, the similarities and differences between his own and the author's point of view, the relevance of the topic and whether it is of interest. It is also a way to establish contact with the reader and get a response from him, for example: Increasingly, the media publishes sociological data on the popularity of applicants for a high position and forecasts about the likely winner. But how reliable is this data? Can they be trusted? Or is it just a formative public opinion, a peculiar way of promoting the desired candidate? These questions are both political and scientific in nature.
The author not only asks questions, but also answers them: What claims are made against the settlers? They are said to be emptying the pension fund and gobbling up the main funds allocated for unemployment benefits. Changing the interrogative intonation to the affirmative allows you to revive the reader's attention, add variety to the author's monologue, creating the illusion of dialogue. This stylistic device is called a question-answer move, which facilitates and activates the perception of speech by the reader or listener, gives the text (speech) a touch of ease, confidence, colloquialism.
A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the questioner himself answers, for example: Will a person whose savings in it burnt contact the bank? - Won't get in touch.
Silence is a stylistic device, which in a written text is distinguished by graphic means (ellipsis) and indicates the unspokenness of a part of the thought: We wanted the best, but it turned out ... as always. An ellipsis is a hint at facts known to both the author and the reader or mutually shared points of view.
The second group of figures that occupy an important place in journalistic texts are repetitions of various types: lexical, morphological, syntactic, which can not only have an emotional impact, but also make changes in the "opinions - values - norms" system, for example: Another legal educational program: the law categorically prohibits accepting any documents as title documents, strictly stipulating their nomenclature. The law categorically prohibits accepting for consideration and even more so relying on documents submitted otherwise than in originals or copies, but if you have an original, ask any lawyer!
The third place in terms of frequency of use in the text is occupied by an application - interspersed with well-known expressions (proverbs, sayings, newspaper stamps, complex terms, phraseological units etc.), as a rule, in a slightly modified form. The use of the application achieves several goals at once: the illusion of live communication is created, the author demonstrates his wit, the “weary” from repeated use revives stable expression image, for example: Here, as they say, you can’t throw out a word from the Internationale.
A popular means of expressiveness in a journalistic style is allusion - a stylistic device used to create subtext and consisting in a hint of some well-known historical, political, cultural or everyday fact. A hint is carried out, as a rule, with the help of words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is associated with a certain event or person.
Structural-graphic highlights are also widely used in journalistic texts. These include segmentation and parcelling. In journalistic speech, one can often find various kinds of dismemberment of the text, that is, such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning with the main text, is singled out positionally and intonationally and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcellation) : "Exchange of banknotes: is it really all in vain?"; "Process started. Back?"; "Land reform - what is its purpose?"; "New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but really influences the improvement of our life?"
Journalists masterfully use various syntactic expression techniques: inversion (unusual word order), appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences, and connecting constructions. All types of one-component sentences are presented in a journalistic style: nominative, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal: We are being told from the scene. The note says.
The desire for expressiveness, figurativeness and at the same time for brevity is realized in a journalistic style also with the help of precedent texts. A precedent text is a certain cultural phenomenon that is known to the speaker, and the speaker refers to this cultural phenomenon in his text. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations. The sources of precedent texts are works of art, the Bible, oral folk art, journalistic texts, socio-political texts, well-known scientific texts, movies, cartoons, TV shows, song lyrics, etc. The level of knowledge of the case base of the language indicates how well a person speaks this language. If a newspaper article has the title "And things are still there ...", going back to a line from I. A. Krylov's fable "Swan, Pike and Cancer", any Russian speaker, without even reading this article, can understand that it will be about some something that should have been done a long time ago, but it still hasn't moved forward. Such precedent texts live in the minds of people for centuries, evoking the same associations.
The use of a precedent text by the speaker is due to the desire to make his speech more beautiful or more convincing, more trusting or ironic. Operating with precedent texts is accompanied by an appeal to the knowledge contained in the individual cognitive base of the addressee. The foregoing is related to the characteristics of the linguistic personality of the reader, to his ability to draw conclusions and perceive meaning. Without knowledge of precedent texts, full-fledged communication is impossible.
The rhythm of modern life, unfortunately, does not always allow you to read all the articles in newspapers and magazines, so the reader pays attention first of all to the title of the journalistic text. This is due to the fact that the structure of the title is concise, it summarizes the most important of what is said in the text. In other words, the title is the quintessence of the text, reflecting its essence. Modern media demand more and more original, bright, expressive, attention-grabbing titles. A newspaper or magazine headline is designed to interest the reader, to make him want to continue reading.
Unlike the inexpressive titles of the Soviet era, modern titles are characterized by expressive linguistic and stylistic means. The expression for which precedent texts are used in the headlines of modern magazine and newspaper publications is based on their well-knownness. This may be an accurate quote: Whatever a child amuses (An eleven-year-old girl turned out to be a skilled thief), Farewell to weapons! (The European Union denied China military technology), Battle on the Ice (With the onset of spring, the number of injuries among Permians traditionally increases). It would seem that the precedent meaning of the title is quite transparent and clear to the reader, but this meaning is changed in accordance with the content of a magazine or newspaper article.
lexical stylistic journalistic text
Publicistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Tasks: to consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; to study various sub-styles related to the journalistic style and, finally, to reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Publicism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media (media), advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the whole society as a whole.
Consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each of the styles are determined by the tasks that the author of the text faces. Publicism describes socially significant events: domestic, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is a mass one.
The purpose of the author of a journalistic text is to convey to the reader, viewer, listener certain information and evaluate it, to convince the addressee of his correctness. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, the consistency of presentation and the presence of words that are neutral in stylistic coloring bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text authorial, less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly is the addressee in each case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with age, gender, social status vital interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd affecting.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to the transfer of certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, these information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is designed to actively interfere in social life, to form public opinion. And therefore, its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent registrar of events, but their active participant and commentator. Its purpose is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to inspire him with certain ideas. The position of the author is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, its three main sub-styles are distinguished: political and ideological, political propagandaAnd proper journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on the genre and other features. Genre differences are very noticeable here.
The political and ideological sub-style is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This sub-style is quite close to the official business style. In Soviet times, it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political and agitational sub-style. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are mainly focused on the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is actually publicistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, we will consider it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic sub-style is developing very rapidly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and language range.
This substyle is most closely associated with everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by colloquial style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication of a modern person covers the topics of science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable in the actual journalistic substyle. The combination of elements of different styles leads both to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper and journalistic sub-style, a kind of stylistic reorientation of language resources is taking place. Part of newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used, undergoes general language adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the majority of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper and journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the actual journalistic substyle, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reporting, interviews, informational articles; to analytical - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - essay, essay, feuilleton, sketch; advertising uses elements of almost all genres.
Language features
Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, there are three groups: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start with the first group.
Lexical Features
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“go to the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use ("virtual world", "default", "investment");
· socially colored synonymous words (“gang of hired killers”);
· unusual lexical compatibility ("preacher of the whip", "apostle of ignorance");
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“politics of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “ cold war»);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology ("society", "freedom", "glasnost", "privatization");
· stylistically reduced words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);
· speech stamps that have a clerical color and have arisen under the influence of an official business style (“at this stage”, “today”, “at a given period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“peace and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· complex words (“mutually beneficial”, “neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international derivational suffixes (-tion, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· certain types of abstract nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “irreconcilability”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes, naming social and political concepts (“universal”, “superpowerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -shchina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantiation of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
Syntactic features
· the correctness and clarity of the construction of proposals, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques Used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, the following should be considered.
Publicistic stamps. Publicistic stamps have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to ask a question”, “to be distrustful”, “to open brilliant prospects”, “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases, you can pick up one-word neutral synonyms for them (“have an intention” - “gather”, “want”; “distrust” - “do not trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wag your finger”, “bite your elbows”, “blink your eyes”. Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially typical for polemical and evaluative texts.
language game- deliberate violation of the norms of speech behavior, causing laughter. Psychological basis The language game is the effect of deceived expectations: the reader expects one thing to be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
The language game involves means various levels- from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"The science of the temple of chrome?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
"Utop model" - a non-existent word is formed;
“Technique of danger” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.
Precedent texts. Such texts include the names of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are "ancient" works (the Bible, Old Russian texts), oral folk art, author's works of art, etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A tool that helps the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author gives an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers…”. It may also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Imagine another life situation…”). All these means allow the author to "get closer" to the addressee, to win his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with a variety of linguistic features, different areas of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic official business, scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in written and television. Interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society And this trend is only growing with time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the style of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.
I. Introduction.
II. Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III. Conclusion
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Journalistic style
Plan
I. Introduction.
II. Journalistic style.
1. Characteristics of the journalistic style.
2. Features of journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
III. Conclusion
I. Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. In it, first of all, the literary language is distinguished. It is the highest form of the national language, defined whole system norms. They cover its written and oral variety: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
Journalistic style
Fiction)
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
- the goal pursued by the speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; publicistic style - to influence the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business style - to inform);
- scope of use, environment;
- genres;
- linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
- other style features.
II. Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of the journalistic style.
Journalistic styleaddressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus, lat. - public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various fields. public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. Political literature for the mass reader and documentaries should also be added here.
Publicistic style occupies a special place in the system of styles of the literary language, since in many cases it must process texts created within other styles. Scientific and business speech are focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on its emotional reflection. Publicism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that "scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings." To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thought, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Scope of publicistic style: speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of the works of journalistic style:agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social, public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, suggesting certain ideas; motivation to do something or other.
Tasks of publicistic style speech: the transfer of information about topical issues of modern life in order to influence people, the formation of public opinion.
Characteristics of the statement: appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, conciseness with informative saturation.
Features of journalistic style: relevance, timeliness, efficiency, figurativeness, expressiveness, clarity and consistency, information saturation, the use of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), general accessibility (comprehensibility to a wide audience), invocative pathos.
Genres of journalistic style: essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style FeaturesKeywords: logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, genre diversity.
Language tools: socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with emphatically positive or negative value, proverbs, sayings, quotations, figurative and expressive means of the language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech:written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism is rooted in antiquity. Publicistic pathos permeated many biblical texts, the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day. In literature Ancient Rus' genres of journalism were present. A vivid example of a work of journalism of ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor's Campaign” (a genre of journalism is a word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a reportage, and notes, and chronicle information, and an interview, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay. Feature article - small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). Distinguish between documentary, journalistic, everyday essays.
There are small essays published in newspapers, and large ones published in magazines, and entire essay books.
characteristic feature The essay is documented, the reliability of the facts, the events in question. In the essay, as in work of art, visual means are used, an element of artistic typification is introduced.
The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important issue.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
oral presentationalso belongs to the journalistic genre.
Important hallmark oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - a guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the audience. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: after 5-10 minutes, the attention of the listeners becomes dull. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech, colloquial expressions are allowed, the active use of oratory techniques: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think over a plan, pick up arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “on a piece of paper”, but to convince the audience. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has own point view, proves it, it causes respect, interest, and hence the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentations is report . In this case, you can use pre-prepared notes, but do not abuse reading, otherwise the speaker will stop listening. The report usually concerns any field of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, consistency, evidence, accessibility. In the course of the report, you can read vivid quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting point discussions , that is, the discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will speak about his own. It is necessary to argue with reason, to give convincing arguments.
III. Conclusion
Publicistic style is a very important style, with the help of it you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech. Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally colored vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive means of the language, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical this moment public life ways of presenting the material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units characteristic of the time and metaphorical uses of the word. The relevance of the content makes the journalist look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.
Publicism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the spread of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formation, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm.
References
1. A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. A basic level of. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
2. V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
3. Deikina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and profile levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M. Verbum-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the exam-2012. Rostov-on-Don, Legion, 2011
The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) are cognate with the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- informing, transferring socially significant information with a simultaneous impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, suggesting certain ideas, views to him, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.
Scope of publicistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism- an article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logicality, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal and their corresponding language tools. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions.
A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific discourse: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways of solving it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, concreteness, strict validity. It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, publicistic speech is characterized by passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is public accessibility: it is designed for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.
Publicistic articles by literary critics V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. The writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, Academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defender or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory, the ability to master the word.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting internal state, human experience, etc.
In a journalistic style, the words are often used: with prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, times- (s-); with suffixes -i (ya), -qi (ya), -izatsi (ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to prefixes, all-, general-, super-.
The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, the figurative meaning of words, words with a brightly emotional coloring.
The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble the figurative and expressive means of the artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but the impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.
Emotional means of expressiveness of the language can include epithets (including those that are an application), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (you can’t lose a single week, not a single day, not a single minute), it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational unions and allied combinations (not only ..., but also; not only ..., but also; not only …, How many). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial turns of speech (including vernacular); the use of literary images, quotations, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parading, puns).
The emotional means of the language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical proof, semantic highlighting of especially important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.
Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but with a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).
In the journalistic style of speech, as well as in the scientific one, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, the countries of the near abroad. In sentences, verbs in the form of the imperative mood, reflexive verbs often act as a predicate.
The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and proposals involved and participle turns, complex syntactic constructions.
Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. In it, first of all, the literary language is distinguished. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral variety: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the goal pursued by the speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; publicistic style - to influence the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business style - to inform);
scope of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of the journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. - public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various areas of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. Political literature for the mass reader and documentaries should also be added here.
Publicistic style occupies a special place in the system of styles of the literary language, since in many cases it must process texts created within other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech - on its emotional reflection. Publicism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that "scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings." To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thought, and the expression of the author's attitude to events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Scope of publicistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of the works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social, public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, suggesting certain ideas; motivation to do something or other.
Tasks of publicistic style speech : the transfer of information about topical issues of modern life in order to influence people, the formation of public opinion.
Characteristics of the statement : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, conciseness with informative saturation.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, figurativeness, expressiveness, clarity and consistency, information saturation, the use of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), general accessibility (comprehensibility to a wide audience), invocative pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features Keywords: logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, genre diversity.
Language tools : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphasized positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotations, figurative and expressive means of the language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism is rooted in antiquity. Publicistic pathos permeated many biblical texts, the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day. Genres of journalism were present in the literature of Ancient Rus'. A vivid example of a work of journalism of ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor's Campaign” (a genre of journalism is a word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a reportage, and notes, and chronicle information, and an interview, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article - a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). Distinguish between documentary, journalistic, everyday essays.
There are small essays published in newspapers, and large ones published in magazines, and entire essay books.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentary, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In the essay, as well as in a work of art, visual means are used, an element of artistic typification is introduced.
The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important issue.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - a guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the audience. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: after 5-10 minutes, the attention of the listeners becomes dull. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech, colloquial expressions are allowed, the active use of oratory techniques: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think over a plan, pick up arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “on a piece of paper”, but to convince the audience. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this causes respect, interest, and hence the attention of the audience.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentations isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared notes, but do not abuse reading, otherwise the speaker will stop listening. The report usually concerns any field of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, consistency, evidence, accessibility. In the course of the report, you can read vivid quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, the discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will speak about his own. It is necessary to argue with reason, to give convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
Publicistic style is a very important style, with the help of it you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally colored vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive means of the language, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical ways of presenting material for a given moment in public life, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of a word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content makes the journalist look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Publicism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the spread of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formation, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm.
References
1. A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. A basic level of. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
2. V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.
3. Deikina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and profile levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M.Verbum-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the exam-2012. Rostov-on-Don, Legion, 2011
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