Similar phraseological units examples. Friends of the language - phraseological units

Russian is one of the most beautiful and richest languages ​​in the world. Behind long history of its formation, it has undergone many transformations, changes and has been saturated with various vocabulary turns that help to make the conversation more clear and understandable, or figurative and tortuous, and sentences elegant.

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One of these vocabulary phrases in the sentences of the Russian language is rightfully considered to be considered in the article. These are proverbs and sayings carefully collected over the centuries by our ancestors. They make the dialogue between people richer, more beautiful, similar to the literary language.

It is insanely interesting to find the meanings of certain types of phraseological units. You can spend your whole life studying this direction in Russian. Let's try to answer such a question, how and when it is appropriate to use phraseological units in a conversation.

What is phraseology

Phraseologism is a stable phrase, which in most cases has its own meaning in a sentence only in the established, generally accepted form, and nothing more. For example, “run away, sparkling with your heels”, you cannot pronounce it like, “run away with sparkling heels” or say “cherish like the pupil of the eye”, instead of “cherish like the apple of the eye”.

But there are exceptions, when changing the order of words in some types of phraseological units is often considered normal. That is, a number of phrases do not change their meaning when the words are rearranged. Thus, “beat the buckets” and “beat the buckets” or “carry water in a sieve” and “carry water in a sieve” are phraseological units that do not change due to rearrangement of words in them.

The history of the birth of proverbs

Many words of the Russian language are outdated and have lost their true meaning, but they are still present in stable expressions.

Consider an example like "Nick down"(remember something very well). If you think about the meaning of this phrase, it seems quite cruel, but in fact the history of this expression is hidden for centuries. Many centuries ago, illiterate people carried tablets with them, on which, in order to remember upcoming events or necessary facts, they made notches. That is, to chop on the nose used to be literally synonymous with the word “write down”.

Or phraseology "lead by the nose"(deception is very skillful, so that the victim does not notice it at all). Why did they start talking like that? Everything is simple. Did you not pay attention to how huge camels dutifully wander after their master without even trying to escape or somehow lean? The reason for this is far from animal humility, but a ring threaded through the nose, to which a rope is tied, which is in the hands of the owner of the beast. Therefore, the expression "lead by the nose" has acquired its meaning.

And interesting story with idiom "hang nose". Now the full version of the proverb is rarely used, which sounds like “hang your nose on a fifth”. Strange as it may seem, but this phrase originates from musical professionalism, or rather, from violinists. When a person plays the violin, he clamps his head on the instrument so that his nose almost touches the top string, which is called the fifth.

General meaning of set phrases

Most groups of phraseological units in Russian have something in common. Therefore, if you look closely, you can notice a pattern in the use, for example, of one or another part human body in phraseological terms. Let's try to understand this issue in more detail and understand the meaning of some proverbs. So.

Nose in phraseological units

On the human face, the nose has the function of an organ of smell, that is, the perception of smells. In stable phrases called phraseological units, this part of the body is a symbol of something not far away, located at a very small distance from a person. Here are some variations use of nose meanings in proverbs:

Interesting fact. The nose is considered a symbol of something very close, not only in proverbs. Take, for example, at least a fairy tale about Kolobok. How did the cunning fox get its prey to come dangerously close? That's right, she asked Kolobok to come closer and sit on her nose.

Perhaps these values ​​are due to the fact that on the human face the nose protrudes most of all, but at the same time it is still close to the rest of the face.

Mouth and lips

Mostly mouth in proverbs has the same functions as on the human face - talking and eating. Lips, in turn, often express emotions and desires, which is quite natural, because, from the point of view of psychology, it is this part of the human face that is most involved in human facial expressions. By the way, there are not so many groups of set expressions in which lips are used.

• Dial water in your mouth - sharply shut up;
• Pout lips - take offense;
• The lip is not a fool - a person knows how to choose the best or has inflated desires;
• Porridge in the mouth - a person speaks indistinctly;
• Do not take it in your mouth - very tasteless, unpleasant food;
• There was no poppy dew in the mouth - the person is hungry;
• The mouth is full of trouble - a lot of work, a person is very busy;
• Open your mouth - very surprised.

Ears

Ears appear in proverbs as organs of hearing, but also they have one feature- they are quite difficult to see without using foreign objects with a mirror surface, and, of course, this meaning of the symbol could not be ignored.

Teeth in proverbs

Teeth in set phrases are used mostly as a defense against something. And also in proverbs, teeth symbolize a smile and laughter.

• Armed to the teeth - a dangerous opponent, which is very difficult to defeat because of his good training;
• To give a tooth - to laugh or make fun of someone;
• Bare teeth - it is unpleasant to laugh, mock;
• Try it on the tooth - get to know better, study well;
• Show teeth - show readiness for enmity and hostility;
• Sharpen / have a tooth - dislike, have a dislike for someone.

Thus, we can conclude that phraseological units are phrases that make a conversation richer and more varied. They decorate our speech and help to express and define the emotions that seethe in us like a waterfall. So, having such a wealth of language, do we have the right to use slang words that make our speech less pleasant, and our soul more callous? One can only hope that everyone can find the answer to this question for themselves.

The Russian language is so mobile and flexible that it allows you to use many special speech techniques: proverbs, sayings, metaphors and much more. Separately, I want to talk about what phraseology is.

Phraseologisms are called phrases, the meaning of which is able to decorate speech, give it a special emotional connotation. Phraseological turnover is indivisible in meaning, that is, it has the common meaning of all the words included in it. Each word separately does not carry such information load. It is better to consider examples with an explanation of phraseological units.

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The horse didn't roll

Ordinary speech would be dry and less emotional if there were no special lexical units in it. - phraseological units. For example, you could say, “I got really angry.” And you can say this way: "I was angry as a dog." The listener has completely different associative images in his mind. The brain perceives the image of an angry dog ​​instantly, at the level of a reflex. Affects life experience accumulated in the subconscious.

Or such an example of the phrase: "I have not yet begun to perform the planned work." It sounds much better: "I have not yet rolled a horse." For a foreigner to understand this is real headache! What kind of horse and why didn't he roll? And a Russian person instantly grasps the essence of the speaker's problem.

Phraseologism "One foot here, one foot there" very often used in speech. It is literally impossible for a person's legs to be in different places at the same time! But it means that the speaker is already on his way and rushing very fast and is about to be in the right place.

An interesting observation. Phraseological turns sometimes reduce the sharpness of the perception of a negative action and enhance the positive.

Whose authorship?

Many people think about origin of set expressions. Phraseological units have no authors. Or so, the authors are the people. In the process of life, accumulation of experience, people apply their knowledge, transforming it into new forms.

The origin of vivid turns of speech is also associated with literary and historical facts. Everyone has an idea about the exploits of Hercules, and in particular, about one of them - how quickly the strong man managed to clear the stables of King Avgii. The hero showed resourcefulness, coped quickly with an exorbitantly difficult task. He did the seemingly impossible! So it was customary for the people to say: “I’ll go to rake the Augean stables ...” Or: “What a fine fellow, I cleaned the Augean stables!”

In addition to the “rolling horse”, the turnover about "buried dog". Example: "So that's where the dog is buried!" This means that at last there was a solution to a problem or issue that had been haunting for a long time. The topic of the origin of popular expressions with this animal is very popular. Known are the stories of dogs whose graves served as a kind of memory for their owners (they were lost, and then found).

Everyone who deserves punishment, in Russian speech, is "poured on the first number." It came from the school when the students were flogged with rods. The punishment was effective and the student behaved well before the start. next month studies (until the 1st day).

Let's go through phraseological units

Introducing a small list of turns of speech for reference. They are most often used in relation to a specific person:

Phraseologisms in sentences

Also exists many others catchphrases . It is interesting to look at examples.

1. It's time to "wash your hands". This sentence means that the time has come to move away from the problem, to indicate your non-participation in it.
2. In life, he liked to "go with the flow." The hero is passive and lived by the will of circumstances, without resisting them in any way.
3. My worries are "a dime a dozen". There are a lot of things to do.
4. Relatives came to visit - "the seventh water on jelly." Here the degree of kinship is very blurred, there is no way to figure out who - to whom and by whom.
5. He married on the principle of "do not drink water from your face." This is a sad story, here is an attempt to love the inner world of a person, implying that not everything is in order with the appearance.
6. See you "after the rain on Thursday." This sentence matters: we will never see each other, and a dismissive attitude towards a person is also shown.
7. In his stories, he liked to "force the atmosphere." This is about a man who obviously exaggerates the complexity and horrors of events in his narratives, heating up the situation.
8. We left home "not salty slurping." The meaning of the phraseological unit: I had to return without earnings, profit or other result, previously conceived.

The given examples show how vividly, briefly and succinctly phraseological units are able to characterize some situations. They also add to speech shades of sound, semantic accents. Origin may not matter. Moreover, the lexical meaning of phraseological units is integral, it is perceived as a short signal of an associative series stored in a person’s memory.

About labor

Let's talk about phraseological units that mention job or profession. People wrote a lot of sayings, fables and other lexical forms about labor. Let's give examples of phraseological units and their meanings.

Phraseological units for children

Work and acquaintance with phraseological units starts at school. Children are taught to understand set expressions and be able to explain them. junior schoolchildren practiced in the lessons of native speech to build statements using phraseological turns. Thus, they enrich the vocabulary and lexical stock of knowledge. Children learn to explain phraseological units with one short word or a related phrase.

Phraseologisms are quite simple to understand and remember, according to the age of elementary school children. Consider examples:

• lock your mouth (shut up);
• keep your mouth shut (keep a secret);
• do not believe your ears (be surprised at what you hear);
• nod off (fall asleep);
• lead by the nose (deceive);
• fly headlong (run fast) and others.

The use of phraseological units in primary school contributes to their development "feelings of language" inherent in the Russian people. Forms the imagery of thinking, the speed of creation of thought forms. Aphorisms are compiled from pictures or work is underway with texts.

At Russian language lessons, students perform written assignments in which they replace phraseological units with one word (insert the missing word).

On lessons literary reading learn to match images fairytale heroes with phraseological turns. For example, Emelya - "lies and does not blow in the mustache".

Studying mathematics, they analyze stable phrases: “ square head”, “from the pot two inches” and others.

In various fields of activity, fields of knowledge, life situations phraseological units are applicable. The main thing is to understand their meaning.! A true connoisseur of the Russian language must use idioms in his speech, both for his own pleasure (create a picture), and for the "red word".

The time comes when schoolchildren begin to study what phraseological units are. Their study has become an integral part of the school curriculum. Knowledge of what phraseological units are and how they are used will be useful not only in the lessons of the Russian language and literature, but also in life. Figurative speech is a sign of at least a well-read person.

What is a phraseological unit?

Phraseologism - with a certain content of words, which in this combination have a different meaning than when these words are used separately. That is, a phraseological unit can be called a stable expression.

Phraseological turns in the Russian language are widely used. The linguist Vinogradov was engaged in the study of phraseological units, to a greater extent thanks to him they began to be widely used. Foreign languages ​​also have phraseological units, only they are called idioms. Linguists are still arguing whether there is a difference between a phraseological unit and an idiom, but they have not yet found an exact answer.

The most popular are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be found below.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologisms have several important features and characteristics:

1. Phraseologism is a ready language unit. This means that a person who uses it in his speech or writing retrieves this expression from memory, and does not invent it on the go.
2. They have a permanent structure.
3. You can always pick up a synonymous word for a phraseological unit (sometimes an antonym).
4. Phraseologism is an expression that cannot consist of less than two words.
5. Almost all phraseological units are expressive, they encourage the interlocutor or the reader to show vivid emotions.

Functions of phraseological units in Russian

Each phraseological unit has the same main function - to give brightness, liveliness, expressiveness to speech and, of course, to express the author's attitude to something. In order to imagine how much speech becomes brighter when using phraseological units, imagine how a humorist or writer makes fun of someone using phraseological units. The speech becomes more interesting.

Styles of phraseological units

The classification of phraseological units according to style is their very important feature. In total, there are 4 main styles of set expressions: interstyle, bookish, colloquial and colloquial. Each phraseological unit belongs to one of these groups, depending on its meaning.

Colloquial phraseological units are the most large group expressions. Some believe that interstyle and vernacular phraseological units should be included in the same group as colloquial ones. Then there are only two groups of set expressions: colloquial and bookish.

Differences between book and colloquial phraseological units

Each style of phraseological units differs from each other, and book and colloquial phraseological units demonstrate the most striking difference. Examples: not worth a penny And fool fool. The first stable expression is bookish, because it can be used in any work of art, in a scientific and journalistic article, in an official business conversation, etc. Whereas the expression " fool fool" widely used in conversations, but not in books.

Book phraseological units

Book phraseological units are set expressions that are much more often used in writing than in conversations. They are not characterized by pronounced aggression and negativity. Book phraseological units are widely used in journalism, scientific articles, fiction.

1. During it means something that happened a long time ago. The expression is Old Slavonic, often used in literary works.
2. pull the gimp- the value of a long process. In the old days, a long metal thread was called a gimp; it was pulled out with tongs from a metal wire. The thread was embroidered on velvet, it was a long and very painstaking work. So, pull the gimp It's a long and extremely boring job.
3. Play with fire- to do something extremely dangerous, "to be on the cutting edge."
4. Stay with your nose- to be left without something that you really wanted.
5. Kazan orphan- this is a phraseological unit about a person who pretends to be a beggar or a patient, while having the goal of gaining a benefit.
6. You can't ride a goat- so a long time ago they talked about girls who, on holidays, jesters and buffoons could not cheer in any way.
7. Withdraw to clean water - expose in committing something impartial.

There are a lot of book phraseological units.

Interstyle phraseological turns

Interstyles are sometimes called neutral colloquial, because they are neutral from both a stylistic and an emotional point of view. Neutral colloquial and book phraseological units are confused, because interstyle ones are also not particularly emotionally colored. Important feature interstyle turnovers lies in the fact that they do not express human emotions.

1. Not a drop means the complete absence of something.
2. Play a role- somehow influence this or that event, become the cause of something.

There are not very many interstyle phraseological turns in the Russian language, but they are used in speech more often than others.

Colloquial phraseological turns

The most popular expressions are colloquial phraseological units. Examples of their use can be very diverse, from expressing emotions to describing a person. Colloquial phraseological units are perhaps the most expressive of all. There are so many of them that it is possible to give examples ad infinitum. Colloquial phraseological units (examples) are listed below. Some of them may sound different, but at the same time have a similar meaning (that is, be synonymous). And other expressions, on the contrary, contain the same word, but are bright antonyms.

Synonymous colloquial phraseological units, examples:

1. All without exception, the meaning of generalization: all as one; both old and young; from small to large.
2. Very fast: in an instant; did not have time to look back; in a moment; couldn't blink an eye.
3. Work diligently and diligently: tirelessly; up to the seventh sweat; roll up your sleeves; in the sweat of your face.
4. Proximity value: in two steps; be at your side; hand over.
5. Run Fast: headlong; what is strength; at full speed; what is urine; in all shoulder blades; from all legs; only heels sparkle.
6. Similarity value: all as one; everything, as in the selection; one to one; well done to young man.

Antonymic colloquial phraseological units, examples:

1. The cat cried(few) - Chickens don't peck(a lot of).
2. Nothing is visible(dark, hard to see) - At least collect the needles(light, clearly visible).
3. Lose your head(bad thinking) - Head on shoulders(reasonable person).
4. Like a cat with a dog(warring people) - Do not spill water, Siamese twins; soul to soul(close, very friendly or
5. two steps away(near) - For distant lands(far).
6. Soar in the clouds(thoughtful, dreaming and unfocused person) - Keep your eyes open, keep your eyes open(attentive person).
7. scratch your tongue(talk, gossip) - swallow tongue(to be silent).
8. Mind Chamber(clever man) - Without a king in my head, live in someone else's mind(stupid or reckless person).

Phraseologisms examples with explanation:

1. american uncle- a person who very unexpectedly helps out of a financially difficult situation.
2. Fight like a fish on ice- do unnecessary, useless actions that do not lead to any result.
3. Beat the thumbs- idle.
4. Throw down the gauntlet- to enter into an argument with someone, to challenge.

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Phraseological units are the national wealth of the language. They enliven speech, make it colorful. Steady turns act as an expressive stylistic means. Without them, it is difficult to imagine a text rich in speech turns. They enliven and fill with images, the texts begin to take on a new life.

IN work of art- reception of the characterization of the hero, the creation of a vivid character, spectacular pictures of reality along with metaphors and.

General concept of phraseological units

Phraseologism is a ready-made stable speech turnover with a single, holistic meaning. Stability is understood as the relative constancy of the lexical (component) composition.

Set phrases are studied by phraseology (Greek. phrase- "expression", logos- "teaching"). All constant speech turns of the language are called "phraseology".
In a broad sense, phraseological units are proverbs and sayings, winged expressions - all integral phrases or phrases.

Examples of phraseological units

• And the chest just opened;
• familiar faces;
• the tongue talks, but the head does not know;
• a husband loves a healthy wife, and a brother loves a rich sister;
• shitty situation.

Phraseologism is a kind of linguistic unit. Outwardly, in structure, it is similar to phrases - it consists of two or more word components.

They differ in that the words in it lose their independent lexical meaning.

The meaning of a phraseological unit is not the sum of the meanings of the components, as in a free phrase - green + field = green field, but completely different - brew + porridge = "start a difficult and unpleasant business", sideways + get out = "do not pass without a trace, end badly." The meaning follows from a stable phrase and expresses one concept. It has the same meaning.

Phraseologisms have the property of impenetrability: it is impossible to introduce a new component into their structure. They are characterized by a stable sequence of words.

Other terms for defining phraseological units are idiom (Greek. idioma– “special property”), phraseological unit, phraseme, set phrase, phraseological phrase. In any language, phraseological units are individual, they need to be understood. They are not translated into another language verbatim.

Lexical meaning of phraseological units

Like words, phraseological units serve as names for actions, phenomena, states, objects, signs. Some of them combine expressive coloring with meaning.

Expressiveness is understood as the presence of an evaluative component, informational "redundancy" in contrast to a neutral word: turn tail, talk about lofty matters- ironic from rags to riches, disentangle porridge- disapproving monkey labor, oatmeal forehead- contemptuously alive smoking room, zhdanki eat- playfully.
Phraseologisms sound like free phrases. This phenomenon is defined as homonymy:

• give up during charging and give up in the meaning of "lose the desire to do something";
• cast a line into the lake and cast a line meaning "to hint at something".

Homonymous will be ideoms that have several meanings: close your eyes- to be near the dying in the last minutes of life; hide, keep silent about something; deliberately not to pay attention, not to notice something.

Phraseologisms that are close in meaning are combined into synonymous rows. Examples: "very fast" (run, run away) - one leg here, the other there, with all legs, as if on fire, with all blades.

From stable turns of speech, you can also form pairs that are opposite in meaning (antonyms): a yellow-mouthed chick is a shot sparrow, soul to soul - like a cat with a dog, lose your temper - pull yourself together, bend your line - dance to someone else's tune.

The origin of phraseological units

Steady turns are not created spontaneously during oral communications, written speech. These are ready-made lexical units with a known meaning. Etymology (a branch of linguistics) deals with the study of phraseological units and their origin.

Most of them came to literary language from folklore: behind seven seals, milk rivers, self-collection tablecloth, good fellow, red maiden. Many turnovers are associated with ancient rites, now forgotten.

Many phraseological units came from the vocabulary: hit the tone, play the first violin- from musicians; game is not worth the candle- from furriers, cut under the walnut, without a hitch- from carpenters. Some phrases are related to history: ice carnage, Monomakh's hat, all over Ivanovo.

There are turns associated with biblical stories, ancient mythology: carry your cross, Babylonian pandemonium, until the second coming,with or on a shield, Augean stables, Trojan horse.

Let's bring a couple interesting phraseological units, whose meaning is related to their origin.
According to the ancient belief of the ancestors, a closed (circular) line, made with coal or a knife, spoken with special words, gained power and protected from evil spirits. The circle was also held in the air.

In Nikolai Gogol's story "Viy" Khoma Brut is saved from a witch by drawing a circle around him and saying a prayer. The Russian warriors drew a circle over their heads with the end of the sword, believing that enemy blows would not touch them, the spoken ones. From the ancient rite, the expression " headlong"- boldly, without fear.

turnover " rub glasses» (to deceive someone) came from the jargon of card cheats and means the real action - rubbing extra points on the so-called powder cards. Using powder - "sticky", the player turned the six into a seven or eight, two into a three. That is, he rubbed the points needed for the desired amount (for example, 21 points).

The expression took root in speech and served as the basis for the formation of nouns eyewash(deception) and eyewash(deceiver).
Phraseological units still appear today: issue on the mountain, new Russians, rich Pinocchio, cherchet la femme, rush hour.

Phraseologism - a means of attracting attention

Phraseological turns are well remembered. Ready and known to the reader they make it easier to understand. The use of antonymic (opposite in meaning) contextual combinations, figurative phrases, ambiguity attracts the attention of the audience.

The problem is that the administration of our enterprise selects and arranges personnel contrary to good traditions, which have long been described in folklore. According to these traditions, it is not recommended to let the goat into the garden, throw the pike into the river, and appoint the fox as the head of the chicken coop.

The use of phraseological units when writing content is appropriate in a conversational style, as well as in an artistic and journalistic style. Here are some methods for transforming phraseological units:

1. Literalization. The context of the turnover implies the perception of it in its direct meaning: If the listeners do not laugh, I get upset, withdraw into myself and sit there.
2. Permutation or replacement of individual words: Of the two evils, I choose the one that I have not tried before. Learning is light, and ignorance is a pleasant twilight.
3. Expansion of the phraseological unit structure: What a pity that you are finally leaving.
4. Combining parts of different meanings: All people are brothers, but not all of the mind.
5. A complete change in the meaning of the ideoma: There are brave people. I am not a brave man; How could one call the weaker sex, which takes so much strength?
6. Inserting a specifying definition: I am his personal king. He is without a king in his head, so I have him instead of a king.

Headings built on the basis of phraseological units arouse the reader's interest. Metaphor has an emotional effect on the audience: Water Don't Come Alone, Push Racing, Freedom on the Left.
The news, presented as a word game with a steady turnover, sounds like a slogan: In the courtyard - a pillar, at the pillar - gop.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is not in vain considered “great and powerful”.

It contains not only words with which you can describe the reality of what is happening, but also, the meaning of which does not correspond to the words used in them.

Such phrases (these are phraseological units) cannot be understood “on the forehead” (literally), because the words used in them sometimes create a completely ridiculous picture. For example, “make an elephant out of a fly”, “sit in a puddle”, “lead by the nose”, “like water off a duck's back”, etc. They are used only in a figurative sense and this.

What is it (examples)

Phraseologisms are set expressions(everyday used in this form), one of the features of which is that it is almost impossible to translate them into . And if you do it verbatim, you get a real abracadabra.

For example, how do you translate phrases to a foreigner:

With a goofy nose
Where do the eyes look?
Shot sparrow.

And at the same time, we, as native speakers of the Russian language, will immediately understand what is at stake.

"With a gulkin's nose" - a little, just a little bit.
"Where the eyes look" - directly, without a specific goal.
"Shot sparrow" - experienced in some matters.

This is one of the examples of phraseological units. And here is the definition given to this concept in textbooks:

“Phraseologism is an expression that is well-established in structure and composition, which used in a figurative sense and consists of two or more words.

Signs of phraseological units

Phraseologism is quite easy to recognize. These phrases have their own distinctive features:

1. They include two or more words;
2. Have stable compound;
3. Have portable meaning;
4. Have historical roots;
5. Are unified member of the proposal.

And now let's take a closer look at each of these distinctive criteria of phraseological units.

These are several words that are one member of the sentence

There are no phraseological units in one word at all. Most often they consist of exactly two words, but there are many examples of longer phrases.

Here examples of such phrases with an explanation of their meaning:

"I ate the dog" - experienced, has been doing something more than once.
“You won’t spill it with water” - very friendly.
“Wait for the weather by the sea” - do nothing and hope that everything will be decided by itself.
"Seven Fridays in a week" - constantly change your plans or decisions.
“To fight like a fish on ice” - you do something, but it does not give a result.
“Well, you made a mess” - he did something that provoked a whole chain of events.

When parsing a sentence, phraseological units are not divided into parts. For example, the phrase “worked up a sweat” is a single predicate. Just like "counting the crows" or "wash your hands".

Phraseological units are stable phrases in a figurative sense

Such phrases cannot be distorted adding or removing individual words from them. AND cannot be replaced one word to another. In this way, they resemble a "house of cards" that will fall apart if one card is pulled out of it.

By the way, "House of cards" is also an example of a phraseological unit, it is used when they want to say that "something broke very easily or is about to break".

For example:

“Between heaven and earth” means to be in limbo, not knowing what to do.

And in this phrase it is impossible to replace "sky", for example, with "clouds", or "earth" with "field". The result is a completely non-colorful expression that others people won't understand.

More examples of stable phraseological units with an explanation of their meaning:

“Turn up the waters” means to come up with something strange, it’s not good to influence others.
"Slippery" - to do something poorly.
"Roll up your sleeves" - work well and quickly.
"Count the crows" - be distracted, be inattentive.
"Stay with the nose" means to be deceived.
"Getting to grips" - change your behavior or attitude towards something.

These phrases always have a figurative meaning.

As you may have noticed, all phraseological units have figurative meaning. That is why they simply cannot be translated into another language.

For example, try translating to English phrase "disservice". It will sound like “bear service”, and any foreigner will literally understand that “a particular bear provides some kind of service”, and will rather decide that it is a trained bear.

But we understand perfectly well this phraseological unit, which means "Help so that it gets worse".

The same can be said about other expressions:

“Grated kalach” is a wise person who cannot be deceived.
"On the topic of the day" - something relevant, which in this moment draws a lot of attention.
“Sat in a galosh” - did something awkward, made a mistake.
"Losing your head" - doing unreasonable things.
"Wash the bones" - to discuss someone behind his back.

The history of the origin of phraseological units

Some philologists argue that all phraseological units have some historical roots. It's just that not everything managed to survive before us. But there are phrases about which it is known exactly where they came from.

For example, the expression "beat the buckets", which means "To do nothing". In the old days, small wooden blocks were called buckets, from which spoons were most often made. Making blanks was very easy, it was trusted to the most inept apprentices. And everyone around thought that they did not really work.

Or phraseological unit "like water off a duck's back", meaning that "everything is forgiven a person." This phrase was born by nature itself. Not only the goose, but also any bird, the water really quickly escapes, since their feathers have a thin layer of fat.

And here is the expression "Trishkin caftan" not so widely known, although it means "an unsuccessful attempt to solve some problem, which only leads to new problems." The phrase appeared thanks to Krylov's fable:

Trishka's caftan was torn on his elbows.
What's the point of thinking here? He took up the needle:
Cut off the sleeves in quarters
And he paid elbows. The caftan is ready again;
Only a quarter of the bare hands became.
What about this sadness?

And here is the phraseology "Monomakh's hat", which means "too much responsibility", gave us Pushkin in his drama Boris Godunov.

Examples of phraseological units and their meaning

And this is not the only example when common expressions appear in the Russian language thanks to literature. For example, a lot came to us from ancient myths and epics, and even from the Bible.

1. "Apple of discord" Cause of quarrel between people. Initially, the apple was meant, because of which the ancient Greek goddesses Athena, Aphrodite and Hera quarreled, since it was written “the most beautiful” on it.
2. "Trojan horse"- a hidden trap. The wooden horse in which the Greeks hid to conquer Troy.
3. "Gordian knot"— a confusing, complicated situation. In memory of the real knot that King Gordius tied, and that Alexander the Great cut with his sword.
4. "Augean stables"- a big mess. One of the labors of Heracles when he was ordered to clear the huge stables of King Augeas.
5. - looming threat. Another story from Ancient Greece when the courtier Damocles envied King Dionysius and wanted to take his place. And he agreed, but hung a sword on a horsehair over his head.
   
   
6. "Procrustean bed"- the desire to fit something into the existing framework, while sacrificing something important. The robber Procrustes lured travelers to him and laid them on his bed. To whom she was small, he stretched out his legs. And to whom it is large, he cut them off.
7. "Two-faced Janus"— and deceit. In ancient Roman mythology, there was such a God with two faces, who was in charge of all doors, entrances and exits.
8. "Achilles' heel" — weakness. In honor of the ancient Greek warrior Achilles, who was dipped into the water of immortality as a child. And the only unprotected place he had left was the heel, since they held it when they lowered him into the bath.
9. "Manna from Heaven" something necessary and saving. Roots must be sought in the Bible, in history, how Moses led the Jews out of Egypt. At some point, they ran out of all the food, and God sent them "manna from heaven."
10. "Sisyphean Labor"- a useless exercise that will definitely not bring benefits. The ancient Greek king Sisyphus for his dissolute life was condemned to eternal torment - to roll a huge stone up the mountain, which then immediately rolled down.
11. « » - a topic or person that is constantly discussed. One of the punishments in the Old Testament for apostates is “you will be a parable, a horror and a laughingstock among all peoples.” And “languages” are “peoples” in Church Slavonic.
12. "Ared's eyelids"- Very long term. An extremely rare phraseological unit, which also came from the Bible, which mentions the patriarch Ared, who lived in the world in 962.
13. "Homeric Laughter"- Loud laughter over some stupidity. This is how the Gods laughed in Homer's Odyssey and Iliad.
14. "smoking incense"- Praise beyond measure. Another rare phraseological unit that appeared thanks to the incense of the same name, which was burned in Jerusalem temples to propitiate God.
15. "Pyrrhic victory"- a victory for which one had to pay too high a price. The ancient Greek king Pyrrhus defeated the Romans, but lost too many soldiers. Even his phrase is known - "Another such victory, and we will perish."
16. "Sink into the air"- be forgotten. Summer - in ancient Greek, the river in the kingdom of the dead, which was ruled by the god Hades.
17. "Pandora's Box" is the source of misfortune and misfortune. In the Myths of Ancient Greece, Zeus sent a woman named Pandora to earth. And he gave her a casket, which contained all human misfortunes. She couldn't resist and opened it.
18. - disorder, disorganization, turning into real chaos. In the Old Testament, people decided to build a tower that would reach up to heaven.

    

    But the Lord was angry - he destroyed the tower and mixed languages ​​so that people could no longer understand each other.

Brief Summary

In conclusion, I will say that phraseological units are found in any language of the world. But such a number of winged phrases, as in Russian, nowhere else.

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