Essay on social studies cliché structure. How to write an essay on social studies and get the maximum score for the exam

The Unified State Examination in Social Studies promises to become one of the most popular elective exams in 2020, which means that graduates should learn more about what the test will be like in the new year, what the structure of the essay should be (task number), and what it costs pay special attention during preparation.

In this article, we will consider in detail the issues related to writing an essay.

Task number 29

Recall that in total there are 29 tasks in KIM on society - 20 with a short answer, 8 with a detailed answer and an essay (a mini-essay with elements of reasoning on a given topic).

IN demo version 2020, the following wording of the task is proposed:

Please note that it is recommended to use as social science knowledge, which you need to rely on, revealing the chosen topic:

• real events from public life;
• literary and historical examples;
• situations from films and theatrical productions;
• personal experience.

The task itself belongs to the category of alternative. This means that examinees are given the right to choose. In this particular case - the right to choose a topic for a mini-essay. The task offered 5 statements, one for each thematic block:

• philosophy;
• economy;
• sociology;
• political science;
• jurisprudence.

The specifications recommend allocating 30-45 minutes out of 235 for completing all 29 USE tasks in social studies for writing a mini-essay. But, teachers recommend increasing the time for writing an essay and focusing on about 60-90 minutes. So the test part will be a little less than 3 hours, which is more than enough.

Another tip from tutors is to start with a mini essay. The first 60 minutes the brain works as efficiently as possible, and the essay will be easier to write than after 3 hours of being in a stuffy classroom.

Essay grading

For the correctly completed task 29, you can get 6 points, which is 9% of the maximum primary score (in 2020 it is 65).

The second part of the social studies exam paper is assessed by experts, so it is very important to write legibly.

FIPI has established the following criteria for checking essays:

Please note that for task No. 29 as a whole, zeros will be set if the meaning of the statement is not disclosed, and according to the K-3 criterion, “0” will be automatically set if there is no explanation key concepts and the second criterion K-2 is evaluated with zero points.

We want to reassure those who are worried about the literacy of the essay - spelling errors do not affect the grade for an essay in social studies. The exceptions are mistakes made in the spelling of terms and concepts.

The results of checking the tasks of the 2nd part can be appealed. Of course, if you are sure that you are right and are ready to defend your opinion before an expert commission for the consideration of appeals.

How to write an essay

In order to avoid problems with writing a mini-essay at the social studies exam in 2020, you need to prepare in advance - think about what the structure of the essay should be, select relevant examples for different topics, and prepare clichés.

Since the topics that will be offered to examinees at the USE in 2020 are not disclosed in advance, at the preparation stage, you can focus on the most relevant areas identified for each of the 5 blocks.

In 2020, the structure of essays in social studies will not change. The mini-essay should include the following blocks:

• main quote;
• the issue in question;
• the essence of the statement;
• view of the examinee on the problem;
• argumentation of opinion;
• examples;
• conclusion.

Along with what the structure of an essay on social science should be, experts also tell you what you should not write about in an essay on the Unified State Examination 2020. So, proof of relevance, as well as biographies of the authors, will be superfluous in the text literary works and famous personalities appearing in the examples. Most often, it is on these blocks that do not add points to the essay that graduates waste time in vain, instead of describing the meaning of the statement in the most detailed way and finding the right examples.

Cliche

So, now you know what is worth and what is not worth writing in an essay on the exam in society. Now let's take a closer look at how you can assemble the necessary essay from the prepared blocks. Such blocks are called clichés and help when writing an essay on social studies to competently build a text, taking into account the requirements dictated by the structure and evaluation criteria of the USE 2020.

We bring to your attention a selection of the main clichés that will be useful when writing an essay on almost any topic:

For more information on how to write a mini-essay for the USE 2020 in social studies, see the lesson from an online tutor:

To begin with, you always need to refer to the criteria for evaluating the task that we are analyzing. Download it and keep reading:

Download the demo version of the exam in social studies 201 7

Highlighting a problem

So, let's take a look at the very last pages of the document that you have uploaded and take a look at points K1-K3, trying to extract from this the formula for a good essay that will be judged by experts

First, you need to directly understand the statement: highlight the problem, reveal its meaning and highlight aspects of the problem. A number of cliches will help you here, because the exam is traditionally built on templates and this helps in preparing

What are the problems in the exam? From my own experience, I can identify 6 main “flanks” on which you need to try on your aphorism:

• Essence problem...
• The problem of inconsistency...
• Role problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Relationship problem...
• Unity problem...

What does it mean to reveal meaning? In general, I tell my students that essays should be translated “from Russian into Russian”, in fact, from literary to scientific language, based on the block in which you write your work. You can end everything with a “reason for increasing the score”: look at the problem from different angles. This will be the structure of the first part of the essay.

Theoretical reasoning

Now let's move on to the second criterion, which involves argumentation based on theory. What does this mean and what parts should your essay include?
Naturally, these are terms. Hence, if you are an applicant who is preparing on his own, ALWAYS study this or that topic in the context of any concepts from the field that you are studying

Also, you must clearly, clearly and consistently formulate your statements and conclusions from what you stated in the thesis of your essay - this is very important element, pay attention to it. In addition, it is necessary to cite various principles and approaches as an example, prove your position and reveal the causes and consequences of the events referred to in the formulation of the assignment.

Factual Argument

As a fact, you must prove the theoretical material mentioned above with the help of media reports, materials of educational subjects (usually humanities), facts from social experience and your own reasoning. The most interesting thing is that you need to give 2 ARGUMENTS of a factual nature, and both of them cannot be from media reports, or stories, political life… It is important to understand this, otherwise the expert will lower your score

Well, in the end, you make a qualitative conclusion based on the thesis, simply writing it down in other words, with a “tinge” of completeness. That's all you need to know from theory on how to write social studies task 29

Speech by T. Liskova - Features of the solution of the second part at the Unified State Exam-2017

The video of her performance is attached below.

Finished essays

Now let's look at the structure. Below I attach 4 very first works of my students on politics. I suggest you review them, highlight the constituent elements, find errors, if any, and unsubscribe about them in the comments.

First essay

“Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely” (J. Acton)

In his statement, the American historian and politician J. Acton raises the question of the influence of power on the behavior of a person who possesses it. This statement can be interpreted as follows: the more a person is given power, the more often he begins to go beyond the boundaries of what is permitted and act only in his own interests. This problem has not lost its relevance for many centuries and history knows many cases when the unlimited power of the ruler led the country to ruin.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

So what is power and why does it exist? Power is the ability and ability to influence the behavior of people regardless of their desire to do so. In any state, power is primarily aimed at maintaining order and monitoring compliance with laws, but often the more unlimited power becomes, the more it corrupts a person and ceases to be a guarantor of justice, which is why I fully support the opinion of J. Acton.

Examples for disclosure K3

The ruler, endowed with great power, ceases to care about the welfare of the entire people and tries even more to strengthen his position. Let's take, for example, the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible: striving for unlimited autocracy, he introduced the oprichnina in the camp, which consisted in mass terror, violence, and the elimination of not only the discontented boyars, but also any opposition. So, on suspicion of treason, many innocent people were executed, which ultimately led the country to a crisis, the ruin of cities and the death of a huge number of people.

My family also faced the consequences of unlimited power during the reign of I.V. Stalin. During dispossession, my grandmother's family was repressed, her father was sent to the Gulag, and six children were forced to live in a barracks with the same repressed families. Stalin's policy was aimed at equalizing the strata of the population, but the number of dispossessed kulaks during the years of his rule significantly exceeded the number of real kulaks, which is a clear violation of human rights and freedoms.

Thus, one can come to the conclusion that unlimited power corrupts people and brings not so much good as ruin and a fall in the standard of living of the population. In modern society, absolute power no longer dominates in most countries, which makes their inhabitants more free and independent.

Second essay

“When a tyrant rules, the people are silent and the laws do not work” (Saadi)

I see the meaning of Saadi's statement in the fact that legality is the basis for building democratic state, while tyranny opposes the public good and is aimed only at achieving own interests. This statement expresses two aspects: the participation of citizens in the life of the state under different political regimes and the attitude of the government to generally accepted laws.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

Tyranny is often inherent in states with the unlimited power of one ruler; for the most part, these are countries with a totalitarian regime. Its main difference from democracy - a political regime, which is characterized by the equality of all people before the law and the belonging of power to the people, is the concentration of all power in the hands of one ruler (party) and control over all spheres of society. With unlimited power, the ruler can interpret the laws in his own favor, or even rewrite them, and the people do not have the right to express their own opinion, which absolutely does not meet the principle of legality. It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of Saadi, and history knows many confirmations of this.

Examples for disclosure K3

Italy during the reign of B. Mussolini can serve as an example of tyranny. Having suppressed rights and freedoms in the country, Mussolini established a totalitarian regime and applied political repressions. As head of seven ministries and as prime minister at the same time, he eliminated virtually all restrictions on his power, thus building a police state.

A. Solzhenitsyn speaks about the lawlessness of the totalitarian regime in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”. The work shows the life of a former soldier who, like many others, ended up in prison after the front. Solzhenitsyn described the situation of people during the reign of I.V. Stalin, when soldiers who managed to escape from German captivity were declared enemies of the people and, instead of getting to their relatives, were forced to work in a colony for decades.

Having considered these examples, we can conclude that under the rule of a tyrant, human rights do not have any weight, and the people do not have the right to openly express their opinion, as they are constantly in fear for their lives.

Third essay

In his statement, P. Sir expressed his attitude to the problem characteristic features and characteristics of power. The author argues that any decisions that a person in power will ever have to make must be carefully thought out and analyzed from all sides. These words can be considered from two points of view: the positive and negative influence of power on society.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

P. Syr's statement does not lose its relevance to this day, because all the time rash actions led to bad consequences both for the leaders themselves and for those who obey them. That is why I fully share the author's point of view regarding this problem. In order to confirm the relevance of this, it is first worth considering it from the point of view of theory.

It’s worth starting with the simplest: what is power? As we know, power is the ability to influence the actions and decisions of people against their will. Usually this happens both through persuasion and propaganda, and through the use of violence. Power is an essential attribute of any organization and human group, because without it, order and organization simply cannot form. As the main sources of power, one can single out both the personal attitude of each subordinate to the leader, and the level of his authority, material condition, level of education and strength.

Examples for disclosure K3

To confirm the relevance of P. Syr's statement, we can give an example from history. As ill-conceived actions, the monetary reform carried out by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, which replaced silver money with copper, can act. Due to the lack of coins from the latter material in the treasury, it was the silversmiths who collected taxes, which soon led to the almost complete depreciation of the coppers. The reform, which did not suggest such a scenario, did not allow to correct the situation, which led to the Copper Riot of 1662. The result of the uprising was the withdrawal of copper coins from circulation. This example clearly illustrates the lack of thoughtfulness and logic in the actions of a politician who had to cancel the transformation he had carried out in order to calm the angry people.

As a second example, this time of successful and planned transformations, one can cite events from recent history. It's about politics Russian Federation carried out since the beginning of its existence. Thoughtful, systematic reforms were able to strengthen the disintegrated country. Also, the effect of these transformations was the strengthening of the state and its positions in the international economic and political arena. This example shows us that a policy that involves not sudden and thoughtless changes, but structured and consistent reforms can lead to an improvement in the situation in the state.

Summing up, we can say that the problem of the peculiarities of power and its characteristic features will never cease to be one of the most important issues, on the solution of which the destinies of states depend and will continue to depend. Especially now, in the post-industrial age, which is characterized by globalization, incorrectly implemented reforms can affect not individual countries, but all powers together.

Fourth essay

“The state is something without which it is impossible to achieve either order, or justice, or external security.” (M. Debre)

In his statement, M. Debre expressed his attitude to the main functions of the state and their importance. According to the author, it is the state apparatus that plays a decisive role in the life of society, controlling the norms and rules of its behavior, regulating the basic laws, and also being responsible for protecting the country's borders and maintaining the safety of its population. This issue can be considered from two sides: the importance of the role of the state in the life of society and the ways in which the first influences the second.

The words of M. Debre do not lose their relevance to this day, because regardless of the chronological period, the state has always played a key role in people's lives. That is why I fully share the author's point of view. In order to confirm these words, it is first worth considering them from the point of view of theory.

Disclosure of the theoretical part

What is the state itself? As we know from the political science course, any organization can be called a state political power, which has a mechanism for managing society, ensuring the normal activity of the latter. The functions of the state are not limited to any one sphere of life, but affect their entirety. In addition to internal functions, there are also external ones, the most important of which is the process of ensuring the defense of the territory of the state and the establishment international cooperation.

Examples for disclosure K3

For the first example, let's look at ancient history. The states of all peoples began to form for similar reasons, but in this case, we will consider this process and its consequences using the example of the East Slavic tribes. One of the main prerequisites for the formation Old Russian state was the need for protection from an external enemy - the Khazar Khaganate. The scattered and warring tribes could not cope with the enemy alone, but after the formation of the state, victory over the nomads became only a matter of time. This clearly illustrates the effect of one of the essential functions states are defensive.

The following example, illustrating the impact of the state on society, can be taken from new history. As you know, in 1861 Alexander II carried out a peasant reform, the result of which was the abolition of serfdom. This phenomenon had a great impact on the life of Russian people, because most of the population Russian Empire at that time were none other than serfs. By granting them freedom, the state greatly expanded the rights and obligations of the liberated peasants. The abolition of serfdom resulted in the formation of a new social stratum, a change in the foundations and customs that had developed over several centuries. This example shows us the consequences of the reform carried out by the state, which affected the entire population of the country.

Summing up, we can say that the importance of the role of the state and the need for the functions it performs have been tested by time. Without an impact, exerting any influence on the citizens of the country, the state apparatus simply cannot exist, and the changes it carries out can be perceived differently by citizens

I hope the article helped you deal with a rather problematic exam question. Help spread the word about this article: click on the buttons social networks and subscribe to blog updates to receive new articles on your blog in a timely manner email. Bye everyone

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If you are determined to take the exam in social studies, then this article is for you. Today we will figure out how to complete one of the most difficult tasks of the KIM USE in social studies - an essay.

How to write an essay on social studies? First you need to familiarize yourself with the criteria for evaluating your work on the exam. Essays in social studies are evaluated according to three main criteria.

Criterion 1 - Finding the Problem

This is the most important criterion. This is where your ability to understand what the author is talking about in his statement is manifested. There are several risks in this part of the assignment:

Risk #1: keywords

After reading the selected statement, the examinees are likely to see familiar words in its composition and consider it necessary to include these words in their definition of the problem. So, for example, a statement like "Inequality is as good a law of nature as any other." (I. Sherr.) can mislead the examinee. It would seem that everything is obvious: the author uses the term inequality, which means we can write that he raises the “problem of inequality” ... But no, no, no!

If you re-read the above statement several times (by the way, Scherr's quote is not the most difficult topic to recognize the problem), you will see that the author argues about how natural inequality is, whether it is something inherent in the human community by nature.

Maybe at this stage the difference will not seem obvious to someone, but in the future your terms and (!!) arguments will give errors in interpretation. You will need to talk not about inequality as an economic or social phenomenon, but about its inevitability for a person, or, on the contrary, its original unusualness (in case you disagree with the author).

Risk #2: imprecise wording

Over the years of teaching in social studies preparation courses for the Unified State Examination, I often heard statements from students in the spirit of “I understand what is at stake, but it is difficult for me to formulate and write it down.” So, on the exam, this circumstance is not a good reason.

At the very beginning of your essay on social studies, the problem of the statement should be formulated clearly and clearly. Do not force experts to look for a problem in your text, point it out to him by expressing the whole essence in one or two capacious sentences.

The risk is not only that the lack of a clear wording can lead to the fact that the expert simply does not find the problem of the statement in your essay. Having described the problem in an ambiguous and unclear way, you yourself become an object of risk, because you can stray to another problem in the course of writing an essay. And there are many such examples.

Risk #3: unnecessarily complication

Some guys are too scared of the exam. This is a normal reaction, but when writing an exam, it will not only not help you, but will most likely harm you.

If you decide to impress the reviewers by choosing a philosophical statement, be sure that you have correctly understood its meaning. Having prepared for the fact that philosophy is a story about complex meanings, abstract ideas and incomprehensible words, the guys complicate the original statement, build too long logical chains. Remember that the exam is an exam for schoolchildren, no one expects you to repeat the exploits of Nietzsche or Kant.

Criterion 2 - theoretical reasoning

The maximum score for this criterion is 2 points. It consists of two blocks: a reference to the theoretical material from the course of social science and an explanation of the main terms.

Let's deal with the first block. Approaching the finish line, you must demonstrate the maximum of your knowledge, and theoretical argumentation is the best opportunity to do this. Have you chosen an essay on economic inequality? Remember the theory of Karl Marx! Agree with him or criticize, most importantly, tell us about his contribution.

Remember the theory? No problem! In an essay about the problem of the truth or falsity of ideas, remember the criteria for determining truth, its types.

The second block is terms. You need to remember at least two terms that (!!) are DIRECTLY related to the problem. The terms democracy and political leadership are studied in the same thematic block - politics, but if you come across a problem that affects electoral processes, "political leader" will not be the best choice.

The choice of terms for an essay should be based on the “golden” rule of writing any text: think, there is nothing else to add, but what you can’t do without. Therefore, in a conversation about elections, it is better to recall the already mentioned democracy, electoral qualifications, political representativeness and the very concept of “electoral processes”.

Criterion 3 - arguments in an ESSAY in social studies

The maximum score for this criterion is 2 points. And now, friends, remember the main rule: you need 2 arguments from 2 DIFFERENT sources. What does it mean? If you make brilliant arguments about Peter I and Alexander II in your essay on political reforms, don't expect 2 points, because both arguments were drawn from the history of Russia. Refer to current events (media), remember your favorite literary characters. In the end, you can turn to personal experience, confirming or refuting the thesis put forward.

That's all. 3 criteria, 5 points. However, the story with an essay on social studies does not end there.

FAQ`s (most frequently asked questions)

• Do I need to express my position?

Answer: need to. And although the criteria do not clearly spell out the need for your view of the problem, but let's think logically. In order to argue some position (remember K3), you need to have this position. Therefore, friends, we present our position.

• Do I need to write down the opinion of the author?

Answer: need to. In the part of the essay where you explain the essence of the problem that you want to talk about, you need to remember one very important thing. The position of the author is not identical to the problem. The author can say that the market economy is the worst form of economic relations, this is his subjective opinion. The problem of your statement is a question that cannot be subjective, but on the contrary, calls for discussion. Therefore, the position of the author should be voiced separately.

• I do not remember the exact wording of the terms, can I write in my own words?

Answer: You can, but it's very dangerous. Social science is a subject in which there are no unambiguous definitions; the same phenomenon can be considered from different positions. Expressing your author's position from this point of view is not forbidden, but remember that author's definitions are a task that even graduate students of leading universities do not always cope with. Therefore, the ideal way out of the situation is not to invent new meanings, but to try to convey the key meaning of the term, using the exact vocabulary and making a competent sentence.

• Which is better: choose one section and write an essay on it for a whole year, or write in all sections?

Answer: This is an individual matter. But as practice shows, it is better to choose not one, but 2 or 3 sections that you like more than others and write an essay on them every week (minimum). By choosing only one section, you run the risk of encountering an unexpectedly complex statement and not understanding the problem. Therefore, insure yourself in advance.

• What style should you write an essay in?

Answer: Social science is not literature (strictly speaking, nothing is social science but social science). Therefore, a literary style, epigraphs, 5-line sentences are more likely to harm your work. The purpose of your essay is to present the problem and talk about how it can be understood. Here we need accuracy, conciseness and clearly built logic. However, at the same time, an essay is not a dry text, but your reasoning. Therefore, everything should be in moderation.

• Do spelling and punctuation errors affect my grade?

Answer: No, there is no separate criterion for this, but such errors will affect the overall impression of your work.

And the most important rule: start preparing as early as possible. A successful essay is a matter of experience, so feel free to attack your teachers at school or on.

UC "Godograph" sincerely wishes you good luck in the exams!

Every year, FIPI reforms the demo version of the Unified State Examination in social studies. This time, the requirements and the essay evaluation system have changed somewhat (tasks 29). I propose to understand the innovations!

Changes in social science essay 2018

Here's what the assignment looked like in 2017.

What has changed in the text of the task?

Let's figure it out.

1. The form is a mini-essay, unchanged.
2. The word problem (which the author of the quote raises) has been replaced with an idea. It is fundamentally? I don't think so in any case it those thoughts that arise when comprehending the author's quote!
3. The requirement to write several ideas is more clearly formulated (in 2017 - if necessary ...).
4. They are also asked to rely on facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from other academic subjects.
5. Also rated two examples from various sources.
6. The requirement is more rigidly formulated expanded example and its explicit connection with the idea.

That is, in essence, volume requirement changes (examples need to be expanded, ideas need to be seen a few!) and let's just say that the essay is really moving away from the genre of a light and transparent essay, when it is not necessary to meticulously write out an example, it is enough to voice the idea. To a cumbersome essay, where all thoughts are heavy, extremely understandable and voiced. Probably, next year we will come to the regulations for the number of words, as in other subjects, unfortunately

How are essays reviewed?

First of all, the number of criteria has changed. They became 4 instead of the previous three.

Criteria for checking assignment 29 essays at the Unified State Examination 2017

Recall that in general, for a mini-essay, one could get 5 points (1-2-2). now this 6 the value of the essay continues to increase, learning how to write it is a must to get the most important USE scores!

Let's look at the new changed criteria!

Essentially, he has not changed, this is also the disclosure of the meaning of the author's quote. And also, for non-disclosure, you will receive 0 not only for this criterion, but for the entire essay.

So, you need to find in the quote an idea (? problem?) related to the course and highlight the thesis (your complete thought on this statement), which you will further substantiate with information from the course and examples from social practice.

I don't see anything new, to be honest. Instead of the meaning of the author's quote, you write ...

The same in essence, criterion 2. Theoretical substantiation of the idea (problem) from the standpoint of scientific social science. terms, concepts, theories, conclusions of science on a given idea

So, let's break it down new criteria...

"The defense of law is the defense of the greatest social value."

(P.A. Sorokin)

Criterion 1. Here plays on its disclosure:

The author addresses the issue protection of the law, especially relevant in modern society.
In his opinion protection of the law is very important for society.
I cannot but agree with the opinion of the author, because law plays an important role in the life of any state, society and every person.

And also get expert verification from us in our group

In the Unified State Examination in Social Studies 29, the task is considered difficult - essay writing essay selected from the five offered.

Essay- this is a short essay in prose, expressing the personal position of the author on specific occasion.

Algorithm for writing an essay on social studies:

• Acquainted with .
• Read all statements carefully;
• Highlight in each main idea;
• Think about what idea you can most quickly find arguments for;
• Write out the statements on a separate sheet of paper.
• Add at least two empirical examples, but more could be given.
• Monitor the quality of examples: they must be given without errors. The example should illustrate the stated judgment, so do not try to place them at the end of the text.

Sample essay plan

1. Introduction
2. Reflection of the problem in the text:
   • problem statement
   • Why is this issue relevant today?
3. Problem comment
   • what the author writes about
   • as the author writes
   • What conclusion does the reader reach?
4. Author's position
5. Student position:
   • agreement/disagreement with the author
   • own position
6. Argument (2 arguments)
7. conclusion - conclusion

Now in more detail about the structure:

1. Quote.

For each topic, try to find quotes. Only they should be justified and accompanied by examples. To be able to reasonably refute or agree with the author of the statement.

2. The problem and its relevance.

Cliche:

This issue is relevant in...

• ... the globalization of public relations;
• ...formation of a single information, educational, economic space;
• ... exacerbations global problems modernity;
• ... of a special controversial nature scientific discoveries and inventions;
• ... the development of international integration;
• ...modern market economy;
• ...development and overcoming the global economic crisis;
• ... rigid differentiation of society;
• ...open social structure modern society;
• ...formation of the rule of law;
• ... overcoming the spiritual, moral crisis;
• ...dialogue of cultures;
• ...the need to preserve their own identity, traditional spiritual values.

Remember! You need to return to the topic periodically so as not to get carried away with off-topic arguments. This is considered a mistake.

3. The meaning of the statement.

Remember! You don't have to repeat verbatim. State the main idea in your own words. For this use cliche:

• "The meaning of this statement is that..."
• The author draws our attention to the fact that...
• The author is convinced that...

4. Own point of view.

The definition of one's position consists in agreeing or disagreeing with the author in whole or in part. Or argue with the author and express your point of view.

Use cliche:

• "I agree with the author that..."
• “It is impossible not to agree with the author of this statement about ...”
• "The author was right in asserting that..."
• “In my opinion, the author quite clearly reflected in his statement the picture modern Russia(modern society ... the situation prevailing in society ... one of the problems of our time) "
• “Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”
• “In part, I adhere to the author’s point of view about ..., but I cannot agree with ...”
• “Have you thought about the fact that ...?”

5. Theoretical argumentation.

It is necessary to use knowledge in social science: concepts, opinions of scientists, directions of scientific thought.

Remember! No need to overload the essay with terminology. You need to be sure of them. correct understanding And appropriate use. Prepare examples ahead of time.

6. Examples from social practice, history and literature.

Empirical level:

1. Using examples from social practice, history, literature.
2. Using your own life experience.

Remember! When using examples from history or personal experience pay attention to their persuasiveness. Prepare examples ahead of time.

7. Conclusion.

In conclusion, the summary of the reasoning is summed up - 1-2 sentences.

Use cliche:

• “Thus, we can conclude ...”
• “Summing up a general line, I would like to note that ...”

• USE in social studies.
• EGE in social studies.