Evaporation is an important element of the water cycle in nature. The water cycle in nature

The main fluid of the planet

Water is the most important component of the life of any biological organism on Earth. Therefore, it is important to study, observe and monitor the quantity, quality and condition of the planet's water resources. The main reserves of this life-giving moisture are concentrated in the oceans. And already evaporating from there, moisture nourishes the Earth, thanks to a process called the water cycle in nature. Water is a very mobile substance and easily changes from one state to another. And, thanks to this, it can easily reach the most distant corners from the source. How does this process take place?

How and why does water circulate?

Under the influence of heat radiated by the Sun, water constantly evaporates from the surface of the ocean, turning into a gaseous state. Together with the currents of warm air, the steam rises up, forming clouds. They are easily blown away by the wind from their original place of evaporation. Gradually capturing all new vapors on their way, the clouds cool down on the way up. At some point, the next stage begins - condensation. It is possible when the air comes to a state of saturation (100% humidity) with water vapor. This usually happens when there is sufficient cooling. It is known that maximum amount the vapor that can be held in the air is proportional to its temperature, therefore, at a certain moment of cooling, the cloud becomes saturated with steam, which leads to the transition of water to the next - liquid or crystalline - state. And if the cloud at that moment is still above the ocean, then the moisture returns to where it came from. Thus ended one small water cycle in nature. This process never stops. Water over the world's oceans is constantly circulating.

How water circulates over land

Not all moisture falls back into the ocean. A large number of the pair, together with the trade winds and monsoons, goes deep into the continents, falling as it moves in the form of precipitation to the Earth. Some of this moisture is retained in the upper layers of the soil, nourishing the plants, the other part flows down to streams and rivers, so that, having reached the seas and oceans, it evaporates again and enters the next water cycle in nature. A very small proportion of the precipitation will seep through the soil deep into, and, having reached the waterproof layer (clay, rocks), will flow down this slope. Part of the groundwater will again find a way out to the surface, forming keys with crystal clear clean water, to later flow into the rivers and evaporate again for the next cycle. And their other part, through cracks and crevices, will continue to seep into the bowels of the Earth until it reaches the layers with high temperature, where it will again turn into steam in order to spin again in the underground cycle or break out to the surface with a thermal source.

Water routes in nature

Every year, about four hundred thousand cubic kilometers of water evaporate into the air, and only one fifth of them falls on land, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is three times smaller than the surface of the world's oceans. Water evaporates from the land surface not only by soil, but also by vegetation: every leaf on a tree and every blade of grass on Earth. Tracking all the possible travels of water is extremely difficult. But to simulate a greatly simplified version that demonstrates the water cycle in nature for children is quite realistic even in their own apartment.

An experiment demonstrating the evaporation and condensation of moisture

To demonstrate the first stage of the cycle - the evaporation of water from the surface of reservoirs under the action of sunlight - it will be enough to take a glass filled up to half with water, place it in a plastic hermetically sealed bag and attach it with adhesive tape to the window glass on a sunny day. After a while (depending on the temperature in the room and the intensity of sunlight), you will see that the walls of the bag are fogged up, and after a while, water droplets form on them.

Demonstration model of the complete cycle of the water cycle

A more complex model can be assembled using a container partially filled with blue-tinted water (imitation of the world's oceans), a transparent, possibly perforated, bag filled with sand in sufficient quantities to rise more than half above the water (land). Close the entire structure as tightly as possible with plastic wrap and secure. Above the "land" place a small container with ice (the ice will create the cold necessary for the experiment in the upper layers of the "atmosphere"), above the "ocean" place a table lamp (the Sun), which will radiate heat. Turning it on, after a while we get on the film, over land, in a cold place, moisture condensate, which a little later will fall on land in drops. And if the bag is perforated, then you can see how moisture, seeping through the sand, flows down to the ocean.

What's left for us to do

The water cycle in the biosphere is very important process for the entire planet. Violation or loss of at least one link will lead to global and, very likely, irreparable consequences for everyone. Australian and American scientists, based on their observations of the weather, covering 50 years, came to the conclusion that the water cycle in nature due to global warming began to accelerate. And this, in turn, will lead to the fact that dry areas will become even drier, and where the climate is now rainy, even more precipitation will fall. All this proves one thing: humanity should be more serious about its activities, which are inextricably linked with nature.

In nature, this is a continuous process of constant movement of water on Earth. It consists of water evaporation, condensation, precipitation and water transfer in rivers and other bodies of water, and then evaporation again. And so the whole cycle starts all over again.

Without the water cycle, there would be no snow in nature, rivers would eventually dry up, and all life on Earth would suffer from dehydration. And it is quite obvious that your one day may ask about any process related to water. So that such a question does not take you by surprise, play ahead of the curve and tell your child about the water cycle in nature and spend at home with a package that will easily show how it all works.

Such a visual will also be an excellent assistant to the student to consolidate his knowledge or just interesting and useful entertainment for children who love experiments. But before proceeding to the experiment, tell the child about each of the stages of the water cycle in nature, then it will be even easier to understand what is happening in the bag.

The water cycle in nature: a picture-hint for children

- incredible natural resource, which covers 70% of the Earth's surface and is necessary for the life of all living things. It is the only substance present in three physical states- gas (water vapor), liquid (water) and solid (snow, ice). Most other substances have only one natural state.

During the full cycle of the cycle in nature, the state of water is constantly changing, absorbing or releasing thermal energy. Thus, water in the cycle goes through four stages:

Evaporation- the process when water on the surface, when heated, turns into steam and escapes into the air. It occurs wherever there is water: on the surface of the ocean, rivers or lakes, when we or animals sweat, and when dew appears on plants. Warm water evaporates faster and you can check this by boiling water on the stove. But even when we don't see steam, evaporation still happens, but much more slowly.

Condensation. When water vapor in the air rises and reaches the upper atmosphere, cold temperature causes them to release heat and turn back into liquid. These tiny water droplets hang on dust particles in the air to form clouds.

Precipitation. Water droplets in clouds also collide and condense together, and then they become larger and heavier. If the rate of fall of water droplets exceeds the rate of ascending and they do not have time to evaporate, then they fall as precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail.

Water transfer. In the form of precipitation, water again falls to the surface of the Earth. Some of the water flows down and ends up in the sea, lakes or rivers. The other one soaks into the ground and becomes groundwater that feeds plants or passes through the soil to reach the ocean. Another part of the water gets and is absorbed by animals. From here the water cycle begins again.

The water cycle in nature: psimple experiment in a package

Step-by-step instructions on how to conduct an experiment with children that will clearly show all the stages of the water cycle in nature. This the child can spend both at school and at home.

To conduct the "Water Cycle in Nature" experiment, you will need:

• zipper bag;
• colored markers;
• water;
• blue (optional);
• scotch.

Step-by-step instructions on how to conduct the experiment "The water cycle in nature"

1. Heat the water so that steam forms over it, but do not bring it to a boil.
2. Add blue dye to the water to make it "water from the ocean".
3. Pour into the bag and zip it up.
4. Hang the bag vertically on a window or door by sticking it with tape. The main thing is to fix it well.
5. As the water begins to evaporate, the child will see condensation form at the top of the bag.
6. After a while, water droplets will appear inside the bag. When they become very large and heavy, they will eventually slide down. This is the stage of returning water back to the sea.
7. If the water is still warm, or if the bag is exposed to the sun, the water cycle will continue.

The properties of water can affect our habitat, so the knowledge and experiments associated with it are very useful. Thanks to such a simple visual, the child will be able to see and understand how the water cycle occurs in nature using the example of a small bag of liquid.

The water cycle is very important natural process which makes life possible on our planet. Environment it is impossible to imagine without water, since only with its participation many physical, chemical and biological processes take place. In order not to feel the lack of pure water resources on Earth, the transformation and circulation of water in nature is constantly taking place.

The meaning and properties of water

The earth is 70% covered with a water shell, which is the most important part of the biosphere - the hydrosphere. It includes all the oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, groundwater, artificial water basins, as well as water vapor and glaciers that exist on the planet.

Rice. 1. Glaciers

As you know, water can exist in three different states:

• gaseous (clouds, clouds);
• liquid (rivers, oceans, etc.);
• solid (glaciers).

The hydrosphere is made up of water that is the globe in all three of its states. Water is the unique and only component in nature that can have three various forms. No other substance on the planet can do this.

Cycle process

Water exchange is a constant process during which moisture "travels" through the oceans, the solid earth shell and the atmosphere. Briefly it looks like this:

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• At first, moisture evaporates from the surface of water basins and enters the air masses in the form of steam, where it begins to actively participate in various reactions.
• Further, the formation of clouds and clouds, due to which precipitation falls on the earth in the form of fog, hail, snow or rain.
• Reaching the ground precipitation compensate for the lack of moisture in water basins. Also, rains moisten the earth, which nourishes all plants. As a result, all living beings on the planet are saturated with oxygen.
• Then the evaporation of moisture into the atmosphere again occurs, and the process begins in a new circle.

Rice. 2. Scheme of the water cycle in nature

It should be remembered that the main engine of water exchange is the energy of the Sun.

The world's oceans evaporate the most moisture. As you know, the water in it is salty, but the moisture that evaporates from the surface is fresh. Thus, ocean waters are a real factory for the production fresh water without which life on earth would be impossible.

Scientists have found that about 16 million tons fall every second on the planet various rainfall, and at the same moment the same amount of water is returned back into the air. The scale of water exchange on Earth is simply amazing!

For children, you can conduct an interesting experiment to clearly demonstrate the evaporation of moisture under the influence of sunlight. It is necessary to take a glass, fill it with water, cover it tightly with a plastic bag and put it on the windowsill in sunny weather. The result is a simple imitation of the oceans and atmosphere. After some time, droplets will appear on the wall of the bag - this is how moisture evaporates under the influence of solar heat.

Types of water cycle

There are large and small water cycles.

• Big circle. The evaporation of the World Ocean rises into the air, and then the winds are transferred to the continent and fall out in the form of various atmospheric precipitation. Further, the same amount of moisture falls back into the ocean waters along with rivers and groundwater.

Rice. 3. Waters of the oceans

• Small circle. The steam that forms over the ocean falls back into its own waters in the form of precipitation.

Allocate also continental moisture cycle that takes place on the mainland. Water from local reservoirs and earth's surface weathered, and then, after some time, again returned from the atmosphere in the form of snow, fog or rain.

As a result of many years of research, scientists have come to the conclusion that the moisture cycle has recently begun to accelerate significantly. This negatively affects the climate around the world. Hot areas will become even hotter and drier, and rainy areas will receive even more precipitation.

What have we learned?

One of the important topics of the world for grade 3 is the water cycle. We learned what this process is, how the water cycle occurs in nature, what it depends on and what role it plays on the planet. Thanks to the information received, students can easily write a report or write a message for the lesson.

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Line UMK O. A. Klimanova, A. I. Alekseev. Geography (5-9)

Geography

The water cycle in nature

"Water is the juice of life."

Leonardo da Vinci

The planet consumes 14 trillion liters of water every day, and if water supplies were not renewed, the beautiful blue planet would turn into a lifeless desert, like our closest neighbor, blood-red Mars.

The water cycle in nature allows living, growing, multiplying the biological diversity of flora and fauna, including humans. The importance of water is difficult to overestimate. It participates in chemical, physical, biological processes occurring in a living cell.

Desert nomads repeat: "Water is more precious than gold." And it is true. A wandering traveler will not live more than a week without water. After all, the human body is about 70%, and the newborn baby - 85% - consists of water.

The water cycle or hydrological cycle occurs due to the ability of water to change its state of aggregation. But as we know, energy is needed to change the state of aggregation of matter. And the sun provides energy for continuous processes world water cycle.

The full hydrological cycle includes several stages:

Evaporation- the transformation of water from liquid to gaseous due to the energy of sunlight. This process occurs daily: on the surfaces of rivers and oceans, seas and lakes, as a result of human or animal sweating.

Steam condensation. In contact with cold air flows, the steam releases heat, after which it is converted into a liquid. Dew drops on the grass in the early morning, autumn fog in the lowlands, or clouds on blue sky- visible result of condensation.

Falling rainfall on the ground. Colliding with each other and passing through the processes of condensation, water drops in the clouds become heavier and fall to the surface of the planet. Due to the high speed, they do not have time to evaporate. And the result is rain, snow or hail.

The passage of water through the layers of soil. Falling to the ground, part of the water seeps through the soil, nourishing the roots of trees, and then enters underground streams. Part of the water in the form of precipitation falls directly into the sea. The rest of the liquid accumulates and is delivered to the waters of the oceans with the help of drains.

The workbook is part of the teaching materials for geography and is intended for use when working with a textbook edited by O. A. Klimanova “Geography. Geography. 5-6 grades. It contains a variety of tasks aimed at consolidating basic knowledge and skills in the course, as well as tasks for preparing for the OGE and the Unified State Examination.

In a simplified version, imagine How does the water cycle work in nature? Three main steps will help:

evaporation of water from the earth's surface;

condensation and concentration in atmospheric layers;

precipitation in the form of rain, snow or vapor back to earth.

In the textbook "Geography Grade 5-6" edited by O. A. Klimanova, a serious question is raised, which we invite you to think about. If water does not disappear anywhere and participates in an endless cycle, why are there problems with fresh water supplies?

Diagram of the water cycle shown in the illustration:

There are several types of hydrological cycles in nature:

1. World, or great circulation.

Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, turning into water vapor, and is transported by air currents to the continents. It falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow and other atmospheric precipitation and returns to the ocean as runoff water. With a large cycle, the composition and quality of water changes. Evaporating, polluted water is purified, and salty is deprived of salts and turns into fresh.

2. Oceanic, or small circulation. The water that has evaporated above the surface of the ocean falls back into the ocean as precipitation.

3. Intracontinental gyre. The water evaporated above the land surface condenses and again falls on land in the form of rain, fog or snow.

The rate of circulation does not depend on the rate of condensation and precipitation, but on evaporation from the surface of the seas and oceans, as well as plant leaves. Since the surface of the ocean is covered with an oil film due to accidents on tankers, oil rigs and other man-made disasters, and the planet's forests are cut down, evaporation decreases, and, as a result, precipitation decreases.

As a result, scientists are seriously concerned that climate change will lead to even more drought in arid regions, and more rainfall in swampy and humid areas.

The water cycle is not an isolated process, but part of the global biological cycle of matter and energy, which can be read about on page 123 in the textbook "Geography Grade 5-6" edited by Klimanova O. A.

Methodical advice

To visualize the water cycle, conduct an elementary experiment: cover a glass of water tightly with cling film and put it on a windowsill on a sunny day. After a while, you will notice how the liquid condenses on the film, and then heavy drops, breaking away from the film, fall into the glass, resembling rain.

Water is one of the foundations for the emergence of organic life in the universe. It is one of the most important elements on our planet. Water plays an important role in the development of man, being the basis of his life. At school, in science classes, we were told about the water cycle on the planet. The scheme of this process is very simple (Fig. 1). Water evaporates from the surface of the oceans and land, the vapor molecules rise up, where the water condenses in the form of clouds and falls as precipitation to the earth. In the mountains, snow melts and streams form, which merge together to create a river ... Have you ever thought about how much snow should constantly melt in the mountains, but there the snow lies all year round and does not melt to support the flow of even one river?

Rice. 1. Scheme of the water cycle in nature

The diagram above gives a correct explanation of only some natural phenomena and is far from the real processes occurring with water on the planet. This scheme does not explain why clouds form in winter, at 30 degrees below zero water cannot evaporate. We are told that the wind brings clouds from the seas and oceans to the middle of the continent, but in calm weather, clouds also form over land. This diagram cannot explain the difference between the total amount of precipitation and the amount of evaporating water. An even greater mystery is the amount of water carried by rivers.

Scientists have calculated the amount of water on the planet - 1,386,000 billion liters. However, such a huge figure only confuses, because the assessment of precipitation, steam in the atmosphere, annual water flows is made in different units of measurement. Therefore, many cannot connect obvious things into a single whole. We will try to analyze the numbers in the usual units of liquid measurement - liters.

If we take into account the entire planet, then an average of about 1000 millimeters of precipitation falls per year. In meteorology, one millimeter of precipitation is equivalent to one liter of water per square meter.

The surface area of ​​the Earth is approximately 510,072,000 square kilometers. This means that approximately 510,072 billion liters of precipitation falls over the entire area. This is one third of all water reserves planets.

Based on the basics of the water cycle in nature, as much water should evaporate as precipitation falls. However, evaporation from the surface of the oceans, according to various sources, is approximately 355 billion liters per year. Precipitation falls by several orders of magnitude more than evaporates from the water surface. Paradox!

With such a cycle, the planet should be flooded a long time ago. Another question arises - where does the excess water come from? Having studied reference materials, you can find the answer - water is contained in large quantities in the atmosphere. This is 12,700,000 billion kg of water vapor.

A liter of water during evaporation gives a kilogram of steam, that is, in vapor form, 12,700,000 billion liters are distributed in the atmosphere. It would seem that the missing link has been found, but again we have a contradiction. The presence of water in the atmosphere is approximately constant, and if water were irretrievably spilled onto the earth in such quantities from the atmosphere, then in a few years life on the planet would become impossible.

The calculation of water flow in rivers also gives conflicting data. For example, according to Wikipedia, with reference to official sources, the volume of falling water of only one Niagara Falls is 5700 cubic meters per second. In terms of liters, this will amount to 179,755 billion liters per year.

But let's digress from the calculations to admire the beauties of Venezuela. As can be seen in (Fig. 2) the top of the mountain is a flat plateau with no snow or lakes to support the waterfalls sufficiently. Nevertheless, at the foot of this mountain, the rivers of the Amazon, Orinoco and Essequibo basins originate.

And it is impossible to explain the presence of the source of the waterfalls on Mount Roraima according to the school scheme of the water cycle in nature.

Rice. 2. Photo of the Kukenana waterfall, Mount Roraima, Canaima Park, Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana.

It is known from the history of science that even V.I. Vernadsky assumed the existence of gas exchange between the Earth and space. Vernadsky assumed that the decay of some and the synthesis of other substances takes place in the earth's crust. In 1911, he delivered a report "On the Gas Exchange of the Earth's Crust" in St. Petersburg at the Second Mendeleev Congress. This is now considered scientific fact.

Much later, Irish, Canadian and Chinese geophysicists modeled the conditions that are characteristic of the bowels of the Earth and showed that water arose as a result of its synthesis in the bowels of the planet. The research materials were published in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

The dew we are accustomed to can only be found in the morning on the grass, but farmers are well aware that there is underground dew, as well as daytime dew, deposited inside the arable land. So Ovsinsky I.E. in his book " New system agriculture" tells about these phenomena. Confirmation of the synthesis of water in nature was the cases of "ice tsunami" (Fig. 3), filmed in 2013 in Minnesota, USA and Canada. Snow was synthesized in the spring in May, and such cases are not isolated.

Rice. 3 Photo of the 2013 ice tsunami, Minnesota, USA. Source: www.wptv.com

Scientists have established the fact that during its movement in space, the Earth loses part of the substance of the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the atmosphere of the planet remains, which means that the lost matter is restored. This is true for other substances that form our planet.

Such facts of the synthesis of substances was the recovery of oil in depleted wells. It turned out that 150% of the oil from the previously calculated reserves was produced in the long-discovered fields. And there were a lot of such places: the border of Georgia and Azerbaijan (two fields that have been producing oil for more than 100 years), the Carpathians, South America etc. The "White Tiger" field in Vietnam produces oil from the strata of fundamental rocks, where oil should not be.

In Russia, the Romashkinskoye oil field, discovered more than 70 years ago, is one of the ten super-giant fields according to the international classification. It was considered to be 80% depleted, but every year its reserves are replenished by 1.5-2 million tons. According to new calculations, oil can be produced until 2200 and this is not the limit..

At the Old Fields of Grozny, the first well was drilled at the end of the 19th century, and by the middle of the past 100 million tons of oil had been pumped out. Later, the field was considered depleted, and after 50 years, reserves began to recover.

Based on these facts, we can conclude that the synthesis of elements on the planet is not a miracle or an anomaly - it is a natural phenomenon. Water is synthesized under certain conditions and in certain areas of heterogeneity of our planet. The water cycle in nature undoubtedly exists, but it is a process of transformation of matter, which is associated with the process of the emergence of our planet Earth.

To understand why substances are synthesized on the planet, it is necessary to know how our planet was formed. We find the answer to these questions in the books of the Russian scientist Nikolai Viktorovich Levashov.

Our universe is formed by seven primary matters with specific properties and qualities. Merging with each other, primary matters form hybrid forms of matters. The substances of our planet are formed from them.

Merging of primary matters is possible only under certain conditions. Such a condition is a change in the dimension of space.

Dimensionality is the quantization (separation) of space in accordance with the properties and qualities of primary matters. A change in dimensionality sufficient for the formation of hybrid forms (substance) occurs during the explosion of a supernova. At the same time, concentric waves of perturbation of the dimensionality of space propagate from the epicenter of the explosion, which create zones of heterogeneity of space in which planets are formed. You can read more about the formation of planetary systems in the article The Oort Cloud.

When primary matter enters these zones, they begin to merge and form hybrid forms of matter, including physically dense matter. This process will continue until the entire zone of inhomogeneity is filled. As a result of the matter synthesis process, the dimensionality in the zone of inhomogeneity is gradually restored to the level that was before the supernova explosion.

As a result of the process of synthesis of a physically dense substance and other hybrid forms from primary matters, six material spheres are formed in the zone of dimensionality heterogeneity, which are nested in each other. These spheres are created from hybrid forms of primary matter, differ in the number of primary matters that are part of each of these six spheres. It is this structure that our planet Earth has (Fig. 4.)

The physically dense sphere (1) of the Earth consists of 7 primary matters, the substance of this sphere has four states of aggregation - solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma. Different states of aggregation arise as a result of fluctuations in dimensionality by a small amount.

Rice. 4. Planet Earth in the zone of heterogeneity of space. (Source: Levashov N.V. Essence and Mind. Volume 1. 1999. Gava 1. Qualitative structure of the planet Earth. Fig. 6.)

Each substance has its own level of dimensionality, in which this substance is stable and distributed according to the difference in dimensionality from the center of the formation of the planet. Heavy elements have a maximum, and light elements - a minimum dimension inside the heterogeneity zone.

Water is formed by the synthesis of light elements - oxygen and hydrogen and is a liquid crystal. The atmosphere is 20% oxygen. Hydrogen is the lightest among gases, but its amount in the atmosphere is insignificant - 0.000055%. Nevertheless, it rains on our planet - water molecules from a gaseous state (vapor in the atmosphere) pass into a liquid state (Fig. 5).

If fluctuations in dimensionality occurred at the level of the boundary of solid matter and the atmosphere, dew falls, if at the cloud level, the process of drop formation becomes chain-like, it rains. The atmosphere is losing its substance. The heterogeneity of space remains uncompensated. After the completion of the formation of the planet, the forms of matter that created it continue their movement through our planetary heterogeneity without merging with each other. But when the appropriate conditions arise, the primary matters again form matter. Water in the form of steam in the atmosphere is restored.

Many scientists are inclined to the theory that hydrogen and other gases come from the bowels of the Earth. This was suggested back in 1902 by E. Suess. He believed that water is associated with magma chambers, from where it is released into the upper parts of the earth's crust as part of gaseous products.

The conditions sufficient for the synthesis of complex molecules arise in the bowels of the planet, since the primary matter, passing through the planetary inhomogeneity, entrains light elements, the synthesis of which is possible within the entire inhomogeneity. The composition of magma does indeed include water in the form of steam, and magma also contains almost all the elements of the periodic table.

In an effort to take their level of dimensionality, the molecules of hydrogen and oxygen fall into zones of inhomogeneity, where water synthesis is possible. Steam, rising from the depths, reaches the boundaries of a solid surface, where, due to slight differences in the dimensionality, water molecules from a gaseous state pass into a liquid one. This is how rivers are formed.

The boundaries of the stability ranges of matter are the levels of separation between the atmosphere, oceans and the solid surface of the planet. The stability boundary of the planet's crystal structure repeats the shape of heterogeneity, so the surface of the solid crust has depressions and protrusions.

Rice. 5. Distribution of substances on the planet. (