History of domestic journalism of the XX century. Book: "The history of the newest fatherlands

Hovsepyan or Hovsepyan(arm. Հովսեփյան) is an Armenian surname. Formed on behalf of its own and belongs to the common type of Armenian surnames.

Origin

After the adoption of Christianity, during the official baptism ceremony, each person received a baptismal name from the priest, which served only one purpose - to provide a person with a personal name. Baptismal names corresponded to the names of saints and were therefore common Christian names.

The basis of the surname Hovsepyan was church name Joseph. Hovsep - the Armenian version of the Christian male name Joseph, which is of Hebrew origin and translates as "God's reward."

One of the patrons of this name is considered to be the Monk Joseph Volotsky. He lived in the 15th century, studied literacy at the Vozdvizhensky Monastery and was a well-known polemicist. Joseph Volotsky was for some time the rector of the monastery of Pafnutiy Borovsky, but after a while he left the monastery and founded the famous Volokolamsky Monastery. Hovsep, eventually received the surname Hovsepyan. It is a remarkable monument of Armenian literature and culture.

Foreign language analogues

• Russian Osipov
• English Joseph(Joseph)
• German Joseph(Joseph)

Notable speakers

• Hovsepyan, Avetis Vartanovich(b. 1954) - Soviet football player.
• Hovsepyan, Agvan Garnikovich(b. 1953) - Prosecutor General of the Republic of Armenia.
• Hovsepyan, Albert Azatovich(b. 1938) - public and political figure of the Abkhaz Republic.
• Hovsepyan, Andranik(b. 1966) - Soviet and Armenian football player.
• Ovsepyan, Vasily Andreevich(b. 1949) - Soviet and Russian journalist, editor, producer, poet.
• Ovsepyan, Irina Vasilievna (Irina Karenina) (b. 1979) - Russian poet, journalist, editor.
• Hovsepyan, Ron President and CEO of Novell, Inc.
• Hovsepyan, Ruben Garnikovich(b. 1958) - Armenian political and statesman.
• Hovsepyan, Ruben Georgievich(b. 1939) - Armenian writer-publicist. Member of the ARF.

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FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state educational institution higher vocational education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Philology and Journalism

E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISM

for university students educational institutions students in the direction 030600, specialty 030601 "Journalism"

Rostov-on-Don Southern Federal University Press

UDC 070(091)(470+571)(075.8) BBK 76.01ya73

Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Southern Federal University

Reviewers:

Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Kuban State University

Luchinsky Yu. V.,

Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Southern Federal University

Stanko A.I.

The textbook was prepared and published as part of the national project "Education" under the "Program for the Development of the Federal State Educational Institution

Higher Professional Education “Southern Federal University” for 2007–2010”

Akhmadulin E. V., Ovsepyan R. P.

A 95 History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century: a textbook / E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan. - Rostov n / D: Publishing House of the Southern Federal University, 2008. - 416 p.

ISBN 978-5-9275-0480-0

The new textbook aims to trace the features of the development of domestic journalism - the mother country and the Russian diaspora, as a single historical, cultural, historical and journalistic process over the course of the 20th century, to show the mental, creative, typological, functional continuity of journalism systems of different nature against the dynamically changing background of Russian journalism. stories.

It is intended for teachers and students of faculties and departments of journalism, researchers, media workers, as well as for everyone interested in the history of Russian journalism.

INTRODUCTION

XX V. represents the most eventful era in the history of civilization. This is the age of revolutions and world wars, the age of the collapse of empires and declared themselves of national liberation movements, the age of global catastrophes and world crises, the age of despair and hope, the age that connected the past with the future.

XX V. - this is an era of unprecedented technological progress: from steam engines to nuclear powered ships, from Edison's light bulb to nuclear power plants, from airplanes to spaceships, from Nobel's dynamite to the hydrogen bomb, from the telegraph to the Internet.

Journalism as established in society social system did not stand aside from the ongoing processes. She actively contributed to their implementation. Developing and acquiring new structural links, the mass media embraced the world space, which turned, according to Marshall McLuhan's prediction, into a "global information village".

nineteenth century was a century of inventions in the technical and technological equipment of journalism. 20th century implemented these innovations in journalistic practice. The first broadcasts on radio in the 1920s, and then on television in the 1950s, led to talk about the formation of a mass media system. At the end of the twentieth century. satellite and cable television, computer and multimedia technologies, mobile communications announced themselves, global telecommunication computer networks developed noticeably, the most famous of which was the Internet.

In connection with the processes of globalization of mass media in the information space, technical and technological re-equipment of production and delivery of information to any point on the planet using superhighways, integration of the produced mass media into the natural meta-information system, journalism itself has changed significantly, becoming more mobile, integrated and all-encompassing. , and therefore a more influential social institution

in any socio-political system. Its role, tasks, functions in the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural and moral environment and world civilization as a whole also changed.

The ongoing processes found real manifestations in Russian journalism. Politically, the country changed in those

century like no other. Having survived two bourgeois and one socialist revolution, the World and Civil Wars at the beginning of the century, the Patriotic War - in the middle, and having abandoned communist illusions at the end of the century, Russia is building a democratically oriented society today.

In studies on the history of Russian journalism that appeared in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, new trends in the consideration of the historical past and state of the art Russian press. Freshness and originality, in particular, distinguishes the voluminous and, undoubtedly, important collective work of historians of the faculties of journalism of St. Petersburg and other universities "The History of Russian Journalism of the 18th-19th Centuries". B. I. Esin took a fresh look at many facts and events of individual stages of the past of the domestic press in the textbook “History of Russian Journalism of the 19th Century”. Scientific novelty in the assessment of individual stages and the entire process of development and functioning of domestic journalism of the twentieth century. contained in the works of E. V. Akhmadulin, A. F. Berezhny, G. V. Zhirkov, E. A. Kornilov, S. Ya. Makhonina, R. P. Ovsepyan and others.

The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society is only taking shape. The main goal that researchers set themselves today is related to the desire to recreate a true picture historical development of Russian journalism for 300 years of its existence, to reflect the realities of modern historical journalism, which for decades has been captivated by dogmatic stereotypes, mythologized facts in assessing the role of a particular person in journalism. The tendentious approach distorted many facts of the history of the Russian press, led to the destruction of a single historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process; divided journalism according to the class principle into bourgeois and Bolshevik, and then into party-Soviet and emigre (anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary). Meanwhile, the Russian émigré press, like that published abroad at the beginning of the 20th century. the press of the socialist parties, was the opposition to the system that existed in the country.

The introduction of previously unknown archival documents, original studies, books and monographs into scientific circulation in the last decade has made it possible to take a fresh look at some events in the history of the Russian press.

The historical experience of the functioning of the system of journalism in the early twentieth century. has not only cognitive, but also practical

cal value. In a short time from 1900 to October 1917, Russian journalism went from a powerful authoritarian system with elements of the opposition to a liberal one, with a party, parliamentary press rapidly developing under the conditions of the revolution (1905-1907). The post-revolutionary decline at the next stage (1908-1909) ended with a new socio-political upsurge (1910-1914), interrupted by the First World War. February Revolution 1917 revealed the merits and contradictions of the formation of the system of journalism in the conditions of the bourgeois-democratic system, interrupted by the October Revolution.

Historical truth requires to restore the process of becoming newest homelands scientific journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system that took place after the victory of October

V young Soviet Russia, to identify the main prerequisites for the establishment of single-party journalism in the country during the years of the Civil War and foreign military intervention. An important fact in the history of domestic journalism was the creation at that time of the press of the white movement, and then the formation of its system abroad in the centers of Russian emigration.

Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were selective. It was not considered in the context of the

At that time of socio-economic policy and military-communist ideology, it was hidden that in the 20s of the last century, under the influence of the new economic policy, a kind of historical and journalistic process developed, which made it possible to establish contacts between the journalism of the Soviet country and individual publications of the Russian diaspora.

In the 1930s, Soviet journalism, blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, justified repressions against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. An in-depth understanding of the historical processes that really took place helps to understand the role played by the Soviet press in the exceptionally rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a tremendous impact on the forms and methods of governing the country over the following decades.

The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N. S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU held in 1956 “On the cult of personality and its consequences”. However, the period of "thaw" was short-lived. Soviet journalism, not having time to renounce the heavy ideological burden of the past,

again found herself in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality. The coming to the leadership of the country by L. I. Brezhnev led to a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism moved away from a real assessment of the socio-political contradictions that were manifesting themselves. In the conditions created in the post-war decades, a special place was occupied by the domestic journalism of the Russian diaspora, which, unfortunately, was not accessible to the Soviet people because of the obstacles placed by censorship and law enforcement agencies.

The year 1985 brought complex and still unresolved problems to Soviet society. The emerging trends in social and political life led to the stereotypes and dogmas of the Soviet press becoming a thing of the past, and journalism acquiring qualities and opportunities unprecedented in the past.

While legally remaining within the structure of the Soviet state, journalism under the conditions of perestroika and glasnost contributed to the breakdown of the administrative-command system and the movement of society along the path of democratic reforms. The peculiarity of the historical and journalistic process of the second half of the 80s of the last century is that the mass media formally continued to be the ideological institution of the Soviet state. But at the same time, they became more and more noticeable as the subject of the emerging democratically oriented society. And the new political thinking expanded the object of the history of Russian journalism, opened the way to its consideration as a single, historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process.

If we compare the first and last decades of the twentieth century, which brought new trends into the life of Russia, then for all the difference in eras, they show certain similarities in political processes.

AND then and now, for the first time, representative power was created

V face of the legislative State Duma. For the first time, publications appeared reflecting her activities.

AND then and now, numerous political parties, unions, movements, blocs arose on the democratic wave, which laid the foundation for the formation of a multi-party journalism in the country.

AND Then and now, after the abolition of censorship and the announcement of freedom of speech and the press in Russia, the number of not only politicized publications, but also typologically diverse business publications, differentiated by audience and interests of the mass media, has noticeably increased. popular science, educational, entertainment, tabloid and other types of press.

Journalism of the twentieth century is traditionally divided into 8 stages. The period we are considering - the 80s - captures two of them at once. The turning point, both in the history of the country and in the history of Soviet journalism, was April 1985, when MS Gorbachev, who came to power, completely changed the course of the country's further development. Therefore, an excursion into the history of the period of interest to us should also be divided into stages “before” and “after”.

The journalism of the pre-perestroika period was purely propaganda in nature. The fact that the Central Committee of the CPSU recognized Soviet journalists as the main "helpers" of the party speaks for itself. Such a flattering statement was made in honor of the creation in 1959 of the Union of Journalists of the USSR. From the end of the 60s to the mid-80s, there were only four congresses of the Union, which "were moving away from those realities of life that remained out of sight of the media and contributed to the rapid flowering of stagnation" R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century.

Particular attention was devoted to the role of the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic war, all dates related to the course of the war were excessively widely covered in all media. Invariable was the exaggeration of the role of first N. Khrushchev, and then L. Brezhnev in achieving victories on the fronts of the Second World War. In other words, while creating an ideal picture of life in the country, journalists kept silent only about the tragic and controversial moments in its history.

The media coverage of the international mission of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan is also interesting. From the pages of newspapers the people learned about the glorious mission of helping the fraternal people. Television showed the exciting reports of Alexander Kaverznev from Afghanistan. The information that in fact the Soviet soldiers got involved in the armed struggle against the Mujahideen was simply not provided.

The media kept in the minds of citizens a picture of a calm life in the country. As the researcher Strovsky writes: “In the late 70s - mid-80s. pomposity, false pathos, unbridled glorification, a clear desire to pass off wishful thinking, a departure from real problems put forward by life are being established in Soviet journalism.

The period until the 1970s and 1980s was also marked by an unprecedented increase in the number of publications and their circulation. Appeared a large number of brand new editions with different themes. The historian of journalism R.O. Hovsepyan cites the following statistics. “In 1985, Ogonyok had a circulation of 1.5 million copies, in 1990 - 4 million,“ New world"- 425 thousand and 2.7 million, "Znamya" -177 thousand and 900 thousand copies. The largest circulations were still in the magazines "Worker" (20.5 million), "Peasant" (20.3 million), "Health" (25.5 million copies)". R.O. Hovsepyan “History of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 - the beginning of the XXI century "

This growth in printed journalism brought the country closer to the position of the most reading country in the world. By 1985, only Japan was ahead of the USSR in terms of the number of newspapers per thousand people.

By the end of the 70s - beginning of the 80s, the role of TASS increased even more. At the expense of state appropriations, its complete technical re-equipment took place, and the network of correspondents expanded. Own correspondents now worked in more than 100 countries around the world.

Despite the change in the number of print media in the Union, the topics covered on their pages remained unshakable. As before, journalists and writers sought to instill patriotism, honesty, and decency in their readers. The role of such an artistic and journalistic genre as an essay has increased. And although the journalism of that period could not boast of sharp social criticism, the desire to adequately reflect the contradictory processes that took place in the country, it still remained bright and civic. Among the publicists who touch on the most significant social topics in their essays, one can single out A. Agranovsky, G. Bocharov, V. Peskov, Yu. Chernichenko, S. Smirnov.

But it was impossible not to raise unpleasant topics that were of concern to the whole country. And although the role of samizdat and "tamizdat" (Russian press abroad) decreased slightly during these years, censorship in the USSR still had enough work to do. The fire of criticism was taken over by the Novy Mir magazine, which willingly published the works of Solzhenitsyn and Tvardovsky, objectionable to the authorities. The magazine was reduced, withdrawn from sale, subjected to severe pressure, but everything existed. It was there that Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" was published, which caused a wide public outcry.

Describing the state of the media during this period, it is impossible not to touch upon the actively developing television and radio. By 1985, the radio network covered the entire country, and about 90% of the population had televisions in their homes. In 1981, the country celebrated the 50th anniversary of television broadcasting. During this time, television became color, round-the-clock and ubiquitous. The Union began 1982 with an all-Union program that combined information, socio-political, cultural, educational, artistic and sports topics and covered more than 230 million people.

April 1985 was a turning point in history for the country as a whole and for domestic journalism in particular. The course towards renewed socialism and its more liberal attitude towards the media raised the people's interest in journalism. Perestroika connected all the media to the propaganda of the new course. All the smallest events related to the acceleration of scientific and technical progress, the reconstruction of production, and programs to combat the shortage of consumer goods were covered. The emphasis is on bringing every reader to the process of building a "new socialism". Pravda publishes readers' letters with proposals for the further development of the country, assessments of government statements, and even amendments to the program and charter of the CPSU.

The main feature of the journalism of the perestroika period is its polemical nature. One after another, collections of journalism “If in good conscience ...”, “Perestroika in the mirror of the press” and others appear. It can be said that after 70 years of silence, journalists were allowed to speak for the first time. Hence, the credibility of the media has increased significantly. In 1989, the country's newspaper and magazine world consisted of 8,800 newspapers with a one-time circulation of 230 million copies, and 1,629 magazines with a circulation of over 220 million copies. A year later, the circulation of newspapers increased by 4.6%, and that of magazines by 4.3%. V.V. Kuznetsov "History of national journalism (1917-2000)".

Moreover, the organizational function of journalism has finally begun to be resolved. Thanks to the speeches of prominent publicists of that time and the responses of readers, the project for the construction of the Nizhneobskaya hydroelectric power station was rejected. Construction could lead to flooding of hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of territory. In general, assistance in solving acute social and environmental issues- this is another important page in the journalism of the perestroika period. But even at this time, the use of the media as the main organs of propaganda did not stop. First of all, this is evidenced by the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU “On the newspaper Pravda”, which was adopted at the April 1990 congress. “Being the main tribune of the party,” this resolution emphasized, “Pravda is called upon to focus on key areas of implementing the policy of the CPSU,” and a communist journalist, no matter where he works, must be “an active, thinking fighter of the party.” And already in June a qualitatively new step was taken - the first "Law on the press and other mass media" in the history of the country was adopted.

But even the new trends in journalism at the end of the 1980s did not change the very structure of receiving and processing operational information. The main channel for the exchange of information and the main propaganda organ of the ruling party was still the unshakable TASS, which could not but affect the very essence of the work of journalists. Alternative news agencies began to appear only closer to the collapse of the USSR - in 1992.

Scientific and technological progress, about which newspapers and magazines wrote so much and widely, made it possible for television to approach the place of the leader among all media. Teleconferences between the USSR and the USA were a huge success, helping to solve the problems of both the foreign and domestic policies of both states. On September 5, 1982, the first such teleconference "Moscow - Los Angeles" took place during the youth festival "We" in America. The initiator from the American side was Steve Wozniak, from the Soviet side - screenwriter Iosif Goldin and director Julius Gusman. Soviet man it was interesting to look at another continent, to see the life of an American so far away from him. The Soviet government did not need another reason to show where to live better.

The already quite developed Leningrad television played a special role. One of the most popular was the Telecourier program. It was a review and short reports that were filmed on Saturdays and aired at midnight. It was Leningrad television that took the liberty of broadcasting the first interviews with Academician Sakharov, the first rallies in both capitals of the USSR.

The end of the perestroika period in Russian journalism is connected primarily with the end of the history of Soviet journalism in general, which occurred exactly at the same time as the collapse of Soviet Union. But the very next day, journalism woke up in a new capacity - Russian journalism. But this is a completely different page of history.