History of domestic journalism of the XX century. Book: "The history of the newest fatherlands

Hovsepyan or Hovsepyan(arm. Հովսեփյան) is an Armenian surname. Formed on behalf of its own and belongs to the common type of Armenian surnames.

Origin

After the adoption of Christianity, during the official baptism ceremony, each person received a baptismal name from the priest, which served only one purpose - to provide a person with a personal name. Baptismal names corresponded to the names of saints and were therefore common Christian names.

The basis of the surname Hovsepyan was church name Joseph. Hovsep - the Armenian version of the Christian male name Joseph, which is of Hebrew origin and translates as "God's reward."

One of the patrons of this name is considered to be the Monk Joseph Volotsky. He lived in the 15th century, studied literacy at the Vozdvizhensky Monastery and was a well-known polemicist. Joseph Volotsky was for some time the rector of the monastery of Pafnutiy Borovsky, but after a while he left the monastery and founded the famous Volokolamsky Monastery. Hovsep, eventually received the surname Hovsepyan. It is a remarkable monument of Armenian literature and culture.

Foreign language analogues

• Russian Osipov
• English Joseph(Joseph)
• German Joseph(Joseph)

Notable speakers

• Hovsepyan, Avetis Vartanovich(b. 1954) - Soviet football player.
• Hovsepyan, Agvan Garnikovich(b. 1953) - Prosecutor General of the Republic of Armenia.
• Hovsepyan, Albert Azatovich(b. 1938) - public and political figure of the Abkhaz Republic.
• Hovsepyan, Andranik(b. 1966) - Soviet and Armenian football player.
• Ovsepyan, Vasily Andreevich(b. 1949) - Soviet and Russian journalist, editor, producer, poet.
• Ovsepyan, Irina Vasilievna (Irina Karenina) (b. 1979) - Russian poet, journalist, editor.
• Hovsepyan, Ron President and CEO of Novell, Inc.
• Hovsepyan, Ruben Garnikovich(b. 1958) - Armenian political and statesman.
• Hovsepyan, Ruben Georgievich(b. 1939) - Armenian writer-publicist. Member of the ARF.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

federal state educational institution higher vocational education

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Philology and Journalism

E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan

HISTORY OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISM

for university students educational institutions students in the direction 030600, specialty 030601 "Journalism"

Rostov-on-Don Southern Federal University Press

UDC 070(091)(470+571)(075.8) BBK 76.01ya73

Published by decision of the editorial and publishing council of the Southern Federal University

Reviewers:

Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Kuban State University

Luchinsky Yu. V.,

Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Southern Federal University

Stanko A.I.

The textbook was prepared and published as part of the national project "Education" under the "Program for the Development of the Federal State Educational Institution

Higher Professional Education “Southern Federal University” for 2007–2010”

Akhmadulin E. V., Ovsepyan R. P.

A 95 History of domestic journalism of the twentieth century: a textbook / E. V. Akhmadulin, R. P. Ovsepyan. - Rostov n / D: Publishing House of the Southern Federal University, 2008. - 416 p.

ISBN 978-5-9275-0480-0

The new textbook aims to trace the features of the development of domestic journalism - the mother country and the Russian diaspora, as a single historical, cultural, historical and journalistic process over the course of the 20th century, to show the mental, creative, typological, functional continuity of journalism systems of different nature against the dynamically changing background of Russian journalism. stories.

It is intended for teachers and students of faculties and departments of journalism, researchers, media workers, as well as for everyone interested in the history of Russian journalism.

Introduction ................................................ ......................................
JOURNALISM OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY
(1900–1917) ........................................... ...............................
Russian press at the turn of the century (1900–1904) ..........
Press and censorship in Russia
in the early 1900s.............................................. ......................
Official government press ..................................................
Official and conservative press ..................................................................
Mass newspapers of Russian publishers ..............................................
Liberal Publications .................................................................. .................
Social-radical press .................................................................. ..........
Illegal socialist press .................................................................. .
Variety of types of journals ..............................................
Journalism in the years of the first
Russian Revolution (1905–1907) ................................
The struggle for freedom of the press and censorship ..............................................
Liberal press law
and emergency measures ............................................................... ...................
The development of the political press .................................................................. ....
Reorganization of the government press ..................................................
Press of conservative parties .................................................................. ...
Publications of the liberal parties .............................................................. ......
satirical magazines .................................................................. ...............
The press of radical parties............................................................... ........

Domestic journalism between two
bourgeois-democratic	revolutions
Printing after the June 3rd coup ..................................................
Journalism in the years of the new
public uplift .............................................................. .............
Printing during the First World War .......................................................
JOURNALISM IN CONDITIONS
BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC STATE
(February–October 1917) ............................................... ........
A new stage in the history of national journalism .......
Dual power and the press .................................................................. ................
The collapse of the monarchist press .................................................................. .......
New press law and development
party press .................................................................. ......................
Journalism in political struggle
socialist parties .................................................................. ..........
Printing after the dispersal of the July demonstration ..........................................
Hot on the trail of the Bolshevik coup ..............................................
DOMESTIC JOURNALISM
IN THE SOVIET STATE
(November 1917–1991). ................................................. ...........
Journalism of the first decade of Soviet power
(November 1917–1927) .......................................... .................
Journalism Soviet Russia in conditions
The assertion of one-party Soviet journalism
during the Civil War and foreign intervention
(July 1918–1920) .......................................... .........................
Printing white movement .............................................................. ............
Domestic journalism in the period of liberalization
Soviet regime (1921–1927) .............................................. ....
Russian journalism is gaining ground abroad...............
Measures to Overcome the Crisis of the Soviet Press...............................
The press in the inner-party struggle	20s........................

Domestic journalism
in the late 1920s and 1930s. ...................................
Fund structure development
mass media................................................................
Journalism and socialist construction ..............................
Domestic journalism of the 30s ..............................................
Soviet journalism in the regime
totalitarian state .............................................................. .........
Beginning of World War II
and the position of the press of the Russian diaspora .......................................
Journalism in the period
Great Patriotic War
(1941–1945) ............................................... ...............................
Press and radio during the war years .............................................. ........
Press on site, temporarily
occupied by the enemy .................................................. .............
The main issues of speeches
Soviet journalism .............................................................. ...........
Journalism and Literature of the Russian Diaspora.............................
The Soviet press at the final stage of the war
Publicism in the years
Great Patriotic War............................................... ...
Journalism of the post-war decade
(1946–1956) ........................................... ...............................
The development of the media system ..................................
The theme of recovery and further rise
National economy in the Soviet press ..................................
The second "wave" of emigration in journalism
Russian Diaspora .............................................................. ....................
Print, television and radio of the second half
50s - mid 80s .............................................. ..........
The development of the structure of the media ..................................
The theme of economic reformism in the press ..........................................
Journalism in captivity of voluntarism,
recurrence of the cult of personality
and "stagnation" phenomena .............................................. ................

DOMESTIC JOURNALISM
IN A DEMOCRATICALLY ORIENTED SOCIETY
(mid 80s - 90s) ....................................... .............
Mass media
second half of the 80s - early 90s
Media under conditions
democratization and glasnost ............................................................... .......
The revival of the multi-party press ..............................................
Journalism of the era of "perestroika" ..............................................
Publications of the third "wave" of emigration
and returned literature .................................................................. ........
On the way to creation
Union of Independent States ............................................................... .
Journalism Russian Federation in 1991–2000 ......
The system of printed periodicals in Russia ..............................................
Television broadcasting .................................................................. .............
Broadcasting................................................. ......................
News agencies .................................................................. .......
Regional journalism .................................................................. .....
Journalism on the Internet ....................................................... ..
Journalism in the Market ..............................................................
Leading themes of the media ..........................................
Journalism and power structures .......................................................
Russian foreign press in the new Russia.......................................

INTRODUCTION

XX V. represents the most eventful era in the history of civilization. This is the age of revolutions and world wars, the age of the collapse of empires and declared themselves of national liberation movements, the age of global catastrophes and world crises, the age of despair and hope, the age that connected the past with the future.

XX V. - this is an era of unprecedented technological progress: from steam engines to nuclear powered ships, from Edison's light bulb to nuclear power plants, from airplanes to spaceships, from Nobel's dynamite to the hydrogen bomb, from the telegraph to the Internet.

Journalism as established in society social system did not stand aside from the ongoing processes. She actively contributed to their implementation. Developing and acquiring new structural links, the mass media embraced the world space, which turned, according to Marshall McLuhan's prediction, into a "global information village".

nineteenth century was a century of inventions in the technical and technological equipment of journalism. 20th century implemented these innovations in journalistic practice. The first broadcasts on radio in the 1920s, and then on television in the 1950s, led to talk about the formation of a mass media system. At the end of the twentieth century. satellite and cable television, computer and multimedia technologies, mobile communications announced themselves, global telecommunication computer networks developed noticeably, the most famous of which was the Internet.

In connection with the processes of globalization of mass media in the information space, technical and technological re-equipment of production and delivery of information to any point on the planet using superhighways, integration of the produced mass media into the natural meta-information system, journalism itself has changed significantly, becoming more mobile, integrated and all-encompassing. , and therefore a more influential social institution

in any socio-political system. Its role, tasks, functions in the socio-political, socio-economic, cultural and moral environment and world civilization as a whole also changed.

The ongoing processes found real manifestations in Russian journalism. Politically, the country changed in those

century like no other. Having survived two bourgeois and one socialist revolutions, the World War and the Civil War at the beginning of the century, the Patriotic War in the middle, and abandoning communist illusions at the end of the century, Russia is building a democratically oriented society today.

In studies on the history of Russian journalism that appeared in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, new trends in the consideration of the historical past and state of the art Russian press. Freshness and originality, in particular, distinguishes the voluminous and, undoubtedly, important collective work of historians of the faculties of journalism of St. Petersburg and other universities "The History of Russian Journalism of the 18th-19th Centuries". B. I. Esin took a fresh look at many facts and events of individual stages of the past of the domestic press in the textbook “History of Russian Journalism of the 19th Century”. Scientific novelty in the assessment of individual stages and the entire process of development and functioning of domestic journalism of the twentieth century. contained in the works of E. V. Akhmadulin, A. F. Berezhny, G. V. Zhirkov, E. A. Kornilov, S. Ya. Makhonina, R. P. Ovsepyan and others.

The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society is only taking shape. The main goal that researchers set themselves today is related to the desire to recreate a true picture historical development of Russian journalism for 300 years of its existence, to reflect the realities of modern historical journalism, which for decades has been captivated by dogmatic stereotypes, mythologized facts in assessing the role of a particular person in journalism. The tendentious approach distorted many facts of the history of the Russian press, led to the destruction of a single historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process; divided journalism according to the class principle into bourgeois and Bolshevik, and then into party-Soviet and emigre (anti-Soviet, counter-revolutionary). Meanwhile, the Russian émigré press, like that published abroad at the beginning of the 20th century. the press of the socialist parties, was the opposition to the system that existed in the country.

The introduction of previously unknown archival documents, original studies, books and monographs into scientific circulation in the last decade has made it possible to take a fresh look at some events in the history of the Russian press.

The historical experience of the functioning of the system of journalism in the early twentieth century. has not only cognitive, but also practical

cal value. In a short time from 1900 to October 1917, Russian journalism went from a powerful authoritarian system with elements of the opposition to a liberal one, with a party, parliamentary press rapidly developing under the conditions of the revolution (1905-1907). The post-revolutionary decline at the next stage (1908-1909) ended with a new socio-political upsurge (1910-1914), interrupted by the First World War. February Revolution 1917 revealed the merits and contradictions of the formation of the system of journalism in the conditions of the bourgeois-democratic system, interrupted by the October Revolution.

Historical truth requires to restore the process of becoming newest homelands scientific journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system that took place after the victory of October

V young Soviet Russia, to identify the main prerequisites for the establishment of single-party journalism in the country during the years of the Civil War and foreign military intervention. An important fact in the history of domestic journalism was the creation at that time of the press of the white movement, and then the formation of its system abroad in the centers of Russian emigration.

Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were selective. It was not considered in the context of the

At that time of socio-economic policy and military-communist ideology, it was hidden that in the 20s of the last century, under the influence of the new economic policy, a kind of historical and journalistic process developed, which made it possible to establish contacts between the journalism of the Soviet country and individual publications of the Russian diaspora.

In the 1930s, Soviet journalism, blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, justified repressions against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. An in-depth understanding of the historical processes that really took place helps to understand the role played by the Soviet press in the exceptionally rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a tremendous impact on the forms and methods of governing the country over the following decades.

The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N. S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU held in 1956 “On the cult of personality and its consequences”. However, the period of "thaw" was short-lived. Soviet journalism, not having time to renounce the heavy ideological burden of the past,

again found herself in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality. The coming to the leadership of the country by L. I. Brezhnev led to a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism moved away from a real assessment of the socio-political contradictions that were manifesting themselves. In the conditions created in the post-war decades, a special place was occupied by domestic journalism of the Russian diaspora, which, unfortunately, was not available to Soviet people because of the barriers put up by censorship and law enforcement agencies.

The year 1985 brought complex and still unresolved problems to Soviet society. The emerging trends in social and political life led to the stereotypes and dogmas of the Soviet press becoming a thing of the past, and journalism acquiring qualities and opportunities unprecedented in the past.

While legally remaining within the structure of the Soviet state, journalism under the conditions of perestroika and glasnost contributed to the breakdown of the administrative-command system and the movement of society along the path of democratic reforms. The peculiarity of the historical and journalistic process of the second half of the 80s of the last century is that the mass media formally continued to be the ideological institution of the Soviet state. But at the same time, they became more and more noticeable as the subject of the emerging democratically oriented society. And the new political thinking expanded the object of the history of Russian journalism, opened the way to its consideration as a single, historical-cultural, historical-journalistic process.

If we compare the first and last decades of the twentieth century, which brought new trends into the life of Russia, then for all the difference in eras, they show certain similarities in political processes.

AND then and now, for the first time, representative power was created

V face of the legislative State Duma. For the first time, publications appeared reflecting her activities.

AND then and now, numerous political parties, unions, movements, blocs arose on the democratic wave, which laid the foundation for the formation of a multi-party journalism in the country.

AND Then and now, after the abolition of censorship and the announcement of freedom of speech and the press in Russia, the number of not only politicized publications, but also typologically diverse business publications, differentiated by audience and interests of the mass media, has noticeably increased. popular science, educational, entertainment, tabloid and other types of press.

Hovsepyan R. P. The history of the latest domestic journalism (February 1917 - early 90s). - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1999. - 304 p.

Annotation: The manual discusses key features the functioning of domestic journalism in the conditions of the multi-party system of the Soviet state and the beginning of democratic transformations in the transition period. The purpose of the manual is to understand the role of the media in the diverse processes of the socio-political and economic life of the country at various stages of its history.

For students of faculties and departments of journalism of universities.

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. RUSSIAN PRESS AFTER THE FEBRUARY BOURGEOIS-DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION

Russian periodicals at the beginning of the 20th century

The February Revolution and the Development of Printing in Russia

Journalism in the political struggle of the opposing sides

Printing after the July events

CHAPTER 2. JOURNALISM OF THE FIRST DECADE OF SOVIET POWER (November 1917 - 1927)

The establishment of one-party Soviet journalism in the years civil war and foreign military intervention (July 1918–1920)

Domestic journalism during the liberalization of the Soviet regime (1921–1927)

CHAPTER 3. DOMESTIC JOURNALISM in the late 1920s and 1930s

Development of the media structure

Journalism as a means of ideological and organizational support for the Bolshevik concept of socialist construction

Domestic journalism of the 30s.

CHAPTER 4. JOURNALISM BEFORE AND DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (1939–1945)

Soviet journalism in prewar years. Press and radio in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War

The main problems of the speeches of the Soviet press during the war years

Publicism during the Great Patriotic War

CHAPTER 5. JOURNALISM OF THE POST-WAR DECADE (1946-1956)

The development of the media system in the post-war years

The theme of the restoration and further development of the national economy in the Soviet press

The theme of economic recovery and development in the press of the post-war years

CHAPTER 6

Further development of the media structure

The theme of economic reform in the press

Journalism in captivity of voluntarism and relapses of the cult of personality

CHAPTER 7

Mass media in conditions of democratization and publicity

The revival of the multi-party press in the country

Journalism and new political thinking

CHAPTER 8. JOURNALISM OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION (90s)

The system of mass media in Russia in the first half of the 90s.

The structure of the periodical press of the Russian Federation

TV broadcast

Broadcasting

News agencies

Book publishers

Regional journalism

Journalism in the Marketplace

Leading topics of the media of the Russian Federation

Journalism of the Russian Federation and power structures

Press of Russia on the Internet

INTRODUCTION

The history of the latest domestic journalism at all stages of its path is complex and contradictory. The essence of journalism is determined not by the sum of published editions and publications, different in nature and content, but by a dynamic, diverse process in which the publication, publicist and society are in a very complex relationship, in in constant motion and development.

The history of the mass media (mass media) has developed under the influence of numerous not only objective, but also subjective factors that influenced the content, the nature of all its structural links. For decades, historical science, including historical journalism, has been under authoritarian pressure. It performed apologetic functions, depriving itself of the scientific principles of historicism, objectivity, truthfulness. In the historical and journalistic literature, everything that could cast a shadow on the "infallibility" of the party, its leaders, sow doubts about the absolute correctness of their line was hushed up.

Many works have been devoted to the construction of the Soviet press and its participation in the socio-political transformations of our society. Among them are “Party and Soviet Press in the Struggle for the Construction of Socialism and Communism”, published in two editions in 1961 and 1966, “Press and the Construction of Communism” (M., 1969), “Soviet Journalism and the Communist Education of Working People” (M. ., 1979), "Multinational Soviet journalism" (M., 1975). A prominent place in the historiography of the latest domestic journalism was occupied by the following works: T. Antropov. Newspaper "Pravda" in the struggle for victory October revolution(M., 1954); R. Ivanova. Party and Soviet press during the years of extensive construction of socialism (1929-1937) (M., 1977); I. Kuznetsov. Party and Soviet press during the years of socialist industrialization of the country (M., 1974); S. Matvienko. Party and Soviet press as an instrument of socialist construction (1926-1932) (Alma-Ata, 1975); A. Mishuris. The press born of October (M., 1968) and others. However, carrying rich factual material, these books are mostly written from the positions established in historical science “ short course history of the CPSU (b)”, directive documents of the CPSU and do not reflect today the realities of modern historical science.

The authors of many studies were deprived of access even to complete sets of newspapers, not to mention archival materials. The objective conditions of life in Soviet society deprived them of the opportunity to recreate a true picture of the historical development of domestic journalism.

Books and studies were silent about the fact that the bourgeois-democratic state, which arose for the first time in the history of Russia in February 1917, proclaimed freedom of speech, the press and other manifestations of democracy. The opened prospects provided an opportunity for the socialist parties of Russia to legalize their activities and set about organizing their own network of periodicals.

It is necessary to restore the truth about the process of formation of the newest domestic journalism in the conditions of a multi-party system that took place after the victory of October in young Soviet Russia.

Until recently, ideas about the activities of the Russian press in the first decade of Soviet power were fragmentary. It was not considered in the context of the socio-economic policy and military communist ideology pursued at that time, it was hidden that even after the victory of the October Revolution, the administrative apparatus of the Provisional Government continued to operate, helping the Soviet government to avoid anarchy and paralysis in governing the country, that forced surplus appropriation led to a serious change in the principles of distribution, naturalization wages, equalization. The principles of "war communism" propagated by the press were presented as a definite plan for an accelerated transition to communist production and distribution. Blindly promoting Stalinism as the highest achievement of Marxist theoretical thought, it justified the repressions against those who were suspected of apostasy and accused of betraying the cause of communist construction. An in-depth understanding of the historical processes that really took place helps to understand the role played by the press in the exceptionally rapid formation of the military-communist ideology, which had a detrimental effect on the forms and methods of governing the country over the next decades.

The beginning of the restructuring of political consciousness was laid by the report of N.S. Khrushchev at the XX Congress of the CPSU "On the cult of personality and its consequences" held in 1956. However, the period of "thaw" was short-lived. Analysis of the press of the late 60s and 70s. more and more asserts in thought that the coming to the leadership of the country L.I. Brezhnev led to a tightening of the political climate, intolerance of the authorities to manifestations of free thought. Journalism moved away from a real assessment of the emerging socio-political contradictions.

The year 1985 brought complex and still unresolved problems to Soviet society. Journalism in the context of the democratization of society, publicity, which opened the door to a little-known past, has acquired new qualities and opportunities. The revival of the multi-party press has become a reality. Under the influence of democratization and glasnost in the publications that saw the light after 1985, much of the secret became clear. The possibility of an objective assessment of the past made it possible to make the property of historical and historical-journalistic science that which had previously been hushed up or distorted.

Many new, instructive collections of journalistic materials contain: “If in good conscience” (1988), “No other choice” (1988), “Returned names”, in two books. (1989), “Pages of the history of the CPSU. Data. Problems. Lessons" (1988), "They were not silent" (1989), "Our Fatherland. Experience political history”, in two volumes (1991), book by N. Werth “History of the Soviet state: 1900–1991” (1995), tutorial History of the newest domestic journalism. February 1917 – early 90s” (1996), “Journalism of the end of the 20th century: lessons and perspectives” (1998), etc.

The historiography of domestic journalism in a democratically oriented society is only taking shape. And yet for last years many works have been published, the authors of which give an objective picture of the processes that took place in the 1990s. in mass media. This, in particular, refers to the books: “The Mass Media System of Russia” (1994), “Moral Principles of TV Journalism (Experience of the Code of Ethics)” (1994), “History of the Newest Russian Journalism. Transition Period (Mid-1980s – 1990s)" (1996), "Five Years of Freedom of the Press" (1996), "Mass Information: Production Strategy and Consumption Tactics" (1996), "Judicial Reform: Problems of Analysis and Coverage . Discussions on Legal Journalism" (1996), "Mass Media: Systemic Characteristics" (1996), "Journalism in Transition: Problems and Prospects" (1996) and others.

The rethinking of a number of problems in the history of modern Russian journalism necessitated overcoming the elements of a dogmatic approach to examining the nature and content of the Soviet press at all stages of its activity. A resolute rejection of the subjectivist interpretations of the processes of formation and development of the latest domestic journalism that have developed in historical journalism science opens up new horizons along this path.

A new reading and understanding of many documents and facts, an unbiased analysis of the newspaper sheet made it possible to return the undeservedly forgotten names of publicists to domestic journalism, to get acquainted with their activities and literary skills. In the history of modern Russian journalism, the editorial and journalistic activities of N. Berdyaev, N. Bukharin, G. Plekhanov, P. Struve, N. Ustryalov, L. Trotsky, V. Chernov, M. Zoshchenko, K. Radek, P. Milyukov and other political figures and writers.