Presentation on the topic of national relations. Presentation on the topic "nations and interethnic relations"
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Ethnic communities and interethnic relations
"Ethnos" in Greek means "people" and does not have an unambiguous interpretation. An ethnic community is a community of people that has historically developed in a certain territory and has: common, relatively stable features of culture, language, and mental makeup; self-consciousness and historical memory; awareness of its unity and difference from other similar formations.
Types of ethnic communities Genus Nationality Tribe Nation
Ethnic communities a brief description of Genus A group of blood relatives leading their origin along the same line Tribe A set of clans interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, as well as a common dialect, unity of religious ideas, rites Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory, language, mental warehouse , culture In the ethno-cultural sense, this is a historically established community of people, characterized by developed economic ties, a common territory and a common language, culture, and ethnic identity. In the state sense, the nation is considered not as an ethnic community, but as a multicultural, political, civil, territorial community, as a community (set) of citizens of a given state. Nation
Nationality is the belonging of a person to a particular nation. Interethnic (interethnic) relations - relations between peoples, covering all areas public life. Levels of interethnic relations Interaction of peoples Interpersonal relations of people belonging to different ethnic groups
The main trends in the development of interethnic processes in Integration (cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, rapprochement of various aspects of the life of peoples) Differentiation (the desire of peoples for national independence) Economic and political unions Transnational corporations International cultural and scientific centers, integration of the education system Interpenetration of values and cultures Self-isolation Economy Protectionism Ideology of nationalism Religious fanaticism Extremism Globalization (gradual erasure of traditional borders)
Interethnic relations find their expression in the specific actions of people and largely depend on individual behavior, cultural norms, the influence of the family and the immediate environment. Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful (cooperation) or hostile (conflict). Causes of ethno-social conflicts: territorial; socio-economic; ethno-demographic; cultural and linguistic, confessional; environmental; historical, etc. Ethno-social conflicts - a state of mutual claims, open confrontation of ethnic groups with each other, tending to increase contradictions up to armed clashes
Causes of ethno-social conflicts Causes Characteristic Mismatch of state or administrative borders with the border of the settlement of peoples Socio-economic Inequality in the standard of living Cultural-Linguistic Insufficient, from the point of view of the ethnic minority, the use of their language and culture; differences in cultural traditions Ethno-demographic Rapid change in the ratio of the number of people in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth Environmental Deterioration in quality environment as a result of its pollution or depletion natural resources Historical Past relationships between peoples (wars, etc.) Confessional Belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of religiosity of the population
Types of ethno-social conflicts State-legal (the desire of an ethnic group for its own statehood) Socio-psychological (change in lifestyle, violation of human rights) Ethno-territorial (definition of the territory of residence of an ethnic group) Ethno-demographic (protection of the rights of "indigenous" nationality, restrictions for "newcomers")
On present stage the main guideline in the implementation of the moral, political and legal regulation of interethnic relations is a humanistic approach, consisting of: the application and respect for the diversity of cultures, adherence to the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence in relations between peoples; in the development and continuous functioning of democracy, ensuring the realization of the rights and freedoms of the individual, ethnic communities, regardless of their nationality; in the focus of state bodies, the media, the education system, sports, art on the formation of a culture of interethnic communication among citizens, the education of tolerance. Tolerance - respect, trust, readiness for cooperation, compromise with people of different ethnicity; the desire to understand and accept their cultural values and way of life.
Conditions for Overcoming Ethno-Social Conflicts Racial segregation in the USA is the separation of ethnic groups through the establishment of barriers to social education and upbringing and other discriminatory measures. Legislative racial segregation in the United States was abolished in 1964. Improving the life of every citizen Creation and consolidation among ethnic groups of a psychological sense of satisfaction with a favorable stability of life
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community, a focus on cooperation and rapprochement of peoples. The main principles are formulated in the "Concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), annual messages of the President of the Russian Federation Federal Assembly RF.
The constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Equality of rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language Preservation of the historically established integrity of the Russian Federation Equality of rights for all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal authorities Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial , national and religious discord, hatred or enmity The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion
Constitutional foundations of the national policy of the Russian Federation Timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts Prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of a citizen based on nationality Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation abroad; support for compatriots living in foreign countries Promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples
The Constitution of the Russian Federation. Article 68 The official language of the Russian Federation throughout its entire territory is the Russian language. Republics have the right to establish their own state languages. In public authorities ... of the republics, they are used along with the state language of the Russian Federation. Russian Federation guarantees all its peoples the right to preserve their native language, create conditions for its study and development.
Nations and international relations.
- Plan:
- ethnic communities.
- national identity.
- Nationalism. International conflicts.
- Ways to overcome interethnic conflicts.
- The concept of national policy in the Russian Federation.
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- National self-consciousness is the awareness by people of one nation, common ideals, cultural norms, traditions.
- national interests -
- 1. The need to preserve its peculiarity, uniqueness in human history.
- 2. Psychologically, do not fence off from other nations and peoples. Enrich your culture.
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- Tolerance - tolerance for other views, customs, mores, traditions, ideological convictions.
- Humanistic approach in solving national issues -
- The idea of peace, harmony, respect for national dignity.
- Consistent development of democracy, legal principles in society.
- Equality of human and citizen rights regardless of race or nationality.
- Prohibition of restriction of citizens on the grounds of racial, social, religious affiliation.
- Preservation of the historical integrity of the Russian Federation.
- Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples.
- The right of every citizen to determine and indicate his nationality without any coercion.
- Assistance in the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation.
- Timely resolution of contradictions and conflicts.
- The prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, at inciting ethnic hatred.
"The role of women in the modern world" - Islam. Social discrimination of women. The role of women in modern world. Mark on history. Ceiling. Women's Day. Position. The position of women in society. Focus on relationships between people. Women. A look at a woman.
"Sociology as a science" - Object and subject. Theories of the middle level of social institutions. Social. He built a new science on the model of the natural sciences. Theories of the middle level. Natural. XX century Theories of the middle level. They study individual social institutions, communities, specialized social processes. Personal. main categories.
"Society and public relations" - Society and nature. Public relations Spheres of public life Society is a dynamic system Society and nature. Society is a dynamic system. The functions of society. What is a society? Society and public relations. spheres of public life. Society.
"Interaction in society" - Society and public relations. What is a society? Interaction between man and society. Think about how a person can relate to nature? Society. Subsystems. System of social sciences. Society and nature. Society as a system.
The term "social institution". Attitudes and patterns of behavior. social institution. Prestige. Non-core social institutions. Need. The level of activity of the individual. fundamental needs. Choose the correct answer. Scientific turnover. Structural elements of the main institutions. Values. The institutionalization of the papacy.
"Discipline sociology" - Respondent. Methodology. Theoretical analysis. Theoretical section. empirical level. Working out the problem. Examples of experiments. observation. Experiment. Researcher. Definition of sociology. Questioning. Relationship between theory and methodology. Election integrity. sociological phenomena. Possibilities of modern sociological knowledge.
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Nations and interethnic relations Grade 10 Boikova V.Yu.
Modern humanity is a complex ethnic structure, there are from 2,500 to 5,000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are nations. In Russia, there are more than 100 ethnic groups, incl. about 30 nations
Ethnic community Ethnic groups are large groups people who have a common culture, language, psychological makeup, awareness of the indissolubility of historical destiny, awareness of their interests and goals, their unity and difference from other similar entities. Ethnic communities: tribes, nationalities and nations.
Ethnos (from the Greek ἔθνος - people) - a group of people united by common features: objective or subjective: language, culture, territory of residence, self-consciousness, etc. In Soviet and Russian ethnography, it is considered the main type of ethnic community In scientific circulation, the concept of "ethnos" was introduced in 1923 by the Russian scientist-emigrant Shirokogorov S.M.
Types of ethnic communities Genus A group of blood relatives descending along the same line (maternal or paternal) Tribe A set of clans interconnected by common features of culture, awareness of a common origin, common dialect, unity of religion, rites Nationality A historically established community of people united by a common territory, language , psychological warehouse, culture Nation PO RO KO
A nation is the historically highest form of an ethno-social community of people, characterized by the unity of territory, economic life, historical path, language, culture, and ethnic identity. The unity of the territory should be understood as the compactness of the population of the nation
Signs of a nation speak and write in the same language, understandable (despite the dialects) to all members of the nation. their folklore, customs, traditions, mentality (special stereotypes of mindset), national life, etc., i.e. own culture. common historical path, historical memory (p. 186, read an excerpt) National identity of the individual common economic life An important factor in the formation and development of the nation is the state
Generality of the territory Prerequisite for the formation of an ethnos Condition joint activities When an ethnos has formed, this feature loses its meaning. Some ethnic groups in the conditions of the diaspora (dispersion) do not lose their identity
National self-consciousness is a reflection of the consciousness of the nation in the individual consciousness of its members, the assimilation by members of ideas about the place and role of their people in the world, about their historical experience. A person is aware of his national identity, his belonging to a particular nation, understands national interests Read and analyze paragraph 2, p. 187
About the differences main role and the formation of a tribe are played by consanguineous ties; nationality is characterized by a common territory. Nations are formed during the genesis of commodity-money relations
About the differences In the phenomenon of the nation, the ethnic (language, forms of material culture, folk art, traditions, customs, features of the mental make-up of people) and the social (the system of legal relations, political institutions, the economic sphere of social development, the dominant culture created by the professional intelligentsia) are synthesized. Ethnic is a certain framework of the nation, its “beginning”, and the nation is the totality of what has developed and accumulated by a specific ethnic or interethnic community in the course of its development. historical evolution. National - the result of cultural historical development people. Nation is a historical category, ethnos is timeless.
About the nation A nation is an ethnic or multi-ethnic socio-cultural unity that has a state or aspires to create it and is united by intensive social communication.
About the nation Within one nation, there can be different ethnic groups: retaining their own language and features of their original culture (Germans, French and Italians as part of a single Swiss nation), using two languages - national and their own ethnic, and retaining certain everyday and psychological characteristics (English, Scots , Welsh as part of Britain; part of the Irish, Hispanic, Jewish population of the United States, who simultaneously consider themselves representatives of the American nation and at the same time are aware of themselves as a special ethnic community).
Inter-ethnic, civic nation A set of citizens of a particular state, where general civic qualities are in the foreground, but language, culture, traditions and customs are preserved Nation-state 2 points of view: Classical nation, a new qualitative state The end of the nation in the ethnic dimension
Concept of “ethnic minority” Members at a disadvantage due to discrimination from others Feeling of group solidarity, belonging to a single whole Usually physically or socially isolated from the rest of the community to some extent
Nationality Belonging to a nation and/or state
National Interests It is necessary to preserve one's peculiarity, originality in the course of human history, the uniqueness of one's culture, language, strive for population growth, ensuring a sufficient level of economic development. enrich your culture with contacts, borrowing
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 1) Natural-biological or racial-anthropological approach - recognizes the inequality of human races, the cultural superiority of the Caucasoid race. The imperfection of racial characteristics is the basis of the cultural backwardness of nations and nationalities. 2) Marxist theory - proclaims economic relations as the main basis for the formation of a nation. Recognizes the right of nations to self-determination up to secession, the idea of their complete equality, proletarian internationalism.
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 3) Sociocultural approach - considers ethnic communities as components social structure society, revealing their close relationship with social groups and various social institutions. Ethnic community is an important source of self-promotion and self-development.
Various approaches (theories) to understanding the essence of ethnic groups, their origin: 4) Passionary theory of ethnogenesis (origin, development of an ethnic group), created by L.N. Gumilev - considers ethnicity as a natural, biological, geographical phenomenon, as a result of the adaptation of a human group to natural climatic living conditions. The history of mankind is a chain of numerous ethnogenesis. The source of the emergence of a new ethnos is a passionary impulse. Passionarity is a certain characteristic of the behavior and natural properties of a person, due to the energy of the cosmos, the sun and natural radioactivity that affect society. Passionaries are especially energetic, gifted, talented people
Interethnic relations They include 2 varieties: 1. relations between different nationalities within one state; 2. relations between different nation-states. Forms of interethnic relations: Peaceful cooperation Ethnic conflict (from lat. conflictus - clash).
Ways of peaceful cooperation: 1) Ethnic mixing 2) Ethnic absorption (assimilation) 3) Creation of a multinational state
Ethnic mixing Different ethnic groups spontaneously mix among themselves over many generations and as a result form one nation. This usually happens through interethnic marriages. In this way, the Latin American peoples were formed: the traditions of the Spaniards, Portuguese, local Indians and African slaves were mixed into one whole.
Ethnic absorption (assimilation) is an almost complete dissolution of one people (sometimes several peoples) into another. History knows peaceful and military forms of assimilation. Modern America is an example of a peaceful path, and the ancient empires that conquered neighboring peoples, such as Assyria and Rome, serve as a model for a non-peaceful path. In one case, the invaders dissolved the conquered peoples in themselves, in the other, they themselves dissolved in them. In the violent scenario, the larger nation forbids others from using their native language in public life, being educated in it, and shutting down book publishers and the media.
Creation of a multinational state This is the most civilized way of uniting different peoples, in which the rights and freedoms of each nationality and nation are respected. In such cases, several languages are official, for example, in Belgium - French, Danish and German, in Switzerland - German, French and Italian. As a result, cultural pluralism is being formed (from Latin pluralis - plural).
Cultural pluralism Under cultural pluralism, no national minority loses its identity and does not dissolve into a common culture. It implies that representatives of one nationality voluntarily acquire the habits and traditions of another, while enriching their own culture. Cultural pluralism is an indicator of successful adaptation (adaptation) of a person to a foreign culture without abandoning one's own. Successful adaptation involves mastering the riches of another culture without compromising the values of one's own.
The main trends in the development of nations Interethnic differentiation Separation, separation, confrontation of ethnic groups in different types Interethnic integration The process of uniting ethnic groups through different spheres of public life
Forms Interethnic differentiation self-isolation in general; protectionism in the economy; nationalism in various forms in politics and culture; religious fanaticism, extremism. Cross-national integration Economic and political alliances (for example, European Union(EU)) Transnational corporations (TNCs) International cultural and folk centers Interpenetration of religions, cultures, values GLOBALIZATION Interethnic conflict
Globalization is a historical process of rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased, and humanity is turning into a single political system? What are the pros and cons of globalization?
Interethnic conflict is one of the forms of relations between national communities, characterized by a state of mutual claims, open opposition of ethnic groups, peoples and nations to each other, which tends to increase contradictions up to armed clashes, open wars.
Different approaches to the causes of interethnic conflicts. social and structural changes of contacting ethnic groups, problems of their inequality in status, prestige, remuneration. behavioral mechanisms associated with fears for the fate of the group - not only for the loss of cultural identity, but also for the use of property, resources and the resulting aggression. the responsibility of the elites fighting for power and resources. The elites are responsible for creating the "image of the enemy", ideas about the compatibility or incompatibility of the values of ethnic groups, the ideology of peace or enmity. features of peoples that prevent communication - the "messiahism" of Russians, the "inherited militancy" of Chechens, as well as the hierarchy of peoples with whom one can or cannot "deal with". the concept of "clash of civilizations" by the American researcher S. Huntington. She explains contemporary conflicts, in particular recent acts international terrorism, confessional differences. In Islamic, Confucian, Buddhist and Orthodox cultures as if the ideas of Western civilization - liberalism, equality, legality, human rights, the market, democracy, the separation of church and state - do not find a response. ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a set of misconceptions (prejudices) of one nation in relation to another, indicating the superiority of the first. - this is confidence in the correctness of one's own culture, a tendency or tendency to reject the standards of another culture as wrong, low, unaesthetic. Therefore, many interethnic conflicts are called false, since they are based not on objective contradictions, but on a misunderstanding of the positions and goals of the other side, attributing hostile intentions to it, which gives rise to an inadequate sense of danger, threat.
Modern sociologists offer the following classification of the causes of interethnic conflicts - Socio-economic - inequality in living standards, different representation in prestigious professions, social strata, authorities. - Cultural and linguistic - insufficient, from the point of view of an ethnic minority, the use of its language and culture in public life. - Ethno-demographic - a rapid change in the ratio of the number of peoples in contact due to migration and differences in the level of natural population growth. - Environmental - deterioration of the quality of the environment as a result of its pollution or depletion of natural resources due to the use of representatives of another ethnic group. - Extraterritorial - non-coincidence of state or administrative borders with the boundaries of the settlement of peoples. - Historical - past relationships between peoples (wars, the former ratio of domination-subordination, etc.). - Confessional - due to belonging to different religions and confessions, differences in the level of modern religiosity of the population. - Cultural - from the peculiarities of everyday behavior to the specifics of the political culture of the people.
Types of interethnic conflicts - state-legal; - ethnoterritorial; - ethno-demographic; - socio-psychological.
For interethnic conflicts to appear, a certain shift in the habitual way of life and the destruction of the value system are necessary, which leads people to feelings of confusion and discomfort, doom, and even the loss of the meaning of life. In such cases, the ethnic factor comes to the fore in the regulation of intergroup relations in society as an older factor that performs the function of group survival. Its action is implemented as follows. When there is a threat to the existence of a group as an integral and independent subject of intergroup interaction, at the level of social perception of the situation, social identification occurs on the basis of origin, on the basis of blood; the mechanisms of socio-psychological protection are included in the form of processes of intra-group cohesion, intra-group favoritism, strengthening the unity of "we" and out-group discrimination and isolation from "them", "strangers". ? What can these processes lead to?
Nationalism (fr. nationalisme from lat. natio - people) - an ideology and politics that puts the interests of the nation above any other economic, social, political interests, the desire for national isolation, parochialism; distrust of other nations, often developing into interethnic hostility
Types of nationalism Ethnic - the struggle of the people for national liberation, the acquisition of their own statehood. Sovereign-state - the desire of nations to realize their national-state interests, often at the expense of small peoples. Household - a manifestation of national feelings, a hostile attitude towards foreigners, xenophobia (gr. xenos - alien and phobos - fear). Nationalism can develop into its extremely aggressive form - chauvinism
Chauvinism (fr. chauvinisme - the term comes from the name of Nicolas Chauvin, the literary hero of the comedy of the brothers I. and T. Cognard "The Tricolor Cockade", a supporter of the greatness of France in the spirit of the ideas of Napoleon Bonaparte) - a political and ideological system of views and actions, justifying the exclusivity of one or another nation, opposing its interests to the interests of other nations and peoples, introducing into the minds of people hostility, and often hatred for other peoples, which kindles enmity between people of different nationalities and religions, national extremism.
One of the manifestations of state nationalism is genocide. Genocide (from Latin genos - genus and caedere - to kill) - the deliberate and systematic destruction of certain groups of the population on racial, national or religious grounds, as well as the deliberate creation of living conditions designed for the complete or partial physical destruction of these groups. An example of genocide is the Holocaust - the mass destruction of the Jewish population by the Nazis during World War II.
Escalation (expansion, build-up, increase) of the conflict. Socio-psychological patterns: - a decrease in the volume of communication between the parties, an increase in disinformation, a tightening of the aggressiveness of terminology, an increase in the tendency to use the media as a weapon in the escalation of psychosis and confrontation among the general population; - distorted perception of information about each other; - the development of an attitude of hostility and suspicion, the consolidation of the image of an "insidious enemy" and its dehumanization, i.e., exclusion from the human race, which psychologically justifies any atrocities and cruelties against "non-humans" in achieving their goals; - the formation of an orientation towards victory in an interethnic conflict by forceful methods due to the defeat or destruction of the other side,
Legalization of the conflict - Cessation of violence - Organization of dialogue - Ensuring the participation of authorized representatives of each side in such a dialogue - Formulating the requirements and claims of each of the parties in categories subject to legal reformulation and legal assessment - Legal fixation of the results of each of the stages of negotiations - The most specific formulation of the terms of the final agreement giving it legitimacy through some form of ratification or popular approval
Settlement of the conflict By itself, the signing of any agreements does not guarantee the settlement of the conflict. The determining factor is the willingness of the parties to fulfill them. In socio-political terms, the ways to overcome interethnic conflicts lie: 1) through at least partial satisfaction of the requirements of the parties, 2) through lowering the relevance of the subject of the conflict for them
Ways to resolve interethnic problems - Recognition of interethnic problems and their solution by methods of national policy. - Awareness by all people of the unacceptability of violence, mastering the culture of interethnic relations, which requires the realization of the rights and freedoms of persons of any nationality, respect for their identity, their national consciousness excluding the slightest manifestation of national mistrust, enmity. - The use of economic levers to normalize the ethno-political situation. - Creation of cultural infrastructure in regions with a mixed national composition of the population - national societies and centers, schools with a national-cultural component for teaching children in their native language and in the traditions of national culture. - Organization of effective international commissions, councils, other structures for the peaceful resolution of national disputes
Tasks 1 A) In the modern world, there are from 2500 to 5000 ethnic groups, but only a few hundred of them are called nations. (B) The European Union was formed in 1993 in order to bring nations closer together economically, culturally and politically. (C) Coordination of the interests of all peoples living in the country, providing a legal and material basis for their development on the principles of voluntary, equal and mutually beneficial cooperation is the main task of the national policy of any multinational state. (D) It is expedient to take into account ethno-national characteristics in the life of society within the limits of observance of human rights. Determine which provisions of the text are 1) factual in nature 2) the nature of value judgments
2 Below are some terms. All of them, with the exception of one, belong to the concept of "ethnic community". Find and indicate the term "falling out" from this series and referring to another concept. clan, tribe, caste, nationality, nation
DZ paragraph 18 + answers to questions
IN multinational state an integral part of political relations are interethnic relations. The state establishes and regulates relations between nations and nationalities. The set of principles, norms, rules through which the management of national relations is carried out, constitutes a national policy. In each multinational country national policy has its own characteristics. At the same time, there are ways and methods, proven by historical experience, of solving the national question and optimizing national relations.
In the system of national relations, political aspects are key and decisive. Directly in the sphere of politics are such issues of national relations as national self-determination, the combination of national and international interests, the equality of nations, the creation of conditions for the free development of national languages and national cultures, the representation of national personnel in the power structure and some other issues. At the same time, the formation of a national idea, political attitudes, political behavior, political culture is significantly influenced by historically developing traditions, social feelings and moods, geographical and cultural living conditions habitats of nations, nationalities. In essence, all issues of interethnic relations acquire political significance and can be resolved at the political level. The most important expression of the essence of national relations is the national question.
national question these are, first of all, the relations of national inequality, the inequality of the levels of economic and cultural development of different nations, the lag of unequal and oppressed nations from the privileged, great-power nations. This is an atmosphere of national discord, enmity and suspicions on national grounds, naturally arising on the basis of inequality and the actual inequality of nations in access to economic and cultural values. The national question is not so much an ethnic problem as a socio-political one.
The national question always has a specific historical and social content, including a set of national problems at a certain stage in the development of a given country. The specific content of the national question reflects the peculiarities of the historical development of the country and its peoples, the specifics of their socio-economic and political structure, social class structure, national composition of the population, historical and national traditions, and other factors. Moreover, with the solution of some problems, others arise, sometimes more complex, due to an increase in the level of development of the nations themselves. Therefore, there can be no complete and final solution of the national question in all aspects and social dimensions.
The national question in the former USSR was resolved in several aspects: national oppression and, to a certain extent, national inequality (economic and cultural) were eliminated, conditions were created for the economic, social and cultural progress of the former national outskirts. At the same time, serious mistakes and violations were made in the course of carrying out the national policy. Contradictions and conflict situations were generated by the very fact of coexistence in one union state of more than 130 nations, nationalities, national and ethnic groups. National formations differed significantly in ethno-social, ethno-cultural, ethno-demographic characteristics. These differences led to the difference in the interests and needs of the peoples, which gave rise to contradictions.
The collapse of the USSR caused numerous tensions and conflicts at different levels and in different regions of one sixth of the planet. Against the backdrop of a strengthening trend towards national self-determination, the rise of national self-consciousness, centrifugal, separatist aspirations of ethno-political forces appeared, putting their ambitions above the vital interests of peoples. The following can be considered the causes of interethnic conflicts on the territory of Russia: committed acts of injustice and lawlessness against certain peoples (for example, the resettlement of entire peoples); uneven economic, social and cultural development of the republics, national-cultural formations; the predominance of the sectoral principle of management, as a result of which national conditions and traditions, social and economic interests of the integrated development of territories were not always taken into account; the general socio-economic crisis that has engulfed the state; changes in the ethnic composition of the population of certain regions as a result of demographic and migration processes; the problem of relations between the indigenous and non-indigenous population of the regions; growth of national consciousness; underestimation of the national factor by power structures.
The search for mechanisms and ways to solve them is intensively conducted today in many areas. The conclusion of the Federal Treaty, the adoption of a new Constitution and a number of laws that directly or indirectly regulate relations between the subjects of the Federation, bilateral agreements on the division of powers, all this creates a legal basis not only for the development of interethnic relations, but also for the normal functioning of the entire social organism, the successful formation of a new federal statehood. The experience accumulated in this direction requires its timely and comprehensive analysis, taking into account the fact that interethnic relations are closely connected with all other types of social relations, and their content and forms of manifestation are determined by the general situation in the country.
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