Future communion. Future
The synthetic form is formed by adding the affix -learn/-єche to the base of the verb. Analytical form - a combination of the present tense form in the third person + -y / -i / -a / -´ + auxiliary verb thorgan:
eshlґєche keshe - ashli thorgan keshe - a working person;
baruchy kyz - bara torgan kyz - a walking girl.
The analytical form denotes a sign of an object that is more permanent than a sign expressed by a synthetic form.
Some participles pass without change into nouns, forming the names of professions:
ochuchy (flying, pilot); ukytuchy (teaching, teacher); satuchy (selling, seller).
Past participle
The past participle in its form coincides with the indefinite past tense in the 3rd person: bargan (descended), kitkґn (gone):
Keshe kitkn. - The man is gone.- indicative verb in the form of the indefinite past tense;
Kitk'n keshe. - Departed person. - past participle.
As you can see from the examples, it will not be difficult for you to distinguish them, because. in a sentence, the participle is always a definition and answers the question nindi? (Which?).
Future participle
The situation is about the same as with the past participle, but in the future tense there are three forms of the participle. The first is similar in form to a certain future time, the second is similar to an indefinite future, and the third is unique in its own way. It is formed by adding the affixes -asy/-ґse; -ysy/-ise to the stem of the verb. In order not to confuse it with a conditional verb, it must be remembered that the participle always determines the noun and comes before it:
kilґchґk kin - the future day; kilґse ate - next year.
The participles of the future tense are often translated into Russian with participial phrases:
yazilacak novel - a novel to be written; keeler k¿n - the day that will come; barasy ўir - the place where we will go (we need to go).
7.4. General participle (хґл figyl) describes an additional action that occurs in addition to the main one, or provides additional information about the main action. In the Tatar language, gerunds are used much more often than in Russian: they serve to create numerous analytical forms of the verb. In combination with auxiliary verbs, gerunds carry the main meaning of the action.
There are four adverbial forms in the Tatar language:
1) the most common form is formed by adding the affix -yp / -ep / -p to the stem of the verb. It is this form that is involved in the formation of analytic verbs:
basyp tora - stands (to be, standing)
yazyp beterґ - finishes writing (adds).
In combinations with auxiliary verbs for translation, it is necessary to know the meanings of auxiliary verbs (more on this in the next paragraph).
2) the second form of the participle is formed by adding the affix -ganchy/-gґnche/-kanchy/-kґnche to the stem of the verb. This form of adverb can have two meanings:
1. Anda barganchy, min concertka for bars.
Before I go there, I will go to the concert.
2. Anda barganchy, min concertka for bars.
Instead of going there, I'll go to the concert.
In the first case, the participle denotes an action that preceded the main one. In the second case, the action that the subject intends to do instead of the main one.
You can choose the correct translation option only based on the context. At the initial stage, we limited ourselves to only the first value, while you will have to master the second value yourself at a later stage of training.
3) the third form of the gerund is formed by adding the affix -gach / -gґch / -kach / -kґch to the stem of the verb.
Anda bargach, min cinema karyim.
When I get there (after I get there), I will watch a movie.
Ul kilgh, min kith.
When he comes, I will leave.
4) the fourth form is a steam room: bara-bara (walking); sіylґshґ-sїylґshґ (speaking, talking). The Russian reader gets used to this form quickly, but it must be remembered that the paired form of the gerund is used to express a repetitive or continuous action.
Kyzlar, sїylґshґ-sїylґshґ, suga kittelґr.
The girls, talking among themselves, went to fetch water.
EXERCISE
Form four forms of the gerund from these verbs and translate:
Sample: keel - kilep (having come); kilgunche (before he comes; instead of coming); kilgґch (after he came); kilґ-kilґ (coming).
Yazu, baru, kite, eshlґє, sanau, chigu, toru ( be, stand).
7.5. Auxiliary verb "ide". This verb does not have its exact meaning and can be combined both with names and with different forms of the verb. This verb always indicates the past tense.
In combination with names, it coincides in meaning with the Russian verb "was, was, were."
Let's go min ukytuchy. - I was a teacher.
Alar 1987 Nche Elda studentlar ide. - They were students in 1987.
In combination with verb forms, it forms analytical forms of tenses:
1) a verb in the form of the present tense + ide, taking personal endings of the second type:
Ming Yaza let's go. – I wrote.
Xing shared ideas. - You have said.
This is the shape past unfinished tense denotes a continuous or repeated action in the past. The meaning of this form, of course, is not exhausted by this alone: there always remains a shade of duration and incompleteness of the action.
2) a verb in the form of the indefinite past tense + ide, taking personal endings of the second type:
Min Yazgan let's go. - I (once) wrote.
Sin seilґgґn ideas. - You (once) spoke.
This past tense form denotes an action that took place in the distant past, or repeated in the past.
3) a verb in the present tense + torgan ide, also taking personal endings of the second type. This is how the form is formed past multiple tense:
Min Yaza Torgan let's go. - I used to tell.
Sin siiili torgan ideas . - You used to tell.
This form of the past tense denotes an action systematically repeated in the past.
Of course, it is possible to memorize these analytical forms of tenses, but only in the constant practice of oral and written speech can one work out their semantic shades and correct application.
EXERCISE
Put these verbs in the analytical past tense and translate them:
Sample: keel - kilґide (came); kilgn ide (somehow (once) came); kiltorgan ide (used to come).
Yazu, baru, seylґє, eshlґє, chygu, whale.
Now remember the synthetic past tenses of these verbs and compare them with the analytic forms:
Sample: keel - kilde (came); kilgun (it turns out he has come).
An auxiliary verb can also be attached to other forms of a semantic verb, thus forming an analytical verb.
Here, knowledge of the Russian language will help you: in Russian there is a particle “by”, which is, as it were, an unaccomplished “to be”. It is this particle that will help you translate analytical forms from idea.
1) yazar ide - would write (denotes an action that, under a certain condition, would take place in the future):
Address belsґm, hat yazar let's go. - If I knew his address, I would write a letter (I want to write).
2) yazgan bulyr let's go - would write (denotes an action that, under a certain condition, would have taken place in the past, but did not take place):
Address belgn bulsam, hut yazgan bulyr let's go. - If I had known his address, I would have written a letter (I won't write it again).
3) baryrga ide, yazasy ide - would go, would write (expresses the desire to perform an action expressed by the main semantic verb):
Bєgen kinoga baryrga ide. - Would like to go to the cinema today.
Kichen hut yazasy ide. - I should write a letter in the evening.
4) yazmakchy ide - I would like to write (I intended to write). Verb construction of intention -makchy/-mґkche bula discussed in paragraph 8.
Min aha hat yazmakchy let's go. - I wanted to write him a letter (I intended).
5) yazsyn ide - let him write (expresses the urge to perform an action expressed by the main semantic verb).
Nigg ul hut yazmady so? Yazsin go! - Why didn't he write a letter? Let me write!
6) In combination with a conditional verb yazsa idea the auxiliary verb is translated by the particle “would”. In this way, the conditional verb is put in the past tense:
Ul miјa khat yazsa ide, min kilgґn bulyr let's go. If he had written me a letter, I would have come.
EXERCISE
Translate analytical verbs:
baryr we go; kitґr let's go; uylarga (think) ide; yazasy ide; kitsen ide; chyksyn ide; kilmґkche ide; leopard go.
Now I will tell you about such a thing in our language, which seems to be there, but which at the same time, as it were, does not exist. These are future participles.
In general, communion is not only an unhygienic church procedure, but also such a part of speech - a verbal adjective. There is a verb "groan", and there is a participle "groaning" formed from it.
There are participles in the present tense - “breaking”, - and there are past participles - “breaking”. In the first case, the action is now happening, in the second - in the past. And now attention: what is not. The future participle would be "breaking". If “the one who breaks” is the one who breaks, and the “breaker” is the one who broke, then the “breaker” is obviously the one who breaks. Completely meaningful value. "The athlete who runs to the finish line first will receive a gold medal."
Why can we say that this form does not exist in the language? If you are a prescriptivist, then look in the Rosenthal handbook, it has all the answers. If you are a descriptivist, then try to find in the literature or at least fix the form “breaking” in oral speech. I've found five crazy things all over the Internet, although now this post will also be located by this word. The word is not in the dictionaries, it is not found in the literature. No one says that, and it would never occur to you to say so.
Why can we say that this form exists in the language? First, because the mechanism, surprisingly, is productive. You can easily form the future participle of any verb (in the perfect form). Try: draw - drawing, jump - jumping, say - say, take and do - take and do. Secondly, because you know what each of these words means, you can use them in a sentence and understand sentences with these words.
For example, I will be very grateful to readers who correctly use some participle of the future tense in the comments. This suggestion is true. In addition, it is an example of communication between native speakers using this form: you understand what I mean, and to which readers I will be very grateful. The word successfully served as a conductor of thought from the author to the reader.
Interestingly, the only participle of the future tense that is actually used in Russian is the word "future", formed according to the same scheme from the verb "to be".
Maybe the word "finder" does not exist, but it does not exist in some other sense, not in one in which the word "vozgurk" does not exist. This word doesn't really exist. None of us even know what it could mean. And the mysterious participles of the future tense, as it were, "almost exist." And you must admit, they even have some kind of ugly charm.
In short, I am in favor of using future participles. Firstly, it is always fun to troll the guardians of the purity of the language. Secondly, we will then have the only language among our neighbors that has such a feature. This is not even in English, with its system of tenses: doing - willing to do? Thirdly, it is a pity that such a serviceable mechanism in the language is idle.
How do you like the idea? Is there anyone among you who will develop the topic in the comments?
- an unconjugated verb form expressing a sign of a person, an object that arose as a result of an action: comrade(Which?), arrived from Moscow(comrade who came from Moscow);
book(which?), read me(the book I read).
The participle combines the grammatical features of a verb and an adjective. In it, as in the verb, it differs,; the participle governs the same case as the verb, the same adverbs can adjoin the participle as to the verb. But at the same time, the participle declines and agrees with the noun in gender, number and case, like an adjective.
Participles are divided into valid And passive present and past tense. There is no future participle tense.
Valid participles
Valid participles denote a sign of a person, object, resulting from the actions of this person, object: reading student book, standing table in the room.
Real participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs, retain the control inherent in the verb; real participles from reflexive verbs retain the particle (meeting, met, met).
Formation of real participles
Active present participles are formed only from imperfective verbs by adding the present tense to the stem (for the first conjugation) or -ash-/-box-
push-ut - push-ush-th (writing, writing, writing),
know - knowing (knowing, knowing, knowing),
knock-at - knock-ash-th (knocking, knocking, knocking),
pageó -yat - stró -box (pageó building, building, building).
Real past participles are formed from imperfective and perfective verbs by adding a suffix to the basis of the past tense -vsh-(after a vowel) or -w-(after a consonant) plus generic adjective endings: wrote-l(non-Nov.) - write-vsh-th, wrote-l(owl) - write-vsh-th, carried(non-Nov.) - brought sh-th, brought(owl) - brought sh-th.
Passive participles
Passive participles indicate a sign of a person, an object undergoing some action: book, read comrade(a book read by a friend); house, built workers(the house that the workers built). Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs.
The formation of passive participles
Passive present participles are formed from imperfective verbs by adding a suffix to the stem of the present tense -eat-(for the first conjugation) or -them-(for the second conjugation) plus the generic endings of the adjective:
read - read-em-th (readable, readable, readable),
vúd-im - vúd-im-th (visible, visible, visible).
From many transitive imperfective verbs, passive participles of the present tense are not formed (for example, from protect, beat, shave, bend, warm, hold, fry, measure, wash, crumple, drink, drown, clean, sew and so on.).
Passive past participles are formed from transitive imperfective and perfective verbs by adding suffixes to the stem of the past tense -nn- , -enn- , -T- plus the generic endings of the adjective: read-l - chúta-nn-th, brought - brought-yonn-th, closed-l - closed-t-th.
Suffix -nn- joins past tense stems ending in a vowel and I, Sometimes e:sow-l - sow-nn-th, out-l - out-n-th.
Suffix -enn- (or -yonn- ) is attached to stems ending in a consonant (see above for an example) or in a vowel And , which drops out (in this case, the final consonants of the stem alternate, similar to the alternations in the formation of the 1st liter of the present or future simple tense): kupú-l - purchased-enn-th(cf. buy), ask-l - ask-enn-th(cf. ask).
Suffix -T- joins the stems of verbs ending in the indefinite form in -no, -ot, -eret , and to monosyllabic stems (the prefix is not taken into account): pulled out(from take out) - taken out,number(from prick) - number one, wiped(from wipe) — wiped, bi-l(from beat) — bú-t-th(similarly: nailed, broken).
The most common are passive past participles from perfective verbs.
Participle Declension
Participles are declined like full adjectives: real participles are declined like adjectives with stems on w, w(For example, general, good), passive participles - modeled on adjectives with a solid consonant stem (for example, new): reading-th, reading-him ... reading-th, reading-him .., hú tann-th, hú tann-th etc.
Passive participles of the present and past tense have a short form, which is formed similarly to the short form of adjectives: masculine- without ending, feminine - with ending -A
, neuter - with the ending -O
, plural- with the end -s
(for all births): from favorite - love, love-a, love-o, love-s; from brought-ny - brought, brought-a. brought-o, brought-s.
In a sentence, short participles, like short adjectives, are used as a predicate (in combination with or without an auxiliary verb): Shop closed; window was closed;
Books will be bought
.
- ← Communion →
This form, however, was occasionally encountered in speech, but grammarians invariably noted that it was outside the limits of literary use. Compare, for example: “In the styles of the bookish language, especially official-clerical and scientific-business, which tend to maintain a straightforward logical parallelism between the use of participial constructions and the use of personal forms of the verb in relative sentences, there were attempts to form participles from the bases of the perfect form on - , -going (-going, -going) (...). It is known that even Gogol tried to transfer such forms from the clerical language to the soil literary speech. Prof. D. Kudryavsky wrote in “Introduction to Linguistics” (1912, p. 95): “Currently, the category of the future participle (perfect form) is apparently being created in the Russian language; in the language it is already often found, for example:
Relentless depth
Under you the opening abyss.
However, the form of the participle of the future tense was not included in the norm of literary speech" [Vinogradov 1947: 277].
V. I. Chernyshev in 1915 assessed as “an undoubted mistake” the example was promised to be placed on the first opening vacancies [Chernyshev 1915: 11], although he notes that the form of the opening “is understandable and well expresses the thought.”
A similar view is presented in academic grammars [Grammar-60: 506] and [Grammar-70:419]: such formations are recognized as singular and non-normative.
Examples are usually given from 19th-century literature; cf .: If there is a suspicious person in their province who does not present any evidence and passports, then detain him immediately (N.V. Gogol, Dead Souls); You can start a building flying to heaven (K. Aksakov). In [Itskovich 1968: 15] an example is given from the newspapers of the 1960s: If there are volunteers willing to register, the government can reopen the case against the party.
M. Epstein's virtual article provides additional examples of future participles from quite authoritative sources of Russian literature (unfortunately, sometimes without sufficient references, so we were not able to check the quotes): “St. Philaret of Moscow: ... How pitiful is the person who has already visited he who is unable to restrain his power of light! Nicholas Roerich, "Sources": But in many places folklore is no longer preserved; except where he ended up in the stationary departments of the museum, and only by chance a musician or writer will stumble upon him, wishing to revive these parchments and scrolls. (...) Recently, the poetess Olga Sedakova admitted: “I miss the participle of the future tense or something like a gerund in Russian.” And sometimes she resorts to this form, for example, "this is a saucer of water that reads the location of the planets." Like Felix Krivin: “But Cirrotauma, who has never seen the light and will never see it, shines, shines ...”. Like Viktor Pivovarov, who writes about Genrikh Sapgir: “a moral person without moralism. Easily, naturally does no harm” [Epshtein 2003]. The same article cites the Imagist manifesto of Vadim Shershenevich, who proclaimed in 1920: “Finally, it is necessary to create the communion of the future according to the principle: coming, seeing, making noise” (V. Shershenevich. 2x2 = 5. Imagist sheets // Literary manifestos from symbolism to the present day / Compiled and prefaced by S. B. Dzhimbinova, Moscow: 21st century - Consent, 2000, p. 265).
Note that V. Shershenevich not only called for the creation of participles of the future tense, but he himself formed them in his poems. Cf .: The notes of this heat with your head / Immerse yourself / Into a too warm lake of blue eyes, / And limply get entangled, like in a sedge, in eyelashes, / Who rustle about tenderness in the evening hour (V. Shershenevich, Imagist calendar).
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, examples of real participles SOV BUD cease to be sporadic, they are often found in the mass-media language and are present in large numbers on the Internet, where there is no editorial control.
At the same time, they have the same type of temporal meanings as the form of SOV BUD itself: ‘future action or state of affairs’; ‘potential action (which the subject may perform) or state of affairs (which may arise)’; ‘property of a subject or object’. Let's give examples.
Novelties that will surely interest everyone who is involved in this (Radio Liberty, Science and Technology Today, V. Kuzmin from New York); The goal is a high-quality and interesting product that will interest clubs and production centers (mus.maker.ru); “An excerpt from Ilovaisky, which will undoubtedly interest the new chronopods” (phorum.icelord.net/read.php); Surely an article of interest to you (EM, 03.08.2005).
In this region, there are many mines that are about to close (TV, Itogi, 02/04/1996);
I wonder if there is anyone who sees the deep meaning of these statements and does not notice any contradiction (Internet);
Only in this way does the self-affirmation of the immortal human I, not lost in the swells of time and space (dobroslav.onestop.net); In short, another brand new one, not lost in the company of the "old ones" (www.art-lito.spb.su);
Hardly ever buying your equipment, Sergey (powerhonda. webforum.ru);
The search for the real Pushkin, who will reveal the secret of how to become oneself (Radio Liberty, A. Genis in a program about Dovlatov); In the end, a person who discovers the laws of visual language will be worthy nobel prize(www.photographer.ru); Moving from one crevice to another, you will soon find a knife switch that will open a second white bird for you (pc-games.hl.ru); A jet plane of the Nicaraguan Royal Air Force, flying behind and about to open fire on it (F. Leiber, Wanderer, www. bestseller.pp. ru); A new market segment that unlocks the creative power of independent third-party developers around the world (sandisk.com.ua); These issues will be discussed at a meeting of representatives starting today or tomorrow European states(Radio Liberty, 05/20/1992); The climb may be steep, but the view that opens before you is worth it, worth every step you take (thefamily.dp.ua. 10/03 24.09.2001); As well as the ability to use the gaming and soon to open file server with a lot of movies, music and other necessary files! (www.kirishi.ru); The concert hall that will open in the new building of the school should become the pride of the city (www.mega.kemerovo.su/ 05.06.2003); Does anyone have photos in electronic form to post on our soon-to-be-opened site? (troll.pp.ru);
Garmash is a kind, cheerful person, a true friend, who does not spare either the last shirt or a sleepless night for a friend (EM, 02/16/2003, Ks. Larina);
Maybe there is even a daredevil who will try to prove that left-hand drive Sky left the factory? (www.tuningforum.ru); As a result, each user who tries to change the locked settings will receive an eloquent message (Internet);
And, of course, it is necessary to develop a system of compensation payments to workers who lose their earnings due to forced downtime (Capital, No. 38. 1991, p. 9); It will be bad for Ostankino, which is rapidly losing viewers (Izv., 1993, 23.2001, V. Turovsky, Which channel is more state-owned);
The established and friendly North Ossetian regime means incomparably more to Moscow than the phantom Ingush Republic, which is unknown to which shore, has washed up (NG, 05.11.1992. A. Anin);
Elected new president(...), taking up his duties on January 20 (Radio Liberty, 11/05/1992);
I wonder if there is a daredevil who will vote against the celebration of March 8? (www.teron.ru/index.php7s); Any deputy who votes for the promotion of Ukrainian policy towards Russia (...) (EM, 11/11/2003, Dm. Kiselev);
On November 13, the release of the 3rd album of the Leningrad group will take place. The album is called "Summer Residents" and consists of 17 new tracks, performed under the motto "Don't forget to water the tomatoes!" (news.mp3s.ru/view/news/2000/ll/10); "MIG" in advance joins the numerous wishes that will sound on such a serious occasion to the employees of the KRU (mig.com.ua); Gennady Seleznev said that the results of the forum, as well as all the proposals made, would be reported at a meeting with the president on Tuesday (news.mail.ru);
But now I look at the Internet and no longer grieve / shame, anger at the mouth that does not whisper “yes” (N. Gorbanevskaya, And again I hear “no” ...);
We looked with suspicion at the Americans and other Westerners who would not take a step without (...) (TV, 09.1992); The SPG also called for State Duma“pass a law making Mr. Turner's purchase of a Russian channel impossible” (www.religio.ru/arch/12Apr2001/news/); Somehow it was not thought that there would still be a person who would take the first practical step towards the death of the Galaxy movement in the form that we now have (www.uplanet.ru/archive/GSN/news/19990818/gua);
The consequence of this will be accelerated development hyperinflation, amounting to 1600-2000% by the end of the year (NG, 15.04.1992); the earth pitted, torn like your heart by a steel tooth of a plow and from which in due time a golden harvest will come out, which will make up all the happiness of a grain grower (rassvet2000.narod.ru/denis/den6.htm); An act of donation of over one hundred and fifty items and documents was signed, which will soon form the basis of the exposition "Kibalchichi: father and son" (www.aki-ros.ru/default.asp?).
Despite the numerous examples of participles SOV BUD in the texts, they still do not appear regularly enough to be able to judge the factors that promote and hinder their formation.
The formal formation of participles BUD is facilitated by the presence of a non-prefixed deriving verb having the participle NAST, then PRICH BUD can be formed by adding a prefix to this PRICH NAST; cf .: doing - doing, remaking, etc .; covering - covering, overlapping, opening, closing, etc.; carrier - bringing, carrying, etc .; losing - losing, losing, etc.
The communicative need to create the participles OWL BUD is narrowed in principle due to the ability of the participles PROSH and NAST to be used instead of PRICH BUD in some taxis contexts, that is, with the relative use of tenses. For their ability to break away from their absolute temporal meaning, see, for example: [Vinogradov 1947: 272-287]. Let's dwell on this in more detail.
First, consider the case of interchange of participles NESOV PROSH and NAST in the taxis context of the past tense; cf .: I turned around and saw a dog catching up / catching up with me. Both participles here mean essentially the same thing. “In those cases where the participle does not have an external temporal localization, in the construction with the supporting form of the past tense, the participle of the present tense conveys simultaneity with the action in the past” [Kozintseva 2003: 183]. PRICH PRES in this case also “transmits an action that unfolds simultaneously with the main one and against the background of which the main action develops” [Ibid: 186].
Let's return to PRICH BUD. Usually, replacements of PRICH BUD with PRICH SOV PROSH and PRICH NAST are admissible in case of non-specific-referential status of the subject. Let's look at a few examples.
You will be afraid of anyone who raises a hand against you [you can raise and even raise NESOV in a productive multiple]. Pragmatically, there can be only one sequence of situations: first someone will raise their hand, then the subject will be afraid; therefore, any of these participles will characterize the action as preceding. Moreover, this is consistent with the usual use of participles PROSH SOV in the context of future tense verbs [Ibid.: 184].
For any question that interests you (...), you will receive an answer [possibly interested]. As in the first case, statements with different forms of participles are pragmatically equalized: first someone will be interested in the question, then they will receive an answer.
The Tallinn City Hall intends to initiate a bill that will make compulsory drug treatment possible [perhaps doing]. Making possible here in any time plan (initiated a bill that makes possible), as PRICH NAST characterizes the permanent property of this bill. Therefore, it easily replaces PRICH BUD.
However, it is not clear whether he will want to provoke a large-scale crisis that will jeopardize the implementation of a key treaty [possibly putting]. The situation is the same as in the previous example.
The theatrical agency Rosemary moved out of its place and opened an office in a new location (...) in order not to be associated with the soon-closing Mondial [can be closed in the meaning of Praesens propheticum, if the situation is relevant at the time of speech, or closed if the situation belongs to the past].
In comparatively rare cases, replacement is not possible, for example, when the future is explicitly opposed to the past or present; compare:
Believe me, this is a worthy person who has done a lot and is still doing for Russia!
Perhaps the scientist of the Future, who put an end to this study, is now basking on the Artek beach under the Crimean sun.
The poor critic, who has never written a single story and will not write a single one - what is it like for him to criticize Leskov and Chekhov! And the profession obliges [an example from M. Epstein's article].
Consider one more case when replacement is impossible (an example is also from the article by M. Epstein):
Believing the fortune-teller's prediction, the king was afraid of the birth of a son who would raise a sword against him.
The chain of events here has the following order: first, the fear of the king, which exists even before the future event (the birth of a son) and relates to this future event; then the birth of a son; the event following the birth: the son will raise the sword against the king. Meanwhile, PRICH PRESENT SOV and PRICH NAST in the context of the past tense verb would have the meaning of simultaneity (see above commentary on the example with the dog on pp. 213-214).
But such examples are few.
Apparently, this pragmatic temporal "universality" of existing participles erroneously extends to the use of new participles SOV BUD in situations where they are impossible in meaning - namely, when it comes to the past and the participles SOV PROSH should be used; compare:
My acquaintance with them began with the song 'Nights Without Soft Signs' performed on the DDT studio compilation 'On the Road' (www.rockinform.com); Nadezhda Babkina's song 'Volokolamsk Bells' (www.orion-tv. ru); [Public interest] in the problems of Central Asia can be explained by the words spoken at the conference: “The security of the European Union begins with the Hindu Kush” (www.tpec.uz).
However, the non-normative lack of agreement in time is also found in other forms of participles. So, the participle NAST instead of PROSH is used in the following example: Here is an incomplete list of words that sounded (instead of sounded) yesterday at the session (MK, 11/29/1990, T. Tsyba).
New variants usually meet with the resistance of the bearers of the traditional norm. But this does not apply to future participles. Recognizing their unusualness, both linguists and ordinary native speakers of the Russian language note their necessity and convenience for expressing this meaning. See, for example, V. I. Chernyshev’s assessment: “The word usage is unusual and bold, although understandable and well expressing the thought” [Chernyshev 1915: I; cit. according to: Itskovich 1968: 15]. The real apotheosis of the participles of the future tense are the mentioned articles by M. Epstein.
Despite the calls of some and the benevolent attitude of others to the participles of the future tense, despite the emergence of sporadic formations for a long time, they have not made their way into the norm of the literary language. At the moment, we cannot judge what impact the existence of the Russian language on the Internet will have on the literary language.
E.G. Shimchuk,
Candidate of Philology,
Associate Professor of the Russian Language Department
Faculty of Philology
Moscow State University M.V. Lomonosov
At the turn of the 20th-21st centuries, changes were found in the verbal system of the Russian language, which indicate the activation of previously episodic real participles of the future tense such as reading, coming, illuminating, hearing. Recall that participles in the Russian grammatical system have three forms: the present and past tenses of the imperfective form (reading, reading) and the past perfect (reading). However, since the beginning of the XXI century. the question of whether the ban on the use of forms previously occasionally formed from perfective verbs with the help of the suffixes -ushch-/-yushch- and -ashch-/-yashch- and -ashch-/-yashch- has been repeatedly discussed in special works (see. especially , ), as well as at linguistic conferences and on the Internet. I will quote the recent words of the famous philologist D.P. Bak: “It is not clear to me why it is impossible to say a flying ball. This grammatical cell exists in Russian” .
Nowadays, in Internet publications of any type and on sites of various subjects, real participles of the perfect form of the future tense are more and more often found such as wishing, bringing, doing, hearing, seeing. Without touching yet on the question of non-normativeness of these forms, let us consider their meaning. They are noted, as a rule, in sentences with a verbal predicate, expressing the relations of succession and at the same time preserving their own semantics of the future. Here are some examples. In the sentence: a person who speaks Belarusian will be considered a “black sheep” (www.liveinternet.ru/users/kladovka/.../page2.html) (This and the following examples from the Internet were checked in August 2014 - January 2015. Spelling and punctuation are left unchanged. Passportization is based on the documents contained in the relevant sources) - the participle has the meaning of the previous action in relation to the future situation, which in this context is described by the corresponding form of the conjugated verb (he will speak, and then he will be considered a black sheep). Note that here it is permissible to replace the participle of the future tense with the form of the past: the person who spoke .... will consider .... However, there is a difference between these two uses: the past participle describes the past, correlating it with any plan of time, while the future participle in a similar context cannot correlate what is described with the present or the past, cf.: ... speaking ... will consider / consider / consider ... and ... the speaker ... will be considered / * considered / * considered .... The participle of the future tense can also express following in relation to a future action: I will give the idea of one project, simple, but perhaps even bringing you money (530.ru/wwwboards/mkontrol/2445/messages/828806.shtml). Here, it is impossible to replace the participle with –sch with the past participle. In the following example: people who have never read and will not read the book already have their own opinion, and not at all about the author (www/respublika-kaz.biz/news/tribune/1858/) - the highlighted participle also relates the described situation to the plan hypothetical future, correlating it with the plan of the present. The presence of a comparison (those who did not read and did not read) makes it impossible to replace the participle of the future tense with another tense form. In the sentence: you went to our website in search of specialists who will make an elite foundation for you (stroytaun.ru/foundation-slab), - where the participle we are interested in describes a potential future situation, replacing the participle with another tense form is also excluded. (Of course, the place of the construction with the participle of the future tense can be taken by a synonymous subordinate clause with the future tense form of the conjugated verb, cf.: specialists who will make the foundation > specialists who will make the foundation).
Participles in -sch can also denote a potential sign correlated with the future tense: I'm not talking about the orphaned crowds (≈crowds that will be orphaned) of the primitive ... electorate, which in the 21st century will not be able to feed itself on its own (echo.msk. ru.29.02.2012); I never thought that in our time there will be someone who can (≈who can) not only understand, but also convey the mood of the classic (fan-fantasy.com).
The volume of the article does not allow increasing the number of examples (for more details on the meaning of the future participles, see), but the illustrations shown show that the future participles have their own grammatical zone. However, the communicative need for their use is not acute: the meanings corresponding to them, as a rule, can be expressed by other means.
Insufficient “perfection” of the new form leads to errors in its use. Wed with the given examples the following: This is one of the very few albums of intellectual rock music that will be released in 2014 (instead of those that have been released, because we are talking about an album that has already been released - E.Sh.) (http://kirdos- master.livejournal.com/). It is known that such errors are possible when using participles permitted by the norm.
Before attempting to assess the prospect that opens up before the activated form, let us recall that individual participles with the meaning of the future tense have been noted in Russian monuments since ancient times. They have been treated as exceptions in historical grammars. In the XVIII and XIX-XX centuries. they, remaining peripheral, were possible in the Church Slavonic language and in the bookish style of the Russian literary language: this is evidenced, in particular, even by the data of the National Corpus of the Russian Language, in which we managed to find 3 forms of interest to us - wishing, coming and testing, all - in philosophical or religious-philosophical texts of the late XVIII - early XX centuries. Compare: Anyone who does not wish to fulfill what is prescribed to him by civil laws can apologize (P.S. Baturin. Study of the book “On Errors and Truth”. 1790); In her arms she (Our Lady) carries a formidable baby who will come once to judge the world, she knows the minute of this phenomenon (P.V. Annenkov. Travel notes. 1842-1843). Blessed are those who test his testimonies, with all their hearts they will seek him (S.N. Bulgakov. The light of non-evening. 1916). Single contexts with such participles are also noted in the language fiction this era, but the authors of grammars speak of them as violations of the norm. In the XX century. a similar assessment is given to the participles of the future tense by the authors and: pointing out that examples of their use are few, the creators of academic descriptions of the Russian language system characterize the participles of the future tense as non-normative.
The derivation of participles into the type of singing, thinking, trying out of the circle of permitted ones, and today remains an unshakable requirement of normative benefits. In the “Practical style of the modern Russian language”, for example, we find the following wording: “Replacing subordinate clause participial turnover [in a complex type The singer who sings a difficult part will be accepted into the troupe of the theater - E.Sh.] is impossible, because in modern Russian participle forms in -sch (with the meaning of the future tense) are not formed. Thus, the rule remains in effect. It should nevertheless be noted that in the latest online edition they are called (for the first time!) “not quite normative” [decree. cit., p.1 of the section “Real participles of the present tense”].
However, there was also a demand to “legalize” the participles of the future tense (see, for example,) - taking into account the fact that they are organic for the Russian language and the number of their uses is growing rapidly. Is there any basis for this at present? The check shows what is now on the Internet, as well as in the early XXI c., contexts are still numerous only with a fairly narrow range of participles known to researchers of the previous decade, such as wishing (29,600), able (20,500), doing (6,500), seeing (2350); some other participles do not lag behind or approach them - such as interested (11000), opening (7650), bringing (3000), losing (2800), coming (2100), writing (1 500), replacing (1460) helping (838), testing (580). Accounting for all forms for each education gives even more impressive numbers. However, without denying, for example, the fact that the number of uses of different forms of individual participles turns out to be very significant (for example, for those who are able it exceeds 80,000), we must not forget that the total number of documents indexed by one of search engines("Google"), by now exceeds 60 trillion, so that in this space the share of our sacraments turns out to be vanishingly small.
The “share” of the most frequent participles of the future tense can still be estimated using numbers expressing the percentage ratio of the shares of the use of normative and non-normative participles (they are based on Internet data).
In Table I, the first column shows the total number of uses of the following five participial forms of prefixed verbs and their non-prefixed correlates:
1. perfect future tense (wishing, able, coming, doing, interested),
2. perfect form of the past tense (wished, managed, came, did, became interested),
3. imperfect present tense (wishing, able, going, doing, interested),
4. imperfect past tense (wishing, able, walking, doing, interested),
and in the second - the percentage corresponding to each group of the total number of occurrences:
Total in % %1
1. owls. bud. 59,000 ≈ 0.005
2. owls. past 4,109,000 ≈ 40
3. carry present 4,617,000 ≈ 45
4. mismatched past 1,444,000 ≈ 15
As these tables clearly show, the participles of the future tense also retain their marginal character in the modern Internet. This conclusion does not contradict the observation that the appearance of separate sacramental formations becomes regular.
First of all, the participles of the future tense of derivatives of prefixed verbs of the type wishing, playing, trampling, preparing, connected in the language system with paired or correlative in terms of type generating ones, compare: wishing - wishing, playing - playing, trampling - trampling, preparing - preparing and so on. Dozens of pairs of such units have been found. Prefixed members of such pairs can be represented by a significant number of uses, and single occurrences. We emphasize that it is the future participles of perfective prefix verbs that are usually evaluated by native speakers of the Russian language as acceptable. A certain deterrent role is played by the possibility of the appearance of some dissonant combinations of sounds, for example, a confluence of hissing sounds or an accumulation of labialized vowel sounds - this probably explains the low frequency of forms such as chewing, untying.
It is also possible to predict the probability or difficulty of forming the participle of the future tense by the type of its verbal meaning. Their formation is predictable in verbs with the meaning of an instant action (see, hear) or its complete and final completion (do, write). On the contrary, verbs expressing meaning in relation to a specific time interval (to remain silent, work out, shout) are not inclined to form participles of the future tense.
The last limitation can be explained by the fact that the specific semantics is incompatible with the meaning of the future and rather hypothetical (and therefore indefinite, vague) attribute. In general, the participles of the future tense are still unproductive today: they significantly lose in this respect even to the passive participles of the present tense, which are regularly formed only from certain types of verbs. Therefore, it is still impossible to answer the question of when the participles of the future tense will enter the literary language.
The analysis of the functional and stylistic distribution of participles of the future tense leads to the same conclusion (The proposed characterization of the functional distribution of participles of the future tense in the Russian Internet is partially based on, see cit., pp. 30-35). They are common in the following types of Internet texts: (a) fiction, (b) journalistic, (c) texts reflecting irregular written speech, which can be close to colloquial.
It can be seen that in the texts of the first type, participles of the future tense are possible, while in prose they are noted more often. Here is a typical example from modern prose: And if suddenly on your horizon appears worthy person who makes you a marriage proposal, you should know that you are free from all conventions (I. Gribkova. “The cycle of love”).
In artistic (or pretending to be) texts, participles sometimes represent a conscious deviation from the norm or an element of a language game - as in anonymous poems quoted in: , / In turn, and able to resurrect.
In Internet journalism, that is, works on a variety of topical social topics, contexts with participles of the future tense are not uncommon: There are many mines that are about to close in this region (TV, Itogi, 02/04/1996); Garmash is a kind, cheerful person, a true friend, who does not spare either the last shirt or a sleepless night for a friend (EM, 02/16/2003, Ks. Larina); "MIG" in advance joins the numerous wishes that will sound on such a serious occasion to the employees of the KRU (mig.com.ua); before the dismissal of Sergei Oborin from Amkar, hardly anyone imagined that Rashid Rakhimov, who would come in his place, would be able to pull the team out of the basement standings(chapionat.ru/football/2006/12/01/article-7582.html). The use of participial forms in journalistic texts indicates a fairly free attitude of their authors to the literary norm.
There is little to no regulatory oversight in private, informal Internet communications. A liberal attitude to the norms of the language creates conditions for the consolidation of new forms. A noticeable increase in the frequency of participles of the future tense in the new speech sphere, perhaps, gives some grounds for the assumption that these forms are closer to the literary norm. It is interesting, in particular, that even understanding the unusualness of the participial form, the author can keep it: It’s good that there are older ... comrades who don’t give (wow, turned it around, right?) to completely goof off (http://forum.buhgalteria.ru/lofiversion/index .php/t2265.html) (example from). A conscious choice of participles of the future tense is also noted, for example, when expressing opposition: Everything that interests me and possibly interests you (rebenok 89.livejournal.com); there are billions of goods that instantly lose and lose all demand (Howl at the cold silver of the moon. Livejournal 26.XI.2011).
Of course, it is necessary to continue monitoring the functioning of the participles of the future tense in modern Russian.
Literature
1. Epstein M.N. Do future participles have a future? // Linguistics and poetics at the beginning of the third millennium. International scientific conference. IRYA RAS. M., 2007.
2. Glovinskaya M.Ya. Real participles of the future tense // Modern Russian language. Active processes at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. M., 2008.
3. New magazine. “Russian language in modern world". No. 258. Boston - New York, 2010.
4. Vlakhov A.V. Participles of the future tense in Russian. Final qualifying work of the bachelor of philology. SPb., 2010.
5. Buslaev F.I. Historical grammar of the Russian language. M., 1959. S. 110, 378.
6. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. The grammatical doctrine of the word. M.; L, 1947. S.277.
7. Grammar of the modern Russian literary language / Otv. ed. N.Yu. Shvedova. M., 1970. S. 419.
8. Russian grammar /Ch. ed. N.Yu. Shvedova. T.I. M., 1980. S.667.
9. Russian grammar. M., 2014 (http:/rusgram.ru).
10. Belchikov Yu.A. Practical stylistics of the modern Russian language. M., 2012. S. 227.
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