Subordinate clause of time. Subordinate clauses in English: meaning, features, examples What is a subordinate clause

Topic: Complex sentences

Lesson: Complex sentences with clauses of place and time

Subordinate clauses indicate a place or space where an object is located or something happens, and answer the question where?, where?, from where?. Usually subordinate clauses come after the main part: “ Go where your free mind takes you..." (A. Pushkin.) The main part may contain indicative words there, there, from there - These are adverbs that act as adverbs of place in a sentence: “I went where all my classmates went.” A subordinate clause can also appear before the main clause. This technique is used to enhance the semantic meaning of the subordinate clause. Most often this is observed in proverbs, sayings and aphorisms: “Wherever you throw it, there’s a wedge everywhere.” (Proverb) Subordinate clauses are attached by allied words where, where, where. To determine the type of subordinate clause, you need to look at what it refers to and what question it answers. Compare: Everywhere(where everywhere?), where necessary, children's playgrounds were built. - Village ( what village?) There was a lovely corner where Evgeniy was bored.(A. Pushkin). In the first case we have a subordinate clause, and in the second case we have a subordinate clause.

Subordinate clauses of time answer questions When? how long? since when? How long? etc. Subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence by conjunctions when, while, only, as soon as, barely, while. Main clauses can have demonstrative words then, until then. If the main part contains an adverb with the meaning of time, including an indicative word Then, the subordinate clause is added to the main conjunction word When: « We met when I was preparing for admission.”

The actions mentioned in the main and subordinate clauses can occur simultaneously or sequentially. When actions occur simultaneously, conjunctions are used when, while, as long as, how, while. In the sequence of actions, simple conjunctions are used when, barely, as soon as, only, slightly, etc. These are stylistically neutral unions. Unions for now and a little have a conversational tone. All compound conjunctions ( while, before, before etc . ) have a connotation of bookishness. Unions for now, as soon as before, before outdated. Union How may in some cases give speech an archaic connotation, in others - a colloquial one.

Homework

Questions

1. How to distinguish a subordinate clause from a subordinate clause?

2. How are subordinate clauses attached to the main sentence?

3. How are subordinate tenses attached to the main sentence?

4. From which sentences should subordinate clauses be distinguished?

Exercise 1. Determine the type of subordinate clauses.

(1) What did you read this week while we weren't seeing each other? (A. Chekhov.) (2) The village where Evgeny was bored was a charming corner. (A. Pushkin.) (3) Sit down where you can. (D. Rosenthal). (4) I don't know where I can buy a new textbook. (5) She smiled and bowed, and they all loved it when she smiled at them. (F. Dostoevsky.) (6) In the evening of the same day, when the barracks had already been locked, Raskolnikov lay on his bunk and thought about her. (F. Dostoevsky.) (7) There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth. (L. Tolstoy.)

Exercise 2. Determine how the subordinate clause is attached to the main clause.

(1) Where once everything was empty, bare, now the young grove has grown. (A. Pushkin.) (2) While other children were playing football, he played the violin for hours. (3) He laughed and went wherever he wanted. (M. Gorky). (4) When we met him, he was five years old. (5) We entered the classroom when the bell rang. (6) He lived at a time when there was no television.

Exercise 3. Write down the numbers of sentences from Exercise 2, in which subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause using allied words. Make a conclusion about the type of subordinate clauses.

1. Efremova T. F. New dictionary Russian language. Explanatory and word-formative. - M.: Russian language, 2000 ().

2. Reference and information Internet portal “Russian Language” ().

Internet resources used

1. Preparation for the Russian Language Olympiad ().

Literature

Russian language: Textbook for 9th grade. general educational institutions / S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Czech. M.: Education, 2011.

Russian language. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions /M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvova, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; edited by MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta, - M.: Bustard, 2011.

Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing M.: 2012

Unified State Exam in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Demo version control measurement materials of the 2013 unified state exam in the Russian language, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS”.

Demonstration version of control measurement materials for conducting state (final) certification (in a new form) in the RUSSIAN LANGUAGE in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 of students who have mastered the basic general education programs main general education, prepared by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF PEDAGOGICAL MEASUREMENTS”.

Subordinate clause of time

A subordinate clause that indicates an action or manifestation of a characteristic that is correlated in time with the action or manifestation of a characteristic referred to in the main sentence. Subordinate clauses answer the questions when? how long? since when? How long? for how long? and relate to the predicate of the main sentence or to the circumstance of time, clarifying it. When the owner came out and took the light with him, darkness came again(Chekhov). Every time I arrived, Olesya greeted me with her pleasant, discreet dignity.(Kuprin).

Temporary relationships can be complicated by conditional investigative, explanatory, etc. I don’t find it funny when a painter worthless to me stains Raphael’s Madonna (Pushkin) ( Wed; ...if a painter is unfit for me, he stains Raphael's Madonna; ...that a worthless painter is dirtying Raphael’s Madonna for me).

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what a “subordinate clause of time” is in other dictionaries:

A subordinate clause is the dependent part of the main clause in a complex sentence. Example: Petya ran away from class so as not to miss the concert. By analogy with the minor members of the sentence (definitions, additions and ... ... Wikipedia

A subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence, in which the contents of the main and subordinate parts are compared in some respect (in terms of coexistence in time, from a quantitative or qualitative point of view... ...

Syntactically dependent predicative part complex sentence containing a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word. Vladimir saw with horror that he had driven into an unfamiliar forest (Pushkin). Describe the feeling I had at that time... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

A sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words. It’s not a waste of effort if it produces such results (N. Ostrovsky). The battle is won by the one who firmly decided to win it (L. Tolstoy). Subordinating connection... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

- (SPP) is a type of complex sentence, which is characterized by division into two main parts: the main part and the subordinate clause. The subordinating relationship in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is, the main part presupposes... ... Wikipedia

WHEN, 1. Asks. adverb. What time? When will you come? When did she die? || In a rhetorical question that assumes the answer never. When did a dog run from a hare? 2. relates. adv. Which one, which one, which one, which one (depending on... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Self-name: yəw láà:l Countries: Chad ... Wikipedia

- (gram.). By the name S. (σύνδεσμος), Greek grammarians understood the part of speech that maintains the connection and order of speech and fills empty spaces in it. Thus, this term among the Greeks covered everything that we mean by the general term... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Errors in complex sentences

Errors in complex sentences- 1. The variety of complex sentences manifests itself in various forms: a) a subordinate clause and a member of a simple sentence are used as homogeneous constructions, for example: “On ... ... A reference book on spelling and style

Books

• Presente de Indicativo, Presente de Subjuntivo in Spanish. Usage, construction, signal words, rules and exercises, Tatiana Oliva Morales. In this textbook the tenses Presente de Indicativo, Presente de Subjuntivo are examined in detail; their use, construction, signal words, irregular and deviant verbs;...

Temporal subordinate clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the characteristic, which is mentioned in the main part of the sentence. Subordinate clauses answer the questions “when?”, “how long?”, “since when?”, “until when?”, “for how long?” and refer to the entire main part: As you enter the cast-iron gate (when?), a blissful shiver will touch your body (A. Akhmatova); Across the blue waters of the ocean, only the stars sparkle in the sky, a lonely ship (when?) rushes, rushes with all sails (M. Lermontov); Someone put a letter on the hoop. and disappeared (when?) before Marya Kirilovna had time to come to her senses (A. Pushkin); As we moved towards Lake Khanka, the current became slower (when?) (V. Arsenyev).
Subordinate clauses can perform the function of spreading the main part when there is no time adverb in it: The sun was already high when I opened my eyes (V. Garshin); When we were returning back, the forest completely woke up and came to life and was completely filled with birds' joyful hubbub (A. Kuprin), or to clarify the circumstance of time present in the main one: Before, when I was younger, my relatives and friends knew what to do with me.. (A. Chekhov); In the spring, when the earth thaws, people also seem to become softer (M. Gorky).
Temporary relationships in complex sentence can be complicated by cause-and-effect and comparative-adverse: When a person is tired and wants to sleep, it seems to him that nature is experiencing the same state (A. Chekhov); While the servants were managing and fiddling around, the master went to the common room (N. Gogol). In these sentences, time relationships are relegated to the background. Uncomplicated time relations are established only in those sentences whose subordinate clauses contain an indication of certain definitions of time (When ten years passed...; When morning came, etc.).
Temporary subordinate parts can occupy any position in relation to the main part. Restrictions are associated only with those cases when they clarify the meaning of the time present in the main part of the circumstance and, naturally, are placed after it: And now, as soon as I close my eyes, I see only my parents’ house (S. Yesenin); Everywhere where there was a forest before, white canvases of moonlight lay on the ground (V. Kataev).
A certain order of parts is also associated with the use of double conjunctions. In such cases, the main part, which is necessarily post-positive, has words-clips: Rostov had barely managed to hand over the letter and tell the whole Denisov matter when quick steps came pounding from the stairs (JI. Tolstoy); When a writer turns from a storyteller into a thinker, then he is a true artist (Yu. Bondarev); When he opened his eyes, attentive warm sparks were already shining in them (A. Kuprin).
The order of parts is also required in sentences like: Less than ten minutes passed before we set off; The peasant did not have time to gasp before the bear settled on him (I. Krylov), where temporary relations are created by the general semantics of lexically limited and structurally related phrases, and... how; I didn’t have time... how, not a day passed... so that I didn’t have time... ah. Such sentences are expressively colored (a type of sentence with so-called mutual subordination).
Complex sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with the relation of simultaneity and sentences with the relation of different times. These relationships are expressed by means of communication (conjunctions and allied words) and tense meanings of verbs.
The relation of simultaneity is expressed in sentences with subordinate, attached conjunctions when, while, as, for the time being, as long as, while and forms of verbs (usually verbs in the main and subordinate parts of the imperfect form of the same tense).
A conjunction when it serves to express relations of simultaneity without emphasizing the coincidence in time of the actions of the main and subordinate parts: It is especially good in a gazebo on quiet autumn nights, when a leisurely vertical rain rustles in a low voice in the garden (K. Paustovsky); There were moments when she screamed with talent, died with talent (A. Chekhov); Grandfather was a resourceful old man and did not disdain to make money on the side when he drove a cab (F. Gladkov). Quite rarely, the conjunction as (archaic or colloquial) is used in the same meaning: As the hay harvest approached, it became dry, hot weather(Yu. Nagibin). The conjunction when can be correlated with the adverb then in the main part, emphasizing the moment of coincidence of action: Similar thoughts began to come to my mind at the end of my life, when I was settling scores with my youth (V. Kataev); Then it’s a holiday for the orphan when they give him a white shirt (Proverb).
The conjunctions while, as long as, for the time being, emphasize the coincidence of the terms of action, show that the action of the main part fits entirely into the time interval of the action of the subordinate clause: Or not me for four years, while the war was suffering, all kinds of weather were shaking, all kinds of riding were shaking (A. Tvardovsky); And while the maddened beast rushed around the cage, the owner of the menagerie admired him, admired his strength (V. Bianchi); Strike while the iron is hot (Proverb); While we were crossing the clearing, the Turks managed to fire several shots (V. Garshin).
The conjunction while (with perfective verbs) emphasizes the moment of coincidence of the action of the subordinate part with the action of the main one: While my friend stopped, a large butterfly flashed before my eyes (S. Aksakov); While Yegorushka was looking at the sleepy faces, quiet singing was suddenly heard (A. Chekhov).
The relation of different times is expressed by the conjunctions when, while, while, until, after, since, as soon as, only just, just now, just, just a little, as, barely, only, before, earlier than, before how, as well as the relationship between the aspect forms of predicate verbs and the order of arrangement of the main and subordinate parts of the sentence.
Complex sentences with the relation of different times have two main varieties: in some sentences the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate clause, in others the action of the main part precedes the action of the subordinate clause.
The most common are constructions indicating that the action or state referred to in the main part of the sentence follows the action or state indicated in the subordinate clause. To express such a sequence in time, conjunctions are used when, after, since, since, as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, just, only, only, barely, as, barely, only. The predicates in this case are expressed by verb forms of the perfect form and, less often, of the imperfect form.
Since the conjunction is also used in sentences with the relation of simultaneity, the main means of expressing a sequence of actions or states is the perfect verb form in the subordinate clause.
Complex sentences with the conjunction when, in the presence of perfective verbs in the main and subordinate parts, indicate that the action of the main part follows the action of the subordinate part: When the drummer entered the hut, Petya sat down away from him (JI. Tolstoy); When the tramp of his horse had already died down, I walked around to the terrace and again began to look into the garden (JI. Tolstoy). The presence of an imperfective verb in the main part of the sentence serves as a means of indicating that the completion of the action of the subordinate part coincides with the continuation of the action of the main one: When you know a lot, it is difficult to compose (D. Granin); And when, through the waves of incense, the choir thunders, rejoicing and threatening, those same inevitable eyes look sternly and stubbornly into the soul (A. Akhmatova).
In complex sentences with conjunctions like, as soon as, as soon as, as soon as, just, just, only, just, barely, barely, it is barely indicated that the action or state of the main part of the sentence follows the action or state (or its beginning) of the subordinate clause especially quickly : This story continued every time Azamat (M. Lermontov) came; And as soon as he sees his native land in the darkness of the night, again his heart trembles and his eyes burn with fire (M. Lermontov); A little morning illuminated the cannons and the blue tops of the forests, the French were right there (M. Lermontov); As soon as morning came, the singing of the doors was heard throughout the house (N. Gogol); As soon as the sun came out from behind the mountain and began to illuminate the valley, the wavy clouds of fog dissipated (L. Tolstoy).
The conjunction after indicates that the action of the main part of the sentence begins only after the end of the subordinate clause: After the glasses prescribed for me were made, the time came to leave Moscow (M. Isakovsky); For some reason, ice drift begins most often on dark nights, after “the ravines begin to form” (K. Paustovsky).
The union since then emphasizes the initial moment of action of the main part: Since she refused Andrei, the old man was officially dry with Iona, and Marianna barely answered her (V. Panova). Complex conjunctions after, since others can be dismembered, in this case only the conjunction remains in the subordinate part: Since my coachman was riding behind, he seemed to become more cheerful and talkative (JI. Tolstoy).
Another group of sentences with a multitemporal relationship consists of sentences in which the action or state of the main part precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause. In such sentences, the subordinate clause is added through conjunctions before, earlier than, before, while, while, as long as.
Sentences with conjunctions before, before they can be complicated by comparative-adversative relations: And, even before Seryozhka could see what it was, he realized from the chattering that filled the steppe that it was a detachment of motorcyclists moving (A. Fadeev). Such a complication may not exist: Before teaching a boy, I must know his soul (A. Chekhov); It was necessary to try many roads before settling on any of them (N. Dobrolyubov).
An uncomplicated indication that the action or state of the main part of the sentence precedes the action or state of the subordinate clause is contained in sentences with the conjunction before: In the hut, still hanging on a nail, to the right of the door, is my father’s miner’s jacket, just as he hung it himself when he arrived with work before going to the military registration and enlistment office... (A. Fadeev); Before setting off again, Alexey Meresyev cut a stick from a juniper tree (B. Polevoy). The union before it can be dismembered; He rushed out of the house at the very last moment before the roof collapsed (V. Ilyenkov).
The same meaning can be conveyed by conjunctions so far, for the time being, while, but indicating the limit up to which the action of the main part continues: But on other days I had to peer and rummage for a long time until I found a family of boletus in tight caps - (V. Nabokov); I’ll go to bed and whisper poetry until I fall asleep (M. Gorky).
The designation of the limit can be emphasized by the presence in the main part of the combination until: For some reason, I did not attach any importance to the silent instruction of the dog and was busy with my thoughts until a new rustle was heard from behind me (M. Prishvin).
Among complex sentences with time clauses of this type, there are sentences whose clauses acquire greater independence, which brings these sentences closer to complex ones. Such transitional cases between composition and submission arise when using the conjunction like (in combination with suddenly): I was about to get up and try my luck again, when suddenly my eyes stopped on a motionless human image (I. Turgenev); Andriy accelerated and was about to overtake Golokopytenko, when suddenly someone’s strong hand grabbed the reins of his horse (N. Gogol).
It is necessary to distinguish subordinate clauses from other subordinate clauses, attached by the conjunctive word when: Such blissful moments happen (what kind?) when a person wants to be silent (V. Povolyaev) - attributive clause; Even before the trial, it was discussed in the cells (what?) when they would be taken to the stage (L. Tolstoy) - explanatory clause; Whenever I evil person was, so would I (under what condition?) let the prey out of my hands (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) - subordinate clause; When Karetnikov woke up, he could not (when?) take his head off something solid (V. Povolyaev) - subordinate clause.

Municipal educational institution

"Savaleevskaya secondary school"

9 Class

“Complex sentences with clauses of time”

Teacher of Russian language

and literature

December, 2008

LESSON #29

Lesson topic: CLAUSES OF TIME

The purpose of the lesson: formation of skills:

1) recognize subordinate clauses, distinguish them from other types of subordinate clauses

proposals; determine their place in a complex sentence, methods

connections between subordinate tenses and main ones;

2) correctly place punctuation marks in the specified types of sentences;

3) make synonymous replacement of complex sentences with

clauses of time.

I. Spelling work.

At first you drive along a winding track; someday you will tell briefly; constantly shows initiative; you will never offend your brother; you will leave tomorrow; once upon a time in an ancient castle; recently prevented an accident; on the eve of the holiday; you wake up at the crack of dawn; hand in your work on time; First you need to find a quote in the book.

II. Recording proposals.

Students must find the circumstances of the time, determine what questions they answer, how they are expressed, and what they relate to.

1) Having entered the yard, Mishka dismounted and tied the reins to the porch. (M. Sholokhov.) 2) And always, day and night, there was a ring of strong darkness around those people. (M. Gorky.) 3) Almost all flowers turn to follow the sun during a long day.

III. Analysis of proposals.

Students determine the type of subordinate clauses, what questions they answer, how they are connected, what they explain; draw up sentence diagrams.

1) As soon as I descended from the steep heights, the freshness of the mountain waters blew towards me. (M. Lermontov.) 2) While I was taking a nap, the moon rose. (L. Tolstoy.) 3) As soon as I jumped into the saddle, the horse, completely ignoring me, rushed down the street. (K. Simonov.) 4) As the sun warms, the red berry grows. (Proverb.) 5) While the fire was burning, it was light and warm. 6) Whenever I come to him, he is always at work. 7) Since his father died, his brother has taken care of the orphaned family.

IV. Studying NGNs with clauses of time

1. It is quite possible to entrust the explanation of this topic to one of the previously prepared strong students. As we explain, we fill in the corresponding columns of the “Types of subordinate clauses” table. Let us consider the difference in the structure and meaning of sentences in which subordinate clauses are added in one way using the example of exercise 80.

2. Analysis of proposals.

Ask questions, make diagrams, determine the type of subordinate clauses, explain the placement of punctuation marks:

1) We ran to the station when the train was already leaving.

When (). They came running (when?). Subordinate adverbial clause (meaning of time).

2) Tell me, when does the train leave?

, (When...). Tell me (what?). Subordinate explanatory clause.

3) There are cases when a legend is created by a certain person.
, (When...). Cases (which ones?). Subordinate clause.

4) When the cranes chirped and the rage in the song of the black grouse subsided,
then the second drake swooped down.(Yu. Koval)

When () and (), [then...]. It swooped in then (when exactly?). Homogeneous adverbial clauses (meaning of time). Both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause and are connected coordinating conjunction and therefore there is no comma between them.

5) And now five centuries have passed since the artist died, but his creations are alive.

As (), a . Gone (since when?). Subordinate adverbial clause (meaning of time). There is a coordinating connection between the first two sentences and the third; a comma is needed before the conjunction a.

6) When the night dew and mountain wind refreshed my burning head and my thoughts returned to normal order, I realized that chasing after lost happiness was useless and reckless.().

When () and (), [then...], that (). Got it (when?). Homogeneous adverbial clauses (meaning of time). Both subordinate clauses belong to the same main clause, are connected by a coordinating conjunction, and therefore a comma is not placed between them. Got it (what?). Subordinate explanatory clause.

V. Working with the textbook

We perform the exercise orally, “in a chain”. We make diagrams of sentences 2-6 on the board.

The exercise is written (you can do it selectively: even sentences are made by the 1st option, odd ones by the 2nd). After completion of the work - mutual verification.

VI. Vocabulary work

Write down the words in the working dictionary within: cannonade, ballet, opera, ecology, ecological. Find out their origin using a dictionary of foreign words. Make up complex sentences with these words using subordinate clauses of place and time.

VII. Entertaining linguistics

Residents of Moscow are Muscovites and Muscovites. What do the residents of St. Petersburg, Tula, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk, Perm, Kursk, and Nizhny Novgorod call themselves?

(Petersburger, Petersburger, Petersburgers; Tula, Tula, Tula; Voro-Nezhets, Voronezhka, Voronezhites; Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk; Permyak, Perm, Perm; Kuryanin, Kuryanka, Kuryans; Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod.)

Ex. 141 (oral; performed collectively under the guidance of a teacher).

VIII. Training exercises.

1. Writing down sentences with the task of comparing them; determine the type of subordinate clauses, the means of their connection with the main one; make diagrams.

1) While we were getting ready, my father came. - We had to wait until they sent someone to help. 2) More than two hours have passed since I joined the boys. - Since my brother returned home, he has never remembered what happened. 3) I don’t know when this will be. - We get to know friends and loved ones at the hour when trouble threatens. - When dusk came, I had to return home. 4) There are autumn nights, deaf and silent, when calmness stands over the black wooded region. (K. Paustovsky.) - When the sun descended to the horizon, the even yellow light was reflected in the thick autumn cobwebs that covered the meadows. (K. Paustovsky.)

2. Exercises on synonymous replacement of sentences.

1. Compose two simple sentences into a complex sentence and a complex sentence with a subordinate clause.

1) It’s starting to get dark. The tree trunks smelled damp and tart. 2) The rain has stopped. Everything became quiet, as if frozen.

In what case are parts of complex sentences more independent? In which sentence - complex or complex - does the temporal meaning appear more clearly?

2. Replace the complex sentence with a simple one isolated circumstance, expressed by the participial phrase. In what case is replacement not possible?

1) As soon as we entered the forest, we immediately found ourselves on a path. (V. Arsenyev.) 2) As soon as the girl took hold of the gate of her home, her strength left her. 3) When you think about the behavior of the characters in a book you read, try to evaluate
their actions and behavior.

(Replacement is possible if the predicates of the main and subordinate clauses denote the actions of the same person or object; in the second case, replacement is impossible.)

Homework: ex. 147 (written), 149 (oral); write down the words from the boxes (p. 68) in the student dictionary; find in explanatory dictionary the meaning of these words, remember their spelling.

Temporal clauses contain an indication of the time of the action or manifestation of the sign, which is mentioned in the main part of the sentence. The subordinating relationship in them is formed using conjunctions: “when”, “yet”, “not yet”, “slightly”, “whenever”, “for now”, “as”, “barely”, “since”, “moreover”, “as”, “until”, “while”, “as soon”, “just a little”, “before”, “before”, “after”, “in while." Let us remind you that subordinate clauses are attached to the main part only by conjunctions.

They can perform the function of spreading the main part when there is no time adverbial in it:

The sun was already high When I opened my eyes(Garsh.),

or clarify the circumstance of time present in the main one:

Now, When the cars turned towards the pass, the sea was left behind and a noisy mountain forest stood before our eyes(Paul.).

Complex sentences expressing temporal relations are divided by meaning into sentences with the relation of simultaneity and sentences with the relation of different times. These relationships are expressed by means of communication (conjunctions and allied words) and aspectual and temporal meanings of verbs.

Temporary relationships in a complex sentence can be complicated by cause-and-effect and comparative-adverse. For example:

Whena person is tired and wants to sleep, then it seems to him that nature is experiencing the same state(Ch.); - [when?, under what conditions?]

For nowthe servants were managing and fiddling around, the master went to the common room(G.). - [when?, for what reason?]

In these sentences, relationships in time are relegated to the background; sentences are classified as temporary because there are no other semantic connections grammatical expression and are discovered only by taking into account the meaning of specific sentences.

Uncomplicated time relations are established only in those sentences whose subordinate clauses contain an indication of certain definitions of time (When five years have passed...; When evening has come...).

Temporal clauses can occupy any position in relation to the main part. Restrictions are associated only with those cases when they clarify the meaning of the time present in the main part of the circumstance and are naturally placed after it:

Now, When everything had already become known, I was very sorry for my brother;

In the evening, When I went to the House of Pioneers, there were long lines at the newsstands for “Evening”(S. Bar.).

A certain order of parts is also associated with the use of double conjunctions. In such cases, the main part, necessarily postpositive, has the following words:

BarelyRostov managed to deliver the letter and tell the whole Denisov matter, How quick footsteps came down the stairs(L. T.);

I How went to his rooster, So I hear that another one has arrived at the same time(Cupr.).

The order of parts is also required in sentences like:

Less than ten minutes had passed since Sergei was sitting on the plane(Bab);

Before you even have time to open your mouth, they are already ready to argue(G.),

where temporary relations are conveyed using special lexical means. Such sentences are expressively colored. This is a type of sentence with so-called mutual subordination. Subordinate clauses of time can convey two types of temporal relations: relations of simultaneity and relations of different time.