Separating adverbs with commas in a sentence. isolated circumstance
Circumstances expressed in adverbs
Can stand apart circumstances expressed by adverbs (single or in combination with dependent words), for the purpose of semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: He silently bowed again(L.); ... A moment later, in the yard, from nowhere, a man ran out(T.); A quarter of an hour before sunset spring, you enter the grove (T.); Music, still flew to us(T.); Awakened rooks, silently and alone flew over the earth(Ch.); Me, as if by accident doused with water(Ch.); Passing Theater Lane, I, almost always, I saw a man at the door of a small shop(M.G.); Misha lowered the book and, not right away, answered quietly...(M.G.); But youth is stubborn and in my own way smart(M.G.); ... Nadezhda sat on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly(M.G.) - with a hint of attachment; The next day in the evening trot, Alexey came running(M.G.); And so, unexpectedly for everyone I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.); She, barely audible walked around the room again(Cupr.); Here, to spite them all tomorrow morning I'll sit down for books(Cupr.); Around them - prone - lay Ivan Gora(А.Т.) - dashes instead of commas are optional; On a steamship - front - machine guns(A.T.); Sometimes he made a request timidly, shyly(Cat.) - with a touch of attachment.
Phraseological turnover can act in the same function: Once at the crossroads out of nowhere black Dog(Ch.); …Then, no hesitation, took hold of its bracket and ... for a long, long time I stayed behind this door(Boon.).
§ 21. Separate additions
1. Depending on the semantic load, the degree of distribution of the turnover, proximity to the main part of the sentence, etc., nouns with prepositions (or prepositional combinations) can be isolated except for, instead of, in addition to, over, apart from, along with with and others (conditionally called additions) with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, i.e., restrictive or expanding value. The optionality of their isolation is evident from the following comparisons:
At the outpost instead of sentry there was a collapsed booth(P.). - IN a place of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(P.); He wanted to speak again, but instead of words a muffled gurgling came out of his chest.(Grig.). - With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, saw completely different places unknown to me(T.);
And Mikhail Sinitsky became a Red Army guard, a participant in all the glorious deeds of his magnificent battalion, carrying along with all combat hardships(Floor.). - Mr Hopkins, along with other people in gray helmets, stood still(Kor.);
No matter how a person tries besides school, acquire knowledge on his own, he will still be, as they say, self-taught. - Many of the fighters in addition to his rifle, were armed with captured machine guns(Floor.);
You will receive everything you need over pension(T.). - Grandpa ordered over a month to give the poultry house half a pood of wheat flour every month for pies(Ax.).
Examples of standalone add-ons: The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys(T.); Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Ax.); Everyone took part in the general conversation, except for Kitty and Levin (L.T.); Here, except for a small table with a mirror, a stool and rags, hung in the corners, there was no other furniture and, instead of a lamp a bright fan-shaped light burned(Ch.); For lack of space in the outbuilding, they gave me a room in the count's mansions(Ch.); I really liked the story except for some details(M.G.); crew mood, beyond the usual was upbeat(N.-P.); All, with the exception of Vari, loud applause for the singers(Step.); Four guns alternately sent shells there, but, beyond Grigoriev's expectations, gunfire did not cause any noticeable confusion in the ranks ...(Sh.)
2. Pretext except has two meanings:
1) "with the exception of someone-something", "excluding someone-something": Besides the seagulls there was no one in the sea(M.G.);
2) “above someone else”, “in addition to someone else”: Except the old man two more came to us that day(Ch.). In both meanings, turnover with a preposition except usually separates:
1) (exception) In addition to the big smoke in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leon.); House, except for this room stood boarded up(A.T.); Everyone smiled except for the lieutenant(Kaz.); He expected anything Besides;
2) (inclusion) In addition to dishes and sauces, there were a lot of pots on the table(G.); Now heard except for the rooks, human voices(A.T.); Except for the wild beast There are different kinds of birds in these places.
However, in the press there are also non-isolated turns with the preposition except with include value: In addition to salary they also receive bonuses; In addition to drawings more drawings were attached; Except hosts there were guests in the room; Except your chemistry there are other sciences.
The variability of punctuation allows in some cases to clarify the text; compare: Others were invited except you(the meaning of the exception: "they invited others, but you were not invited"). - P invited others except you(inclusion meaning: "you were invited along with others").
Sometimes the volume of a separate turnover with a preposition except with the meaning of inclusion varies depending on the meaning introduced into the sentence. Wed: In addition to recordings of live dialect speech, on the ground there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e., recordings of live dialect speech are an additional source to those already available on the ground). - In addition to recordings of live dialect speech in places, there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e. field records are an additional source to other sources available).
Usually, separates turnover from except with negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what: I could not distinguish anything, except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (P.); On the hunt, Uncle Eroshka ate one piece of bread for days and drank nothing but water (L.T.); Nobody, except for the sun and the blue sky, doesn't look at him(M.G.); Who, apart from ourselves should take care of the protection of nature?; What, apart from condemnation can cause disrespect to society?
Isolate themselves turnovers with combinations except for jokes And Besides(in the meaning of the introductory word): We are evil to no one except for bears don't do(Mark.); Jokes aside do you like these kind of books?(Dost.); Mechik finally convinced himself that Baklanov was much better and smarter than him, that Baklanov, Besides, very brave and strong man (F.). turnover Besides separates after the union: And besides…; But besides…; If, moreover...; However, besides… etc.
3. Turnover with a preposition instead of used and separates in two cases:
1) as an addition depending on the verb-predicate: Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the deaf and distant side(P.) - the turnover is associated with the predicate, since both of them “could expect me”; separation is optional;
2) as a special construction not controlled by the verb-predicate: Instead of an answer Kirila Petrovich received a letter(P.) - the turnover is not syntactically related to the predicate, since the phrase is not formed file a response; Instead of answering some request, Zurin wheezed and whistled(P.) - the same: the word answer lexically incompatible with words wheezed and whistled; isolation Necessarily.
Wed Also: In addition to their work, I now also work in the Radio Committee(Paul.).
But if the suggestion instead of has the meanings “for”, “in exchange”, then the turnover with it is not isolated: Instead of a bay stallion Korzh was given a thick white gelding(Dick.); Instead of a fur coat put on a coat; Went to the meeting instead of the manager.
Some circumstances, expressed by case forms of IP and, less often, by adverbs, are isolated as a result of acquiring an additional semantic load in the sentence. This is especially true for the circumstances of time and place: Once in the spring, at the hour of an unprecedented hot sunset, two citizens appeared in Moscow, on the Patriarch's Ponds.
These circumstances are deliberately highlighted in order to emphasize their significance. Separate circumstances can be joined by words due to, due to, thanks to, due to, contrary to, for lack of, in case, to avoid, according to, on occasion, despite and have different circumstantial meanings: reasons - Due to the many guests who arrived, no one slept alone ; conditions - I stood on the corner of the site, firmly resting my left foot on the stone and leaning forward a little so that, in case of a slight wound, I would not tip back; concessions - In the houses, despite the early hour, lamps burned; time - With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, the Muscovites' view of their position not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous. All these circumstantial turns complicate the simple sentence with additional predicativity, as a result of which the sentence as a whole becomes synonymous with the complex one with the corresponding clause. The circumstances expressed by the adverb are less often isolated: The next day, in the evening, trotting, Alexei came running. Separation of revolutions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution. Turnovers with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution can be separated depending on the degree of their prevalence, as well as their location in the sentence. Such turns are included in the sentence with the help of prepositions and prepositional combinations except, in addition to, instead of, including, excluding, except for, over, etc. and denote objects included in a homogeneous series or, conversely, excluded from it, or objects replacing others : From a full boiler, all the Cossacks were cheerful, with the exception of Stepan Astakhov; I think, apart from Russia, there are no such days anywhere in the month of September; Mr. Hopkins, along with other men in gray helmets, stood motionless; Beyond any expectation, my grandmother gave me several books; The rest of the yard was occupied by a long thatched shed, instead of a carriage shed and instead of a stable for horses. Often such turns are referred to as separate additions, however, this assignment is at least conditional, because these word forms do not denote the subject to which the action passes or which is the result of the action. Separation of clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence. A simple sentence can be complicated by clarifying, explanatory and connecting members, which are combined by a common emphatic intonation and the function of an additional message. The isolation of the position of such members of the sentence is explained by their functional purpose - they additionally characterize certain members of a simple sentence (both secondary and main). The general function of the additional message can be instantiated in different ways. Clarifying members, referring to one or another member of the sentence, narrow the concept they convey, or in some way limit it: In the Crimea, in Miskhor, last summer I made an amazing discovery - the word form in Miskhor narrows, specifies a circumstance that is broader in Crimea. Most often, the circumstances of place and time are specified, since both of them can be designated very generally and indefinitely: there, there, from there; everywhere, everywhere; then, then. Such general indications of space and time need to be specified: In the autumn, in the rains, the river will become recalcitrant and dangerous. In addition, the circumstances of the course of action may be specified, for example: He was carefully shaved to a pink gloss on his cheeks. Clarifying can be not only a circumstance, but also a definition. As a rule, an inconsistent definition, more specific in meaning, is located with an agreed definition that expresses a feature in its general view : The boat was moving all the time in a black, almost ink-colored, shadow cast by high coastal cliffs. The pronouns that, this, that, which are too general in meaning, are often concretized: Chichikov was a little puzzled by such a somewhat harsh definition. Applications can also be clarifying: Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats. The explanatory members of the sentence are the second names in relation to the first, expressing this or that concept is not sufficiently specific. This is another designation for the same concept. They may have a direct indication of their explanatory nature, i.e. have special unions: that is, namely, or (meaning that is): ... It was Alexander Timofeevich, or simply Sasha, a guest who came from Moscow ... (Ch.). But such unions may not exist, but the meaning of the explanatory members remains the same: In relations with outsiders, he demanded one thing - the preservation of decency. Explanatory relationships often characterize definitions. But these definitions are not isolated, they are only separated from the definition ahead: Strange way! At the thirtieth, last verst, nothing bodes well. The relations of clarification and clarification differ as follows: when explaining, two concepts act as a semantic identity, but verbally expressed in different ways; when clarifying, there are names of two different concepts, of which one is more general, the other is more specific. The connecting members of the sentence can be connected with the sentence through words and combinations: even, for example, in particular, especially, especially, including, and then, and moreover, and moreover, and more: It was very warm, even hot. Insert structures. A simple sentence can be complicated by words and constructions that do not enter into a subordinate relationship with the members of this sentence, i.e. do not form phrases with them and do not show grammatical dependence on them. In this sense, introductory constructions are considered grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence. In terms of meaning, they are closely and directly related to the content of the statement. Introductory are words, combinations of words and sentences that express the speaker's attitude to what was said, give a general assessment of the message, and also indicate the source of the message, connection with the context, etc. The value of evaluation - modal, emotional, expressive - is the leading value of introductory constructions. Plug-in constructions contain additional messages, incidental information. They explain, interpret, comment in various respects on the main sentence. Both introductory and plug-in constructions stand out intonationally in the sentence, delimited from it. They are characterized by a special intonation of introduction (intonation of inclusion or deactivation). a lowering of the voice and an accelerated tempo of pronunciation compared to the pronunciation intonation of the rest of the sentence. Plug-in constructions comment on the content of the sentence or its individual members, explain it, clarify, justify, provide additional information. They have the character of incidental remarks about the content of the main sentence and stand out intonationally, breaking and violating its intonational unity. The pronounced general functional purpose of insert constructions combines units of various grammatical design: from the minimal and simplest (for example, only an exclamation or question mark that conveys an attitude to thought) to complex sentence or even an entire paragraph. For example: It was a magnificent (!) spectacle, as I was later informed. - insert sign; Journals of foreign literature (two) I ordered to be sent. - insertion word. Inserts, by virtue of their purpose in speech - to convey additional information - can only be located in the middle of a sentence or at the end. They cannot start a sentence, unlike introductory words, combinations and sentences. Inserts usually contain information that arose at the time of the utterance, not expected in advance. This is due to the peculiarities of relaxed oral speech. However, they can also be “planned” in advance as units that destroy the syntactic one-dimensionality of the statement, as a special way of presenting thoughts, a way of the author's commenting on the text. Can be made out: 1) as members of the sentence, with the preservation of the syntactic connection, excluded from the composition of the sentence: This word means a woman who is overly delicate in her concepts of honor (female) - touchy; 2) as subordinate parts of the sentence: While such conversations were taking place in the reception room and in the princess's rooms, the carriage with Pierre (for whom it was sent) and Anna Mikhailovna (who found it necessary to go with him) drove into the courtyard of Count Bezukhov. In other cases, insert constructions are devoid of a structural connection with the sentence, they are independently designed and do not reflect the grammatical connection with the members of the main sentence. As a rule, these words and combinations are put in the form nominative case, for example: On the same day I was already at the apartment of Nikitin (the name of the son-in-law). Thus, many plug-in constructions are functionally and syntactically close to the members of the sentence, the subordinate parts of the complex sentence, and the connecting constructions. And their specificity consists only in an interstitial character, in violation of the syntactic unilinearity of the sentence. Plug-in constructions can perform not only the function of an additional message, but also modal-evaluative functions, approaching introductory constructions. However, these insertions, complicated by evaluative meaning, retain their main functional quality - they are additional units included in the sentence, destroying its syntactic one-dimensionality. This introductory words, combinations and sentences, designed as plug-in constructions: The knot that seemed unsolvable, which tied Rostov's freedom, was resolved by this unexpected (as it seemed to Nikolai), unprovoked letter from Sonya. Plug-in constructions can perform a purely auxiliary function, for example, when making links to a citation source.
1. Participle turns, as a rule, are isolated, regardless of the location in relation to the verb-predicate.
For example: Reaching for the beams, shaking their heads, horse shoals(Ser.); Not wearing caps, went out on the porch(Shol.); Getting pissed off at night, the forest sank and fell silent, drooping with wet branches of pines(Sparrow); Leaning back on the comfortable, soft back of the seat in the trolley bus, Margarita Nikolaevna was driving along the Arbat(Bulg.); Lisa, looking at Nikolai Vsevolodovich quickly raised her hand(Dost.); After[Anna] pushed off with sticks and ran through the thickets, leaving swirls of snow behind (Paust.).
The circumstances expressed by gerunds and participles have an additional meaning of predicativity, which is characteristic of the gerund as a verb form. Therefore, often gerunds and participles are perceived as additional predicates.
For example: My friend and I returned to our compartment. old lady, putting down the book and trying to ask something, did not ask and began to look out the window(Spread) (compare: The old woman put down the book and tried to ask something, but she didn’t ask..).
However, gerunds and participles are not always able to be replaced by conjugated forms of the verb. They denote different signs of action and can be replaced by separate participial phrases with additional adverbial meaning.
For example: Doctor, unable to talk to crying women, sighed and walked quietly around the living room. unable to speak to crying women, sighed and quietly walked around the living room(Ch.).
It is the presence of a circumstantial shade of meaning that functionally brings together adverbial and participial phrases.
Many participles and adverbial phrases that have adverbial significance can be compared with the subordinate clauses of complex sentences.
For example: Judging by his hesitant movements, by the expression of his sullen face, which was dark from the evening twilight, he wanted to say something(Ch.) (compare: Judging by his hesitant movements...)
2. The adverbial phrase after a coordinating union, subordinating union or allied word is separated from it by a comma, despite the absence of accentuating intonation(intonational union is included in the turnover).
For example: And Korney turned slightly on the irradiation and, following with a thoughtful glance the flashing horseshoes starts talking(Boon.); The prince told me that he would also work and that, having earned money, we would go by sea to Batum(M. G.); In the pocket of his riding breeches Sergey felt crumbs of shag and, gently flicking its contents into your hand, wrapped a thick clumsy cigarette(Sparrow.).
Depending on the context, the union a can either be included in the participial construction or link the members of the main clause.
For example: It is necessary to understand the essence of perestroika-consciousness, and having understood this, join the active struggle for it. - It is necessary to understand the essence of the restructuring of consciousness, and, having understood this, not be content with just verbal calls for it.
3. When combining adverbial constructions, punctuation marks are placed in the same way as with homogeneous members of the sentence.
For example: He went, staggering and still supporting his head with the palm of his left hand, and with his right hand quietly tugging at his brown mustache (M. G.).
If adjacent adverbial phrases refer to different predicate verbs and conjunction and are not included in their composition, then they are distinguished as independent constructions.
For example: He stood, leaning against a pile of cibics of tea, And, looking around aimlessly drummed his fingers on his cane like a flute(M. G.) ( he stood and drummed).
Adverbial phrases located in different parts proposals are made independently.
For example: Sergey, standing for another minute, slowly walked towards the pile of coal and, neatly laying the floor of the overcoat, sat down on a large piece of anthracite(Sparrow) ( Sergey went ... and sat down); Chest pushing the door, Sergei jumped out of the house and, ignoring the dry bush that tore at the body and the pine branches whipping across the face, ran, panting, forward, into the very thicket of the forest(Sparrow) ( Sergei jumped and ran);wagons, tapping on railroad junctions, lazily moved behind the locomotive and, clanging buffers, quiet again(Sparrow) ( The carriages moved and fell silent);Scattering, like a flying witch, smoky braids, scarletly illuminated from below, rushed away, crossing the highway, the southeast express(Boon.) ( The southeast express was rushing).
4. Restrictive particles only, only those standing in front of adverbial constructions, are included in their composition.
For example: So she lived without love, just hoping for it.
The same is true in the presence of comparative conjunctions that begin a participle construction. For example: Two people walked along the dark stairs, then three... procrastinating and lingering everywhere, as if afraid to get down to business (Fed.).
5. Single gerunds are isolated while maintaining the verbal meaning. The conditions for their isolation are the same as for adverbial phrases.
For example: Waves played, and Shakro, who was sitting on the stern, then disappeared from my eyes, sinking with the stern, then rose high above me and, screaming, almost fell on me(M. G.); Charmingly lying face up, watching the stars flare up(M. G.); Whispering as if dancing, grandfather appeared(M. G.); At first, they moved by car at the speed of a pedestrian, now and then they scratched with a trim and, backing away, went around the stones(Hall.); With a creak, the doors closed. Darkness filled the car. Only the moon, curious, looked out the window(Sparrow); Accustomed, eyes distinguished a pile of bodies on a cement floor(Sparrow.).
6. Single gerunds and participles are not separated:
1) if gerund has lost its verbal meaning.
For example: Horses run slowly among the green hilly fields(Boon.); Sergey lay for a long time without moving.(Sparrow);
2) if d her participle is included in a stable turnover: work tirelessly; run with tongue out run headlong; listen with bated breath; listen with open ears.
For example: In difficult days, he worked tirelessly with us(Nick.);
3) if the gerund or adverbial turnover is among the homogeneous members of the sentence along with other parts of speech.
For example: He said in a whisper and not looking at anyone; Klim Samghin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people (M. G.);
4) if the participle construction acts as a circumstance of the mode of action and closely adjoins the verb-predicate(in function it approaches the adverb).
For example: This exercise do sitting on a chair; This exercise is done while standing. Compare, however, with the strengthening of the verb: Engineer, lying down, read his mining art(Fad.) ( the engineer lay and read).
7. Single gerunds may or may not be isolated depending on the context.
For example, when acquiring the meaning of a clarification, the gerund is isolated: The children were constantly making noise(compare: the children were making noise).
The isolation or non-isolation of the gerund may depend on the meaning of the verb-predicate (the non-isolated gerund participle can be replaced by an adverb).
For example: Shel do not stop (walked non-stop); asked do not stop (the gerund denotes the second action - he asked, but did not stop for this).
The isolation or non-isolation of the participle is also affected by its location; compare: He walked along the garden path without looking back. Without looking back, he walked along the garden path.
8. Separation or non-isolation of a gerund may depend on its type. So, gerunds ending in -а, -я, more often express the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action and therefore do not stand apart.
For example: She entered smiling(compare: Smiling she entered the room; She came in smiling at your secret thoughts ).
The adverbs ending in -v, -lice convey other shades of adverbial meanings (reasons, time, concessions), which contribute to isolation.
For example: She screamed, frightened; Frightened, she screamed.
9. Turnovers with words in spite of, in spite of, looking at, on the basis of, starting with, thanks to, after, performing the function of derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations, are isolated or not isolated according to the conditions of the context.
Turnovers with words despite, despite are isolated.
For example: Despite the bad weather we're on our way; Criticized at the meeting regardless of faces; Sleepy, like a branch drowned in a pond of sleep, Ney carried in her arms a splendidly sleeping son, who scattered, despite its small size, heroic legs and arms(Color); Despite doctors' orders, I wrote the story "Colchis" in Maleevka(Paust.); Science must be done with clean hands.
The turnover with words despite is not isolated only in the case of a close semantic connection with the verb, moreover, in postposition.
For example: He is did despite the doctors ban (compare: Despite doctors' orders he did it).
Turnovers with words starting with, looking at, later, acting in the meaning of prepositions, are not isolated.
For example: Let's act depending on circumstances (compare: act according to circumstances);Starting Tuesday the weather changed drastically(compare: The weather has changed dramatically since Tuesday.); Some time later came the weighers(M.G.).
If these turnovers have the meaning of clarification or addition, then they are isolated.
For example: We will act skillfully and quickly, depending on circumstances; Last week, starting from tuesday the weather has changed dramatically.
The turnover with words based on can have two meanings: when the verbality is strengthened, when the action denoted by it correlates with the subject, it is isolated; in the absence of such a connection, it is not isolated.
For example: It turns out that not only we, who suddenly discovered the need for a new science - bionics, strive to learn, understand and use the properties of living nature in the most beneficial way; our ancestors did it long before us, based on your knowledge and needs (Chiv.). Compare: He designed the project of the house,. – Project developed based on planned cost.
The turnover with the word thanks is isolated or not isolated depending on the degree of prevalence and location.
For example: Thanks to the rains the earth was soaked with moisture. - Earth, thanks to the rains, soaked in moisture.
Circumstances expressed by nouns and adverbs
1. Circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases can be isolated for incidental explanation or semantic emphasis.
For example: And Natasha with painful surprise, looked at the discharged people(Boon.); I walked, walked on the cold and damp sand, trilling with my teeth in honor of hunger and cold, and suddenly, in a vain search for something to eat, going behind one of the chests, - I saw behind him a figure crouched on the ground in a miserable dress(M. G.); One of the spots, in the center of the pattern, looked very much like the head of the owner of the chair.(M. G.); A small, verdant city, when viewed from above, made a strange impression...(M. G.); The rafts sailed on in the midst of darkness and silence (M. G.); When evening came, I from evil to their failures and to the whole world, decided on a somewhat risky thing ...(M. G.); At night, against the rising wind, the detachment went to the port for landing(Plat.); For eleven years during daily driving must have had a lot of interesting adventures(Ch.).
Such circumstances usually carry an additional semantic load and are synonymous with verb constructions (compare examples: ... because he was angry at his failures and at the whole world; ...because I traveled every day).
2. Most often, explanatory adverbial members of a sentence include derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations (despite, in view of, in order to avoid, due to, on occasion, due to, if available, according to, in contrast to, in contrast, due to, in the absence, regardless of etc.), showing their specific circumstantial meaning and giving them the form of turns.
For example: Decayed, gray-blue from time to time balcony, from which, due to lack of stairs, it was necessary to jump off, drowned in nettles, elderberries, euonymus (Bun.); Lonely and useless because of this peace, the peaceful sound of chewing horses, in view of the desert, imprinted in the dark and already again silence(Ser.); Snowstorm silently, mockingly stared at him, holding his gaze, slightly moving his satin black eyebrows and showing with his whole appearance that, no matter what questions will be put to him and how they will force him to answer them, he will not say anything that could satisfy the questioners(Fad.); But, contrary to the possible, the sun came out bright red, and everything in the world turned pink, reddened(Sol.).
With a low prevalence of such members of the sentence, there may be options in their punctuation, dictated by a different word order.
Turnovers with derivative prepositions and prepositional combinations must be separated,if they are located between the subject and the predicate : a break in their direct connection and contributes to the allocation of revolutions. The same is true when the natural connection between the controlling and controlled words is broken. In other positions, especially in less common sentences, such turns do not complicate the sentence with special accentuating intonations and may not be isolated (without a special task for that).
For example: To avoid gas leakage faucet off. - Disabled to avoid gas leakage, tap; He did it out of habit. - He, out of habit, did it; According to the order the group has been disbanded. - Group, according to the order, disbanded; In the absence of corpus delicti the case has been terminated. - Case, for lack of corpus delicti, terminated.
3. Circumstances expressed by nouns may be distinguished by a dash if there is a need for special emphasis on such circumstances.
For example: At our last meeting, Oleg asked to bring a common notebook with hard "crusts" - for taking notes lying down (gas.); It[creative imagination] created science and literature. AND - at great depth- in many ways, the creative imagination of at least Herschel, who discovered the majestic laws of the starry sky, and the creative imagination of Goethe, who created Faust, coincide with each other(Paust.); The poor poets in lightning, in storms and thunders– sang inspirational songs about the beauty of friendship, noble impulses, freedom and courage(Paust.); Immediately after the birth of the boy, Dyakonov ordered Schwalbe to adopt him and give him the surname Koporsky at baptism - at the place of birth of the boy in the city of Koporye, near Oranienbaum (Paust.).
4. In special cases, for semantic emphasis, some circumstances expressed by adverbs can be isolated (with or without dependent words) . The conditions for their selection are the same as the circumstances expressed by nouns in oblique cases.
For example: He stood before me, listened, and suddenly, silently, baring his teeth and narrowing his eyes, like a cat rushed at me(M. G.); Misha put down the book and, not immediately, quietly answered(M. G.); And so, surprise for everyone, I brilliantly passed the exam(Kupr.).
Usually, when separating circumstances expressed by adverbs, commas are used, however, as in other cases, dashes are possible to emphasize circumstances more strongly.
For example: The boy sniffed his nose in embarrassment, incredulity, but, realizing that there was nothing terrible, but, on the contrary, everything turned out to be terribly cheerful, he frowned so that his nose turned up, and also - quite childish- burst mischievously and thinly(Fad.).
Even from the school bench, many have retained the idea that, unlike participles, gerunds are always distinguished by commas, regardless of the presence of dependent words and the place in the sentence. In fact, this idea is not entirely correct - the separation of gerunds and participles has its own characteristics. Within the framework of this article, we will consider the isolation (and not isolation) of single gerunds. Read about in the corresponding article.
General rule this is - single gerunds are isolated (highlighted on both sides by commas) if they express an additional action, and are not isolated if they express a shade of the main action. For example:
* "She opened the door laughing" (two actions - "when she opened the door she laughed").
* “He walked slowly along the road and listened to the birds singing” (“slowly” is a shade of the main action).
First of all, gerunds become such shades, which, in principle, have practically lost their verbal meaning and are perceived rather as adverbs - “silently”, “slowly”. The situation is more complicated with those gerunds that are isolated or not isolated depending on the context. For example, "She opened the door laughing." This participle can be seen as a connotation of action (how exactly did she open the door?) or as an independent action (when she opened the door, she laughed). Accordingly, a comma will or will not be placed depending on the meaning that the author puts into the sentence.
The following can serve as a kind of hint when deciding on the placement of a comma: as a rule, shades of action are expressed by gerunds that come immediately after the verb. However, they can be replaced by an adverb or a noun with a preposition. For example, “without stopping” - “without stops”, “slowly” - “without haste”, “smiling” - “with a smile”. Some sources also indicate that gerunds ending in "-a" and "-o" are more often shades, while those with "-v" and "-vsh" are additional actions.
The participles torn off from the verb are often isolated.
Compare:
* She said hello with a smile.
* She said hello with a smile.
* "Smiling, a girl in a beautiful dress handed him a balloon."
Now let's pay attention to some subtleties regarding the placement of commas with isolated gerunds. In particular, if two homogeneous (that is, related to the same verb) single gerunds are connected by the union “and” (as well as “either”, “or”, etc.), then no commas are placed around this union - by analogy with homogeneous members offers. For example, "Running and pulling up, she quickly brought herself into shape." The same applies to the separation of adverbial turnover and single gerund. Separating themselves in relation to the whole phrase, these members of the sentence are homogeneous among themselves (for this, the participles must certainly refer to one verb).
Also, commas are not put if the union “and” connects an adverb and a gerund participle related to the same verb - such members of the sentence are also considered homogeneous (plus, such gerunds often express shades of action). For example, "He answered quickly and without hesitation." At the same time (by analogy with homogeneous members of a sentence), if there is no connecting union or there is a union “a” or “but”, then a comma should be placed between the adverb and the participle: “He answered quickly, without hesitation.”
If the adverb begins subordinate clause and has the word “which” as a dependent, then this gerund participle is not isolated. The same is true if the gerund has other dependent words. "I dream of such a dress, finding which I will feel like a queen."
Isolate themselves circumstances, expressed:
1) gerunds:
single: After eating, the child fell asleep.
as part of adverbial phrases: After discussing the results of the work, we dispersed.
2) circumstances with a pretext despite: Despite the rain, the children ran away for a walk.
3) comparative turnovers with unions: as, as if, exactly, as if, what, than, than and others similar: Clouds, like cotton wool, floated low and slowly above the earth.
On the punctuation of simple sentences with special circumstances.
There are general and particular conditions of isolation. The first relate to all or most of the secondary members, the second - only to their individual types. The general conditions for isolation include the following: 1) word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of a sentence member, 3) the clarifying nature of one sentence member in relation to another, 4) the semantic load of a secondary sentence member.
The order of words matters for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances. A prepositive definition expressed by a participle or an adjective with explanatory words is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades of meaning), a postpositive one, as a rule, is isolated. Wed: A chicken tied by the leg was walking around the table (L.T.). - At the porch there were several wagons and sleighs pulled by goose (Ax.). The meaning of the word order when separating definitions is also reflected in the fact that the prepositive definition immediately preceding the word being defined is not isolated, but the definition torn off from the subsequent defined word by other members of the sentence , is isolated. Compare: Snow-covered huts sparkled brightly in the sun (Grig.). - For a moment illuminated by lightning, in front of us is a birch trunk (M. G.). Compare: A few years ago, an old Russian master Kirila Petrovich Troekurov (P.) lived in one of his estates. - About two months ago, a certain Belikov, a teacher of the Greek language (Ch.) died in our city. Compare: Near the porch, smoking, ten Cossacks crowded (Shol.). - Sergey removed Vera, nodded to her and left whistling (A.N.T.). The degree of prevalence of the member of the proposal is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances, additions. A single postpositive definition is usually not isolated, a common one is isolated. Wed: He looked around him with indescribable excitement (P.). - The willow, all fluffy, is spread out around (Fet). Wed: Some literate cook from the kitchen ran away to his tavern (Kr.). - Memory, this scourge of the unfortunate, even revives the stones of the past (M. G.). Wed: - Did you see it? - asked smiling grandmother (M. G.). - A belated hawk flew briskly and straight up in the sky, hurrying to its nest (T. ). Members of a sentence with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion and substitution with prepositions except, instead, in addition to, etc., show a tendency to isolate depending on the degree of prevalence. Cf .: ... Instead of words, some kind of muffled gurgling came out of his chest (Grig.). - ... Instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, I saw completely different places unknown to me (T.).
The clarifying nature of one member of the proposal in relation to another is important for isolating definitions, applications, additions, and circumstances. For example: Thick, guards cloth, pants did not fit either the artisan or the farm laborer (Cat.); There were only two of us, Russians, and all the rest were Latvians (N. Ostr.); I want one thing - peace (Cupr.); Far away, somewhere in the thicket, a night bird groaned (M. G.); All night, until the cock's dawn, Chapaev measured the map and listened to the valiant snoring of the commanders (Furm.).
The semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence is important for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances. A prepositive definition that has only an attributive meaning is not isolated, but a definition complicated by adverbial meaning is isolated. Wed: Closely sticking out on the ridges were brown twigs tangled with peas (T.). - Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses suffered terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly (Ax.). A prepositive application related to own name, is not isolated if it has only an attributive meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by an adverbial value. Compare: ... My comrade Emelyan Pilyai took out a pouch from his pocket for the tenth time ... (M. G.). - A man of small stature, Temkin was almost invisible from behind the podium (Azh.). A circumstance expressed by a noun in an oblique case with a preposition is isolated if, in addition to its main meaning (for example, temporary), it also has an additional connotation of meaning (for example, causal, conditional, concessive). Wed: With the approach of night, everything around changed strangely (T.). - With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, the Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous (L.T.). and definitions), weak syntactic connection between the defined and defining words (weakly controlled nouns in the indirect case); neighborhood of other isolated groups, etc.
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