What is the verb link in Russian. Compound nominal predicate in Russian

VERB LINKAGE

Same as link.

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

Auxiliary verbs

As for the auxiliary verb, in English it sounds like an auxiliary verb and is necessary for the formation of interrogative and negative sentences. Each grammatical tense has its own auxiliary verbs, for example, in continuous tenses - these are forms of the verb to be, in simple or indefinite - do, and in perfect - forms verb have. Auxiliary verbs are rarely found in affirmative sentences and are not translated into Russian - they seem to be there - and they seem to be gone.

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As for the linking verb, it does not express the action of the subject, i.e. does not answer the question "what to do?" and is not a semantic verb. This type of verb connects the subject and the noun, adjective or pronoun that defines or characterizes it.

Linking verbs

English is the most common linking verb, and probably most students confuse linking verbs with auxiliary verbs precisely because it is also an auxiliary. Here are examples of the linking verb to be in different tenses.

I am hungry.
She is a good doctor.
The flowers were beautiful.
That was a nice film.
That man might have been a robber.

Linking verbs are second in popularity. seem And become. Concerning seem, then this verb is always a connective, and become— usually, but not always.

Your sister seems smart. (linking verb: connects sister and clever)
When she returns home she becomes a good mother and wife. (linking verb: connects she and mother and wife)

As a semantic verb become means " fit, look good”:

That dress certainly becomes her. This dress definitely suits her.

- another popular verb that can serve as a semantic verb and a linking verb:

I get to my office by bus. (semantic)
She got pale when she heard the news. (bundle)

The ten English verbs that can be both semantic and linking verbs are: appear, turn, feel, prove, grow, sound, look, taste, smell, remain:

The apples appear ripe. (bundle)
He suddenly appeared from behind the tree. (semantic)
I feel sick because of the nausea. (bundle)
Feel the difference by tasting this sauce! (semantic)
Poor Emma grew old. (bundle)
We grow white roses in our garden. (semantic)
Mother looked tired after working in the garden. (bundle)
Jane looked under the bed but didn't find her slips. (semantic)
Her opinion proved right. (bundle)
I proved my theory in a modern way. (semantic)
Our relations remain neutral. (bundle)
Little of my patience remained. (semantic)
The cake smells delicious. (bundle)
I smelled something rotten. (semantic)
That music sounded strange to my ears. (bundle)
The crew member sounded the alarm when it wasn't necessary. (semantic)
The meat tastes good. (bundle)
I couldn't taste pepper in the meatballs. (semantic)
She turned pale. (bundle)
I turned right when I reached the corner. (semantic)

How to determine what a particular verb is in a sentence?

If you are not sure which verb is a link and which is a semantic verb, try the following:

1. Replace the verb with the verb form “to be”, as in the sentence “The cake smells delicious = the cake is delicious”. Despite the fact that we replaced smells with is, the meaning remains the same, which means that smells in this case is a linking verb. If, as a result of such manipulation, the sentence acquires a new meaning or the sentence becomes meaningless, then this is a semantic verb.

2. Change the word order in the sentence according to the following pattern: The cake smells delicious = delicious smells the cake. It sounds a little strange, given that delicious is an adjective, but the original thought remains, which means smells is a linking verb.

Delving into the English language, you will learn to distinguish a linking verb from a semantic one, noting the connection between the subject and the verb. A linking verb forms a bridge between the subject and the word that defines or describes it. Semantic verbs involve the subject in the action, forcing him to do something in this case.

A linking verb in English (Copular Verb) is a word that helps you establish a connection between the subject and the compound nominal predicate, namely, agree on them in number, person and tense so that you don’t get something like “He will go yesterday” .

Unlike other languages, a verb must always be present in an English predicate: regular, modal, bundle. If it doesn't, then you definitely made a mistake. However, we are lucky that our friend does not express any action, but only helps to correctly interpret the statement.

The most common linking verb in English is to be- be. It can be used in both initial form, and others:

Present tense:

I- am:

I am your father, Luke. - Luke, I am your father.

he, she, it is:

He is my cousin and best friend. He is my cousin and best friend.

we, you, they are:

We are your neighbours. We are your neighbours.

Past tense:

I, he, she, it was:

She was one of the war heroes. She was one of the heroes of the war.

You, we, they were:

You were the man who cooked that soup. “You were the man who made the soup.

Future– will be for all pronouns:

They will be your assistants here. Here they will be your assistants.

In these cases negative and interrogative forms should be compiled with to be, not the auxiliary verbs you learned for the simple tenses:

Is he your friend from Brazil? Is he your friend from Brazil?
We were not upset because of the bad weather. We weren't upset by the bad weather.

It is also worth remembering how to be Maybe shrink with personal pronouns:

I 'm, he 's, she 's, it 's, we 're, you 're, they 're:

You 're the pilot we've been looking for. You are the pilot we are looking for.

Undoubtedly, the most problematic cases are those when there is no predicate in the sentence in the native language: I am a student, we are children, etc. To avoid annoying mistakes, remember one of the most important rules English - mandatory in the proposal must be a verb: I am a student, we are children!

If you suddenly hear from your English-speaking friend a phrase like: “They in the movie theater” (They are in the cinema), then this is just a colloquial form in which the predicate is allowed to be skipped. Of course, not you, who are still taking exams, can do this.

Of course, apart from to be other representatives of this class may meet:

State verbs: to appear, to keep, to lie, to play, to prove, to rest, to stay, to stand, etc.

All the children kept silent on that sad day. All the children were silent on that sad day.

I played hurt until they left. I pretended to be offended until they left the room.

Verbs of perception: to look, to seem, to smell, to feel, to taste, etc.

He looks gorgeous. - He looks amazing.
your words taste bitter. “Your words taste bitter.

State change verbs: to become, to grow, to come, to fade, to go, to fall, to run, to turn, etc.

the sky grew pale. - The sky is pale.

my uncle went crazy on learning the news. — My uncle went crazy when he heard the news.

His little face turned red while he was sobbing. His little face turned red as he sobbed.

Main values linking verbs can be reduced to the following:

To be is existence and state:

Richard is the best chef in this restaurant. — Richard — the best cook in this restaurant.

Become, appear:

The lasagna turned out delicious. — The lasagna was amazing.

Perceived:

My old prom dress smelt honey. - My old prom dress there was a smell of honey.

So, the linking verb in English connects and coordinates the main members of the sentence. In his role can be a master of all trades to be or other verbs. Most importantly, do not forget about them when you start writing or speaking English, otherwise you will not be appreciated.

From the first lessons in English, they explain to us that in English the verb to be most often acts as a linking verb. Except to be in English, you will encounter other linking verbs whose role in the sentence is similar to that of to be. In this post, I propose to get acquainted with a dozen of such verbs.

Linking verbs or verbs of being indicate the existence of an object, its belonging to a class or category, the presence of certain qualities. By the way, Russian also has linking verbs, but they are omitted (zero link).

For example:
Vasya is a student. But, Vasya was schoolboy. Vasya will schoolboy.

In English, to be is the most common linking verb. I will not argue.

For example:

John is a doctor. - John is a doctor.
my sister is sick. - My sister is sick.

In this post, we will not consider the use of to be as a linking verb. We will talk about other verbs that are used to create strong connectives in an English sentence. Here are the heroes:

become, come, grow, turn
appear, appear
keep, remain, stay
look, sound
feel, taste, smell

One of the main features of these verbs is that they are followed by adjectives, not adverbs. Compare:

I am feeling bad.- I feel bad.
He sounded distracted. - His voice sounded embarrassed.

But I will not dive into lengthy theoretical discussions. Let's get straight to practice.

BECOME, GET, GO, TURN

Verb become used to describe the process of changing the form or essence of an object or phenomenon. Get, go, turn come to his aid to describe the same thing (change, transition from one state to another, etc.). But each of them has its own nuances.

His company became recognized as a true leader in the industry.
His company has become a recognized leader in its industry.

By the way, become sounds very bookish. In speech, it is better to replace it with a construction verb get + Past Participle verbs: get killed, get married, get washed.

Where did you live before you got married?
Where did you live before you got married?

In some cases, it is not possible to replace become with a get + past participle construct. For example, when changing jobs, they use only become.

my neighbor became a freelance consultant after years of working in the office.
My neighbor switched to free practice after years of working in an office.

When it comes to color change, use turn or go, not get:

The traffic lights went green and we pulled away.
The traffic light turned green and we started off.

There is also an interesting nuance. Verb go usually used when describing something negative or unwanted. For example, we say in Russian "go blind", "bald", "go crazy" - that is, go into a state that is very different from normal.

In this case, use the go verb:

go blind- go blind
go death- go deaf
go bald- go bald
go mad- move the mind

It would be grammatically correct to say or write: get bald or get blind, but it stuck in the speech of a native English speaker go in similar terms.

Here are some more examples where go reflects the negative color of the change in the status quo:

The kids went crazy at the party.
Children behaved ugly at the party.

Our plan went wrong.
Our plan failed.

My phone went dead.
My phone is off.

When it comes to a person's age, use turn:

He turned 60.
He is 60 years old.

turn also used if desired highlight the transformation of the external shape of the object or beings. In this case, add the preposition into:

In the story all the dogs turned into monsters.
In the story, all the dogs have turned into monsters.

COME, GET, GROW

Verbs come And grow(sometimes get keeps them company) are followed by other verbs with the particle to. Come, get and grow indicate a slow or gradual nature change or transformation:

I came to appreciate his art. - I began to appreciate his art.
We got to know each other better. - We got to know each other better.

APPEAR, SEEM

Appear And seem mean "appear, appear, impress" in our situation. After these verbs, to be can be used before descriptive adjectives. But very often you can skip to be without the risk of making a mistake.

He appears (to be) very sick. - He seems to be seriously ill.
He seems (to be) nervous. - He seems to be nervous.

In these examples, you must use to be:

appear/seem to be alive
appear/seem to be asleep
appear/seem to be awake

To be is also required in constructions with the ing form of the verb:

It Seems to be growing - It seems to be growing...
He Seems to be crying - I think he is crying (now) ...

Here are a number of sentences that use linking verbs from our story:

She appears upset about the announcement.
The eggs smell rotte n.
You look exhausted after studying all night.
Dreams come true when we believe in them.
The crowd stayed calm in spite of the imminent threat.
All the children seem satisfied with the bouncy castle.
Bob felt sleepy after eating the whole pizza.
The cinnamon rolls taste heavenly.
The spectators remained silent after the injury on the field.
He became suspicious when he saw the safe was open.
I feel worthy when the boss compliments me.
The embers turn ash as they cool.
Most children get cranky when they are sleepy.
A flaw in the design appeared to be the cause of the collapse.
The vegetables in the bin looked disgusting and spoiled.
The police department is getting tough on crime.
She remains faithful, even though it has been two years since he left.

If you have 3 more minutes of time, I propose to consolidate your new knowledge with the help of this video, in which you will find a few more examples with linking verbs.

The next time you have to write an essay or compose a long story in English, take advantage of the variety of English linking verbs by replacing the boring to be!

A link is a function word, the function of which is an additional indication of syntactic relations between the main members of a two-part sentence. The copula includes the words (or the word in one of its meanings) this (the frozen form of the pronominal word), is and the essence (the frozen forms of the 3rd person singular and plural, the tense of the verb to be), as well as conjugated forms of verbs appear, appear, signify, signify, be called.

Traditionally, in modern Russian, the service verb to be in different forms is also considered a connective, the absence of which in the sentence in the present tense is explained by the peculiarity of the modern Russian language - the omission of the connective or the presence of the so-called zero (this point of view is criticized in the works of V.V. Vinogradov). However, the conjugated form service verb"to be" does not perform a binding function, it is introduced into a sentence to express the syntactic tense (past, future), as well as the subjunctive mood in all its syntactic meanings.

The link in the sentence is devoid of temporal meaning, and only "is" (in the proper identifying meaning), essence (in the meaning of "is"), this (in the meaning of "is") are pure connectives. The use of the link "is" and "essence" is stylistically colored. The link "is" is usually used in book, scientific and business and journalistic speech: A square is an equilateral rectangle; A straight line is the shortest distance between two points.

The link "ess" is rare in modern Russian and is used as a means of stylizing archaic speech; it can be used with the subject, expressed by the name in the plural. or units h., and in both cases the link "is" or "this" is freely replaced: "Grammar and arithmetic are sciences" (Buslaev) = there are sciences, = these are sciences. The link "this" is stylistically neutral and is used very widely: Victor is my brother; The most precious thing for a person is life; Reading is the best teaching; To understand each other is happiness; Learning is never too late.

Some bundles are able to combine the actual binding value with an indication of the time. These include the combination "it is" (it was, it will be, it would be) and the above verb bundles "mean" (means, meant, will mean, would mean), mean, appear, appear, be called: This young man is (was) a model of honesty; To love a person means (meant, will mean, would mean) to understand him; It is called (was called, will be called, would be called) to educate.

Several connectives retain a pronominal or pronoun-adverbial meaning: such (such, such, such), here (Flying is his dream; Reading is the best teaching). There are bundles that combine the connecting meaning with the meaning of the union: as if, as if, exactly, exactly (Every meeting is like a holiday; This news is like a bolt from the blue; The dress is definitely new)

Along with connectives that perform a service function, connective formations with the meaning of identification or identification are widely used (this is, the same as, this is the same as, nothing more than, none other than, this means, this means , this is called), interpretations (this means, this means, this is called), pointing (this is it, this is it), comparisons (it’s like, it’s all the same like, it’s all the same like, it’s all the same, it’s all the same that) .

All connectives and connective formations are distributed among equal types of sentences, being obligatory or characteristic for some and optional for others.

copula russian language verb

So, the connectives "is", these are obligatory in a simple non-common sentence with the meaning of identity, when the subject and predicate are expressed by word forms with the same lexical meaning: Children are (this is, and is, this is) children. Mother is (it is, and is, this is) mother. In colloquial speech, in such sentences with the link "is" or "and is", personal pronouns are often used (Children they are children; Mother she is mother).

The incoherent realization of such sentences is possible only with the introduction of spreading words into them (Children are children everywhere; Mother is always mother). A bunch is an obligatory component of almost all sentences where the subject and predicate are expressed by the infinitive (To love a person means to understand him; To write is like telling). Incoherent realizations are possible only for sentences of some semantic structures (usually with negation: To live life is not a field to cross; To break is not to build).

In the function and position of the copula, semi-significant verbs are often used to be, to become, to become, to become, to become, to be considered, to seem, to be, etc. (The evenings are getting cold; The problem has proved difficult; Flying has become his dream.) Semi-coupling verbs correlate with the copula, but they retain elements of their lexical meaning and have the meaning of syntactic time.

Sometimes semi-significant or semi-connective verbs also include verbs with a narrow closed combinability, which together with the name form stable combinations (to talk, be responsible, have a meaning, influence, etc.), but their role in the sentence differs from the role of the link, t .To. they, together with the following name, will delight the lexicalized unity.

Summing up, it can be noted that the bundle is actually a service format that serves a certain range of two-part sentences; the removal of the copula does not change the syntactic structure of the sentence. Grammarians of the logical direction, identifying the structure grammatical sentence with the structure of a judgment, they see in two-part nominal sentences with a missing link a zero link (omitted, but as if present "secretly"). However, the significant absence of a link in sentences like "Moscow is the capital" is not equal to the invisible presence of the link "is" (cf. the existence of a zero suffix in the system of Russian nominal word formation, which does not imply the invisible presence of any particular suffix ready to take its "legitimate" place instead of the suffixally significant zero).

What is the verb link in Russian. Compound nominal predicate in Russian

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is a VERB LINK in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Auxiliary verbs

Linking verbs

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What is the verb link in Russian. Compound nominal predicate in Russian

See also interpretations, synonyms, word meanings and what is a VERB LINK in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

Auxiliary verbs

Linking verbs

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