Tactical and technical data of the Roland air defense system. Anti-aircraft missile system Roland (France, Germany)

By the mid-60s, the USSR successfully solved the problem of creating medium and short-range air defense systems, but taking into account the vast territory of the country, the formation of defense lines on the likely routes of flight of a potential enemy aircraft to the most populated and industrialized regions of the USSR using these complexes turned into an extremely expensive venture. It would be especially difficult to create such lines in the most dangerous northern direction, located on the shortest path for the approach of American strategic bombers.

The northern regions, even the European part of our country, were distinguished by a sparse network of roads, a low density of settlements, separated by vast expanses of almost impenetrable forests and swamps. A new mobile anti-aircraft missile system was required, with a greater range and target interception height.

In 1967, the anti-aircraft missile forces of the country's air defense received a "long arm" - the S-200A air defense system () with a firing range of 180 km and an altitude reach of 20 km. Subsequently, in more "advanced" modifications of this complex, S-200V and S-200D, the target range was increased to 240 and 300 km, and the reach was 35 and 40 km. Such a range and height of defeat inspire respect even today.

SAM complex S-200V on the launcher

Anti-aircraft guided missile The S-200 system is two-stage, made according to the normal aerodynamic scheme, with four triangular wings of high elongation. The first stage consists of four solid propellant boosters mounted on the mid-flight stage between the wings. The sustainer stage is equipped with a liquid-propellant two-component rocket engine with a pumping system for supplying propellant components to the engine. Structurally, the sustainer stage consists of a number of compartments in which a semi-active radar homing head, on-board equipment units, a high-explosive fragmentation warhead with a safety-actuator, tanks with fuel components, a liquid-propellant rocket engine, and rocket control units are located.

ROC ZRK S-200

The target illumination radar (RPC) of the 4.5 cm range included an antenna post and a hardware cabin and could operate in the coherent continuous radiation mode, which achieved a narrow spectrum of the probing signal, provided high noise immunity and the greatest target detection range. At the same time, simplicity of execution and reliability of the GOS were achieved.

To control the missile along the entire flight path, a "rocket - ROC" communication line was used to the target with a low-power on-board transmitter on the rocket and a simple receiver with a wide-angle antenna on the ROC. For the first time, a digital computer TsVM appeared in the S-200 air defense system, which was entrusted with the task of exchanging command and coordinate information with various CPs even before solving the launch problem.

Rocket launch - inclined, with a constant elevation angle, from a launcher, induced in azimuth. The warhead weighing about 200 kg is high-explosive fragmentation with ready-made submunitions - 37 thousand pieces weighing 3-5 g. When the warhead is blown up, the angle of expansion of the fragments is 120 °, which in most cases leads to a guaranteed defeat of an air target.

The mobile firing system of the S-200 system consisted of a command post, firing channels and a power supply system. The firing channel included a target illumination radar and a starting position with six launchers and 12 charging machines. The complex had the ability, without reloading launchers, to sequentially fire on three air targets with simultaneous homing of two missiles on each target.

Layout of the S-200 air defense system

As a rule, S-200s were deployed in prepared positions with permanent concrete structures and earthen bulk shelter. This made it possible to protect equipment (except for antennas) from fragments of ammunition, small and medium-caliber bombs, and shells from aircraft guns during enemy air raids directly on a combat position.

To improve the combat stability of long-range anti-aircraft missile systems S-200, it was considered expedient to combine them under a single command with low-altitude systems of the S-125 system. Anti-aircraft missile brigades of mixed composition began to form, including S-200s with six launchers and two or three S-125 anti-aircraft missile battalions.

Already from the beginning of the deployment of the S-200, the very fact of its existence became a weighty argument that determined the transition of potential enemy aviation to operations at low altitudes, where they were exposed to fire from more massive anti-aircraft missiles and artillery. The S-200 air defense system significantly devalued long-range cruise missile carrier bombers. In addition, the indisputable advantage of the complex was the use of homing missiles. At the same time, without even realizing its range capabilities, the S-200 supplemented the S-75 and S-125 complexes with radio command guidance, significantly complicating the tasks of conducting both electronic warfare and high-altitude reconnaissance for the enemy. The advantages of the S-200 over these systems could be especially clearly manifested during the shelling of active jammers, which served as an almost ideal target for the S-200 homing missiles. As a result, for many years reconnaissance aircraft from the United States and NATO countries were forced to carry out reconnaissance flights only along the borders of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact countries. The presence in the USSR air defense system of long-range S-200 anti-aircraft missile systems of various modifications made it possible to reliably block the airspace on the near and far approaches to the country's air border, including from the famous reconnaissance aircraft SR-71 "Black Bird". Currently, the S-200 air defense systems of all modifications, despite the existing high modernization potential and the firing range unsurpassed before the advent of the S-400 air defense system, have been removed from the air defense of the Russian Federation.

The export version of the S-200V air defense system was supplied to Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR, Poland and Czechoslovakia. In addition to the Warsaw Pact countries, Syria and Libya, the S-200VE system was delivered to Iran (in 1992) and North Korea.

One of the first buyers of the S-200BE was the leader of the Libyan revolution, Muammar Gaddafi. Having received such a "long arm" in 1984, he soon extended it over the Gulf of Sirte, declaring the water area slightly smaller than Greece as territorial waters of Libya. With the gloomy poetics characteristic of the leaders of developing countries, Gaddafi declared the 32nd parallel, which bounded the bay, to be the "line of death". In March 1986, in exercising their claimed rights, the Libyans fired S-200VE missiles at three aircraft from the American aircraft carrier Saratoga, which were "defiantly" patrolling traditionally international waters.

The incident in the Gulf of Sirte was the reason for the Eldorado Canyon operation, during which on the night of April 15, 1986, several dozen American aircraft attacked Libya, and primarily on the residences of the leader of the Libyan revolution, as well as on the positions of the S-200VE air defense system and S-75M. It should be noted that when organizing the supply of the S-200VE system to Libya, Muammar Gaddafi proposed organizing maintenance of technical positions by Soviet military personnel. During recent events in Libya, all the S-200 air defense systems that were available in this country were destroyed.

Unlike the USA, in European countries NATO members in the 60-70s paid great attention to the creation of mobile short-range air defense systems capable of operating in the front line and accompanying troops on the march. First of all, this applies to the UK, Germany and France.

In the early 1960s, the development of the portable Rapier short-range air defense system began in the UK, which was considered as an alternative to the American MIM-46 Mauler, the declared characteristics of which caused great doubt among US NATO allies.

It was supposed to create a relatively simple and inexpensive complex with a short reaction time, the ability to quickly take up a combat position, with compact placement of equipment, small weight and size characteristics, high rate of fire and the probability of hitting a target with one missile. To guide the missile to the target, it was decided to use the well-established radio command system previously used in the Siket marine complex with a firing range of 5 km, and its not very successful land version Tigercat.

PU SAM "Taigerket"

The radar of the Rapira complex scans a section of space where the target is supposed to be located and captures it for tracking. The radar method of target tracking occurs automatically and is the main one; in case of interference or for other reasons, manual tracking by the ADMC operator using an optical system is possible.

SAM "Rapier"

The optical tracking and guidance device for the Rapira air defense missile system is a separate unit, which is mounted on an external tripod, at a distance of up to 45 m from the launcher. Target tracking by the optical system is not automated and is carried out manually by the operator of the complex using a joystick. Missile guidance is fully automated, the infrared tracking system captures the missile after launch in a wide field of view of 11 °, and then automatically switches to a field of view of 0.55 ° when the missile is aimed at the target. Tracking the target by the operator and the SAM tracer by an infrared direction finder allows the calculating device to calculate the missile guidance commands using the “target cover” method. These radio commands are transmitted by the command transmission station to the SAM. The firing range of the air defense system is 0.5-7 km. The height of the target destruction is 0.15-3 km.

Such a missile guidance system at the target greatly simplified and reduced the cost of missiles and air defense systems as a whole, but limited the capabilities of the complex in line-of-sight conditions (fog, haze) and at night. Nevertheless, the Rapier air defense system was popular; from 1971 to 1997, more than 700 launchers of the towed and self-propelled versions of the Rapier complex and 25,000 missiles of various modifications were produced. About 12,000 missiles have been used up over the past period in tests, exercises and combat operations.

The reaction time of the complex (the time from the moment the target was detected to the launch of the missile) is about 6 s, which was repeatedly confirmed by live firing. The loading of four missiles by a trained combat crew takes less than 2.5 minutes. In the British Army, elements of the Rapier complex are usually towed using a Land Rover off-road vehicle.

The Rapira air defense system has been repeatedly upgraded and delivered to Australia, Oman, Qatar, Brunei, Zambia, Switzerland, Iran, and Turkey. The US Air Force purchased 32 systems for the air defense system of American air bases in the UK. As part of the 12th Air Defense Regiment of Great Britain, the air defense systems participated in the hostilities during the Falklands conflict of 1982. From the first day of the British landing on the Falkland Islands, 12 launchers were deployed. The British claimed that 14 Argentine aircraft were destroyed by Rapier systems. However, according to other information, the complex shot down only one Dagger aircraft and participated in the destruction of the A-4C Skyhawk aircraft.

Almost simultaneously with the British complex "Rapier" in the USSR, the mobile all-weather air defense system "Osa" () was adopted. Unlike the British initially towed complex, according to the terms of reference, the Soviet mobile air defense system was designed on a floating chassis and could be used in conditions of poor visibility and at night. This self-propelled air defense system was intended for air defense of troops and their facilities in combat formations. motorized rifle division V various forms combat, as well as on the march.

The requirements for the "Wasp" by the military were complete autonomy, which would be ensured by the location of the main assets of the air defense system - a detection station, a launcher with missiles, communications, navigation, topographic location, control and power supplies on one self-propelled wheeled floating chassis. The ability to detect in motion and defeat from short stops suddenly appearing from any direction low-flying targets.

In the original version, 4 missiles openly located on the launcher were installed on the complex. Work on the modernization of the air defense system began almost immediately after it was put into service in 1971. Subsequent modifications, Osa-AK and Osa-AKM, have 6 missiles in transport and launch containers (TPK).

Osa-AKM

The main advantage of the Osa-AKM air defense system, which was put into service in 1980, was the ability to effectively destroy helicopters hovering or flying at ultra-low altitude, as well as small-sized RPVs. The complex uses a radio command scheme to guide missiles to a target. The affected area in range is 1.5-10 km, in height - 0.025-5 km. The probability of hitting a target with one missile is 0.5-0.85.

The Osa air defense system of various modifications is in service in more than 20 countries and has taken part in many regional conflicts. The complex was built serially until 1988, during which time more than 1200 units were handed over to customers, currently in air defense units ground forces RF and in storage there are more than 300 air defense systems of this type.

The French mobile Crotale is in many ways similar to the Osa air defense system, in which the radio command principle of aiming the missile at the target is also applied. But unlike the Wasp, the French missile defense system and detection radars are located on different combat vehicles, which of course reduces the flexibility and reliability of the air defense system.

In the mid-60s, representatives of Germany and France entered into an agreement on the joint development of the Roland self-propelled air defense system. It was intended for air defense of mobile units in the front line and for the defense of important stationary objects in the rear of their troops.

The coordination of the performance characteristics and fine-tuning of the complex dragged on, and the first combat vehicles began to enter the troops only in 1977. In the Bundeswehr, the Roland air defense system was located on the chassis of the Marder infantry fighting vehicle, in France the carriers of the complex were the chassis of the AMX-30 medium tank or on the chassis of the 6x6 ACMAT truck. The launch range was 6.2 km, the target engagement height was 3 km.

The main equipment of the complex is arranged on a universal rotating turret, which houses the radar antenna for detecting air targets, a station for transmitting radio commands to the SAM, an optical sight with a heat direction finder and two TPKs with radio command SAMs. The total ammunition load of an air defense system on a combat vehicle can reach 10 missiles, the weight of an equipped TPK is 85 kg.

The radar for detecting air targets is capable of detecting targets at a distance of up to 18 km. Roland-1 air defense missile guidance is carried out using optical sight. An infrared direction finder built into the sight is used to measure the angular mismatch between the flying SAM and the optical axis of the sight, directed by the operator to the target. To do this, the direction finder automatically accompanies the missile tracer, transmitting the results to the guidance computer. The calculating device generates commands for aiming missiles according to the “target covering” method. These commands are transmitted through the antenna of the radio command transmission station to the SAM.

Initially, the version of the complex was semi-automatic and not all-weather. Over the years of service, the complex has been modernized several times. In 1981, the Roland-2 all-weather air defense system was adopted and a program was completed to modernize some of the previously produced systems.

In order to increase the capabilities of military air defense in 1974, a competition was announced in the United States to replace the Chaparrel air defense system. As a result of the competition held between the British Rapier air defense system, the French Crotal and the Franco-German Roland, the latter won.

It was supposed to be put into service and establish licensed production in the United States. The chassis of the M109 self-propelled howitzer and a three-axle army 5-ton truck were considered as a base. The latter option made it possible to make the air defense system air transportable on the military transport S-130.

The adaptation of the air defense system to American standards included the development of a new target designation radar with increased range and better noise immunity, and a new missile. At the same time, unification with European air defense missiles was maintained: French and German Rolands could fire American missiles, and vice versa.

In total, they planned to release 180 air defense systems, but due to financial constraints, these plans were not destined to come true. The reasons for closing the program were excessively high costs (about $300 million for R&D alone). In total, they managed to release 31 air defense systems (4 tracked and 27 wheeled). In 1983, the only Roland division (27 air defense systems and 595 missiles) was transferred to the National Guard, to the 5th division of the 200th regiment of the 111th air defense brigade, New Mexico. However, they did not stay there for long either. Already in September of the 88th, due to high operating costs, the Rolands were replaced by the Chaparrel air defense system.

However, since 1983, Roland-2 air defense systems have been used to cover American bases in Europe. 27 air defense systems on a car chassis from 1983 to 1989 were on the balance sheet of the US Air Force, but were serviced by German crews.

In 1988, an improved automatic Roland-3 was tested and put into production. The Roland-3 air defense system provides the ability to use not only all Roland anti-aircraft missiles, but also the VT1 hypersonic missile (which is part of the Crotale-NG air defense system), as well as new promising Roland Mach 5 and HFK / KV missiles.

The upgraded Roland-3 missile, compared to the Roland-2 missile, has an increased flight speed (570 m/s compared to 500 m/s) and an effective range (8 km instead of 6.2 km).

The complex is mounted on various chassis. In Germany, it is installed on the chassis of a 10-ton truck off-road MAN (8x8). The air transport version, designated Roland Carol, entered service in 1995.

SAM Roland Carol

In the French army, the Roland Carol air defense system is mounted on a semi-trailer towed by an ACMAT (6x6) off-road vehicle, in the German Armed Forces it is mounted on a MAN (6x6) automobile chassis. Currently, Roland Carol is in service with the French army (20 air defense systems) and the German Air Force (11 air defense systems).

In 1982, Argentina used a stationary version of the Roland complex to protect Port Stanley from British naval air strikes. From 8 to 10 missiles were fired, information about the effectiveness of the use of the complex in this conflict is rather contradictory. According to French origins, the Argentines shot down 4 and damaged 1 Harrier. However, according to other information, only one aircraft can be recorded in the asset of this complex. Iraq also used its complexes in the war against Iran. In 2003, one American F-15E was shot down by an Iraqi Roland missile.

In 1976, in the USSR, to replace the Strela-1 regimental air defense system, the Strela-10 complex based on MT-LB was adopted. The machine has a low specific pressure on the ground, which allows it to move on roads with low bearing capacity, through swamps, virgin snow, sandy terrain, in addition, the machine can swim. In addition to 4 missiles placed on the launcher, fighting machine allows you to carry an additional 4 missiles in the hull.

Strela-10

Unlike the Strela-1 SAM, the homing head (GOS) of the Strela-10 SAM operates in a two-channel mode and provides guidance using the proportional navigation method. A photo-contrast and an infrared guidance channel is used, which provides shelling of targets in conditions of interference, on head-on and overtaking courses. This significantly increased the probability of hitting an air target.

In order to increase the combat capabilities of the complex, it has been repeatedly modernized. After finalizing a guided missile with a new engine, increased warhead and seeker with three receivers in different spectral ranges, missile system in 1989, it was adopted by the SA under the name "Strela-10M3". The strike zone "Strela-10M3" in range from 0.8 km to 5 km, in height from 0.025 km to 3.5 km /. The probability of hitting a fighter with one guided missile is 0.3 ... 0.6.

The Strela-10 family of air defense systems is in the armed forces of more than 20 countries. It has repeatedly demonstrated its fairly high combat effectiveness at training grounds and during local conflicts. Currently, it continues to be in service with the air defense units of the ground forces and marines of the Russian Federation in the amount of at least 300 units.

By the beginning of the 70s, through trial and error, the main classes of air defense systems were created in "metal": stationary or semi-stationary long-range systems, transportable or self-propelled medium range and low-altitude, as well as mobile anti-aircraft systems operating directly in the combat formations of troops. Design developments, experience in operation and combat use obtained by the military during regional conflicts determined the ways for further improvement of the air defense system. The main directions of development were: increasing combat survivability due to mobility and reducing the time to bring into combat position and curtailment, improving noise immunity, automating the processes of controlling air defense systems and targeting missiles. Progress in the field of semiconductor elements has made it possible to radically reduce the mass of electronic components, and the creation of energy-efficient solid fuel formulations for turbojet engines has made it possible to abandon LRE with toxic fuel and a caustic oxidizer.

To be continued…

According to materials:
http://www.army-technology.com
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru
http://geimint.blogspot.ru/
http://www.designation-systems.net/

(GERMANY, FRANCE)

In 1964, the French company Aerospatiale and the German Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MVV) began joint work on the creation of an air defense system designed to destroy targets at low altitudes. In the future, the complex was named "Roland". The French company Aerospatiale became the lead contractor for the all-weather version of the Roland 1 version of the complex, and the MBB (the current name of the company is DASA) began developing the all-weather version of the complex - Roland 2. Now a joint company, and this is Euromissile (Eurorocket), offers missiles of this system and the currently produced version of the complex, Roland 3, on the market.

The first tests of the Roland complexes for the German armed forces took place in 1978, they were going to replace the 40-mm anti-aircraft guns of the L / 70 type from Bofors. In 1981, the German armed forces officially received 140 Roland air defense systems. The first combat crews were trained at the air defense school, located in the city of Rendsburg in 1980. In 1981, the 100th air defense regiment of the German army began re-equipment, then in 1982 the 200th regiment was re-equipped and in July 1983 - 300- th regiment. Each regiment had one control battery, three

firing batteries (each with 12 firing units) and one supply battery. In the German army, the Roland complex is located on the Marder 1 chassis, manufactured by Thyssen Henshel.

In December 1983, the Roland 3 complex (stationary version) was chosen to protect NATO air bases (USA and Germany) located in Germany. In total, 95 firing units were delivered, of which 27 covered 3 American air bases, 60 - 12 German airfields, the remaining 8 firing units were used for training. All 95 complexes were served by German combat crews. 20 Roland complexes were intended to protect three German naval aviation airfields.

DELIVERY OF THE COMPLEX "ROLAND" BY TYPE OF ARMED FORCES

Subsequently, the complex was installed on an all-terrain vehicle (8x8 wheel formula) from MAN, which had a number of advantages, for example, a new three-seat cab. In February 1988, AEG delivered the first fire control system, the command post, to the German Air Force. A total of 21 sets were delivered.

SAM "Roland 3"

A 2-coordinate RAS with a linear frequency modulated signal can distinguish an airplane from a helicopter, as well as detect anti-radiation missiles (ARM - anti-radiation missile) and hovering helicopters. The maximum elevation angle when viewing space is 60 ° from the smallest heights to a height of 6 km. Target detection range with effective reflective surface 1 m 2 ranges from 46 to 60 km.

The antenna is mounted on a mast hydraulically raised to a height of 12 m. antenna system unfolds and is brought into combat readiness in 15 minutes.

Two workplaces are deployed in the operator's section of the stationary version of the complex, one - for the analysis of the air situation, the second - for operational control. The other two sections are an electronic complex and a complex of protection systems with a cooled transmitter and an air conditioner.

The command post (FGR) detects targets (this allows the Roland complex not to turn on its own surveillance radar, thereby increasing its survivability), processes information on the target and displays it on the air situation indicator with an indication of the type of threat. The commander of the command post chooses one of his means of destruction. Up to 40 missile and anti-aircraft systems. An extensive radio network and cable communication lines make it possible to transmit all information on the target (issuance of target designation) to the selected weapon system so that timely detection and capture of the target for tracking occurs. Target designation on the target and the exchange of information with the selected fire system are transmitted via radio or wired communication lines. SEL SEM 80, SEM 90 radios or field telephones are used to transmit voice information. The data exchange cycle is two seconds.

For the joint combat use of the Roland and Gepard complexes in the German armed forces, a command post of the HflaAFuSys type is used. It includes a PAC on an armored Marder 1 ICV chassis with a hydraulic tower (folds in half). A rotating PAC antenna is placed on top, allowing three times the line-of-sight range. The calculation of this command post consists of four people. Equipment - indicator and electronic equipment of the MPDR 3002-S 2D E-band radar, DII 211 type "friend or foe" interrogator (former MSR400 / 9), two operator workstations, a computer system for analyzing the air situation, a communication system, power supplies, cooling systems and hydraulic equipment. It has its own navigation system for accurate topographic location.

Tests of the standard radar on the TUR chassis were completed at the end of 1988, and they began on the first prototype at the end of 1981.

SUPPLY COMPLEX «ROLAND»

Note. In addition to the 3770 missiles of the Roland 2 mod.5 complex, Germany has about 1030 Ro.land 3 missiles in service with the Air Force.

Currently, the Roland 2 complex is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to Ml.2 at altitudes from 10 m to 5.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.3 km.

The complex has optical and radar modes of combat operation. In the process of combat work, it is possible to quickly switch modes.

In both modes, the initial target detection occurs using a Siemens MPDR 16 D-band pulsed Doppler surveillance radar, rotating at 60 rpm and automatically detecting targets.

The radar also has the ability to detect hovering helicopters. When a target is detected, it is identified using the Siemens MSR-40015 interrogator (on a German chassis) or LMT NRAI-6A type (French chassis), and then it is captured for tracking either by a tracking radar (radar mode), or with the help of an operator using optical system(optical mode).

In optical mode, the missile is guided along the operator's line of sight as follows. The sight measures the angular velocity of the target, the IR rangefinder determines the deviation of the missile relative to the guidance line. Using this data, the computer calculates the required guidance commands, which are transmitted to the missile via a radio link. Signals are received by the rocket, and a corresponding deflection of its rudders takes place.

The tracking radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel monopulse Doppler station of the Thomson-CSF Domino 30 type. The target is tracked by one channel, and the microwave source (transmitter) on the rocket is captured for tracking by the second.

Complex "Roland-3" on the basis of the American caterpillar transporter М548

After launch, the IR rangefinder located on the tracking radar antenna is used to capture the missile at ranges of 500-700 m, since the narrow beam of the tracking radar is only being formed at these ranges. The second tracking channel is designed to guide the missile by transmitting commands to its board. Information about the deviation of the missile from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by the computer into commands to deflect the missile's rudders in the same way as when operating in optical mode.

As mentioned above, it is possible to switch from optical to radar guidance mode and vice versa. In these situations, the target must be accompanied by firing nodes. Thus, the noise immunity of the Roland complex is significantly increased.

The two-stage solid-propellant rocket has a dead weight of 66.5 kg, of which the warhead is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive, which is detonated by contact or proximity fuses. The maximum damaging radius of 65 fragments is about 6 m plus the impact of the blast wave. The missile has a cruising speed of M1.6, a length of 2.4 m, a wingspan of 0.5 m, and a diameter of 0.16 m. The missile is in a container (TPK) that is used to launch it. The weight of the equipped TPK is 85 kg, the length is 2.6 m, the diameter is 0.27 m.

The duration of the solid rocket booster type SNPE Roubaix with a thrust of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it accelerates the rocket to a speed of 500 m/s.

The rocket engine of the SNPE Lampyre type has an operating time of 13.2 s, is located in front of the booster, and turns on 0.3 s after the booster is fired. Max speed rocket is reached at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required to put the missile on a trajectory is 2.2 s. The maximum flight time is 13-15 s.

Two missiles are constantly ready for launch, and the remaining 8 missiles are in revolver-type magazines (each with 4 missiles).

The upgraded rocket of the Roland 3 complex has an increased flight speed (570 m / s compared to 500 m / s) and a range of destruction (8 km instead of 6.3 km). It was put into service in 1989 and, while maintaining the same size of the rocket, has warhead weighing 9.2 kg, which contains 5 kg of explosive and 84 fragments to increase the damaging effect.

The improved contact fuse is connected to a new fragmentation warhead with a maximum fragmentation velocity of 5000 m/s (increased by 2.5 times compared to the Roland 2 missile). This increases the damaging radius of the fragments. The maximum flight time is approximately 16 s, the weight of the rocket is 75 kg, and in the container it is 95 kg.

The operating time of the new rocket booster determines the minimum effective range of destruction (500 m), but at the same time, the maximum height of the targets hit is increased by 500 m, and it is 6 km. The value of the target overload has also increased (up to 9g), at which the missile will destroy it on the far border of the affected area.

The preparation time for the launch of the first missile is six seconds, for the launch of the second, depending on the type of target, it takes from two to six seconds. The reload time of a rocket from a revolver magazine is six seconds. New missile ammunition can be loaded within 2-5 minutes.

If it is necessary to cover air bases or other important objects, eight Roland complexes can be combined into single system Air defense, as is done in Germany. Up to 6 Roland complexes can interact with each other, forming a mutual cover network. anti-aircraft weapons and portable air defense systems can receive information about all targets detected and tracked by the Roland complex.

In 1988, the French and German ministries of defense adopted a program to modernize the Roland air defense systems in order to extend their operation until 2010.

It is planned to replace the existing optical sight with the GLAIVE optoelectronic integrated sight, which provides the third mode (IR) of the complex for shelling the target, as well as simplifying the human-machine interface by using microprocessors located in the cockpit and computer equipment, known under the code BKS-system.

In 1992, Euromissile created a prototype air defense system - "Roland M3S", which was intended for export. It was proposed to Thailand and Turkey to create an air defense system at low altitudes.

The Roland M3S complex has a Dassault Electronique Rodeo 4 (or Thomson-CSF) radar and can be operated by one person, although two people are required to conduct prolonged hostilities.

The operator can select any detection mode, such as radar, TV or optical. The standard armament of the Roland M3S complex consists of four Roland missiles, combat-ready and located on the launcher. Other types of missiles are also used, such as two Matra missiles. Four Stinger MANPADS missiles or new VT-1 missiles of the Crotal complex can also be mounted.

The Roland complex was in the US Army National Guard, but was decommissioned in September 1988.

The Roland complex is in service with a number of countries. Brazil received 4 Roland 2 Marder complexes from Germany along with 50 missiles. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Defense chose the Roland complex to equip its mobile batteries with low-altitude air defense, a contract was signed for the integration and joint production of this weapon system (9 non-weather systems and 9 all-weather systems on the AMX-30 MBT chassis with 414 missiles).

In the Falklands War of 1982, Argentina used the stationary version of the Roland complex to protect the city of Port Stanley from air strikes by British naval aviation. Between 8 and 10 rockets were fired and one Sea Harrier aircraft and two 454 kg bombs were shot down. During the landing of the British troops, the complex was captured intact.

Iraq also used its Roland systems in the war against Iran.

NUMBER OF ROLAND COMPLEXES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

In November 1986, the Qatar army placed an order for three batteries with three complexes each. One battery used an AMX-30 type chassis, and the other two used a stationary type. The delivery and training of combat crews was completed in 1989. In early 1991, the Roland complex (on chassis and stationary) was used by Iraq in the 1991 war against coalition forces (Operation Desert Storm). It is believed that Roland systems shot down two Tornado aircraft.

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCKETS

Roland 2 Roland 3 Maximum range, km 6.3 8.0

Destruction altitude, km: maximum 5.5 6.0

minimum 0.01 0.01

Length, m 2.4 2.4

Diameter, m 0.16 0.16

Wingspan, m 0.5 0.5

Weight, kg 66.5 75.0

Warhead mass, kg 6.5 9.5

Type of warhead high-explosive fragmentation

with contact and proximity fuses Method of missile guidance command guidance

Maximum speed, m/s 500 570

Loading time (from stores), s 6 6

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHASSIS TYPE "MADER 1"

Crew, people 3

Combat weight, kg 32 500

Ground pressure, kg/cm 2 0,93

Chassis length, m 6.915

Chassis width, m 3.24

Height (with folded antenna), m 2.92

Clearance, m 0.44

Maximum speed on the highway, km / h 70

Fuel reserve, l 652

Maximum range, km 520

Height of the overcome obstacle, m 1.5

Gradient, deg. 60

Power supply, V 24 Armament twin launcher "Roland"

with two missiles, 7.62 mm machine gun

The Roland-2 all-weather self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system with a radar target tracking system was developed by Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (Germany) together with Aerospatiale-Matra (France) and is capable of destroying targets flying at speeds up to M = 1.2 at altitudes from 15 m to 5.5 km and at ranges from 500 m to 6.3 km. Initially, the complex was created for the needs of the Bundeswehr, however, due to the clear advantage of the new complex over the previously released Roland-1 air defense system, the command of the French army decided to convert some of its Roland-1 complexes into the Roland-2 version. This possibility was foreseen by the developers at the stage of creating the complex.
The Roland-2 air defense system can be placed on various chassis: in the French Armed Forces - the chassis of the AMX-30 medium tank, in the Bundeswehr - the chassis of the Marder infantry fighting vehicle. The combat crew of the air defense system consists of three people: the driver, commander and operator.

The layout of the Roland-2 air defense system, in general, is similar to the layout of the Roland-1 air defense system. On the unified rotating tower are installed: beams for placing missiles, a detection radar antenna, a target and missile tracking radar antenna, optical and infrared tracking systems and a command transmitter antenna. Inside the launcher body, transmitters and receivers of target detection radar and target and missile tracking radar, a calculating device, a control panel, two revolver-type magazines with eight missiles in transport and launch containers, a radio station, instrumentation and power supply are mounted. Guidance of holding beams with containers in the elevation plane is carried out automatically along the target tracking line, in the azimuth plane - by turning the tower.

The Roland-2 air defense system differs from its prototype by the presence of a target tracking radar and a missile, which ensures the operation of the complex at any time of the day, regardless of weather conditions.
The Roland-2 air defense system fires the same missiles as the Roland-1 air defense system. The solid-propellant rocket has its own weight of 62.5 kg, the weight of the fragmentation-cumulative warhead is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive. In addition to the contact fuse, the warhead also has a radio fuse that provides triggering at a distance of up to 4 m from the target. The radius of expansion of 65 fragments is about 6 m. The missile is in a sealed transport and launch container (TLC) and does not require inspections and checks. The weight of the equipped TPK is 85 kg, the length is 2.6 m, the diameter is 0.27 m. The duration of operation of the SNPE Roubaix solid-fuel rocket engine with a thrust of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it accelerates the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s. The SNPE Lampyre type sustainer rocket engine has an operating time of 13.2 s. The maximum speed of the rocket is reached at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required to put the missile on a trajectory is 2.2 s. The flight time to the maximum range is 13-15 s.

The missile can be guided to the target using an optical infrared sight, while the deviations of the missile from the given course are entered into the calculating device, and the guidance commands are automatically transmitted to the missile by the command transmitter. It is also possible guidance using a two-channel monopulse target and missile tracking radar. The transmitter of this radar is assembled on a magnetron. To reduce the influence of reflections from local objects, the station uses Doppler filtering of the reflected signals. The parabolic antenna is gyro-stabilized in azimuth and elevation and has a radiation pattern of 2° in azimuth and 1° in elevation. The range resolution of the station is 0.6 m. In the process of combat work, it is possible to quickly switch guidance modes, which significantly increases the noise immunity of the Roland-2 complex.

The tracking radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel monopulse Doppler station of the Thomson-CSF Domino 30 type. The target is tracked by one channel, and the microwave source (transmitter) on the rocket is captured for tracking by the second. After launch, the IR rangefinder, located on the tracking radar antenna, is used to capture the missile at ranges of 500-700 m, since the narrow beam of the tracking radar is only being formed at these ranges. Information about the deviation of the missile from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by the computing device into commands to deflect the missile's rudders in the same way as when operating in the optical mode.
In both modes, the initial automatic detection of targets occurs using a D-band Siemens MPDR-16 type pulse Doppler surveillance radar, the antenna of which rotates at a speed of 60 rpm. Surveillance radar also has the ability to detect hovering helicopters. When the target is detected, it is identified using the Siemens MSR-40015 interrogator (on a German chassis) or the LMT NRAI-6A type (French chassis), and then, at the command of the air defense system commander, it is captured for escort.

To check the combat means of the complex (except for missiles), test equipment is used, which detects malfunctions within 10 seconds.
The working time of the complex (from the alarm signal to the launch of the missile defense system) during the shelling of the first target is 8-12 seconds. The processes of preparation for launch and launch of missiles, which take about 1 second, are automated. Taking into account the time for reloading and preparing the launch of the next rocket, the rate of fire is 2 rds / min.
in Germany anti-aircraft systems"Roland-2" is armed with anti-aircraft missile regiments of corps subordination. Each regiment has six fire batteries with six launchers each. In the French army, Roland-2 complexes are equipped with anti-aircraft missile regiments of divisional and corps subordination (the regiment has eight Roland-1 air defense systems and eight Roland-2 air defense systems). It is believed that each such regiment is capable of providing reliable air defense for an area up to 100 km2 or along a movement route up to 20 km long.

Tactical and technical characteristics SAM "Roland-2":
Firing range, m: minimum - 500, maximum - 6200-6300;
Target engagement height, m: minimum - 15, maximum - 5500;

Rocket "Roland":
Starting weight, kg: 66.5;
Length, mm: 2400;
Wingspan, mm: 500;
Maximum case diameter, mm: 160;
Maximum flight speed, m/s: 560;

Launcher on the chassis "Marder":
Launcher weight, kg: 32500;
Crew, people: 3;
Ground pressure, kg/cm2: 0.93;
Length, m: 6.915;
Width, m: 3.24;
Height in the stowed position (antenna folded), m: 2.92;
Clearance, m: 0.44;
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h: 70;
Power reserve, km: 520;
Height of the overcome obstacle, m; 1.5