Global integration. Global integration in concepts, terms, categories

The main way, means of achieving the unity of mankind with cultural, ethnic and religious diversity is the integration of peoples, states, world religions, religious confessions.

The need for integration is due to the fact that individual states cannot solve problems that are inherent to all mankind, not a single state on the planet has sufficient forces and means to neutralize global threats alone.

Integration structures democratic states there may be internal and external threats from anti-cosmopolitan forces.

Integration will take place in a disunited world society with global challenges and threats. Therefore, at all stages of integration, it is necessary to ensure the survival of mankind, the comprehensive security of peoples, states, religions and humanity as a whole.

Ensuring the unity of mankind is one of the most important principles of cosmopolitanism. The unity of humanity is the genetic connection of all nations, peoples, religions, it is the connection not only of "today's" people, but also the connection with the ancestors, the connection with the descendants, this is the connection of everyone with everyone. This is the unity of human destinies, unity with the nature of the Earth, the unity of economic ties, the interconnection of politics, the unity of public consciousness. The unity of mankind is the fatherland of the world community, the organic combination of fatherlands, the state.

Unity has universal roots, the citizens of the world must be aware of their unity with humanity, with nature.

All peoples of the planet contribute to unity. The greater the contribution of each nation to the unity, the more powerful the whole - the Great Being.

Achieving the unity of mankind presupposes the existence of a policy of all states, a global policy of the world community in relation to subsequent generations, descendants. It is advisable that each generation in 20-25 years report to their descendants what it has left to subsequent generations in all spheres of life, and in 30-40 years the entire world community should do the reporting. It is desirable that the reports have a moral and legal character.

Integration is a process in space and time, the creation, dissemination of rules, procedures, decision-making procedures, values ​​and norms. Integration processes take place in Peaceful time, during wars, revolutions, natural disasters. The range of integration is wide: from merging with a common internal and foreign policy to the cooperation of states with different configurations.

Integration will cover the political, social, economic, national, cultural, religious and military spheres.

Objects of integration: in the political sphere - this is a model of the state, the type of regime, ideology, supranational structures; in the social sphere - rapprochement and unification of societies, ethnic composition, religion, language; in the economic sphere - this is the merging of markets, trade, investment, finance; in culture, it is an amalgamation of different cultures. A person can belong to different cultures.

Investment processes will take place before the modernization of democratic states; during their modernization; after modernization already in a cosmopolitan democracy.

Integration will take place within states, between states, within religions, between religions, between secular and religious structures.

Integration processes require close, business-like cooperation, patience, finding a way out in difficult situations. In integration, contradictions are possible, the neutralization of which will require compromises. Cooperation between states is the main direction of integration.

The integration process of a group of states should not be isolated. Firstly, it must correspond to the interests of the world community, the unification, unity of mankind with cultural, ethnic and religious diversity; secondly, the member states of the process, the union of states, if it is created, must have a clear and precise policy in relation to other integration processes(EU, SCO, NATO, CSTO, etc.) regardless of their political orientation; thirdly, to have an integration policy towards other states; fourthly, around the unions of states, it is necessary to create platforms for interaction with other peoples and states. As a result of close contacts with other states, they can join the integration process.

Integration will take place between peoples, states, religions, ethnic groups, if they do not even have common borders.

Integration processes will be carried out through mountains, rivers, oceans, deserts. Canals will connect the island states. Connecting America and Russia by a canal would have historical integration significance.

It is possible for some states to leave the integration union of democratic states and return to authoritarianism. The collapse of democratic integration structures is not ruled out.

Integration is possible between democratic and authoritarian states on the basis of ethnic groups, religions, culture, military security. Undoubtedly, the unification of the Korean people will take place in the future.

As a result of contacts with other integration processes, various options may arise: the unification of integration processes focused on the formation of a single humanity; establishing cooperation between integration processes that contribute to the expansion of a peaceful space without wars; finally, the emergence of specific relations between civilizational processes is possible.

The "a la carte" method can be used for integration. With this method, states do not have a common goal, states participate in integration using their national interests. They participate only in individual projects of the integration process.

When integrating, the "measured geometry" method is also used. With this method, the group of member states of the integration process does not necessarily have common goals. Thus, it actively promotes it forward, participates in integration in its individual areas.

President Vladimir Putin put forward the idea of ​​a new integration project of Eurasia, consisting of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

In such a composition, with such a political structure of the members, the Eurasian Union will not contribute to the formation of a single humanity. First, it is a union of authoritarian states that will not become democratic in the coming decades. The union can grow at the expense of authoritarian states. Second, the union will be largely anti-cosmopolitan. Thirdly, relations between countries cannot be democratic and equal. The union will be dominated by the Russian Federation, which will provide countries with security. The union will be based on natural resources Russia. Fourth, the Russian Federation is unlikely to establish harmonious, peaceful relations between the EU and the Eurasian Union.

It is possible that the union will be in many respects adequate to the Soviet regime.

At the same time, the Eurasian Union can turn into an effective source of global integration if its member countries take a democratic path of development and equal relations are established between states.

Russia is a multinational and multi-confessional state that occupies an important geopolitical, cultural, ethnic, religious position in Europe, Asia, and the world as a whole. If Russia becomes a democratic peace-loving state; it has a great, cosmopolitan future.

First, demographic Russia, a huge multi-million, multi-ethnic, multi-confessional state, could in the future be an important structural element of the future united humanity with cultural, ethnic and religious diversity.

Secondly, Russia, together with the European Union, could form a large integration structure as part of a single humanity.

Thirdly, Russia could create an Asian multinational integration union. The Asian Union could include states of Christian, Chinese, Indian and Islamic civilizations. The union would enrich the cultural, ethnic and religious diversity of the future united humanity.

Fourthly, Russia could contribute to the formation of a single Euro-Asian association as an important structure of the future united humanity.

Demographic Russia could take a world-historical path, fight for the fate of mankind, contribute to the unity of mankind, the biosphere and the noosphere.

The integration of our planet will be carried out through the development of local civilizations; through the formation of unions of democratic states (EU); through the preservation and development of multinational and multi-confessional states (USA, RF, India, China); through the evolution and transformation of authoritarian states into democratic ones.

A multipolar world is an important trend in bringing people together. Each subject of the multipolar world absorbs huge spaces, huge human associations.

It can be assumed that in the future the following integration models of states with immigrants are possible: the assimilation model (immigrants must fully accept the culture of the majority), the multiculturalism model (immigrants are given the right to preserve their culture, but respect the laws). A model in which immigrants leave the country is not ruled out.

An important role with integration will be played by local civilizations. Local civilization is a way of life of society, an integral and self-developing system. / Each local civilization is a large integration community, a large-scale device in the world community, a large space-time configuration.

Local civilization is an integral system that includes religion, culture, philosophy, science, morality, law, ways of thinking, way of life, system of relationships with nature, political, economic and social subsystems. Local civilization is an integral whole in which its components are closely interconnected. The modern world community includes Chinese, Indian, Japanese, Western European (Euro-Atlantic), Islamic, Orthodox (Eastern European), Latin American and African civilizations.

Moral, spiritual and territorial ties of tribes, nations, peoples, states led to the formation of local civilizations, which were systems limited in time and space.

Religion is a defining, backbone factor in the development of local civilizations. Religion acts as an integration factor, expands the spiritual space, affirms the unity of all believers, unites society, and forms a common worldview of believers.

Thus, a local civilization is a huge part of the world community; together, local civilizations form a world community. Local civilizations are, firstly, a means of forming the unity of mankind; secondly, as a means of forming cultural, ethnic and religious diversity.

The basis of integration processes, the backbone factor will be the state. The community needs states that can become engines of integration. In integration, states move at different speeds (multi-speed integration). At the same time, they are guided by the success and failure of other states. Multi-speed integration is carried out if the states have a common goal.

In the interests of democratic integration, each state must have a temporal and spatial view, a concept for its own integration, i.e. with whom to integrate? at what time? fit in or integrate through yourself?

In the interests of global integration, it is necessary to preserve single vast spaces (China, the Russian Federation, the USA, India, Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia, etc.). They stand closer in time and space to the unity of the world community. It is impossible to destroy huge subjects, including superethnic syntheses.

Currently, under the influence of globalization, new challenges and threats, the transformation of the national sovereignty of many states is taking place. The absolute sovereignty of the state is replaced by limited sovereignty. Limitation of sovereignty is becoming a stable phenomenon in the world community.

Sovereignty is limited in two ways: voluntary transfer of sovereign powers (example of the European Union, UN) and external coercion to comply with international obligations, ensure human rights, and prevent humanitarian disasters. When limiting sovereignty, various sanctions can be used, including embargoes, blockades, prohibitions, etc. Voluntary and forced restriction of the sovereignty of states needs legal support, which will make it possible to humanize global world politics.

Nation-states acquire new functions. Some functions are transferred "up" - to supranational structures, others - "down" - to local authorities. New functions have been added to the traditional functions: stimulating the economy/, developing science, and creating social infrastructure.

Limiting the sovereignty of states, transferring part of their functions to other states, supranational structures, the United Nations makes it possible to more successfully fight against international terrorism, with the spread of WMD, to carry out collective regulation of international relations. Nation states, freeing themselves from selfishness, from absolutization of their national interests, actively participate in integration processes.

Globalization exacerbates the relationship between cosmopolitanism and nationalism. Nationalism rejects cosmopolitanism and cosmopolitanization. Supporters of nationalism stand for the greatness of their nation, for the preservation of isolation in the face of integration. Nationalists consider patriotism as the only fair form of identity, they reduce identity to one trait of a person (religion, nationality) at his birth ("innate" identity). Nationalists dream of returning to their former role nation states. National homogeneity in states is considered eternal.

Nationalism brought bloody wars to mankind, which were the main means of solving various problems. They protect the powers of nation-states. Nationalists are actively and consciously waging a struggle against cosmopolitanism.

Cosmopolitanism presupposes a cruel criticism of the principles of nationalism and reveals its constructive errors. At the same time, cosmopolitanism believes that the ideas of statehood and sovereignty have not lost their usefulness, they must be developed in a cosmopolitan direction. Nationalism is able to solve national problems if it uses the values ​​and potential of cosmopolitanism.

Cosmopolitanism, unlike nationalism, assumes that individuals have a plurality of identities.

In the context of integration, the role of international law. National norms of law influence the formation of norms of international law. International law influences national legislation.

The main principles of international law are: sovereign equality states; refraining from the threat or use of force; settlement of international disputes by peaceful means; non-interference in the internal affairs of states; the obligation of states to cooperate in the external sphere; equality and self-determination of peoples; inviolability of state borders; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; conscientious fulfillment of international obligations.

With these principles, we entered the 21st century. At the same time, international law can develop. New principles may also be formed.

Integration processes, integration structures of democratic states may face internal and external threats from anti-cosmopolitan forces. Therefore, at all stages of the formation of democratic integration structures, they must be provided with military security.

A weighty, leading component of common integration is the European Union of Democratic States.

The European Union acts as an experimental democratic laboratory, a platform for the integration process of the entire world community. Integration is deepening, the number of participants is growing, the structure of the union is becoming more complex, it is becoming a permanent process.

The EU is a world leader in integration and cosmopolitanization. The EU has achieved historic success by becoming an important actor in world politics. The European Union has chosen a historically correct path to achieve the unity of mankind with cultural, ethnic and religious diversity.

The EU is able to help overcome the systemic crisis of world democracies and make a huge contribution to the modernization of world democracies.

The European Union laid the foundation for cosmopolitan regional integration, which should prove its effectiveness in maintaining peace, in humane and fair relations between states. The regional integration of the EU can turn into a sustainable and comprehensive, cosmopolitan and geopolitical trend towards the formation of a single humanity. States that underestimate regional integration, do not join existing regional structures, may remain on the sidelines of the world historical movement for many decades.

The European Union proceeds from the fact that the presence of many nations cannot be replaced by a single large nation, that unity can be ensured by the recognition and reconciliation of many national histories, which does not imply the dissolution of nations, the dissolution of different religions.

Integration is focused on strengthening, maintaining the principles of national, cultural and religious tolerance, on the coexistence of cultural, ethnic, religious, political identities; rejects in Europe the project of national homogeneity. In the EU, national and European interests are gradually united, national interests are gradually being Europeanized.

In the EU, more than half of the decisions are made in the union, not in the states. The partial renunciation of national sovereignty by states made them more secure. The departure of states from selfishness in the national interest will gradually increase. There are common interests in the EU foreign policy and in security.

At the same time, there is nostalgia for national sovereignty in the Union, national egoism has not been overcome, there is no deep interest in pan-European problems, and there is a rise in nationalism. The development of the EU is also hindered by a systemic crisis. All this hinders integration and cosmopolitanization.

In addition to the European Union, there are other models of integration that have their own characteristics. In North America, Asia, Latin America, other integration centers are being formed, which in the future will take on a cosmopolitan character.

Integration is a global global process with its inherent general patterns.

Diasporas are one of the forms of integration. Cosmopolitanism proceeds from the fact that diasporas should be objects of cosmopolitanization. When solving all diaspora problems, it is necessary to proceed from the interests of the world community. It is impossible not to expand or shrink diasporas to the detriment of humanity. The problems of diasporas need more complete and in-depth legal support at the level of states, regions, and the world community. With the long existence of diasporas, assimilation processes are possible.

Regional and global integration

Developing on two levels - global And regional, The integration process is characterized, on the one hand, by the growing internationalization of economic life, and on the other hand, by the economic convergence of countries on a regional basis. Regional integration, growing on the basis of the internationalization of production and capital, at the same time expresses a certain divergence in the world market system, i.e. a parallel trend developing alongside a more global one. It represents, if not a denial of the global nature of the world market, then to a certain extent an attempt to close it within the framework of a group of developed leading countries. We are talking about a qualitative shift, caused both by the growing economic needs of economic rapprochement different countries, and the all-encompassing nature of deepening contradictions within the framework of the world capitalist system. To find a way out of these contradictions, as well as to solve the problems dictated by the acceleration of the internationalization of national economic complexes, modern countries seek through the ultimate deepening of regional economic integration.

Within the framework of the regional complex, not only the sphere of circulation is internationalized and integrated, but also the central phase of the circulation of capital, i.e. the production itself technological process product creation. As a result, there is an interweaving of the circulation of total national capitals as a whole. Here lies the main boundary separating integration from pre-integration forms of internationalization of economic life. We also note that integration as an economic phenomenon is still quite general, since nowhere in the world has there been a process of complete integration, culminating in the unification and loss of independence of the participants in the association. So integration is is the process of unification , but not yet the unification of individual parts into a single whole. All this, however, is directly related to the most advanced form of integration - the European Union.

Thus, international economic integration (MPEI) - this is a steadily ongoing process of rapprochement of a number of states on the way to unification - from the declaration of integration to the closest cooperation in the field of economy, finance, attracting labor, creating supranational bodies of economic and political power, which form a common basis for conducting the domestic and foreign economic policies of the integrating states.

Extensive Team work integration group and established mechanisms of power leads to the development of uniform rules for the activities of various subjects of economic, legal, cultural, political, military and other activities in the direction of integration. This activity strengthens cooperation and regulation of economic, social, and in some cases political issues in accordance with the tasks that were officially set by treaties and agreements at different stages of the integration development of countries.

Principles, types and forms of integration

The experience of many integration associations of the XX century. shows that they are formed mainly on two basic principles. One principle is the powerful initiative role of the state (a classic example is the creation and development European Union); another principle is the predominant role of large private entrepreneurship, which literally forces the state to take the path of integration rapprochement with one or another group of countries (examples: the Treaty between the USA, Canada and Mexico, NAFTA).

In the first case, it develops institutional type of integration , in the second - private-corporate. The global process of economic integration is likely to creamy character because it is pushed, on the one hand, by developed countries and their governments, on the other hand, by powerful TNCs and TNBs, and on the third hand, by large and influential international financial, economic and financial institutions and institutions (WTO, WB, IMF), as well as UN structures.

The CMEA should also be referred to the institutional type of integration, since it was organized exclusively at the interstate level, although in order to solve primarily the economic problems of the Eastern European countries.

The role of the state factor is also significant in the formation of various regional integration groups in the zones of developing countries, which is obviously due to the fact that large-scale entrepreneurship in developing countries is still being formed and does not have sufficient influence to become the leading force for "pushing through" integration associations and related interstate agreements.

In terms of scale, integration associations are divided into:

• 1) bilateral - the least common in practice (for example, the integration association of Australia and New Zealand acting on the basis of an agreement);
• 2) multilateral - the most common in regional integration;
• 3) continental - Latin American Economic Integration (LEI), Organization of African Unity (OLE).

At present, both types of integration are dynamically developing - both global and regional forms. Integration processes covered Europe, North America, vast areas of the Indian-Pacific basin, Latin America, Africa, the zone of the Arab countries. Each regional integration group has its own characteristics and mechanisms of formation and functioning. Some of them show their vitality, and the participating countries benefit for their peoples; others exist only on a formal basis, although sometimes the governments of these countries conclude important treaties and agreements.

International regional organizations operating in Europe:

• o EU;
• o EACT.

Regional organizations active in Europe:

• o Nordic Council (Nordic countries);
• o Council of the Baltic Sea States.

Regional associations of states of Central and of Eastern Europe and Asia:

• o CIS;
• o Euro-Asian Free Trade Agreement; transformed in 2005 into the EurAsEC;
• o Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC);
• o Organization of the countries of Central Asia;
• o Baltic Free Trade Area;
• o Russian-Belarusian Economic Union (transformed in 1997 into the Union of Belarus and Russia);
• o Kazakh-Kyrgyz-Uzbek Free Trade Agreement;
• o Cooperation Organization of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (GUAM);
• o Agreement on the Common Economic Space of the CIS (2004);
• o Shanghai Cooperation Organization (IIIOC, 2005);
• o Customs Union of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus (2009).

The phenomena of integration can be traced in global And regional levels.

At the global level, integration manifests itself:

• 1. in the creation of international legal relations between regional integration associations;
• 2. in the creation, functioning and development of transnational markets for goods and services (within the WTO system and outside this system).

As method international legal regulation of integration processes is not only coordinating, inherent in MP, but also subordinate method (elements of supranational regulation in the EU).

However, integration at the regional level acquires the most comprehensive and manageable character: in Europe, Northern and South America, Asia, the Pacific, the Middle and Middle East, Africa.

56. An integration association is an economic space with a special (preferential) legal regime. From the point of view of the MEP, in connection with the integration processes, the problem arises of the relationship between this "intra-integration" regime and the PNP. Similar questions arose in connection with the creation of the EEC, EFTA, and LAST.

Assuming that, by virtue of the PNB third States may demand "intra-integration" benefits, which will mean the impossibility of integration, a ban on integration.

This problem was considered in the International Law Commission of the United Nations in the preparation of the "draft articles on most favored nation clauses", which could become an international convention.

It should be noted that Art. Text XXIV of the GATT provides for "customs unions", "free trade zones" as an exception to the scope of the PNB. However, in practice, none of the customs union or free trade area agreements fully met the requirements of the GATT, and yet all of these associations were recognized as having the right to exemption from obligations arising from the PNB.

With this in mind, it can be argued that the benefits provided by states to each other within the framework of integration associations do not fall under the scope of the NSP or on the basis of international treaty(GATT, bilateral trade agreements providing for such exceptions), or on the basis of established international legal practice.

In connection with the establishment of international legal relations between integration associations, new features are introduced into the practice of applying the NSP: there is a kind of "transfer" of the application of this principle from the interstate level to the level of "integration association to integration association".

For example, in 1983, an Agreement on Economic Cooperation was concluded between the EEC and the Andean Pact, which provides (Article 4) for the mutual provision of MFN.

A similar provision was contained in the agreement between the EEC and the ASEAN member countries, as well as in the draft framework agreement between the EEC and the CMEA.

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economic integration mankind Durkheim

Global integration in concepts, terms, categories

Angelina E.A.

One of actual problems modern world development is the problem of the integration existence of mankind. Global integration is a condition for its survival, especially within the framework of the developing technogenesis, clearly expressed in the information and computer revolution. In this regard, the purpose of our study is to more fully identify the initial basic concepts, terms and categories that reflect and determine the very essence of the global integration process.

The purpose of this work is to give, if possible, the most significant domestic and foreign primary sources, in which the volume, content, types and functionality of the integration phenomenon are most fully represented.

Although modern world almost the entire 20th century. was divided into two world systems - capitalist and socialist, however, none of the world systems denied the evidence of integration processes. Working on primary sources, we got acquainted with a number of names, both domestic and foreign philosophers, sociologists, economists, political scientists, culturologists, etc. In particular, the largest researchers of this issue were: I. Savelyeva, Y. Shchepansky, V. Abrosimov, O. Maltseva, E. Semyonov, A. Kovalev, JI. Sedov. In the 50s. 20th century in the USSR, the works of T. Parsons and N. Smelser were studied. In the 60s. the works of T. Parsons, A. Egtzioni, P. Lazarsfeld, M. Rosenberg were studied. In the 70s 90s. the works of L. Werner, J. Gruzek, H. Lytton, M. Feldstrain, F. Heffernan, K. Barbadt, D. Hale and others were actively studied. Domestic and foreign academic scientific institutions conducted serious research, conducted international conferences on this issue, reflecting the main vision of the phenomenon of integration in encyclopedic publications. In accordance with our task of the most complete presentation of the volume and content of the phenomenon of integration, we present them in the original, taken, as it should be, in “quotation marks”, without throwing out a single significant word.

The Brief Philosophical Encyclopedia indicates that “integration (from Latin integer is a complete, whole, undisturbed) process, or action, resulting in integrity; unification, connection, restoration of unity; in Spencer's philosophy means the transformation of a dispersed, imperceptible state into a concentrated, visible one, associated with a slowdown in internal movement, while disintegration means the transformation of a concentrated state into a dispersed state associated with an acceleration of movement. Spencer, this encyclopedia says, repeatedly uses the word "integration" as equivalent to aggregation. Development solar system, planet, organism, nation consists, according to Spencer, in the alternation of integration and disintegration. In the psychology of E. Jensch, integration means the spread of individual spiritual features to the totality of spiritual life. In the teachings of P Smend about the state, integration is understood as the constant self-renewal of the state through the mutual penetration of all types of activities directed at it.

We draw attention to the fact that the Concise Philosophical Encyclopedia presents the concept of integration against the background of another disintegration. And the complete "Philosophical Encyclopedia" considers these concepts side by side. Here we read: “Integration and disintegration are social (from the Latin integer whole and the French des... a prefix meaning negation, annihilation) concepts that in bourgeois sociology denote the processes of unification of social phenomena into a single whole and the disintegration of the whole into elements. Integration Harmonization and unification of various social groups (class integration), assimilation of various cultural elements into a single homogeneous culture (cultural integration), reconciliation and coincidence of different moral norms (moral integration), etc. Disintegration is the process of decomposition and disintegration of society into warring groups and groupings, groups into individuals pursuing personal rather than social goals, etc. The state of integration and disintegration and the mutual transitions of these states are, according to bourgeois sociology, the main points in the process of social development.

The “Dictionary of Foreign Words” says that “integral (lat.) is inextricably linked, integral, single; integral calculus is a part of higher mathematics (infinitesimal calculus) that studies the properties and methods of calculating integrals and their applications; integral equations equations that connect an unknown function with known ones using integrals; integral cooperation is a cooperative system of a mixed type that combines all types of cooperation activities: consumer, trade, agricultural, hunting, etc.” .

In the "Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" it is written: "the integration of languages, the process, the reverse of the differentiation of languages. When integrating languages, language communities that previously used different languages(dialects), begin to use one language.

The same dictionary also notes: “Integration (lat. integration restoration, replenishment, from integer whole), 1) a concept meaning the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts and functions of a system, an organism into a whole, as well as a process leading to such a state; 2) the process of rapprochement and connection of sciences, taking place along with the processes of their differentiation.

Further, in a number of dictionaries, areas of integration are noted. Thus, “Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary”, “Concise Political Science Dictionary” and others write about economic integration. “Modern Western Sociology. Dictionary" publishes articles about "Social Integration", as well as concepts reflecting this social phenomenon.

“Economic integration,” we read in the “Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary,” is a form of internationalization of economic life that arose after World War II, an objective process of intertwining national economies and pursuing a coordinated interstate economic policy. Capitalist integration creation of interstate monopoly associations (EEC, EACT, etc.) of closed economic blocs as new forms of struggle for economic division and redivision of the world. It is characterized by sharp contradictions between and within regional economic groupings. Socialist integration is a systematically regulated process of deepening the international socialist division of labor, developing industrial, scientific and technical cooperation, mutually beneficial trade, economic, monetary and financial ties between the socialist countries. It is aimed at the formation of a modern highly efficient structure of national economies, the gradual convergence and alignment of their levels. economic development.

The Soviet researcher I. Savelyeva in the "Philosophical Encyclopedia" writes the following on the basis of a number of foreign sources: "economic integration (from the Latin integratio - replenishment) is the convergence and interweaving of the national economies of a number of states, which occurs, as a rule, on the basis of their regional proximity, due to their mutual interests and aimed at creating a single economic organism. It manifests itself in the creation of various interstate economic associations, regional and subregional groupings based on the principles of common markets, free trade zones, customs and currency unions, and is ensured by the implementation of a coordinated interstate economic policy. In the last two decades, integration associations have become an integral element of relations within the world economy. By the nature and depth of integration processes, the following main types of integration associations can be distinguished: 1) a free trade zone, when the participating countries limit themselves to the abolition of customs barriers in mutual trade; 2) a customs union, when the free movement of goods and services within the group complements the single customs tariff in relation to third countries; 3) a common market, when barriers between countries are eliminated not only in mutual trade, but also for the movement of labor and capital; 4) an economic union, which also implies the implementation by the participating states of a single economic policy, the creation of a system of interstate regulation of the socio-economic process. In practice, the boundaries between different types of integration are rather arbitrary. Economic integration has reached its greatest maturity in the group of developed countries with market economy. First of all, we should mention Europe, where in 1957 the European Economic Community (EEC) was created. Within the framework of the European Union that emerged on the basis of the EEC, integration is carried out in a wide range of areas, both economic and political. This is facilitated by the activities of pan-European financial and economic institutions, the directions of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Maastricht agreements of 1991, involving the deepening of the coordination of macroeconomic policy and the introduction of a common European currency, marked a new frontier for European economic integration. The processes of economic integration are less intense in the Asia-Pacific region. Such influential organizations as the Intergovernmental Conference on Asia-Pacific Cooperation (APEC), the Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PEC), the Basin Economic Council have already been established here. Pacific Ocean(РВЭС), the Asia-Pacific Economic Council (APEC), etc. The process of formation of the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), which includes the USA, Canada and Mexico, has begun. It should be noted that the same states may participate in different associations. At the moment, there are several dozen economic integration associations in the world, many of which are still rather amorphous formations. This applies to regional groupings of developing countries. The region, integration in the "third world" differs significantly from similar processes in developed countries. Here there is no such fundamental factor as the constantly deepening formation of intercountry economic ties both at the level of firms and enterprises, and national economic organisms. The main goal of such integration is to overcome the low level of development of productive forces and collective protectionism. While the integration of developed countries, which has become a sign of the era, is based not on protective mechanisms, but on the high competitiveness of the economies of the leading countries, the space closed from external influence only contributes to the alienation of the Third World countries from economic development. Benefits in this situation are received by the most developed participants regional unions. Thus, the different degree of interest of the participating countries is feature integration in the third world. Economic associations of this kind are the Andean group. Latin American Integration Association. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Central African Customs and Economic Union, West African Economic Community, etc. Third world countries are generally more inclined to orient their economic ties to developed countries than to their own kind. At the same time, in the “third world” itself, a stratum of relatively prosperous countries stands out, successfully integrating into the economic system of world leaders. On the basis of such interactions, stable functioning economic associations. These include the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc. There are also groupings that gravitate towards certain regional "centers of gravity" - the South China Economic Zone, the "Golden Triangle of Growth". Economic zone of the countries of the Sea of ​​Japan basin. Indochina economic zone, etc. Economic integration of the countries of the socialist camp on a political and ideological basis, an example of which was the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), existed as long as its basis, the USSR, was preserved. Economic integration is a form of regionalization and, at the same time, internationalization of the world economy. In particular, the author of the article relies on a number of domestic and foreign studies as primary sources.

In another academic publication, we read: “Social integration (from Lat integratio replenishment) is a set of processes on the basis of which heterogeneous interacting elements merge into a social community, whole, system, as well as forms of maintenance by social groups of a certain stability and balance of societies, relations; the ability of a social system or its parts to resist destructive factors, to self-preservation in the face of internal and external stresses, difficulties, and contradictions. The same concept denotes a special problem area of ​​sociology, which studies how the various elements of society are held together, that is, how they are integrated. Any definitions of social integration are not universal, since they are usually a repetition of the formulations of the necessary conditions for the existence and functioning of a sociocultural system in general.

Thus, all the complexities and contradictions of the sociological analysis of “big systems” are transferred to the studies of social integration, which requires taking into account the many different elements that function in society. Social integration as a problem of the general theory of sociocultural systems, which studies the conditions and indicators of cohesion, the minimum necessary for the existence and activity of any social group, has taken an important place in Western sociology since the 1950s. 20th century The meaning of social integration is clarified each time in the context of other sociological concepts that serve similar tasks: social connection, order, solidarity, and so on. If the general concept of social connection covers all existing social relations, including conflicts of people with social roles and the norms of societies, order, then social integration reflects the moment of consent, the dynamic state of coordination, a certain harmony of relations and processes in social group any scale. In this case, social integration can also act as a measure of the coincidence of goals, interests, beliefs within different social groups, that is, as social cohesion. Forced integration is also possible social way subordination of personal interests to the interests of the group or to goals set from outside. At the same time, social integration is not identical to unification; it does not extinguish social diversity, which is a factor in the viability of the social system.

Another domestic researcher of the phenomenon of integration A. Kovalev also points out that “social integration (from Latin integratio replenishment) is a concept that characterizes: a set of processes due to which heterogeneous interacting elements are linked into a social community, whole, system; forms of maintenance by social groups of a certain stability and balance of social relations; the ability of a social system or its parts to resist destructive factors, to self-preservation in the face of internal and external stresses, difficulties, contradictions. Social integration as a problem of the general theory of sociocultural systems, which studies the conditions and indicators of cohesion, the minimum necessary for the existence and activity of any social group, has taken an important place in Western sociology since the 1950s. 20th century (especially after the work of T. Parsons). The meaning of social integration is clarified each time in the context of other sociological concepts that serve similar tasks: social connection, order, system, solidarity, etc. If the general concept of social connection covers all existing social relations, including conflicts of people with roles and norms public order(anomie, alienation, etc.), then social integration reflects the moment of consent, the dynamic state of coordination, a certain harmony of relations and processes in a social group of any scale. Social integration is considered as a process closely related to other processes such as socialization, acculturation, assimilation, etc., and as a result of these processes. Any social integration (as well as its opposite - disintegration) is relative and incomplete, but its degree is thought to be a necessary condition for the functioning of the social system. However, attempts to determine the main signs of achieving the required level of social integration usually lead to a repetition of the formulations of the necessary conditions for the existence and functioning of a sociocultural system in general. The ego, of course, transfers all the complexities and contradictions of the sociological analysis of "large systems" into the studies of social integration. Any definition of social integration is not universal, taking into account very few of the elements that function in society. Typologies of social integration depend on the ways of dismembering the socio-cultural system and on the analysis of the relationship between its elements. Following the division of the social system into cultural and social subsystems adopted by American sociology, there are, for example, four classes of social integration: (1) cultural - expressing consistency between cultural standards, norms and patterns of behavior, internal coherence of individual subsystems of symbols; (2) normative - speaking about the coordination between cultural standards (norms) and people's behavior, i.e. such a state in which the basic norms of the cultural subsystem are "institutionalized" in the elements that make up the social subsystem, in particular in the actions of individuals; (3) communicative - based on the exchange of cultural meanings, information and showing the extent to which they cover the entire society or group; (4) functional - based on the interdependence arising from the social division of labor and the exchange of services between people. Each type of social integration has its subspecies. System approaches to social integration are associated with a long sociological tradition. Thus, Durkheim's "mechanical" and "organic" solidarity are, in fact, two polar types of social integration. The description of organic solidarity, connecting culturally heterogeneous and interdependent individuals and the same groups, has almost completely turned into modern interpretation functional integration. According to the typology given above, mechanical solidarity (assuming an adequate display of cultural patterns of “collective consciousness” by individual members of society, just as the molecules of a solid body retain its basic properties) is a combination of cultural and normative social integration. Systemic approaches synthesize both leading lines in the history of sociology of understanding the nature of social connection in general to social integration in particular: socio-psychological, emphasizing the importance of a sense of solidarity, connection with others, identification with the “We group”, as opposed to the “They group”, etc. , and objectivist, highlighting the material and functional aspects of human communication, spontaneously developing in the process of collective labor activity set of societies, relationships, independent of internal mental states connected individuals. A generally accepted and integral concept of social integration in Western sociology has not yet been created.

In the "Russian Sociological Encyclopedia" L.A. Sedov writes: "integration social concept(from Latin integratio replenishment, restoration; integer - whole) - various theoretical constructions in sociology that use the concept of integration related to systems theory, which means a state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts into a whole and a process leading to such a state. This concept came to the social sciences from mathematics, physics and biology. The concept of "social integration" implies the existence of an orderly, conflict-free relationship between social actors (individuals, organizations, states, etc.). A somewhat different meaning is the concept of "integration of the social system", which means an orderly and conflict-free relationship between parts of the social system, that is, between institutions and normative standards. Views on the degree and mechanism of integration of social systems have undergone a complex evolution. The utilitarian philosophers (T. Hobbes, J. Locke, etc.) were characterized by the idea of ​​society as an aggregate of autonomous units acting on the basis of arbitrary selfish interests. E. Durkheim, M. Weber, V. Pareto established the integration of a social system on the basis of common values ​​and norms for all its members. Representatives of functionalist anthropology (Malinovsky, Radcliffe-Brown, Kluckhohn) brought the idea of ​​social integration to the notion of the complete integration of society. Parsons introduced the concepts of normative and value social integration into his four-functional paradigm of considering social systems, showing that the function of social integration is provided by the activity of specialized subsystems. According to Parsons, the problems of social integration increase as action systems become differentiated and more complex. Accordingly, to ensure stability and further development of the system, it is necessary to develop mechanisms for social integration. IN modern society integration problems are solved with the help of such mechanisms as a universalist legal system, voluntary associations, expansion of the rights and privileges of community members, and an increase in the level of generalization of symbolic intermediaries. Non-functionalist theorists (Wendix, Gouldner) often criticize functionalists for exaggerating possible extent integration of the social system, arguing that an empirically high level of integration is unattainable and practically harmful, because it deprives the social system of mobility and flexibility. The problems of social integration occupy a large place in the works of organization theorists. In particular, A. Etzioni shows that organizations such as prisons, army units, etc., are not social systems, since they are integrated on the basis of coercion. Actually, normative ties in them are formed between prisoners, ordinary military personnel, etc., who form their own "social subsystems". L. Sedov also defines the basic concepts of integration using Western literary sources.

The Concise Political Science Dictionary also says: “socialist economic integration is a form of internationalization of the economic life of the socialist countries, expressed in their steadily expanding economic cooperation, convergence and interweaving of national economies that serve important condition development of each of them. Socialist economic integration makes it possible to unite and systematically coordinate the efforts of the socialist countries in order to solve the most important socio-economic tasks, is called upon to combine the advantages of socialist system economy with the achievements of scientific and technological progress in the interests of intensifying the economy of each CMEA member country and the community as a whole. It makes it possible to speed up the processes of specialization, co-operation and concentration of production, and in an efficient way meet the requirements of the socialist countries for raw materials, fuel, machinery and equipment.

The main goals, tasks, principles and mechanism for the implementation of socialist economic integration are defined in the Comprehensive Program for the Further Deepening and Improvement of Cooperation and Development of Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries, adopted by them in 1971 and designed for phased implementation over 15-20 years.

The main directions of socialist economic integration are: cooperation in the field of planned activities of the participating countries, specialization and cooperation in production and the creation of international economic organizations(Intermetall, Interenergo, etc.), cooperation in solving fuel and energy problems (joint development of energy and raw materials, construction of transcontinental gas pipelines, nuclear power plants, the formation of a unified energy system "Mir"), cooperation in the field of science and technology, coordination of currency, financial and foreign trade activities, etc.

Economic Conference of the CMEA member countries at highest level(1984) marked a qualitatively new stage in the deepening of socialist economic integration. It determined long-term directions for the development of socialist economic integration, made a major step in coordinating economic policy, expanding direct cooperative ties between enterprises, creating joint associations and international organizations. The core of all work was the consistent implementation of the Comprehensive Program of Scientific and Technological Progress of the CMEA member countries up to the year 2000, the transition from predominantly trade ties to deeper specialization and cooperative production. The 27th Congress of the CPSU and the congresses of other fraternal parties confirmed the course towards the further deepening of socialist economic integration as the material basis for uniting the socialist countries. The task has been set to ensure a fuller use of the possibilities of socialist economic integration in intensifying the socio-economic development of the countries of the socialist community in order to improve the well-being of the peoples and strengthen their security.

At a working meeting of the leaders of the fraternal parties of the CMEA member countries (1986), a course was outlined for a radical renewal of the mechanism of cooperation and the transfer of socialist economic integration to a new technological model of development. In accordance with these agreements, measures were outlined in the bodies of the Council for a phased restructuring of the integration mechanism, including ways to introduce the convertibility of the transferable ruble into freely convertible currencies, the gradual formation of conditions for the free movement of goods, services and other factors of production between the CMEA countries and for the creation in the future of a united market".

In conclusion, we can say that, firstly, in the future, most of the theoretical developments of domestic and foreign authors were confirmed; secondly, with the collapse of the USSR, with the rapid development of information and computer technologies and a number of other factors, world integration has become a global phenomenon, honing old concepts and categories, and generating new ones; third, ultimately, global integration has become a natural condition for the existence of modern humanity.

WITHlist of sources used

1. Brief philosophical encyclopedia. M.: Publishing group "Progress" "Encyclopedia", 1994. 576 p.

2. Philosophical encyclopedia. In 5 vols. T.1 M.: Publishing house Soviet Encyclopedia, 1960. 504 p.

3. Dictionary of foreign words. M.; Drofa, 2008. 817 p.

4. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1982. 160 p.

5. Modern Western sociological dictionary / Comp. Yu.N. Davydov, M.S. Kovaleva, A.F. Filippov. M.: Politizdat, 1990. - 432 p.

6. Russian sociological encyclopedia / Ed. ed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences G.V. Osipov. M.: NORMA; INFRA-M, 1998. 481 p.

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1

There are currently two trends in the global economy. On the one hand, the integrity of the world economy, its globalization is increasing, which is caused by the development of economic relations between countries, the liberalization of trade, the creation of modern communication and information systems, world technical standards and norms. On the other hand, there is an economic rapprochement and interaction of countries at the regional level, large regional integration structures are being formed - developing towards the creation of relatively independent centers of the world economy. The main advantage of international integration groupings is the more beneficial use of opportunities for mutually beneficial economic ties that contribute to an increase in GDP production and the efficiency of its use, which is a condition for sustainable economic growth. The above reasons make us interpret the concept, essence and content of the sustainable development of national economies in a new way in the context of international economic integration.

internationalization.

Integration processes

National economy

International economic integration

1. Bauman Z. Integration. Consequences for man and society / Per. from English. - M.: Publishing house "The whole world", 2007.

2. Great economic encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo, 2008. - S. 249.

3. Dahin V. Underwater reef of globalization // Free Thought. - 2008. - No. 4. - P.55-61.

4. Zhuravskaya E. G. Regional integration in the developing world: non-Marxist theories and reality (on the example of ASEAN). - M.: Nauka, 1990.

6. Moses G. Processes of globalization and regionalization in the world economy // The Economist. - 2006. - No. 9. - S. 3-7.

7. Economic and legal dictionary / Ed. A. N. Azrilyana. - M.: Institute of New Economics, 2004.

IN modern conditions increasing internationalization and openness of national economies, international division of labor, dynamic changes in market conditions, exit of the production cycle, financial flows, movement of labor beyond the national framework, modern systems of transport, communications and information and other factors contribute to the rapid development of integration processes and their transition to a new quality level.

Many scientists are engaged in research and integration in general, and its individual elements, relationships and manifestations. In domestic economic science, the problems of integration are considered in the works of E. M. Korostyshevskaya, E. F. Gershtein, G. R. Margolit, A. Marshak, A. Molotnikov, A. Radygin and others. A very significant scientific and practical potential has been accumulated, which was formed as a result of many years of debatable study of integration problems. However, among the researchers of this problem there is no unequivocal opinion, as well as a single theoretical approach to the interpretation of its nature and content.

Integration as a phenomenon has existed for a long time and as a concept has been used in the scientific literature for several decades.

As you know, the term "integration" was first used in the 30s of the twentieth century by a number of German and Swedish scientists and translated from Latin (from Latin integratio - restoration, replenishment from integer - whole) integration means combining any parts into a whole , elements .

In this study, the issues of interest to us are related to the economic aspect of the study of integration processes and lie within the economic plane.

Here is a typical definition of integration given in many textbooks on economics and economic dictionaries: integration - (from integer - whole) - is "the unification of economic entities, the deepening of their interaction, the development of ties between them".

International economic integration (MPEI) is "an objective process of developing particularly deep and stable relationships between individual groups of countries, based on their implementation of a coordinated interstate policy" .

The main features of international economic integration are:

• interpenetration and interweaving of national production processes;
• structural changes in the economies of the participating countries;
• necessity and purposeful regulation of integration processes.

To the advantages of international economic integration:

• an increase in the size of the market - a manifestation of the effect of scale of production;
• increased competition between countries;
• security better conditions trade;
• expanding trade in parallel with improving infrastructure;
• dissemination of new technologies.

The negative consequences of international economic integration are:

• outflow of resources (factors of production) of more backward countries in favor of stronger partners;
• increase in prices for goods as a result of oligopolistic collusion between transnational corporations of the participating countries;
• the effect of losses from increasing the scale of production.

The following forms of international economic integration are distinguished (with increased integration towards the end of the list):

• Preferential zone;
• Free trade Area;
• Customs Union;
• Common Market;
• Economic Union;
• Economic and monetary union.

The preferential zone is a form of international integration. The preferential zone unites countries in whose mutual trade customs duties on imported goods are reduced or canceled.

A free trade area (FTA) is a type of international integration in which customs duties, taxes and fees are canceled in the participating countries, as well as quantitative restrictions in mutual trade in accordance with an international agreement.

Customs Union (CU) - an agreement between two or more states (a form of interstate agreement) on the abolition of customs duties in trade between them, a form of collective protectionism from third countries.

The common market is a form of economic integration of countries that involves the free movement of goods, works and services, as well as factors of production - capital, labor resources - across the borders of countries that are members of the common market.

An economic union is one of the types of trade blocs, characterized by the following features:

• The existence of agreements on the freedom of movement of other factors of production, i.e. financial and human capital;
• Existence of agreements on harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies.

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is one of the types of trade blocs, characterized by the following features:

• Cancellation of customs duties in trade between the countries of the union, a form of collective protectionism from third countries;
• The existence of agreements on the freedom of movement of other factors of production, that is, capital and labor;
• Availability of agreements on harmonization of fiscal and monetary policies;
• The presence of supranational governing bodies and the implementation of a unified macroeconomic policy.

At the end of the XX century. economic integration has become a powerful tool for the accelerated and harmonious development of regional economies and for increasing the competitiveness in the world market of countries participating in integration groups.

IN last years The Russian Federation is increasingly taking part in the processes of internationalization of the world economy, which is largely due to the fact that the world community has learned to see modern Russia as a full-fledged partner. The volume of foreign trade both with the CIS countries and with far-abroad countries grew continuously until the onset of the global economic crisis. At present, after a sharp decline, there has been a positive trend again.

The increase in the openness of the Russian economy led to an increase in foreign investment, an increase in financial strength ratings, a decrease in risk indicators for foreign investors, and finally, to Russia's entry into the World trade organization(WTO).

The main problems hindering the development of integration processes in the Russian economy, from our point of view, include:

1. Insufficient level of internal integration of the national economy. No state of a federal type can count on effective economic integration with other countries, provided that a sufficient level of economic integration has not yet been achieved within the country. In the case of Russia, this is expressed in the extremely uneven development of the economies of the country's regions (and this is a large gap in the standard of living of the population and the development of productive forces), as well as in the low level of interregional economic cooperation. The vast majority of small and medium-sized enterprises work only for the domestic market of the region, without establishing business contacts outside it.

2. Lack of a unified state system for assessing the development of integration processes in the national economy, as well as in the economies of the subjects Russian Federation. It is rather difficult to assess the level of development of integration processes in the form of a quantitative indicator, which is explained by the multifactorial nature of the processes under consideration. At the same time, for public authorities, the availability of data on the level of development of economic integration is very important, since it greatly facilitates the monitoring of integration processes and allows for a more successful foreign economic policy. Today, most regions of the Russian Federation either do not have such assessment systems at all, or use different methods for calculating the integral assessment indicator, which makes their results incomparable.

3. Poorly developed infrastructure, especially the poor condition of transport systems. The effectiveness of the process of international economic integration largely depends on the level of infrastructure development in the integrating countries. In Russia, the state of transport systems is generally unsatisfactory, some sections of federal highways are generally unsuitable for transportation. The level of development of information infrastructure in the regions of Russia also remains low.

4. The historical role of Russia as an undisputed leader in the post-Soviet space, which often prevents the country's leadership from adequately perceiving its partners from the CIS countries. Economic integration in the vast majority of cases involves an equal partnership built on mutually beneficial cooperation, which assumes that the parties take into account each other's interests. The leadership of the Russian Federation is often unwilling to make concessions, having become accustomed to the role of an undisputed leader, capable of dictating its terms. In particular, it is this factor that significantly slows down cooperation between Russia and Belarus.

First, it seems rational to develop unified system assessment of the level of development of integration processes in the national economy and in the economies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. This step will greatly facilitate the task of monitoring the process of international integration, open up new opportunities for planning measures to develop integration processes and control their implementation. With the development of such a system, public authorities will receive a new powerful tool for conducting regional policy, which should have a positive impact on the country's economy as a whole.

Secondly, it is necessary to improve regional policy, while stimulating the development of international and interregional integration processes at the federal level should pursue the goal of balanced development of regions. The authorities of each region, when regulating interregional economic relations, should have guidelines for building international and interregional relations and understand the strategic tasks of developing the country's economic system as a whole.

Further, the state should pay more attention to the development of transport and information infrastructure in the regions of Russia. While allocating more funds to finance relevant programs, it is necessary to tighten control over their targeted spending at the same time. Moreover, in this area, we see it as expedient to develop projects on the basis of public-private partnership. Both the state benefits from this - by increasing tax revenues, and business - by reducing costs and entering new markets.

And, finally, the country's leadership should form a slightly different understanding of the processes of economic integration with the CIS countries, pay more attention to the needs of its partners and, perhaps, more often compromise without directly dictating its conditions. This will strengthen economic and political ties in the post-Soviet space and improve the image of the Russian Federation in the international arena.

As a result of the implementation of the proposed set of measures, Russia should overcome the main obstacles that prevent it from fully using the huge economic potential offered by international economic integration. In turn, the development of integration processes in the Russian Federation should give a powerful impetus to the development of the national economy as a whole.

Reviewers:

Pozdnyakova Tamara Alekseevna, Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department "Taxes and Taxation" of the North Caucasian Mining and Metallurgical Institute (State Technological University), Vladikavkaz.

Khekilaev S. T., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the Department of Economics and Enterprise Management, North Caucasian Mining and Metallurgical Institute (State Technological University), Vladikavkaz.

Bibliographic link

Takazova M.T. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND PROBLEMS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA // Contemporary Issues science and education. - 2013. - No. 1.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=8431 (date of access: 12/22/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"