Presentation on the topic of international relations between countries. Presentation on the topic: Integration process in the CIS

Russia and Great Britain. History of relations between Great Britain and Russia Harmony has not always reigned in them, but they are much longer and richer than many people think. The ties between the British and Russian royal houses were intertwined with trade contacts. Trade relations between the two countries began more than 400 years ago. Britain and Russia fought together in the war against Nazi Germany. The unique feature of British aid Soviet Union was that it supported the tradition of maritime and trade relations. After World War II, the development of relations was hampered by " cold war“However, bilateral contacts continued, including high-level visits. Margaret Thatcher in 1984 called Mikhail Gorbachev a person with whom she could “do business.” The mutual understanding established between them in the 1980s helped pave the way for a positive state of relations between the two countries. After the collapse of the USSR, relations between Great Britain and Russian Federation improved, but worsened again in the 2000s due to disagreements over extraditions. This disagreement escalated to the deportation of four Russian diplomats by Britain, soon followed by the deportation of four English diplomats by Russia. Several British consulate offices and one cultural cooperation organization were forced to close. Since 2007, Russia has again begun long-range patrols with TU-95 bombers. These patrols repeatedly passed close to British airspace, where they were escorted by British fighter jets. However, there are also positive aspects of the development of Russian-British relations. Cooperation in the energy sector is actively developing between Russia and the UK. In September 2003, at the Energy Forum in London, a Communiqué on cooperation in the field of energy and a Memorandum between the two countries on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline, through which Russian gas Baltic Sea will be supplied to Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and other countries.

Lecture trajectory 1. Main projects of economic integration and cooperation in East Asia. 1. 1. Institutional architecture of East Asia (NEA and SEA): institutions of regional cooperation initiated by ASEAN, the role of the Asia-Europe Forum in consolidating the idea of ​​East Asian regionalism, APEC Forum, Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Reasons hindering the integration of VA. 1. 2. Zones of transnational cooperation in East Asia. 1. 3. Non-governmental organizations and their role in the development of regional cooperation 2. Problems of security and sustainable development in East Asia 2. 1. Bilateral contacts and institutional structures in solving security problems: ARF, APEC, SCO, CICA, Shangri-La Dialogue. 2. 1. The role of KEDO and the Six-Party Negotiations mechanism in resolving security problems on the Korean Peninsula.

Regional studies aspect of IR Ø East Asia (EA) – a kaleidoscope of cultures, diversity of forms social structures, dynamic economic development. Ø In progress historical development a cultural, civilizational and economic regional community is being formed. Ø In the 1990s, the intensification of cooperation among the EA countries was influenced by the following factors: 1. The growth of economic interdependence and trade volumes between the countries of East Asia (NEA and SEA) Ø 2. The Asian financial crisis and its results (the Chiang Mai initiative, aimed at creating a system of mutual support for the countries of East Asia, became an example of protecting the region from monetary and financial shocks from the outside and from the need to turn to the IMF for help. - See V. Amirov. Origins and evolution of the Chiang Mai Initiative). Ø 3. Extension regional organizations in Asia, Europe and America. Ø 4. Actualization of the search for East Asian identity, thanks to rapid economic growth and strengthening of positions in international arena(Shintaro Ishihara (No-san), Mahathir Mohammad, Kim Daejung). Ø Ø Various forms of economic integration appear in East Asia: from cross-border economic growth zones and free trade agreements to transcontinental structures (APEC, RCEP, TPP)

The Asia-Europe Forum - ASEM was initiated by Singapore and France. The first Conference took place in 1996 in Bangkok. The last summit was held in July 2016 in Ulaanbaatar. ASEM has 53 members. Ø The Forum’s activities are based on 3 pillars: politics; economy; sociocultural and educational sphere. Ø Main tasks: to develop and deepen cooperation between continents, jointly combat security challenges and threats, and improve interaction mechanisms. Ø

Asia Cooperation Dialogue Ø Ø Ø The goal is to create a “bridge” between regional structures (ASEAN, ASEAN+3, SAARC, Gulf Cooperation Council, Eurasian Union), and in the future to become the leading structure of the pan-Asian interactions. Operated since 2002 on the initiative of Thailand. Summits have been held since 2012. The last one (III) took place in October 2016 in Bangkok, the next one will take place in Tehran (2018). The main objectives of the Forum are to create a mechanism for the exchange of ideas and experience between participants, synchronize their partnership on various levels, developing a strategy to respond to new challenges and Negative consequences globalization. Currently, the Forum unites 34 countries. Within the framework of the Dialogue, 20 cooperation programs in the fields of energy and energy security were announced, information technologies, formation of the Asian stock market, transport, tourism, Agriculture, security environment, development of small and medium-sized businesses, etc.

* * Legend * ██ ASEAN full members ██ ASEAN observers ██ ASEAN candidate members ██ ASEAN Plus Three ███ East Asia Summit * ██████ ASEAN Regional Forum ASEAN Way (from TAC) n n n mutual respect for independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of states the right of each state to independently choose the path of development without external interference, subversion or coercion non-interference in the internal affairs of a friend the resolution of disagreements and disputes peacefully renunciation of the use of force or the threat of force the establishment of mutual effective cooperation

The Action Plan (2015-2017) for the implementation of the Phnom Penh Declaration on the Development of EAC Initiatives defines the following areas of cooperation: 1) Environment and energy; 2) education; 3) finance; 4) global health and pandemic diseases; 5) natural disaster management; 6) connections with ASEAN; 7) trade and economics; 8) food security; 9) institutional and financial measures for the implementation of the Action Plan. EAC: 10+8 (2005) APT: ASEAN+3 (1997) ASEAN (1967) According to the “Joint Statement...”, the APT identified 8 areas of cooperation: 1) economy; 2) currency sector and finance; 3) human resource development and social sphere; 4) science and technology; 5) culture and information; 6) development assistance; 7) politics and security; 8) solving transnational problems (drug trafficking, terrorism, human trafficking, etc.)

§ BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation. In operation since 1997. Aims at strengthening the integration of members in the fields of trade, investment, technological cooperation, transport services, energy, tourism and fisheries. § Mekong-Ganga Cooperation was established in 2000. Focuses on 4 areas of cooperation: tourism, culture, education, transport with the aim of creating a sustainable foundation for trade and investment cooperation between participants.

Cross-border economic growth zones in East Asia § Transnational (cross-border) economic growth zones pursue the goal of developing geographically close regions of two, three or more countries based on the sharing of production factors - capital, goods, services, natural resources. – See G. Kostyunin. Asia-Pacific economic integration. § Currently, in East Asia there are 5 (3 “growth triangles”) successfully functioning zones, including areas of 13 countries: 1) Growth zone “Indonesia - Malaysia - Singapore” - the first since 1989 (Riau- Johor. Singapore). 2) Growth zone "Indonesia - Malaysia - Thailand" - since 1993. 3) Eastern growth zone of ASEAN (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines) - since 1994. 4) South China growth zone (PRC, Hong Kong, Taiwan) - developing on an informal basis basis, active since the 1990s. 5) “Greater Mekong” zone (Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, China (Yunnan Province)) since 1992. Growth zones in NEA have not been implemented: 1) “Ring of the Sea of ​​Japan” zone (Russia, China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea) – since the 1980s. 2) Zone “Ring of the Yellow Sea” (Japan, China, North and South Korea). 3) RTI (Extended Tumangan Initiative) - the former Tumangan project (Russia, China, Mongolia, South Korea; North Korea left in 2009). – more about modern times. condition see http: //www. iep. ru/files/text/nauchnie_jurnali/kadochnikov_RVV_3 -2016. pdf

Pacific for Integration Pacific Rim Economic Council (PBEC) is an influential independent non-governmental business association founded in 1967 by Weldon Gibson (Prof. research institute) in order to promote business development in the Asia-Pacific region. n The Council promotes an improved business climate for all regional participants, advises governments on improving the business environment and reducing trade barriers, helps attract foreign investment and encourage the development and adoption of new technologies, while avoiding environmental degradation wherever possible. http://www. pbec. org/ n n Council Cooperates with the Asian Development Bank, OECD, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PPEC), APEC Forum, UN Global Compact.

Pacific for Integration n n n The Pacific Conference on Trade and Development (PAFTAD) has been held since 1968 (initiated by JACEI), first as an academic event and then as a trigger for Pacific regionalism. National PAFTAD secretariats have been established in Japan, Australia and the United States. The ideas formulated within the framework of the Conference formed the basis for the provisions of STEC and APEC - http: //www. paftad. org Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC). Created in 1980 on the initiative of Ohira Masayoshi and Malcolm Fraser. Anticipated the creation of APEC. The main role in the activities of the Council is played by national committees represented by government, business and scientific circles. The Committee, at its own expense, carries out activities on STES programs in this zone, and also coordinates these activities with the government of its country. The ESS includes 23 national committees (22 from a specific country and 1 from the Pacific Islands Forum) + 1 associate member (French Pacific Territories) and 2 advisory members - ESTB and PAFTAD The ESS is an example of open regionalism.

Institutions and models of security cooperation in East Asia Since the second half of the 1990s. In VA there is a transformation of the multilateral dialogue, called the “security system based on cooperation.” Security relations between the countries of the region are based both on bilateral and multilateral obligations (some have become the basis of alliances) and on participation in supranational structures. The tools of the “second” and “one and a half” tracks of diplomacy play particular importance in strengthening cooperation in the field of security. Hub and Spokes Japan Australia Korea Examples of Bilateral Agreements 1951 – US-Philippines Mutual Defense Treaty 1951 – ANZUS – Pacific Security Pact 1953 – US-ROK Mutual Defense Treaty 1954 – SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization) to 1977 1961 – treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the PRC and the DPRK 1962 - Tanata-Rask Communiqué. 1979 - US-Taiwan Relations Act, under which Taiwan has informal American guarantees in case of emergencies in the area of ​​​​contact with China. July 16, 2001 – Agreement on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. USA India Singapore Philippines Thailand

ASEAN-centric architecture of cooperation on security issues ARF (since 1994) 27 participants, including DPRK Since 2009 – transition from implementation of CB to PP ADMM (since 2006), since 2010 ADMM+ ASEAN Bali-1 (1976) – corner stone of ASI SSDLOA and SSDLOA+ (for the first time in April 2017 in Cebu, Philippines) BAC (since 2005) The ASEAN-way principle is basic in the work of the association’s structures. Katsumata Hiro identified the basic factors of AW: non-use of force, consensus decision-making, non-interference in internal affairs Basic documents 1967 - Bangkok Declaration 1971 - ZOPFAN (Kuala Lumpur Declaration of a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality) 1976 - Bali-1 (Treaty of Friendship and cooperation) 1995 – Bangkok Treaty on a Free Zone nuclear weapons in SEA (NWFZ)

Security institutions in East Asia APEC is one of the main institutional mechanisms for maintaining strategic stability and security in the Asia-Pacific region. In October 2001, for the first time in the history of the forum, a political “Statement on the fight against terrorism” was adopted. Since then, security issues have been on the agenda of summits. The Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) is an important intergovernmental forum for strengthening cooperation in ensuring peace, security and stability in Asia (analogous to the Asian OSCE). In 1992, the idea was voiced by N. Nazarbayev at the 47th Session of the General Assembly. UN Assembly. Since 2002, Summits have been held. 26 state members, 12 observers (8 + 3 international organizations). Until 2018, the PRC presides. Goals: combating illegal drug production and trafficking; the fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations; expansion of trade and economic cooperation for the benefit of prosperity and stability in Asia, etc. In 2014, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the CICA and SCO Secretariats.

KEDO and the Six-Party Process are elements of resolving the North Korean nuclear problem. KEDO is an organization for the development of energy on the Korean Peninsula (Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (1995 -2005)), created at the initiative of the United States, the Republic of Korea and Japan to implement the provisions of the Framework Agreement between the United States and the DPRK of 1994. Subsequently, Australia, Canada, NZ (1995), Argentina, Chile, Indonesia (1996), European Union, Poland (1997), Czech Republic (1999), Uzbekistan (2000). Almost $2.5 million was spent. 09/19/2005 - Joint statement (the first collective document), stipulating that the goal of the six-party talks is the peaceful denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, that the United States and the DPRK must respect the sovereignty of each other and coexist peacefully, the DPRK receives the right to the peaceful use of atomic energy, Japan and The DPRK expresses its readiness to normalize relations, 5 countries undertake to provide energy assistance to the DPRK. Six-party negotiations (2003 -2009), conducted by China, the USA, the Republic of Korea, the DPRK, Japan and the Russian Federation with the aim of ending the North Korean nuclear program. In October 2006, Pyongyang conducted its first nuclear bomb test. Then in May 2009, February 2013, January and September 2016. In 2012, the DPRK officially recognized itself as a nuclear power. UNSC Resolutions on North Korea: 1718, 1874, 2094, 2270

Institutions of the second and one-and-a-half tracks in VA § Asia-Pacific Council for Security Cooperation § § § § § (initiated at a meeting of representatives of the centers for strategic studies in Seoul. Operates since 1993. The participants of the ATSC are representatives of 21 countries, in each of which established national committees). Actively interacts with the ARF. Dialogue on Cooperation in Northeast Asia (operates since 1993 with a conference organized by the Institute of Global Conflict and Cooperation of the University of California and the US Council on Foreign Relations. NEAAC aims to create an intergovernmental consultative mechanism between Northeast Asian states). Influenced the launch of the six-party process. Shangri-La Dialogue (functioning since 2002. Established in 2002 by the London International Institute for Strategic Studies. Received the name “Asian Munich” (by analogy with the Munich Security Conference). Xiangshan Forum (a number of experts call it a competitor to the Shangri-La Dialogue. Established in 2006 Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China. Since 2015, the forum has become an annual event. The central theme of the last VII forum (October 2016) is “Strengthening dialogue and cooperation in the field of security, building a new type of international relations.” In the format of the existing security architecture in VA, 5 elements can be distinguished : 1. American-centric alliances and agreements 2. ASEAN-centric institutions 3. Specialized mechanisms (for example, the six-party process) 4. Regional security institutions (for example, the SCO) 5. Second- and one-and-a-half-track institutions.

International relationsInternational relations are an integral
part of modern world society. This
the sphere of public relations is extraordinary
important for the diversified development of the entire country.
Interaction between states, as well as
such a serious aspect as foreign policy -
this is a rather capacious and difficult topic, but this
I’ll still try for the presentation project
reveal it.

The need for international relations

International relationships
The need for international
relations
The need for international relations
Can
consider in a simple but illustrative example.
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
State State State
A
B
C
Intellectual
resource and
technologies

In Figure 1 we see three states with resources in different
quantitative relationships. State A has a large number
resources, but she clearly lacks others. State B has high
technology and other indicators, however, lag behind. In turn, state C
has precious metals in abundance, but other resources are scarce.
If each state shared with each other the abundance of its
resources, in exchange for the missing ones, then you will get something like this:
Natural
resources
Precious
metals
Intelligent
th resource and
technologies

Areas of interaction between states

Economic
International legal
Cultural
Military-strategic
Political

Economic sphere

This area includes:
international division of labor;
exchange of scientific and technical results;
international production cooperation;
international trade;
informational, monetary and financial
credit ties between countries;
movement of capital and labor;
activities of international economic
organizations, economic cooperation in
decision global problems.

International legal sphere

The international legal mechanism allows participants
protect your interests;
prevent conflicts;
resolve controversial issues;
maintain peace and security in the interests of all peoples.
International legal
relationship
wear
universal in nature and based on the system
generally accepted principles. In addition to the generally recognized
normal,
regulating
All
kinds
international
relationships, there are specific norms
which regulate their special areas
(diplomatic law, maritime commercial law,
international arbitration, court, etc.).

Military-strategic sphere

The military-strategic sphere is vast
the sphere of international relations, one way or another
related
With
direct
or
indirect
creation, expansion, redistribution
military force

Cultural sphere

This sphere of relations is based on
processes:
internationalization public life;
interpenetration and enrichment of cultures;
education systems;
rapid development of funds mass media.
IN
most
his
basic
meaning
V
their
development
have
non-governmental organizations.

Political sphere

Political
sphere
includes
processes
development, adoption and implementation of decisions,
affecting the interests of the world community.

National interests

Foreign policy
National interests
Since politics
intended for
implementation
interests, then external
policy implements
national interests
National interests
Morgenthau divided into
permanent and
transient.
Morgenthau, Hans (1904-1979) -
American political scientist
universally recognized founder and head
schools of pragmatism and political
realism, presenter
US theorist
foreign policy issues.

Permanent
Transient
territory protection,
population, government
institutions from external
interests of the survival of the nation and
dangers
states
development of foreign trade
safety and
ensuring growth
welfare of society
investment
peripheral, local
protection of private capital for
interests
border
relationship with
allies
choice of external course

Types of foreign policy

Realizing their national interests, states
act in the international arena in different ways.
Morgenthau
politicians:
highlights
three
basic
models
on
external
1.
Policy,
oriented
conservation of power.
preservation,
2.
Politics focused on the accumulation of power
powers and increasing power.
3.
The politics of show of force.

Foreign Policy Functions

Protective
and I
Information and representation
Regulatory

Security

Associated with the protection of the rights and interests of a given country and its
citizens abroad. Implementation is aimed at
preventing a threat to a given state, on
search for a peaceful political solution to the emerging
controversial issues.
The following may pose a threat to the state:
territorial claims from neighbors
support for opposition movements in our own
country from another state.
The institutions facilitating this function are
embassies, consulates, representative offices, etc.

Information and representation

Information and representation
Organs foreign policy inform their
government about the intentions of other governments,
provide contacts of this state with
other parties. These bodies carry out analysis
the developing situation. As a result, it is possible
assume error-free decision making.

Regulatory

Actions aimed at finding profitable contacts
and creating favorable foreign policy conditions
for the activities of the state. Great importance It has
activities of central foreign policy bodies
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs, embassies, etc.).

Foreign Policy Tools

Information
but propagandists
cues
Political
Economic
Military

Information and propaganda

Information and propaganda
Propaganda
funds include all
arsenal
modern
funds
mass
information, propaganda and agitation, which
are used
For
fortifications
authority
states
on
international
arena,
contribute to ensuring trust from the outside
allies and possible partners. By using
media is formed in
positive in the eyes of the world community
image of one's state, a feeling of sympathy for
him, and, if necessary, antipathy and
condemnation in relation to other states.
Propaganda means are often used
to veil certain interests and
intentions.

Political

Basic
tool
–
This
diplomacy.
Diplomacy is carried out in the form of negotiations,
visits, special conferences and meetings,
meetings, preparation and conclusion of bilateral and
multilateral agreements, diplomatic
correspondence, participation in international
organizations.

Economic

Usage
economic
potential
given
countries
For
achievements
foreign policy goals, it is important
economic power of the country.

Military

Military means of foreign policy are accepted
attribute the military power of the state, which
includes the army, its size and quality
weapons, morale, availability
military bases, possession of nuclear weapons.
Military means can be used as
a means of direct and indirect influence. TO
The first includes wars, interventions, blockades. Co.
the second is testing new types of weapons, exercises,
maneuvers, threat of force

Conclusion

During the project
I tried to keep it short
easily accessible and simple form to consider
the main aspects of such a large topic as
international relations, and in particular
aspects of foreign policy. Goal
successfully achieved.

International trade - system
international commodity-money relations,
consisting of foreign trade of all countries
peace.
Monetary relations - financial
relations between subjects different countries, i.e.
residents and non-residents.
National interests are objectively significant
goals and objectives of the state as a whole.
Diplomacy is a means of implementing foreign
state policies, which is
a set of practical activities,
techniques and methods used taking into account
specific conditions and nature of the tasks to be solved

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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In accordance with the decision of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the CIS member states dated March 26, 2010, based on a letter from the Department general education The Ministry of Education of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 03-390 recommended in December 2010 - January 2011 to conduct lessons in general education institutions ( cool watch), dedicated to the Commonwealth of Independent States. Week of the One class hour Today, in a modern school, an important role in the development of a child is given to socialization - the assimilation by him of moral norms and rules, patterns of behavior necessary for the development of positive personality traits. A necessary part of personal development is the cultivation of love for home country, to its laws and symbols. Therefore, the key objectives of the class hour were: on the basis of the knowledge acquired by schoolchildren at the previous level, to expand their understanding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the symbols of each state and the legislative framework, the role of the CIS in the international arena, and the economic interaction of the CIS member states; promote respect for social norms and values, laws and symbols of the CIS member states.

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Goals and objectives single lesson Goal: To show students the importance of cooperation between the countries that are part of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the spiritual, economic, political and social spheres. Objectives: To acquaint students with the history of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the achievements of the CIS countries in various spheres of public life. Form a meaningful attitude towards intercultural and interethnic problems modern society. Foster a tolerant, humane attitude and respect for national differences, a desire for cultural interaction

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What is the CIS? CIS stands for Commonwealth of Independent States, which was formed on December 8, 1991 in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. Initially, the CIS included the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukraine and Belarus. Later they were joined by other allied states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The most recent state to join the CIS was Georgia. The CIS was created for cooperation between countries in many areas: politics, economics, culture, science, etc.

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History of the creation of the CIS December 8, 1991 - in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) the leaders of Russia - President B. Yeltsin and Secretary of State G. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the termination of the activities of the USSR “as a subject international law and geopolitical reality.” The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open for accession, was announced former members Union and other states, and an agreement was signed on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Agreement formulates the main directions and principles of cooperation, defines the scope joint activities, implemented on an equal basis through the coordinating structures of the Commonwealth. The contracting parties undertook to guarantee all the norms arising for them from the treaties and agreements of the former USSR.

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Member states of the organization According to the current Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the founding states of the organization are those states that, at the time of adoption of the Charter, signed and ratified the Agreement on the Creation of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to this Agreement of December 21, 1991. The member states of the Commonwealth are those founding states that assumed the obligations arising from the Charter within 1 year after its adoption by the Council of Heads of State. To join the organization, a potential member must share the goals and principles of the CIS, accepting the obligations contained in the Charter, and also obtain the consent of all member states. In addition, the Charter provides for categories of associate members (these are states participating in certain types of activities of the organization, on the terms determined by the agreement on associate membership) and observers (these are states whose representatives may attend meetings of Commonwealth bodies by decision of the Council of Heads of State). The current Charter regulates the procedure for the withdrawal of a member state from the Commonwealth. To do this, the Member State must notify the depositary of the Statute in writing 12 months before withdrawal. At the same time, the state is obliged to fully fulfill the obligations that arose during the period of participation in the Charter.

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The main stages of the development of the CIS On December 11, 1991, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, 1991, on the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 republics took place Central Asia in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on the condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya Accords. On December 21, 1991, in Almaty, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth Sovereign States. Later they were joined by Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova - in total, the CIS included 12 republics out of 15 that were part of the USSR. At subsequent meetings of their leaders, Councils of Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Coordination and Advisory Committee, Council collective security etc. The Interparliamentary Assembly was formed. Unlike previous union bodies, they did not have power functions, but could only coordinate the interests of the republics. On January 22, 1993, the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States was adopted in Minsk. The Charter of the Commonwealth defines the conditions for membership of states in the CIS, formulates the goals and principles of interstate cooperation, interaction in the economic, social and legal fields, in the field of inter-parliamentary relations, and enshrines the sovereign equality of all its members.

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State Date of ratification of the Agreement on the creation of the CIS (dated December 8, 1991) Date of ratification of the Protocol to the Agreement on the creation of the CIS (dated December 21, 1991) Date of ratification of the CIS Charter Azerbaijan not signed September 24, 1993 December 14, 1993 Armenia February 18, 1992 February 18, 1992 March 16, 1994 Belarus December 10, 1991 1 0 December 1991 18 January 1994 Kazakhstan 23 December 1991 December 23, 1991 April 20, 1994 Kyrgyzstan not signed March 6, 1992 April 12, 1994 Moldova April 8, 1994 April 8, 1994 June 27, 1994 Russia December 12, 1991 December 12, 1991 July 20, 1993 Tajikistan not signed June 26, 1993 August 4, 1993 Turkmenistan not signed December 26, 1991 not signed Uzbekistan January 4, 1992 January 4, 1992 February 9, 1994 Ukraine December 10, 1991 December 10, 1991 not signed Georgia not signed December 3, 1993 April 19, 1994

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The main stages of the development of the CIS In September 1993, the heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed the Treaty on the Establishment Economic Union, which contains the concept of transforming economic interaction within the Commonwealth of Independent States, taking into account the prevailing realities there. In March 1994, the UN General Assembly granted observer status to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The key stages on the path to the formation of the CIS were the conclusion of the Agreement on the creation of a free trade zone on April 15, 1994, as well as the Agreement on the creation of the Interstate Economic Committee as a permanent body of the Economic Union, and the Agreement on the creation of the Payments Union of the CIS Member States on October 21, 1994. Subsequently, the development of the CIS was characterized by the creation of interstate subregional structures, bodies responsible for resolving special issues on the regional agenda, further development of the regulatory framework of the Commonwealth, and the creation of coordinating interdepartmental supranational organizations.

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Which countries are part of the CIS? The countries that united in the CIS used to be part of the USSR, then separated, and then united again, but as part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS includes the following countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Russia. The CIS also included Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Turkmenistan is a member of the CIS as an observer. The capital of this country is Ashgabat. The population density in Turkmenistan is 9.6 people per square kilometer. The main languages ​​of Turkmenistan are Russian and Turkmen. The main religion in this country is Islam.

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Members of the CIS - 11 states Working language - Russian Executive Secretary - Sergey Lebedev (RF) Country Chairman (RF) Education - December 8, 1991 Population 273,006,000 people. Official website of the CIS - http://cis.minsk.by/

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Charter goals and directions of activity of the CIS implementation of cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields; comprehensive and balanced economic and social development participating states within the framework of a common economic space, interstate cooperation and integration; development of equal and mutually beneficial partnership in the economic sphere through the formation of a free trade zone; ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law and OSCE documents; cooperation between participating states in ensuring international peace and security, implementing effective measures to reduce the arms race and military spending, eliminating nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, achieving general and complete disarmament; achieving closer interaction between the CIS states and the UN and other international organizations in the field of settlement international conflicts; assistance to citizens of participating states in free communication, contacts and movement in the Commonwealth; mutual legal assistance and cooperation in other areas of legal relations; pooling forces and resources in the fight against organized crime, international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between members of the Commonwealth.

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Governing bodies of the CIS Interaction of countries within the Commonwealth of Independent States is carried out through its coordinating institutions: the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government, the Interparliamentary Assembly, the Executive Committee, etc.

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Council of Heads of State The Council of Heads of State, as the highest body of the Commonwealth, discusses and resolves any fundamental issues of the Commonwealth related to the common interests of the participating states. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth at its meetings makes decisions regarding: amendments to the CIS Charter; creation of new or abolition of existing bodies of the Commonwealth; optimization of the CIS structure; improving the activities of Commonwealth bodies; hearing reports on the activities of CIS bodies; appointment (approval) of heads of bodies falling within its competence; delegation of powers to lower authorities; approval of regulations on CIS bodies within its competence.

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Council of Heads of Governments The Council of Heads of Governments of the CIS coordinates cooperation between executive authorities in the economic, social and other areas of common interests of the CIS member countries. The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth resolves the issues of: implementing the instructions of the Council of Heads of State given to the Council of Heads of Government; implementation of the provisions set out in the Treaty establishing the Economic Union, as well as the practical functioning of the free trade zone; adoption of joint programs for the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy and their financing; development of transport systems, communications, energy systems, cooperation in matters of tariff, credit, financial and tax policy; development of mechanisms aimed at creating a scientific and technological space; creation of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; appointments (approvals) of heads of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; financial support for the activities of Commonwealth bodies.

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Governing bodies of the CIS The Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CMID) was created by the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of September 24, 1993 to coordinate foreign policy activities. Interparliamentary Assembly The Interparliamentary Assembly of Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA) was formed on March 27, 1992 on the basis of the Alma-Ata Agreement, signed by the heads of parliaments of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Assembly was established as a consultative institution to discuss issues and consider draft documents of mutual interest.

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Russia Russia is the largest state in the world, occupying a significant part of Europe and Asia and one of three countries that is washed by the seas of three oceans at once: the Baltic and Black Seas of the Atlantic Ocean; Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi seas of the Arctic Ocean; Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas of the Pacific Ocean.

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Moldova Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe. The country took its name from the Moldova River in Romania. The origin of the name of the river is not known for certain; there are two main versions: a) the waters of the river were used for quarrying of minerals, and “molde” is the German term for such mining b) the name came from the Gothic language, in which “mulda” means "dust". Moldova is part of the CIS.

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Ukraine Ukraine is a state in Eastern Europe; in the south it is washed by the Azov and Black Seas. The name “Ukraine” apparently comes from either the Slavic “border territory” (outskirts) or from “country” (edge). It is also possible that the first syllable "uk" is a corruption of "yug". Ukraine is part of the CIS.

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The territory of the state is 33.7 thousand sq. km. The population as of January 1, 2003 is 3 million 618.5 thousand people. The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on July 29, 1994, the Republic of Moldova is a sovereign and independent, united and indivisible state. On July 27, 2000, the law introducing a parliamentary form of government in the Republic of Moldova came into force. In accordance with the amendments to the Constitution, a parliamentary form of government was introduced in the country. The president remains the head of state, but he retains mainly representative functions. The President, in particular, is deprived of the right to initiate the procedure for amending the Constitution and the right to appoint judges of the Constitutional Court. The law provides for the election of the President in parliament. On September 17, 2009, the Constitutional Court of Moldova officially recognized the temporary performance of the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova by the Chairman of the Parliament, Mihai Ghimpu.

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Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe, landlocked. The territory of the country is flat, East End located on the Central Russian Upland. The highest point is Mount Dzerzhinskaya, 345 m. There are about 11,000 lakes in Belarus, a large number of rivers (the largest: Dnieper, Western Dvina, Neman, Western Bug, Pripyat, Sozh, Berezina). Belarus is part of the CIS.

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Kazakhstan is a large state in Central Asia. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by plains (steppes, semi-deserts, deserts), with the exception of the center of the country, where the destroyed mountains of the Kazakh small hills and the east with the ridges of the Tien Shan, Altai and Dzungarian Alatau are located. In the east is the highest point of the country - Khan Tengri Peak, 6995 m. Largest rivers- Irtysh, Syrdarya, Ural, Ili, Ishim, Tobol. Kazakhstan has access to the Caspian and Aral seas (which are essentially lakes); There are many other large lakes in the country: Balkhash, Zaisan, Sassykol, Alakol, Kamystybas, Tengiz and others. The name of the country comes from the people inhabiting it (Kazakhs) and the Persian suffix -stan, meaning “land” - i.e. "land of the Kazakhs". Kazakhstan is part of the CIS.

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The Republic of Azerbaijan occupies the southeastern part of the Caucasian Isthmus and covers an area of ​​over 86.6 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Azerbaijan Republic as of May 1, 2004 is 8 million 289 thousand people. The capital is the city of Baku. Azerbaijan includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. According to the Constitution adopted on November 12, 1995, the Azerbaijani state is a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic with a presidential form of government. The head of state is the President, and he also has executive power. The President is elected for a term of 5 years. Legislative power is exercised by the Milli Majlis, elected for 5 years. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Ilham Heydarovich Aliyev.

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The Republic of Armenia occupies an area of ​​29.8 thousand square meters. km, the population as of 01/01/2003 is 3 million 210.8 thousand people. The capital of Armenia is the city of Yerevan. According to the Constitution adopted on July 5, 1995, the Republic of Armenia is a sovereign democratic, social, legal state. The legislative body of the Republic of Armenia is the National Assembly, consisting of 131 deputies. The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years. The head of state and executive power is the President, elected for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and ministers. The President of the Republic of Armenia is Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan.

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Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked state in Central Asia. "Kyrgyzstan" apparently comes from the Persian "land of forty tribes." Kyrgyzstan is part of the CIS.

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The territory of the state is about 200 thousand sq. km. The population as of January 1, 2003 is 5 million 012.5 thousand people. The capital of the state is the city of Bishkek. The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), according to the Constitution adopted on May 5, 1993, is a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic, built on the principles of a legal, secular state. On February 2, 2003, a referendum took place. By a majority vote of voters, Law No. 40 of February 18, 2003 “On the new edition of the Constitution” was approved and signed by President A. Akaev Kyrgyz Republic. The President is the head of state. He is elected for a term of five years. Parliament, the Jogorku Kenesh, is a permanent highest representative body. The Jogorku Kenesh exercises legislative power, as well as control functions. He is elected for five years. Executive power in Kyrgyzstan is exercised by the Government, ministries subordinate to it, state committees, administrative departments, other executive bodies and local state administration. The President of the Kyrgyz Republic is Roza Isakovna Otunbaeva.

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The territory of the state is 447.4 thousand square meters. km. The population as of January 1, 2001 is 24 million 916.4 thousand people. The capital of Uzbekistan, the city of Tashkent, is one of the largest cities in the east. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on December 8, 1992, Uzbekistan is a sovereign democratic republic. The highest state representative body is the Oliy Majlis, which exercises legislative power. The Oliy Majlis is elected for 5 years. The President is the head of state and executive power, at the same time the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. The president is elected for a term of five years. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is Islam Abduganievich Karimov.

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The territory of Turkmenistan is 488.1 thousand square meters. km. The population as of May 1, 2004 is 6 million 385.7 thousand people. The capital is the city of Ashgabat. Turkmenistan was declared an independent state in October 1991 as a result of a popular referendum. According to the Constitution adopted on May 18, 1992, Turkmenistan is a democratic legal and secular state. Government is carried out in the form of a presidential republic. The President is the head of state and executive power, the highest official of Turkmenistan. The highest representative body of people's power is the Khalk Maslakhaty (People's Council) of Turkmenistan. The Mejlis (parliament) is the legislative body of Turkmenistan. The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive and administrative body. The Cabinet of Ministers is headed by the President. The President of Turkmenistan is Berdimuhamedov Gurbanguly Myalikgulyevich.

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Each nation creates and respects its own national-state symbols. The unity of culture and history of each country is built on the common language of its symbols. Each element of state symbols contains the deepest meaning. These symbols reflect the history of the origin of the state, its structure, its goals, principles, national and other traditions, features of the economy and nature. When turning to state symbols, it is important to understand that in addition to the official elements approved as such - the coat of arms, flag, anthem, there are other significant symbols for each state - the Constitution, the President, historical monuments, etc.

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Questions Why do we need a coat of arms? Why do we need a flag? Where can I see the image of the flag and coat of arms? Name the colors of the National Flag of your country, compare with the colors of the flags of other countries.

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Coat of arms and flag At all times, color was given special meaning. White is the color of peace and purity of conscience, red is fire and courage, blue is the sky, loyalty and truth, green is natural wealth. the colors of the national flags are associated with popular ideas of beauty. White and red colors have long been used in national folk costumes. Shirts were made from white linen, and elegant sundresses and other clothes were made from red fabric. In the folk art of the Slavic peoples, white and red colors have a special meaning: White color is a symbol of purity, and red is a symbol of life. The blue color resembles the color of the sky, which means it symbolizes the high and pure. Green color symbolizes natural heritage. That is why these colors were often used by peasants for their clothing and decorating their houses. We notice these colors in architecture, for example, white cathedrals and red walls, towers and an elegant combination of blue and white in the decoration of churches. Guests and tourists coming from other countries see the State Flag and the State Emblem at the border. We also see the coat of arms on the banknotes of countries, on seals confirming the authenticity of important documents.

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National anthem An anthem is a solemn song or melody that is performed on special, solemn occasions, during national holidays, raising the National Flag, ceremonial meetings, during military rituals and sports competitions. When the anthem of any country is played, people stand up and men take off their hats. This is how respect for the country whose anthem is played is shown. Remember Olympic Games. When our athletes win gold medals, the anthem of our country is played and the flag of our state is understood. Every morning in our country begins with the National Anthem, which is played on the radio.

Main themes

• Main themes

• course

Main themes

• Main themes

• course

Main themes

• Main themes

• course

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• This is a subregional international organization, which includes 6 states - Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan (June 15, 2001).

• The total territory of the states is 61% of the territory of Eurasia, the demographic potential is 1/4 of the world's population. Official languages ​​are Russian and Chinese.

• Headquarters in Beijing.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• The goal of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is to stabilize the situation in Central Asia, strengthen friendship and good neighborliness between member states, and develop cooperation in political, economic, scientific and other fields.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• Main tasks of the SCO

• -maintaining peace and stability in the region,

• -development of trade and economic cooperation.

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• Agreement on confidence-building in the military field in the border area (1996).

• Agreement on mutual reduction of armed forces in the border area (1997).

• Declaration on maintaining and ensuring peace, security and stability in Wed. Asia, as well as the development of cooperation in political, trade, economic, scientific, technical, cultural, educational, energy, transport, environmental fields (2001).

• Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism (2001).

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• Basic documents and agreements of the SCO:

• The Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Agreement between the SCO member states on the Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure and the Declaration of the Heads of the SCO member states (2002).

• Agreements defining the operating procedures of the main bodies of the SCO, the mechanism for forming the budget and other issues related to the current work of various divisions of the SCO (2003).

Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

• Main bodies and structure of the SCO:

• 1. Council of Heads of State - annual SCO summits in the capitals of the participating countries.

• 3. Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (CMFA). Prefaces high-level meetings, coordinates the positions of participants and prepares key documents for signing by heads of state.

• 4. Meetings of heads of ministries and departments are held on a regular basis.

• 5. Secretariat (Beijing) – up to 40 people.

• 6. Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) (Bishkek).

GUUAM group of countries

• GUUAM

GUUAM group of countries

• On October 10, 1997, the presidents of these states (excluding Uzbekistan) held a meeting during the Council of Europe summit in Strasbourg, at which they discussed the creation of a political and advisory forum GUAM.

• On April 24, 1999, at the Washington NATO summit, Uzbekistan joined GUAM.

• At the Millennium Summit in 2000 in New York, it was announced that GUUAM would be transformed into an international organization.

GUUAM group of countries

• GUUAM was structured at the Yalta summit in 2001:

• the highest body of GUUAM is the annual meeting of the bloc's heads of state;

• working body – committee of national coordinators.

• The charter document of GUUAM, the Yalta Charter, was adopted.

GUUAM group of countries

• The main economic component of GUUAM is promoting the direction of US energy policy in the Caspian region and Central Asia, ensuring its own state national interests, countering Russian influence, blocking Iran...

GUUAM group of countries

• G+U+U+A+M

• Multilateral regulation is a relatively new phenomenon in the history of world relations.

History of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations

History of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations

History of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations

History of the formation of multilateral regulation in international relations

• Since the 70s, an intensive process of forming a common legal space began. This was greatly facilitated by the activities carried out within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT-1947), aimed at establishing the compatibility of national systems for regulating foreign trade.

• GATT is a system of restraining unilateral actions and maintaining a normal climate in international trade relations.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT

• GATT functions:

• implementation of multilaterally agreed rules governing the behavior of governments in international trade;

• serving as a forum for trade negotiations aimed at liberalizing trade and making it more predictable;

• fulfilling the role of an international court resolving global economic disputes and conflict situations.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT

• During the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations (1993), an agreement was adopted on the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), of which the GATT becomes part.

• On January 1, 1995, the GATT structurally became part of the WTO, but having become part of the WTO, it largely retains its autonomy.

• The WTO began to operate on January 1, 1995.

• Main activities:

• monitoring the adoption and application of multilateral trade agreements;

• serving as a forum for multilateral trade negotiations;

• settlement of trade disputes between member countries;

• monitoring countries' trade policies;

• collection, study and provision of information on the development and use of international trade mechanisms.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Trade Organization (WTO)