Social studies project on the topic "modern youth". Youth and youth policy The importance of teenagers’ opinions in modern society

District competition creative works students

"Intelligence. Creation. Fantasy".

Section: society and people

“Problems of modern youth: What young people want.”

Completed

Popatenko Nikolay Ivanovich

Introduction.......................................................................................................3-4

Theoretical part..................................................................................4-9

2.1 Soviet youth.................................................... ................................4

2.2 Modern youth......................................................................... 5-8

2.3 Comparative characteristics of the Soviet...................................................8-9

And modern youth

3. Practical part....................................................................................9-12

3.1 Study of youth in the territory

Isaklinsky district........................................................ ................................9-12

4. Conclusion..................................................................................................13-14

5. List of used literature.....................................................14

1. Introduction

The problems of Russian youth, in essence, represent problems not only of modern younger generation, but also the entire society as a whole, on the decisions of which not only today, but also the future of our society depends. These problems, on the one hand, are interrelated and come from objective processes occurring in modern world- processes of globalization, formatization, urbanization, etc. On the other hand, they have their own specifics, mediated by modern Russian reality and the youth policy pursued in relation to youth.

Relevance: My topic is relevant because the future of our country depends on today’s youth.

Problem: I don’t know the problems and desires of modern youth in the Isaklinsky district.

Hypothesis: I assume that the problem of modern youth in the Isaklinsky district is related to the spiritual and moral sphere and prefers material well-being.

Purpose of the study: To study the problems and desires of modern youth in the village of Isakly.

Tasks:

Study the youth of the USSR.

Identify and study the problems of modern youth.

Compare the youth of the USSR and modern youth.

Conduct a survey and determine the desires of young people.

Deduce the reason for the change in the interests of modern youth.

Object of study:

Problems and desires of modern youth.

Youth of Isaklinsky district.

Research methods:

During the research we used various methods search (collection of information on a topic), practical work(conducting a survey among young people in the Isaklinsky district), analysis, ICT (creating a presentation).

2. Theoretical part

Soviet youth

At the state level there was a children's All-Union pioneer organizationand youth Komsomol organization Komsomol( ), whose activities were of a state and all-encompassing nature. Pioneer squads existed in every school, admission was carried out from the age of 9. Before the Pioneer Organization, children from the age of 7 were accepted as pioneers into junior groups.

The pioneer organization provided Soviet children with free, massive, extracurricular leisure activities through various thematic circles, clubs and . School pioneer detachments were divided into units of 4-7 pioneers each, members of the units provided mutual assistance to each other in their studies, units, units and squads competed with each other for the best performance in studies, behavior, collection of scrap metal and waste paper, etc.

The party paid great attention to improving the health of the younger generation. In the summer, the pioneers went to country Pioneer camps, created as a sanatorium-resort summer holiday.

From the age of 14, pioneers were accepted into s(Komsomol youth organization). After graduating from school and entering the Komsomol secondary school or a higher educational institution, a Komsomol member was assigned to the local Komsomol cell of his educational institution and participated in social and cultural activities.

Modern youth

The process of formation of modern Russian youth took place and is taking place in the context of the breakdown of the “old” values ​​of the Soviet period and the formation new system values ​​and new social relations. In the conditions of a systemic crisis of modern Russian society and its main institutions, which has affected all spheres of life, institutions of socialization (family and family education, education and training systems, labor institutions and labor activity, army), the state itself. Active planting and substitution of the foundations of existence civil society standards of consumer society, education young man, not as a citizen, but as a simple consumer of certain goods and services. There is a tendency towards dehumanization and demoralization of the content of art (lowering, deformation, destruction of the image of a person), replacing the norms of value of high culture with average samples of mass consumer culture, reorienting young people from collectivist spiritual values ​​to selfish individual values.

Against the background of the ideological uncertainty of young people (their lack of ideological foundations of meaning orientation and socio-cultural identification), commercialization and the negative influence of the media (forming the “image” of the subculture), the ongoing spiritual aggression of the West and the expansion of mass commercial culture, the imposition of standards and the psychology of the consumer society, what is happening is primitivization of the meaning of human existence, moral degradation of the individual and a decrease in the value of human life. There is an erosion of the value foundations and traditional forms of public morality, a weakening and destruction of the mechanisms of cultural continuity, a threat to the preservation of the originality of national culture, and a decrease in the interest of young people in national culture, its history, traditions, and bearers of national identity.

These factors, combined with the processes of differentiation and material stratification of society that arose during the transition to market relations, naturally lead to confusion, apathy, pessimism of young people, their lack of faith in the future, the possibility of realizing their interests in no other way than deviating from moral and legal norms . They stimulate asocial and illegal forms of self-realization of young people (increasing criminal manifestations among young people, alienation from work, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution); development of counterculture in the content of youth subculture; desire to participate in informal youth associations; increased tension and aggressiveness, growth of extremism among young people.

In the context of the outbreak of the global crisis, all the identified problematic circumstances in the development of youth can be used by destructive forces to destabilize the situation in Russia and carry out another “Orange Revolution,” which our government rightly fears. Without paying due attention to the education of young citizens and the creation of the foundations of civil society, the state greatly contributed to the establishment of consumer society standards in our society and the education of consumers, but clearly did not expect that those in power themselves could become a “product” for these consumers.

The youth environment, due to its age, socio-psychological and ideological characteristics, is in dire need of sociocultural identification, and therefore, to a greater extent than other social and age groups, is susceptible to transformation processes associated with the assimilation of value systems and norms that shape certain forms of behavior. The process of social formation of young people, their choice of life path and development strategies, is carried out through training and education, assimilation and transformation of the experience of older generations. Youth is a period of active formation of a stable system of values, the formation of self-awareness and social status of the individual. Value orientations, social norms and attitudes of young people “determine the type of consciousness, the nature of activity, the specifics of problems, needs, interests, expectations of young people, and typical patterns of behavior.” In general, the position of young people in society is characterized as extremely unstable and contradictory. On the one hand, it represents the most mobile, dynamic part of our society; on the other hand, due to the limited nature of her practical, creative activity, the young man’s incomplete inclusion in the system of social relations - the most socially unprepared, and therefore vulnerable part of it.

The implementation of the life plans of young people and the opportunities provided to them largely depends on material resources parents, on the basis of which certain intergenerational contradictions may arise. “Parents often become the main culprits of the unrealized market aspirations and consumer ambitions of their children.” In youth consciousness and behavior, contradictory traits and qualities can be combined in the most bizarre way: the desire for identification and isolation, conformism and negativism, imitation and denial of generally accepted norms, the desire for communication and withdrawal, detachment from the outside world.

In a society where material well-being and enrichment become the priority goals of its existence, the culture and value orientations of young people are formed accordingly. Consumer orientations prevail in the sociocultural values ​​of modern youth. The cult of fashion and consumption is gradually and gradually taking over the consciousness of young people, acquiring a universal character.

A tendency to strengthen the processes of standardization of cultural consumption and leisure behavior, approved by a passive consumer attitude towards culture, is beginning to prevail. It is impossible not to note the emphasized apoliticality of modern youth, who soberly and without false hopes assess the attitude towards themselves on the part of the state and society as indifferent and openly consumerist. “77% of respondents believe that: - “When necessary, they remember us.” Maybe that’s why today’s young generation has withdrawn into its own world. Young people are absorbed in the internal problems of survival in difficult and cruel times. They strive to receive the culture and education that will help them survive and succeed.

Speaking about youth, of course, one cannot fail to note their certain positive traits. Modern youth in general are very patriotic and believe in the future of Russia. He speaks out for the continuation of changes towards increasing the socio-economic well-being of the country, the creation of a civil society and the rule of law. She wants to live in a great country that provides a decent life for its citizens and respects their rights and freedoms.

Comparative characteristics of the Soviet

and modern youth

Modern youth adapt more easily to new economic conditions; they have become more rational, pragmatic and realistic, focused on sustainable development and creative work.

She has much greater freedom to choose a profession, patterns of behavior, life partners, and style of thinking, compared to her peers 20-30 years ago. But this, as they say, is one side of the coin. Its other side shows that the ongoing “time of troubles” most acutely affected the younger generation. Our society is rapidly aging, the number of young people, the number of young families, and the number of children born are declining. Each new generation of youth turns out to be less healthy than young people Soviet Union, diseases “moved” from old age to youth, threatening the gene pool of the nation. The socio-economic pressure on jobs has increased in order to ensure the life of all generations; The intellectual potential of young people and the innovative capabilities of society are rapidly declining. Young people turned out to be the most socially disadvantaged part of society. There is a clear conflict between the interests of young people and the real opportunities for social mobility. There has been a sharp differentiation and social polarization of young people, based on income stratification, social origin and the young people’s own social status.

Possessing social, age and subcultural characteristics of different communities, they differ in material capabilities, value orientations, lifestyle and lifestyle. The question arose about the life prospects of young people: their creative self-realization (education, profession, career), well-being, and the ability to financially provide for their future family. There are problems of youth employment, deterioration of their financial and living situation, and access to education. The youth environment has become a dangerous crime zone.

There has been a sharp rejuvenation of crime, an increase in its group nature, and an increase in the number of “female” crimes and crimes committed by minors. Each new generation of youth, in comparison with previous generations, in terms of the main indicators of social status and development: is much less spiritually and culturally developed, more immoral and criminal, distant from knowledge and education, less professionally trained and work-oriented.

3. Practical part

Study of youth in the territory

Isaklinsky district

The main practical task of my work is to study modern youth in the Isklinosky district. To solve this problem, I conducted a survey among high school students of the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School in the village. Isakly. After studying the data, I compiled a summary table.

According to the results of surveys conducted in 2013 at the State Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School in the village. Isakly among high school students, 53% of Isakly youth: “What life goals“, in your opinion, what are the most common goals of modern youth?”, first of all, they noted their desire to achieve material well-being and enrichment; secondly (19%) - getting an education; in third place (17%) - work and career. Analysis of the data obtained indicates a clear pragmatic and rational position of young people, their desire to achieve material well-being and a successful career, interconnected with the possibility of getting good vocational education. (See Appendix 1)

Modern youth in general are characterized by a change in the direction of life orientations from the social (collectivist) component to the individual. “The personal value position of young people does not correlate with the values political ideology which they prefer.

Material well-being began to be valued much higher than freedom, the value of wages began to prevail over the value of interesting work. Among the social problems that most worry young people at the present time, the first place is occupied by such problems as: increased crime, rising prices, inflation, increased level of corruption in government structures, increased income inequality and social inequality, division between rich and poor, environmental problems , passivity of citizens, their indifferent attitude to what is happening. Among the many problems experienced by young people, problems of material security and health are brought to the fore, although the orientation towards a healthy lifestyle is not being formed actively enough. (See Appendix 2)

According to the results of a study conducted in 2013 at the Isakly secondary school among senior classes, the hierarchy of dominant values ​​of Isakly youth is built as follows:

Material well-being.

The value of “I” (individualism).

Career (self-realization).

Family.

Stability.

Freedom.

Respect for elders.

God (belief in God).

Patriotism.

Duty and honor.

Characterizing the youth consciousness and value system of modern Russian youth, we can highlight:

Mainly entertainment and recreational orientation of her life values ​​and interests

Westernization of cultural needs and interests, displacement of the values ​​of national culture by Western patterns of behavior and symbols

Priority of consumer orientations over creative, constructive ones

Weak individualization and selectivity of culture associated with the dictates of group stereotypes

Extra-institutional cultural self-realization

Lack of ethnocultural self-identification.

The dominance of consumer value orientations inevitably affects the life strategy of young people. Data from an analysis of the results of sociological research conducted in 2013 among high school students at the Isaklinskaya school showed that: “Currently, among young people and in society one can find ambiguously assessed principles of life. The data obtained allow us to draw a conclusion about troubles among young people and require more detailed study. Noteworthy is the rather high degree of indifference of young people to such traditionally negative phenomena as opportunism, indifference, unscrupulousness, consumerism, an idle lifestyle and their positive assessment.” (See Appendix 3)

All of the above problematic features of the modern youth socio-cultural environment clearly indicate an alarming trend of deep and systemic social degradation of a significant part of modern Russian youth, in particular, and our entire society as a whole. The youth environment clearly copies and mirrors all the most significant processes happening in our society. The systemic crisis in which our society and state still find themselves, having not clearly and clearly formulated the national idea and not defining their development strategy, led to their loss of the meaning of their own existence and immediately affected the youth environment. In it, as in modern Russian society In general, there is definitely no single established system and hierarchy of values. At the same time, one can observe the coexistence of two processes: both the continuity of traditional values ​​that historically belonged to our society, and the formation, mass spread of new liberal (consumer) interests, the triumph of anti-values.

The improvement of the youth environment, which carries out the formation of value orientations of modern Russian youth, can be carried out by improving the system, forms, and methods of implementing youth policy in Russian Federation.

4. Conclusion

The problems of modern youth have long been one of the most pressing problems of society as a whole, since the future of the whole world depends on the decisions of the young generation.

In this work, I am trying to study modern youth in the Isaklinsky district, to identify their problems, goals and desires. But in order to make an accurate result, I also learned about Soviet youth. I did comparative characteristics youth of the USSR and the younger generation. Identified the reasons for changes in young people. The reasons are the following: the ideological uncertainty of young people (their lack of ideological foundations of meaning orientation and socio-cultural identification), commercialization and the negative influence of the media (forming the “image” of the subculture), the ongoing spiritual aggression of the West and the expansion of mass commercial culture, the imposition of standards and the psychology of the consumer society.

Of particular value are the surveys I conducted with high school students. I have completely studied the younger generation in our area. I analyzed the survey results.

I carried out research, during which I came to the following conclusions:

The main goal of modern youth is material well-being, enrichment

From the survey “Distribution of the basic values ​​of young people”, only 2.7% are occupied by ideals and faith, this proves to us that the problem of modern youth is connected with the spiritual and moral sphere

Priority of consumer orientations over creative, constructive ones

Modern youth in general are very patriotic and believe in the future of Russia

Modern youth have greater freedom to choose a profession, behavior patterns, life partners, and thinking style.

Having studied the problems, I came to the following conclusion: young people in the Isaklinsky district do not have enough organized leisure time, consisting of creative evenings, visits to cinemas, gyms, gyms, flash mobs, clubs, sections (where informal communication predominated, which would attract young people).

As I expected, modern youth prefers material well-being, and the spiritual and moral sphere comes in last place.

List of used literature

S. G. Plukin Value orientations

Karpukhin O.I. Youth of Russia: features of socialization and self-determination // Sociological studies. 2000. No. 3. P. 125.

Dobrenkov V.I., Smakotina N.L., Vasenina I.V. Extremism among youth. Results of sociological research. M.: MAX Press. 2007, p. 42.

Karpukhin O.I. Youth of Russia: features of socialization and self-determination // Sociological studies. 2000. No. 3. P. 126.

Manko Yu.V., Oganyan K.M. Sociology of youth. SPb: Publishing House "Petropolis". 2008. P. 79.

Sociology of youth. M.: Gardariki, 2007, pp. 190-193/ Manko Yu.V., Oganyan K.M. Sociology of youth. SPb: Publishing House "Petropolis". 2008. P. 80.

Dobrenkov V.I., Smakotina N.L., Vasenina I.V. Extremism among youth. Results of sociological research. M.: Max Press, 2007. P. 34.

Youth in modern Russian society.

1. Youth and the formation of a new Russia.

The high speed of political, economic and social changes in the 90s had (and are) influencing the situation and development of Russian youth. Today, it is obvious that differentiation processes prevail among young people. Moreover, differentiating factors appear more visibly than integrating ones. This is primarily due to the fact that in the conditions of a radical transformation of Russian society, profound changes are taking place in its social stratification, one of the features of which is social polarization based on property stratification.

New groups appeared in the social structure: entrepreneurs, bankers, small traders and “shuttle traders”, new Russians and new poor. New trends have emerged among workers and peasants related to attitudes towards one form of property or another. Between layers of the working class and peasantry, differences in income, economic and political interests are deepening.

Young people belong to each stratum and social group to a greater or lesser extent. That is why the fundamental criteria for the social differentiation of youth are the social origin and their own social position of young people. Possessing the social characteristics of different communities, they differ in material capabilities, value orientations, image and lifestyle. The analysis shows that the most important characteristic of modern Russian youth is the increased stratification by socio-economic indicators.

The internal differentiation of young people is determined not only by social parameters. In addition to stratification, researchers distinguish such types of differentiation as age and subcultural. Among young people, there is a need to study the specifics of group relations, the peculiarities of the formation of needs and goals, the role and place of various layers of youth in the formation of a new society. Knowledge of the specifics is one of the important conditions for developing a scientific approach to solving youth problems and implementing social and youth policies.

At the same time, the value-based approach to the study of the entire diversity of common connections and patterns of the younger generation, as an organic subject of the development of society, was and remains no less relevant. It is this approach that distinguishes a number of major works published in the 90s. In them, youth are viewed as a social-democratic group with its characteristic social, age, psychological properties and social values, which determine the level of socio-economic, cultural development, and characteristics of socialization in Russian society. This view contributes to a deeper understanding of youth problems, a differentiated approach to youth as an internally heterogeneous and at the same time specifically special social group. However, as rightly noted by the Ural researchers Vishnevsky Yu.R., Shapko V.T., the increasing differentiation of young people actualizes the problem of identifying integrating factors, characteristics and integrity.

Among the factors in the sociological definition of “youth,” researchers consistently identify:

Age limits and socio-psychological characteristics.

Specifics of social status, socio-cultural behavior.

The process of socialization as a unity social adaptation youth in individualization.

The general conclusion of researchers from the Research Center for IM, made in 1993, remains valid: “Each subsequent generation of Russian youth is worse than the previous one in terms of basic indicators of social status and development.” This is expressed primarily in the trend of a reduction in the number of young people, which leads to an aging society and, consequently, a decrease in the role of youth as a social resource in general.

From 1987-1996 Six million fewer children were born in the country than in the previous ten years. The number of youth under the age of 16 has decreased by three million.

The demographic situation is complicated by something new in Russian reality - an increase in murders and suicides, including among young people.

Number of murders and suicides in the Russian Federation (1990-1995)

The reason is the emergence of complex personal and life situations.

Filed by Gen. According to the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, 10% of graduates of state institutions for orphans commit suicide, not being able to adapt to living conditions. The numbers of suicides in the army leave a depressing impression. In 1996, 526 people voluntarily gave up their lives. The reason is the unresolved socio-economic and everyday problems.

Secondly, there is a tendency for the health of children and adolescents to deteriorate. The growing generation is less healthy physically and mentally than the previous one. On average in Russia, only 10% of school graduates can consider themselves absolutely healthy, 45-50% of them have serious morphofunctional abnormalities.

Thirdly, there is a tendency to expand the process of desocialization and marginalization of young people. The number of young people leading an asocial, immoral lifestyle is increasing. For various reasons and to varying degrees, these include: disabled people, alcoholics, tramps, “professional beggars,” persons serving sentences in correctional labor institutions who strive to be socially useful citizens, but due to social conditions cannot become one. There is lumpenization and criminalization of youth.

Fourthly, in the trend of decreasing opportunities for youth to participate in economic development. Statistics show that the share of young people among the unemployed remains high. In 1994 it was 35.5%, in 1997 - 35%, from total number unemployed.

The labor market is characterized by a significant flow of labor from the state to the non-state sector of the economy. By moving into the field for positions that do not require professional knowledge, young people risk their future well-being without ensuring the accumulation of intellectual property - professionalism. Moreover, this area of ​​employment is characterized by a very high degree of criminalization.

Fifthly, there is a downward trend in the social value of labor and the prestige of a number of professions important to society.

Sociological research recent years They state that in work motivation, priority is given not to meaningful work, but to work aimed at obtaining material benefits. “Big salary” - this motive turned out to be decisive when choosing a place to work.

Modern youth have a trait that shows that most of them want to have a good income, while not having a profession or desire to work. This happens due to the fact that young people lack incentives to work.

2. Youth in the sphere of criminal influence.

The problem of criminal influence on young people recently cannot but worry the Russian public.

Over the past five years, the Ural region and, above all, the Sverdlovsk region have established themselves as areas of high crime rate. Large penitentiary institutions are located here, where large numbers of prisoners, including minors, are serving their sentences.

“Criminal showdowns” between local mafia clans in Yekaterinburg have been the focus of the entire country for a long time. From this point of view, the analysis of the forms of criminal influence on young people in the region where it has become widespread seems relevant both theoretically and practically.

IN Sverdlovsk region Every year about 10 thousand crimes are committed by young people and teenagers. In just five years (1990-1994), the increase in the number of crimes was more than 170%. Among criminal offenses, every fourth is committed by young people and teenagers. A sharp jump in youth and teenage crime was observed in 1992 - 1993. Another aspect of the spread of criminal influence is related to the extent to which young people are exposed to youth and juvenile crime. 78% of the young people surveyed have encountered various types of crime among youth and adolescents over the past two years. Only every fifth gave a negative answer.

Among the offenses, mercenary crimes attract attention - theft, extortion of money, fraud. When analyzing statistical data, the volume of acquisitive crimes is currently growing rapidly.

This depends on the fact that differentiation occurs among young people and for the majority of young people, parents cannot give what they would like, taking into account their needs. But they themselves cannot get this due to the fact that they do not have a specialty or work skills. young people do not want to get an education just because they have no prospects after receiving an education.

Currently, more and more young people are using drugs. Maybe this comes from the hopelessness of realizing their potential or from the fact that, due to a lack of understanding of the seriousness, they were involved in this by people interested in selling drugs.

3. The problem of drug addiction among young people.

It is known that social consequences addictions are severe. Drug addicts drop out public life- labor, political, family, due to physical, social degradation of the individual. Drug addiction inevitably affects a whole range of phenomena alien to society. This includes difficult-to-treat psychophysiological human diseases and the shadow economy, caused by the natural, growing demand for drugs and illegal ways to satisfy it for personal gain, and crime, violence against individuals associated with the distribution of drugs and illegal enrichment.

Youth as the “future of the nation” has at all times been of particular value to society. It occupies an important place in social relations, the production of material and spiritual goods. The position of young people in society and the degree of their participation in the development of the social environment depends both on the state and on their own active life position. On the one hand, young people plan and build their future, therefore they must take into account the experience of generations and not make mistakes and mistakes. On the other hand, society and the state must rethink, how to rediscover youth as a subject of history, as main factor change as a social value. In modern Russia, the concept of state youth policy has been built, which represents the purposeful activities of state authorities, public associations and other social institutions aimed at solving the problems of young people in all spheres of their life. Today, the state offers a system of measures and programs in order to create conditions for the realization of the social, intellectual, cultural and economic potential of the younger generation. On the one hand, modern authorities are interested in the development of the “youth sphere”, motivating the younger generation to cooperate in the development of society. On the other hand, young people carry out innovative activity and contributes to creative potential development of society. Using their creative abilities, thoughts, proposals, young people create new organizations, associations and movements. For example, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, with the support of the federal and regional authorities, they were formed; Krasnoyarsk regional student teams, Yenisei Patriots, Union of Professionals, Young Guard, KVN, labor teams of high school students, volunteers, voluntary youth squads, regional youth congresses, summer youth camp “TEAM Biryusa”. Thanks to their creation, hundreds of young residents of our region join the ranks of active youth every year. In the field of leisure, means mass media(television and radio), artistic life, pop music, cinema, fashion, young people are an important factor in the formation of tastes. Its spiritual values ​​spread throughout the world. Her views are increasingly influencing those in power. Young people have a special interest and feel involved in solving problems of socio-economic development, independence, democratization and peace. She demonstrates enthusiasm and ability to strengthen international understanding and participates in the movement for the ecology of the planet. Speaking about the role of youth and the state in the development of the social environment, one cannot remain silent about the other side of this issue. On this moment, the role of youth in social development is much lower than it should and can be. In addition, society and the state have not yet completely overcome the consumer attitude towards youth, which in turn negatively affects the position of the younger generation. Today, the subjectivity of young people is just being formed, based on the principle “what I did for my country, and not what the country did for me.” This principle requires appropriate approaches from the state and society, the creation of a new system of youth work. The future cannot be built without the conscious and active participation of young people themselves. The problem of the participation of younger generations in social development is a question of the pace, nature and quality of human development. A significant part of young people are alienated from the process of participation in all spheres of life, which complicates their integration into society. Failures in social adaptation and alienation of young people from society and the state are manifested in youth crime, drug addiction, alcoholism, homelessness, prostitution, the scale of which has become unprecedented. The formation of a young person as an individual, the process of socialization of youth occurs in very difficult conditions, the breaking of many old values ​​and the formation of new social relations. Modern youth must adapt to new requirements, master a system of knowledge, norms, values ​​and traditions in the labor, political and legal spheres of life. The role of youth in the development of society is great. She is smart, proactive, energetic, and thanks to this, she is a driving force in strengthening and modernizing society. The model of youth participation in all spheres of society has changed. In many countries, young people support the changes and social reforms that are taking place. Russian youth are an important subject of social change. It is with this that the reforming country associates possible future changes. In general, students have enough strength and knowledge to take on many problems, but they still need to show an active position in life.

Youth is a special socio-age group, distinguished by age limits and their status in society: the transition from childhood and adolescence to social responsibility. Some scientists understand youth as a set of young people to whom society provides the opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting the possibility of active participation in certain spheres of social life. The age limit for classifying people as youth varies from country to country. As a rule, the lowest age limit for young people is 14-16 years, the highest is 25-35 years. Today, the youth of the Russian Federation are 39.6 million young citizens - 27% of the total population of the country. In accordance with the Strategy of State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 18, 2006 N 1760-r, the category of youth in Russia previously included citizens from 14 to 30 years old. However, recently in most regions of the Russian Federation there has been a tendency to shift the age limit for young people under 35 years old. Today, sociologists and economists have come to a consensus that the core of the modern socio-economic development of Russian society is that the initial and final authority of social wealth and progress is the level of general cultural and professional competence, creative, entrepreneurial and civic activity and responsibility of youth. For social development It is of great importance to Russia that Russian youth are the bearer of enormous intellectual potential, special abilities for creativity (increased sensitivity, perception, imaginative thinking, enhanced imagination, desire for fantasy, relaxedness, acute memory, mental play, etc.). In youth, a person is most capable of creative activity, to the formulation of heuristic hypotheses, is most efficient. Therefore, progress is largely connected with youth modern science. Youth is open to learning, and in its highest form, which is mastery of the most complex methods of intellectual activity in various fields of science and technology; intellectual work, in the process of which acquired skills and abilities, developed abilities are not only implemented, but also further developed - creatively improved. Age today is a scientific and technical category. Young people perform special social functions that no one else can perform. Firstly, young people inherit the achieved level of development of society and the state and today they form within themselves an image of the future, carry the function of social reproduction and continuity of the development of society. Secondly, like any social group, young people have their own goals and interests, which do not always completely coincide with the goals and interests of the whole society. Thirdly, due to objective reasons, young people are distinguished by their lack of formation of value, spiritual and moral guidelines and lack of life experience, which increases the likelihood of making an erroneous choice when making responsible decisions. On the other hand, entering working and social life, young people are the main object and subject of education, socialization, upbringing and adaptation. Fourthly, on the one hand, youth are the main participants in social mobility and economic initiative, on the other hand they are characterized by incomplete inclusion in existing socio-economic and political relations. Fifthly, youth is a social stratum of society, which, on the one hand, is the source of the socio-economic and spiritual revival of Russia, and on the other, a source of crime, drug addiction, and social tension

Social characteristics of youth. Youth is a socio-demographic group, identified on the basis of age parameters, characteristics of social status and socio-psychological properties. IN different countries, in different social strata the point of view on the processes and indicators of personal maturation is not the same. In this regard, the age limits of youth are not strictly unambiguous and are determined by different researchers ranging from 14–16 years to 25–30 or even 35 years. As a rule, this period of a person’s life is associated with the beginning of independent work, gaining financial independence from parents, civil and political rights. Some scientists add such signs as marriage and the birth of the first child.

Note that the age at which youth begins does not coincide with the age at which childhood ends, the duration of which is defined as 18 years and is enshrined in international documents such as the Declaration and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Boys and girls in our country receive a passport at the age of 16, and this means society recognizes their civic maturity. Youth is a specific phase, a stage in the human life cycle. During this period, a feeling of uniqueness and individuality appears. Based on young people’s awareness of their capabilities and aspirations, comprehension of previous experience, an internal position is formed and they are searching for their place in life.

In a person’s youth, a number of important events occur that influence changes in his status. This is not only getting a passport, but also graduating from school and serving in the army. In their young years, many people are actively searching for a profession that is meaningful to them, completing their education, establishing themselves as specialists, and thereby determining their new position in society. Youth is called the time of formation. There is an opinion that up to 40 years of age a person works for authority, for a name, and after 40 years of age it is more likely that authority and name work for a person.

The formation of a young person’s personality is carried out under the influence of family, school, public organizations, informal associations and groups, media, labor collectives. In general, young people today begin to be independent much later than their peers in the past. adult life. This is due to the complication of work activity, which entails an extension of the required training periods.

In terms of socialization, the period of early adolescence occupies a special place. It includes boys and girls who are approximately 16–18 years old. Many at this age are quite capable of making responsible decisions and are psychologically ready for this (for example, choosing friends, an educational institution, etc.), although full legal capacity occurs only at 18 years of age.

Acquiring full rights and responsibilities changes the status of a young person and significantly expands the range of his social roles, which undergo significant changes in adolescence. If the roles of a child and a teenager are mainly related to family (son/daughter, brother/sister, grandson/granddaughter), school (student/student), various forms leisure activities (participant in a sports section, a hobby group), then in youth new ones appear: employee, student, husband, wife, mother, father, etc. Friendship, love, work experience help young people for the first time feel like truly adults, ideally they form the ability to be with another person in a relationship based on trust, support and tenderness. However, difficulties in socializing young people can lead to psychological breakdowns. First of all, the gap between the desire to most likely achieve and the inability, reluctance to achieve goals through painstaking work has a negative impact. It’s good if there is willpower, hard work, patience, if a person is not spoiled.

There are often cases when modern young people, on the one hand, want to remain children for as long as possible, shifting worries about themselves, and even about their young family, to their parents, and on the other hand, they demand to be treated as adults, seek non-interference in their personal life. Such behavior is called infantilism. Infantilism(from Latin infantilis - infantile, childish) - this is the preservation in adults of physical and mental traits characteristic of childhood. Such traits are emotional instability, immature judgment, irresponsibility, and capriciousness. This condition is sometimes a consequence of diseases suffered in early childhood, or some other reasons that led to excessive guardianship on the part of parents or loved ones. But if you are already an adult, then take the trouble to actually be one and be fully responsible for yourself.

A person feels young as long as he is capable of creativity, can change, rebuild himself and at the same time be responsible for everything he has done. There are people who feel young not only in their mature years, but also in very old age. Youth prolongs doing what you love, which involves interest and creativity, as well as a healthy lifestyle. The feeling of youth is manifested both in appearance and in a person’s behavior. “A man is only as old as he feels,” says a well-known aphorism.

Youth subculture. The desire to communicate with one’s peers leads to the development of a specifically “youth” identity and lifestyle – a youth subculture. Under youth subculture refers to the culture of a certain young generation, characterized by a common lifestyle, behavior patterns, group norms and stereotypes. As a special subculture, it has its own goals, values, ideals, illusions, which do not always and accurately replicate those dominant in adult society; it even has its own language.

The reasons for the formation of a youth subculture are the desire of people of this age to isolate themselves, first of all, from their elders, the desire to belong to some community of peers, and the search for their own path in the “adult world.” Both formal and informal youth groups are emerging. Formal groups are officially registered and are often led by adults. The motives that encourage one to join one or another group, one or another youth trend are different. This is, first of all, a desire to gain mutual understanding and support, to feel stronger and more protected; sometimes it is also a desire to feel power over others.

There are many types of youth groups and associations. Some of them are characterized by aggressive initiative based on rather dubious or even asocial value orientations. Primitivism and flashy visual self-affirmation are also popular among some teenagers and young people. For some young people, external shocking is often the most accessible form of self-affirmation.

Some groups actively oppose themselves to the adult world. Call public opinion most often expressed in the features of clothing and fashionable additions to it. Sometimes direct antisocial acts are committed (hooliganism, fights). In this case, society is faced with deviant behavior.

IN youth subculture how in a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, in turn, smaller, but nevertheless rigidly formed subcultures (punks, ravers, rockers, skins, football and music fans, etc.) stand out.

At the same time, among young people, amateur social groups aimed at constructive solutions to specific social problems are becoming increasingly authoritative. These include environmental movements, activities to revive and preserve cultural and historical heritage, providing mutual support (soldiers who fought in “hot spots”, disabled people, etc.); The activities of volunteers who help people who are especially in dire need are also important.

Social mobility of youth. Young people are the most active, mobile and dynamic part of the population.

Social mobility call the transition of people from one social group to another. In this case, a distinction is made between horizontal and vertical mobility. Horizontal mobility– is the transition of a person to another social group without changing social status, for example, divorce and education new family, transfer to work in the same position from one enterprise to another, etc. Vertical mobility associated with moving up or down the steps of the social ladder. This, for example, is a promotion or, conversely, a demotion, or even loss of a job. A private entrepreneur can go from being a small owner to becoming the owner of a reputable company, but he can also go bankrupt.

In modern society, the intensity of the processes of horizontal and vertical mobility is increasing sharply. The reason for this is the dynamism of social life, rapid transformations in the economy, the emergence of new professions and types of activity and the curtailment, even disappearance, of many old, once quite respectable industries and corresponding jobs.

Today, a young person entering an independent life must be prepared for the fact that he may have to retrain, master new activities, and constantly improve his skills in order to be in demand in the labor market. Many young people will need to consider options for moving to another city or changing careers to work in a rural area. The fact is that young people often lose in competition with qualified and experienced older workers who already have good reputation. It is no coincidence that in many countries youth unemployment rates are especially high.

At the same time, on the side of young people is the speed of reaction to changes taking place in the labor market. It is easier for young people to master new professions generated by scientific and technological progress. They make decisions more easily than older people to move to a new place of work and residence, start a business, undergo retraining, etc.

The acceleration of the pace of social life entails the transformation of youth into an active subject of economics, politics, and culture. Youth activity is also clearly manifested in the sphere of politics, since all ongoing political processes directly or indirectly affect the lives of young people and their position in society. Society and its power structures focus on young people as the most promising age category in terms of pursuing a social and professional career.

Young people are in many ways the way society has raised them. At the same time, she, as a rule, has her own common sense, the intention to receive a quality education, and the desire to work for the benefit of herself and others.

Questions and assignments.

1. What factors influence the determination of the age limits of youth? Why does the age at which youth begins not coincide with the age at which childhood ends?

2. What is the contradictory nature of the socialization of young people?

3. There are many different classifications of youth groups and associations. So, according to the nature of motivation for amateur performances, they are divided as follows:

· aggressive initiative, which is based on the most primitive ideas about the hierarchy of values, based on the cult of persons;

· shocking amateur performance, which consists of “challenging” aggression on oneself in order to be “noticed”;

· alternative initiative, consisting in the development of models of behavior that contradict generally accepted norms;

· constructive social initiative aimed at solving specific social problems.

What motives for joining youth groups and associations can be considered positive? Which of these types of amateur activities, in your opinion, are socially acceptable? Give specific examples of youth groups with these types of amateur activities.

4. What, in your opinion, is the role of youth in the development of modern society?

5. Create a verbal “portrait” of a typical young man in our country. Indicate his life plans, mastered social roles, etc. Think about what qualities you personally lack?

Training assignments to topic 1

1. Professor from Washington Denis Bolz (USA) writes:

"IN high school I taught sociological subjects: history, political science, psychology, sociology and international relationships" In what sense is the word “sociology” used here? How is sociology defined today?

2. Depending on the subject, conflicts can be divided:

- intrapersonal (between the conscious and unconscious desires of the individual, between the demands of conscience and the desire for pleasure, between instinctive urges and the norms of culture and morality);

– interpersonal (between two or more individuals who are at war with each other due to competition for the possession of vital resources in the form of property, power, position, prestige, etc.);

- intragroup and intergroup (arise both within a social group and between different groups as a result of the struggle of individuals and their communities for Better conditions and a higher degree of remuneration for activities in the group - industrial, political, sports, etc.);

– ethnonational (occurs in cases where the interests and life attitudes of one ethnic group or nation are infringed upon or suppressed by the state, representatives of other nations or other social communities);

– international (arise between peoples due to clashes of economic, territorial, ideological interests, etc.).

According to the scale and prevalence in sociology, conflicts are divided into local, regional, within one country, and global.

Give examples of these types of conflicts from history, literature, and the media.

3. Let's think about which professions should have the most developed sociological thinking and sociological vision of the world? In other words, who needs sociological knowledge the most? To do this, analyze the professions (driver, teacher, salesman, miner, manager, pilot, farmer, watchman, waiter, banker, magician, journalist, border guard, plumber, cook, engineer) according to two criteria:

a) how often their representatives have to communicate with people on duty;

b) whose professional or business success depends most on knowledge of human psychology and the ability to solve social problems.

For convenience, divide professions into three groups with strong, medium and weak expression of these characteristics.

4. How do you understand Mark Twain's statement: “When I was 14 years old, my father was so stupid that I could hardly stand him, but when I was 21 years old, I was amazed at how an old man Has he become wiser over the past seven years?

What characteristics of the younger generation can be illustrated by this statement? Justify your answer.

5. Men and women, entering into interpersonal relationships regarding family organization and marriage, go through several stages: premarital relations between potential spouses (love, matchmaking, engagement); marriage; stage young family; the birth of children, the formation complete family ; stage mature family(children growing up, their socialization); as well as the stage family breakdown(for reasons of divorce, or the death of one of the parents; aging, illness and death; separation of children from parents, etc.).

Discuss this scheme with your parents. At what stage do they see their family? What joys and difficulties of the stages they went through do they remember most? How does this relate to you?

6. Do you agree with the opinion that young people have better adapted to the conditions of modern Belarusian reality than representatives of older generations? Give examples.

7. Discuss which of the following criteria determine whether a young person has achieved adult status: economic independence, living separately from parents, getting married, participating in elections, having a child, being able to answer to the law. Think about what other criteria you could name as determining ones. Give reasons for your answer.

8. In the novel by L.N. Tolstoy’s “Anna Karenina” is very subtly noted: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” How do you understand the words of the great writer?

9. Choose sayings that are close to you famous people about family. Explain your choice.

10. It is known that any social phenomenon necessarily has two sides - positive and negative. There are no one-sided phenomena. If you only found the negative, it means that you have missed or have not yet found the positive.

For example, "hippies" were considered in the 60s. both in our country and abroad, mainly as a negative phenomenon. But years passed, and it turned out that it was they who awakened environmental awareness in society, which changed our world for the better.

Find the positive and negative aspects of the following phenomena:

Collectivization of the 30s.

Massivization of culture

Gorbachev's perestroika.

Relocation of people from village to city.

Collapse of the USSR.

12. Compare two approaches to the problem of the social ideal.

A.V. Lunacharsky: “The meaning of our socialist work is to build a life that would make it possible to develop all the possibilities hidden in a person, which would make a person ten times smarter, happier, more beautiful and richer than today.”

J. Adams: " American dream- this is not just a dream of cars and high salaries, - this is a dream of a social order in which every man and every woman will be able to achieve the full height of which they are internally capable, and be recognized - as such, as they are there is - from other people, regardless of the random circumstances of one’s birth and position.”

13. From the perspective of stratification theory, society is viewed as a system of social layers. The so-called single-level stratification(when dividing society according to one criterion) and multi-level(when dividing society simultaneously according to two or more criteria, for example, based on prestige, professional, income level, level of education, religious affiliation, etc.).

Build a diagram: “The social structure of Belarusian society” in the 20s (30s, 80s). XX century Describe the dynamics based on it social structure Belarusian society. What, in your opinion, was the reason for it?

14. According to the 1999 population census, out of 10,045,000 residents of Belarus, 81% of them classified themselves as the titular nationality - Belarusians. 19% of the population represents more than 140 nationalities and nationalities, including 11% (1,141,731 people) who called themselves Russians; 3.9% (395,712 people) – Poles; 2.4% (237,015 people) – Ukrainians; 0.3% (27,798 people) are Jews. Throughout its centuries-old history, there has been a stable interaction between the culture of the titular nation and the culture of other national communities, primarily Russians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, and Tatars.

Compare the 1999 census data with the results of previous censuses. To do this, build a comparison table. What historical events led to the changes you identified. Give examples of mutual assistance and cooperation of different nationalities in Belarus known to you.

15. Build block diagram: “Types of social groups.” Concretize it with examples.

Documents and materials

1. P. Sorokin believes that social space is a kind of universe consisting of the population of the Earth. Where there are no human individuals, or where only one person lives, there is no social space (or universe), since one individual cannot have any relationship with others. It can only be in geometric, but not in social space. Accordingly, to determine the position of a person or any social phenomenon in social space means to determine his (their) relationship to other people and other social phenomena taken as such “reference points”. The very choice of “reference points” depends on us: they can be individual people, groups or aggregates of groups.

To determine a person's social status, it is necessary to know him Family status, citizenship, nationality, attitude to religion, profession, affiliation with political parties, economic status, its origin, etc. But that’s not all. Since there are completely different positions within the same group (for example, a king and an ordinary citizen within the same state), it is also necessary to know the position of a person within each of the main population groups.

1) social space is the population of the Earth;

2) social position is the totality of his connections with all groups of the population, within each of these groups, that is, with its members;

3) the position of a person in the social universe is determined by establishing these connections;

4) the totality of such groups, as well as the totality of positions within each of them, constitutes a system of social coordinates that makes it possible to determine the social position of any individual.

Based on P. Sorokin’s characteristics, determine the place of the Republic of Belarus in social space. What is your family's position in social space?

2. Read an excerpt from the work of the German sociologist R. Dahrendorf “Elements of Theory social conflict».

The regulation of social conflicts is a decisive condition for reducing violent conflicts in almost all types of conflicts. Conflicts do not disappear by resolving them; they do not necessarily become at once less intense, but to the extent that they can be regulated they become controlled, and their creative power is put to the service of the gradual development of social structures...

To do this, it is necessary that conflicts in general, as well as these individual contradictions, are recognized by all participants as inevitable, and moreover, as justified and expedient. Anyone who does not allow conflicts, viewing them as pathological deviations from an imaginary normal state, fails to cope with them. Submissive acceptance of the inevitability of conflicts is also not enough. Rather, it is necessary to recognize the fruitful creative principle of conflict. This means that any intervention in conflicts must be limited to regulating their manifestations and that useless attempts to eliminate their causes must be abandoned.

How does the author assess the possibility of conflict resolution? Based on the texts of the paragraph and the document, formulate the basic principles of a compromise resolution of the conflict. Illustrate them with examples known to you. How do you understand the meaning last sentence text? What conclusion can be drawn from the text read to understand the social conflict?

3. Get acquainted with the reasoning of I. S. Aksakov:

“Society, in our opinion, is the environment in which conscious, mental activity takes place famous people, which is created by all the spiritual forces of the people, developing the people's self-awareness. In other words; society is... a self-aware people.

What is a people?.. A people consists of separate units, each having its own personal rational life, activity and freedom; each of them, taken separately, is not a people, but all together they form that integral phenomenon, that new person, which is called a people and in which all individual individuals disappear...

There is no society yet, but a state is already emerging over the people - who continue to live immediate life. But doesn’t the state express the people’s self-awareness? No, it only exists external definition given to itself by the people; its activities, that is, the state, and the scope of its activities are purely external... And so we have: on the one hand, the people in their immediate existence; on the other hand, the state - as an external definition of the people, borrowing its strength from the people - strengthening at their expense during the inactivity of their internal life, during their long-term stay in immediate existence; finally, between the state and the people is society, that is, the same people, but in its highest human meaning...”

How, according to I. S. Aksakov, do the state, people and society differ from each other? Why doesn't the state express the people's consciousness?

4. From the work of modern American sociologist E. Schilze “Society and societies: a macrosociological approach.”

What is included in societies? As has already been said, the most differentiated of them consist not only of families and kinship groups, but also of associations, unions, firms and farms, schools and universities, armies, churches and sects, parties and numerous other corporate bodies or organizations which, in in turn, have boundaries defining the circle of members over which the corresponding corporate authorities - parents, managers, chairmen, etc., etc. - exercise a certain measure of control. It also includes systems formally and informally organized along territorial lines - communities, villages, districts, cities, districts - all of which also have some features of society. Further, it includes unorganized collections of people within a society - social classes or strata, occupations and professions, religions, linguistic groups - who have a culture inherent more to those who have a certain status or occupy a certain position than to everyone else.

So, we are convinced that society is not just a collection of united people, primordial and cultural groups interacting and exchanging services with each other. All these groups form a society by virtue of their existence under a common authority, which exercises its control over the territory delineated by borders, maintains and enforces a more or less common culture. It is these factors that transform a collection of relatively specialized initial corporate and cultural groups into a society.

What components, according to E. Shils, are included in society? Indicate which areas of society each of them belongs to. Select from the listed components those that are social institutions. Based on the text, prove that the author views society as a social system.

5. Julian Simon, in his book Basic Research Methods in Social Science (New York, 1969), writes:

“Psychology students often think that a laboratory experiment, during which cause-and-effect relationships are established between various aspects of the behavior of animals or people, exhausts all the possibilities of social research.

Many of those involved in specific economics are still convinced that only statistical analysis, which allows us to give an objective picture of price fluctuations and commodity supply, is the most reliable measure of economic behavior.

In contrast, some anthropologists continue to believe that the most reliable way of knowing remains participant observation, as a result of which we study the everyday interactions of people who create the social world in which we live.

At the same time, psychoanalysts are convinced of the infallibility of getting used to or feeling into the inner world of their patient as the only reliable method of studying human behavior and its intimate motives.

And marketing specialists do not recognize any means other than studying how the aspirations of a particular individual are related to his social characteristics and consumer behavior."

Indeed, every science that studies human behavior has its own scientific traditions and relevant empirical experience has been accumulated. And each of them, being one of the branches of social science, can be defined in terms of the method that it primarily uses. Although not only in this way. Sciences also differ in the range of problems they study.

What are the main methods for studying people? What can you learn about them through observation? What is an experiment? What calculations are made when studying people's behavior and opinions? What research methods will be required to determine: a) the population of a given country; b) people's readiness to vote in the upcoming parliamentary elections; c) ways of interaction between miners during a strike; d) the speed at which rumors spread?

6. Read the judgment of one of the presenters American sociologists Wright Mills:

“By institute I mean social form a certain set of social roles. Institutions are classified according to the tasks they perform (religious, military, educational, etc.) and form an institutional order. The combination of institutional arrangements forms a social structure.

Society is a configuration of institutions that, in their functioning, limit the freedom of action of people. In modern society, there are five institutional orders: 1) economic - institutions that organize economic activity; 2) political – institutions of power; 3) family - institutions regulating sexual relations, the birth and socialization of children; 4) military - institutions that organize legal heritage; 5) religious - institutions that organize collective veneration of the gods.”

What important institution is not named by R. Mills in the list of institutional orders?

7. Get acquainted with the following judgment:

“Young people are beginning to be feared and hated, and are artificially contrasted with “adult” society. And this is fraught with serious social explosions. The crisis in Russian society has given rise to acute conflict generations, which is not limited to the traditional differences between “fathers” and “sons” in any society in their views on clothing and hairstyles, tastes in music, dancing and behavior. In Russia, it concerns the philosophical, ideological, spiritual foundations of the development of society and man, basic views on the economy and production, and the material life of society. The generation of “fathers” found themselves in a situation where there was practically no transfer of material and spiritual heritage to their successors. The social values ​​that the “fathers” lived by have, in the new historical situation, overwhelmingly lost their practical significance and, because of this, are not inherited by the “children”, since they are not suitable for them either for the present or for the future. future life. In Russian society there is a generation gap, reflecting a break in gradualism, a gap historical development, the transition of society onto the rails of a fundamentally different system.”

What generation gap and conflict between “fathers” and “children” are we talking about here? What is the essence of this phenomenon? Give reasons for your position.

8. E. Starikov in the article “Marginals, or Reflections on an old topic; “What’s happening to us?”, which was published in the Znamya magazine in 1985, writes:

...Marginal, simply put, is an “in-between” person. The classic figure of the marginal is a man who came from the village to the city in search of work: no longer a peasant, not yet a worker; the norms of the rural subculture have already been undermined, the urban subculture has not yet been assimilated. There is no unemployment in our country, but there are declassed representatives of workers, collective farmers, intelligentsia, and the administrative apparatus. What is their distinguishing feature? First of all, in the absence of some kind of professional code of honor. The physical impossibility of slacking is what distinguishes a professional professional worker.

Only under stable conditions - a permanent place of residence and work, a normal living environment, a strong family, an established system of social connections, in a word, the “rootedness” of the individual allows the development of a clear hierarchy of values, conscious group norms and interests. As Antoine de Saint-Exupéry said, “there is nothing in the world more precious than the bonds that connect man to man.” Tearing them means dehumanizing a person and destroying society. We must avoid everything that weakens human ties, unnecessary bans, mass migrations, forced distributions, forced evictions, barbed fences - everything with which we are still so burdened to this day.

The rootless human “I” becomes blurred: motives for behavior begin to form in isolation from the values ​​of a stable group, that is, they are largely deprived of meaning. Morality ceases to rule actions, giving way to benefit, convenience, and sometimes physiological need (this is the explanation for “unmotivated” cruelty, “senseless” crimes).

In the depths of society there are two differently directed processes. Some marginalized people are quickly turning into lumpen people. Look who sells kvass, pies, bus tickets; ask who aspires to be butchers, bartenders, bottle handlers; not to mention the lawless hordes of speculators, black marketeers, and prostitutes. These are mostly young people. The path to the social bottom is usually irreversible. Another process – the process of recent rural residents taking root in cities – is in itself, in principle, even progressive. If, when moving to a city, a person can count on a decent, qualified job, then he turns from a marginal person into a full-fledged city resident.

How would you define the social essence of the marginalized and the sources of recruitment to their ranks? What does the process of rooting mean and how does being deprived of social roots differ from it? Why does a person’s value system change when he moves from a stable social environment to an unstable one? How did you understand the idea of ​​two differently directed processes? Can they be compared to upward and downward social mobility?

Because of man's biological ability to procreate, his physical abilities are used to increase his food supply.

The population is strictly limited by means of subsistence.

Population growth can only be stopped by counter causes, which boil down to moral abstinence, or by misfortunes (wars, epidemics, famine).

Malthus also comes to the conclusion that population grows in geometric progression, and means of subsistence - in arithmetic progression.

Which of Malthus's views turned out to be prophetic? How can scientific and technological revolution compensate for limitations? natural resources?

10. German sociologist Karl Mannheim (1893–1947) determined that youth are a kind of reserve that comes to the fore when such revitalization becomes necessary to adapt to rapidly changing or qualitatively new circumstances. Youth perform the function of animating mediators of social life. This parameter is universal and is not limited by either place or time. Young people, according to Mannheim, are neither progressive nor conservative by nature; they are potential, ready for any undertaking.

How do you understand Mannheim's words? Is this true for today's youth?

11. From the work of Russian sociologist O. S. Osinova “ Deviant behavior: good or evil?

The form of society's response to this or that type of deviation should depend on what (in terms of generality) social norms are violated; universal, racial, class, group, etc. The following dependencies can be distinguished:

– The more high level(according to the degree of generality) social norms and values ​​are violated, the more decisive the actions of the state should be. The highest value is natural human rights.