What types of social stratification are mentioned in the document? From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P. A
Detailed solution Paragraph § 13 on social studies for students in grade 11, authors L.N. Bogolyubov, N.I. Gorodetskaya, L.F. Ivanova 2014
Question 1. Is the highest rung of the social ladder accessible to every person? What determines the position of a person in society?
The concept of the social ladder is relative. For officials - one thing, for businessmen - another, for artists - the third, etc. There is no single social ladder.
A person's position in society depends on education, property, power, income, and so on.
A person can change his social position with the help of social elevators - the army, the church, the school.
Additional social lifts - media, party and social activity, accumulation of wealth, marriage with representatives of the upper class.
Position in society, social status has always occupied an important place in the life of every person. So, what determines the position in society:
1. Kinship - status may depend on kinship lines, the status of children of wealthy and influential parents is undoubtedly higher than that of children born to less influential parents.
2. Personal qualities - one of the most important points on which the status in society depends. A person with a strong-willed character, who has the qualities of a leader, a leader, will surely achieve more in life and achieve a higher position in society than a person with the opposite character.
3. Connections - the more friends, the more acquaintances who can really help to get somewhere, the more likely it is to achieve the goal, which means to gain a higher social status.
Questions and tasks for the document
Question 1. What types of social stratification is the author talking about?
Economic, political, professional differentiation of society.
If the economic status of members of a society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated, that whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activities, occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of one or another professional group divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group is professionally differentiated, regardless of whether the chiefs are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities.
Question 3. Is it possible, on the basis of the source, to assert that social inequality manifests itself in societies different type?
Yes, you can. Since the phrase "regardless of whether the chiefs are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities" indicates that, under a monarchical order, such a situation could also develop.
SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS
Question 1. What caused the existence of social groups in society?
Sociologists explain the emergence and existence of social groups primarily by the social division of labor and the specialization of people's activities. Sociologists believe that even today the division of human activity into main types determines the diversity and number of social groups, their position in society. So, the existence of strata of the population, differing in income levels, is associated with economic activity, with political activity - the existence in society of leaders and masses, governing and controlled.
The existence of various social groups is also due to the historical diversity of living conditions, culture, social norms and values. This, in particular, explains the presence of ethnic and religious groups in modern society.
Question 2. What social groups exist in modern Russian society? What is the objective basis of their emergence and existence?
The structure of Russian society
Class A. Rich. They are mainly engaged in the sale of raw materials, the accumulation of personal capital and its export abroad. 5-10% of the population.
Class B1+B2. Middle class. 10-15% of the population. Engaged in class A services in all areas of economic activity (financial, legal, information technology, in secondary production, necessary for pumping out raw materials).
Subclass B1. Most in their class. Hired employees, office, on a good salary.
Subclass B2. Minority in its class. Owners of their own medium business and small private capital.
Class C. Small proprietors. As such, it is practically absent in Russia.
Class D. The rest of the people, workers, peasants, state employees, the military, students, pensioners, the electorate, "muzhiks", "Russians", cattle, the crowd. 75-80% of the population.
National Subclass D1. Russian and essentially Russified peoples.
National Subclass D2. tolerant nationalities.
Class E. Human resource of the CIS countries + China.
They arose in connection with the formation of capitalism, with the advent of private property in Russia and with the stratification of society.
Question 3. How do the variety of forms of ownership and market relations affect the social structure of society?
The existence of private property divides society into owners of the means of production and workers. Accordingly, whoever owns the means of production receives a profit from their use, and the workers get their usual wages. Hence the social structure of the rich and the simple workers.
Market relations divide society into producers and consumers. There is also a lot of competition between manufacturers. That also divides society. There are goods that only certain groups of society can acquire, they are not available to the lower strata of the population.
Question 4. Who, in your opinion, forms the Russian middle class?
At the rate World Bank, the Russian middle class is defined as households whose consumption level is one and a half times the national poverty scale (income below the subsistence level), but below the minimum consumption level of the so-called “world-class middle class”, and was 55.6% in 2008. However, according to the calculations of the same World Bank, the average monthly income of a representative of the world-class middle class starts at $ 3,500 and only no more than 8% of the entire world population can be attributed to this class.
In 2009, according to the World Bank, Russia's world-class middle class shrank by a quarter from its pre-crisis peak of 12.6% to 9.5%.
A very large part of the Russian middle class (approximately 40%) is the “old middle” class, that is, the owner-entrepreneurs. As for the intellectuals, they are largely pushed into the lower stratum.
Question 5. What points of view exist on the possibility of achieving equality and justice in a society where there is social differentiation?
In modern society, social equality is increasingly understood as equality before the law, as well as equality of rights and opportunities. The way to achieve such equality is the observance of the rights and respect for the human dignity of representatives of all social groups. In a society that proclaims social equality, equal opportunities are created for all people, regardless of gender, race, nationality, class, origin, place of residence in obtaining education, medical services, in economic and political activities, etc. Thus, representatives of all social groups have equal opportunities for admission to higher education educational establishments, employment, promotion, nomination as a candidate for elections to central or local authorities. At the same time, ensuring equal opportunities does not imply the obligatory receipt of the same results (for example, equal wages).
Modern UN documents set the task of ensuring equal opportunities for well-being for people belonging to both current and future generations. This means that the satisfaction of the needs of present generations should not be detrimental to the opportunities left as a legacy to future generations to meet their needs.
Question 6. What does the concept of "social mobility" mean? What are its types?
Modern society has become open. There are no prohibitions on practicing a particular profession, on marriages between representatives of various social, ethnic or religious groups. As a result, social movements of people have intensified (between city and countryside, between different sectors of the economy, between professions, between different regions of the country) and, consequently, the possibilities for an individual choice of profession, place of residence, lifestyle, spouse or spouse have significantly expanded.
The transition of people from one social group to another is called social mobility.
Sociologists distinguish between horizontal and vertical mobility. Horizontal mobility refers to the processes of transition from group to group without changing social status. For example, the transition from one state enterprise to another, from one family to another, from one citizenship to another.
The processes of vertical mobility are associated with the transition up or down the steps of the social ladder. Distinguish between ascending (upward) and downward (downward) social mobility. Upward vertical mobility can include promotion of a person to a position, transition to a managerial job, mastering a more prestigious profession, etc. Downward vertical mobility includes, for example, the process of ruining an average entrepreneur and turning him into a hired worker.
The ways in which people move from one social group to another are called channels of social mobility or social elevators. These include military service, education, mastery of a profession, marriage, acquisition of property, etc.
Social mobility is often facilitated by critical periods in the development of society: revolutions, wars, political upheavals, structural shifts in the economy.
Question 7. Give examples of social mobility from different periods of world and national history.
Menshikov - from a seller of pies to a "semi-powerful ruler" of Russia under Peter I.
M. M. Speransky - from a peasant turned into the right hand of the emperor, then became a governor.
Question 8. Name the channels of social mobility known to you. What do you think, which of them play a particularly important role in modern society?
As channels of social mobility, those ways are considered - conditionally they are called "stairs", "elevators" - using which people can move up and down in the social hierarchy. For the most part, such channels at different times were: organs political power and socio-political organizations, economic structures and professional labor organizations (labor collectives, firms with a system of industrial property built into them, corporate institutions, etc.), as well as the army, church, school, family and clan ties.
These are the channels of the individual's transition from one social position to another within the social stratum. (marriage, career, education, family, etc.)
The choice of the elevator (channel) of social mobility has great importance when choosing a profession and when selecting personnel:
Religious organizations.
School and scientific organizations.
Political lift, that is, government groups and parties.
Art.
Press, television, radio.
economic organizations.
Family and marriage.
Question 9. Expand on specific examples of the social interests of various groups in society. How do these groups act in defense of their interests?
Each social group has common interests for all its members. People's interests are based on their needs. However, interests are directed not so much towards the object of needs, but rather towards those social conditions that make this object accessible. First of all, this concerns material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.
Social interests are embodied in activity - its direction, nature, results. So, from the history course, you know about the interest of peasants and farmers in the results of their labor. This interest makes them improve their production, grow higher yields. IN multinational states various nations are interested in preserving their language, their traditions. These interests contribute to the opening of national schools and classes, the publication of books by national authors, the emergence of cultural-national societies that organize various activities for children and adults. Competing with each other, various groups of entrepreneurs defend their economic interests. Representatives of various professions periodically declare their professional needs.
A social group is able to realize its interests and consciously act in their defense.
The implementation of social interests may lead the group to the need to influence policy. Using a variety of means, social group can influence the adoption of decisions pleasing to the authorities. Such means may be letters and personal appeals of representatives of the group to the authorities, speeches in the media mass media, holding demonstrations, marches, rallies, picketing and other social protest actions. In every country there are laws that allow certain targeted actions of social groups in defense of their interests.
In an effort to satisfy their interests, various social forces often seek to gain power or get the opportunity to participate in its implementation. Evidence of the struggle and compromise of various social interests is the activity of parliamentary groups in the adoption of the laws of the country and other decisions.
Question 10. What is the practical significance of knowledge about social structure society?
The practical significance of knowledge about the social structure of society makes it possible to identify group diversity, and to determine the vertical sequence of the position of social strata, layers in society, their hierarchy.
TASKS
Question 1. The National Democratic Institute of the United States issued Toolkit"How to win the elections?". It recommends starting campaign planning by looking at the social structure of your constituency. What do you think caused this practical advice? How can the obtained data on the position of various social groups in the district be reflected in the election campaign?
Any campaign elected to this or that post by voting must first of all represent the interests of citizens. What interests should be represented? What worries, or vice versa, pleases the population now, and what do they want in the future? These questions can be answered by studying target audience. It will be easier to win elections because people will hear what they want to hear, but it will be more honest if they also see it in practice.
Question 2. A former worker opened his own business and became an entrepreneur. What social phenomenon does this example illustrate?
This example illustrates such a phenomenon as social mobility, i.e. the possibility of changing the social stratum, in this case - from a lower to a higher one.
What five types of stratification of society are named in the text?
People who speak the same language feel closer than people who speak the same different languages. We can observe the manifestation of this everywhere. In cities where multilingual people live, Russians are drawn to Russians, Germans to Germans, and so on. A person who finds himself in a foreign country and does not know its language is glad to meet a person who speaks his own language. We see the same thing within the population of one state.
It is easy to see that linguistic stratification follows lines other than those of state and racial stratification. The population of one state, for example Russia, consists of many language groups. And vice versa, the same language group by state often belongs to two or three states. The linguistic grouping does not coincide with the racial one. People of the same race, such as whites, speak different languages, and vice versa, people of different races can have the same language.
A profession should be understood as a permanent occupation of a person, serving as a source of livelihood for him. Such are the occupations of a doctor, an engineer, a farmer, a factory worker, etc. There are many professions in modern society. Their number reaches several thousand. Professional occupations leave a strong imprint on the whole spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests. The similarity of people by profession causes the similarity of their interests, tastes, habits; makes single-professional persons solidary with each other. At present, it is difficult to find a profession whose members would not be united in order to jointly protect their interests in professional groups.
The stratification according to the degree of property or wealth, the division of the population into rich and poor has long been and remains one of the most important stratifications.
Explanation.
1. The answer to the first question: "Profession should be understood as the constant occupation of a person, serving him as a source of livelihood."
2. Answer to the second question: "Professional occupations leave a strong imprint on the whole spiritual nature of a person, on his way of thinking, on his tastes, habits and interests."
Source: GIA on social studies 05/31/2013. main wave. Option 1321.
Attracting social science knowledge, facts public life, confirm with examples the following judgments of the author:
a) "the population of one state, for example Russia, consists of many language groups"
b) “people of the same race, such as whites, speak different languages”
c) "people of different races can have the same language"
Explanation.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
a) according to their linguistic affiliation, the peoples of Russia belong to 6 language families: Indo-European (89%), Altai (6.8%), Caucasian (2.4%), Ural (1.8%), Chukotka-Kamchatka, Eskimo-Aleutian;
b) Russians speak Russian and Germans speak German;
c) on English language both white Americans and African Americans speak.
Elements of the answer can be given in other formulations that are close in meaning.
working with a document. From the book of the Russian sociologist, the founder of the Russian and American sociological schools P. A. Sorokin “Man. Civilization. Society". If the economic status of members of a society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige, titles and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated, that whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activities, occupations, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group professionally differentiated, regardless of whether superiors are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities. Questions and tasks for the document 1) What types of social stratification are mentioned in the document? 2) What, according to the author, testifies to the economic, political and professional differentiation of society? 3) Is it possible to state on the basis of the document that social inequality manifests itself in societies of different types? 4) What conclusion can be drawn from the read text to understand the structure modern society?
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TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS
A) upon entering the premises, a man must
take off the hat
1) moral
B) a citizen can be elected President of the Russian Federation
over 35 years old, at least 10 years permanently
living in Russia
2) legal
c) do something good every day
3) etiquette norms
D) the youngest should come first
greet elders
D) ticketless travel in public
transport is punishable by a fine
1) family 2) school 3) health care 4) church
characteristics of which social institutions is given below "Its task is to ensure national security, protection from external threats"?
1) family 2) school 3) state 4) church
pressure. Ash asked students in a group of eight to compare lines of different lengths.<...>This task was easy enough. In the control situation, when the group did not push the person to the wrong choice, 95% of the participants correctly found 12 identical lines, and for the participants in the experimental group the situation changed: they were faced with the results of a social agreement that contradicted their own eyes. Before the subjects could make their own judgment, they heard five other students (actually the experimenter's assistants) unanimously agree on the obviously wrong answer. Did the deceived subjects hold on to their own opinions and give the correct answer, or did they walk with the crowd?<...>Only 25% of these participants did not notice the group's obvious error and gave only correct answers. The other 75% responded contrary to their own feelings and yielded to the group's opinion to some extent. Although none of the participants agreed with all of the group's responses, one subject succumbed to the group's opinion in 11 out of 12 cases.<...>The member, who was inferior to the group's opinion 11 out of 12 times (more than any other), later stated that he hesitated due to the seeming confidence of the other members of the group. He said that he really believed that the others were right and thought that he alone was the victim of some kind of "illusion". Asch's research has shown that people, when confronted with strong group opinions, sometimes agree, even though they think others might be wrong. In addition, they sometimes believe that others are right and doubt own feelings if their group members seem confident enough. Questions and tasks: 1) What socio-psychological phenomenon described in the paragraph was studied by Solomon Ash? 2) Based on the knowledge of the previous paragraph, determine to what type of social group the group of students collected by Ash can be attributed. 3) How many stages of the experiment are described in the text? How did they differ from each other in terms of conditions and results? 4) How were the participants in the experiment distributed depending on their exposure to the influence of the group? What conclusions can be drawn from the experiment? 5) Ash was experimenting with unfamiliar students who met during a short experiment. Based on your own experience, give examples of the influence on the personality of a cohesive group, where the good attitude of its members is highly valued and there is a group opinion. Answer the above questions. Thanks in advance :)
1. Read an excerpt from a work by a Russian sociologist
P. Sorokin* and answer the questions at the end of the text:
“Social stratification is the differentiation of a certain set of people into classes in a hierarchical rank. It finds expression in the existence of higher and lower strata. Its basis and essence lies in the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and obligations, the presence or absence of social values, power and influence among members of a particular community. Specific forms of social stratification are very diverse. If the economic status of members of a certain society is not the same, if there are both haves and have-nots among them, then such a society is characterized by the presence of economic stratification, regardless of whether it is organized on communist or capitalist principles, whether it is constitutionally defined as a "society of equals" or not . No labels, signs, oral statements are able to change or obscure the reality of the fact of economic inequality, which is expressed in the difference in incomes, living standards, in the existence of rich and poor sections of the population. If within a group there are hierarchically different ranks in terms of authority and prestige and honors, if there are rulers and ruled, then regardless of the terms (monarchs, bureaucrats, masters, bosses) this means that such a group is politically differentiated , whatever it proclaims in its constitution or declaration. If the members of a society are divided into different groups according to the nature of their activity, occupation, and some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others, and if the members of a particular professional group are divided into leaders of various ranks and subordinates, then such a group is professionally differentiated regardless of whether superiors are elected or appointed, whether they inherit their leadership positions or because of their personal qualities.
The specific aspects of social stratification are numerous. However, all their diversity can be reduced to three main forms: economic, political and professional stratification. As a rule, they are all closely intertwined. People who belong to the highest stratum in one respect usually belong to the same stratum in other respects; and vice versa. Representatives of the highest economic strata simultaneously belong to the highest political and professional strata. The poor, as a rule, are disenfranchised and are in the lower strata of the professional hierarchy. Takovo general rule although there are many exceptions.<...>The real picture of the social stratification of any society is very complex and confused. To facilitate the process of analysis, only the main, most important properties should be taken into account, in order to simplify, omitting details that do not distort the overall picture.
*Sorokin, P. Social stratification and mobility. // Pitirim Sorokin. "Human. Civilization. Society” (series “Thinkers of the 20th century”). - M., 1992. -
pp. 302 - 373. (text adapted) // Internet materials, see: http://www.sociology.mephi.ru/docs/sociologia/html/sorokin_soc_strat_mobile.html
Questions:
1. What is the definition of social stratification offered by P. Sorokin?
2. Is social stratification an objective phenomenon? What evidence does the author provide for this assertion?
3. What criteria of social stratification does P. Sorokin propose to use?
2. Read an excerpt from R. Merton's "Social Structure and Anomie" * and answer the questions at the end of the text:
“There is a marked and persistent tendency in sociological theory to attribute the unsatisfactory functioning of the social structure primarily to human imperative biological drives that are not sufficiently restrained by social control. From this point of view, the social order is just a tool for “regulating impulsive actions”, “social processing” of tensions. It should be noted that these impulsive actions, breaking through social control, are considered as manifestations of biologically determined drives. It is assumed that the desire for disobedience is rooted in the very nature of man. Subordination is thus the result of either practical calculation or mechanical conditioning. This view, to say nothing of its other shortcomings, clearly does not answer one question. It does not provide a basis for determining those non-biological conditions that stimulate deviations from the prescribed type of behavior. We proceed from the assumption that certain phases of the social structure give rise to circumstances in which the violation of the social code is a "normal" response to the emerging situation.
<...>. We intend first of all to show how some social structures exert a certain pressure on individual members of society, pushing them towards the path of insubordination rather than the path of behavior in accordance with generally accepted rules. Among the elements of the social and cultural structure, two elements are of particular importance to us. Analytically they are separable, although in concrete situations they are inseparably intertwined. The first element consists of the goals, intentions, and interests defined by a given culture. They constitute the scope of aspirations. These goals are more or less integrated and include varying degrees of prestige and emotions. They constitute the main, but not the only, component of what Linton aptly called the "scheme of group existence." Some of these culturally determined aspirations are related to a person's primary drives, but they are not determined by them. The second phase of the social structure determines, regulates and controls acceptable ways to achieve these goals. Each social group necessarily combines its scale of desired goals with moral or institutional regulation of acceptable and required ways to achieve these goals. These kinds of regulatory norms and moral imperatives do not necessarily coincide with the norms that determine the technical expediency or effectiveness of these methods.<...>The choice of suitable means is limited by institutional norms.
When we say that these two elements, culturally determined goals and institutional norms, work together, we do not mean that the relationship between alternative behaviors and goals is invariably constant. The importance of certain ends may vary independently of the degree of importance of institutional means.”
*Merton, R. Social structure and anomie / translated from French by E.A. Samarskaya. Translation editor M.N. Gretsky // Sociology of Crime (Modern Bourgeois Theories). - Moscow: Progress Publishing House, 1966. / Internet materials, see: http://scepsis.ru/library/id_632.html.
Questions:
1. What social mechanisms of control over the individual's behavior are described in the quoted passage?
2. What is "social control"?
3. What, according to R. Merton, limits the ways to achieve group goals within society (culture)?
3. Read an excerpt from R. Merton's "Social Structure and Anomie" * and answer the questions at the end of the text:
“In any society, there is both individual and group mobility. The possibilities of moving up for groups or individuals are due to the peculiarities of the stratification system, i.e. by the importance attached to assigned (prescribed) and achieved statuses. Assigned (prescribed) status is associated mainly with inherited factors such as family origin, age, gender, race and place of birth. The heir to a large fortune and the Negro living in the city ghetto have different assigned statuses. Achieved status is determined by what a person has accomplished, such as earning a doctorate from Harvard.
When the institutions of a society emphasize assigned status, tendencies toward collective or group mobility emerge. One of best examples caste system in India. Historically, in India, every person from the moment of birth belonged to a certain social caste and remained in it until the end of life - the possibility of moving from one caste to another was very small. Every aspect of life was shaped by caste. The possibilities of marriage, the choice of work, the peculiarities of rituals and even funerals were predetermined from birth.
Although there was almost no individual mobility in this system, individual groups managed to change their social status and level of prestige. Collective mobility occurred when a larger caste broke up into subcastes. For example, the long-standing Khatik (originally a butcher caste) split into separate castes: pork merchants, stonemasons, rope makers, and fruit merchants. The new castes, who considered their work more prestigious than the meat trade, invented new names for themselves and refused to marry members of the original caste.
The caste system in India proved to be very stable. Even now, when under the influence of Western values and social institutions the possibilities of individual mobility have opened up, caste mobility persists in a slightly modified form.
In societies where more importance achieved status, the tendency to individual mobility prevails. America is a typical example in this respect.”
*Smelser, N. Sociology. - M.: Phoenix, 1994. - 608 p. / (text from section II. "Social inequality", chapter 9. "Inequality, stratification and class") // Internet materials were used, see: http://scepsis.ru/search/search.php?q=Smelzer N. , works&p=1
Questions:
1. What types of mobility does the sociologist call in this passage of text?
2. What types of social status are mentioned in the text?
3. How does the type of society, according to N. Smelser, affect the prevalence of one or another type of social mobility?
4. What kind of mobility prevails in societies of the traditional type (similar to the society of India)?
5. What type of mobility prevails in industrial (or post-industrial) societies?
6. What connection, according to N. Smelser, is observed between social status and social mobility?
CREATIVE TASK
Based on the published data of the last population census (2009) in the Republic of Belarus, write a report on the social stratification of the Belarusian society. Take the following criteria as a basis: gender, level of education, place of residence (urban, rural), age, nationality.
TOPICS OF SUMMARY AND REPORTS
1. Economic stratification of modern society in Belarus.
2. The theory of elites as one of the variants of the stratification approach.
3. Middle class in society.
4. The place of youth in the social structure of society.
5. Mobility in modern society.
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