Lighting standards for residential. Sanitary standards for natural lighting in the apartment

Most often, lighting in homes is determined by the design of light sources and their location. Even if a person is aware of the standards for illumination of residential premises, they are simply not taken into account. This can hardly be called a serious mistake, but with the correct calculation of illumination, one can significantly improve the psycho-emotional state.

Norms for different rooms

One of the elements of a comfortable stay at work or at home is lighting. Scientists have found that light can improve mood and relieve psychological stress, or allow you to focus on doing work. Surface illumination is measured in lux (Lx). Also, to carry out calculations, you need to know about one more unit - lumen (Lm), used to determine the luminous flux.

Residential building lighting

Lighting in the apartment is no less important in comparison with the interior. If you take this issue seriously, then all the free space can be divided into certain areas in accordance with the dimensions and functions performed. So this classification looks like this:

For each of these areas, a certain indicator of illumination in lux is provided.

Industrial premises

In many offices, for various reasons, lighting standards are not respected. Most often, they use square-shaped fluorescent lamps that are built into the ceiling. If you adhere to the norm of illumination of industrial premises, labor productivity can increase significantly. Two standards are used to determine the required level:

• International - equal to 500 Lx.
• Russian - ranges from 300 to 400 Lx.

It should be remembered that the standards for illumination of workplaces and industrial premises imply a division into general and local. The first type is light that diffuses over the entire area of ​​the office. Local lighting is created using local light sources. With proper lighting design, all light sources should be parallel to the windows.

Do not forget that the lighting of each workplace should be planned individually, based on the age and visual acuity of the employee.

Playgrounds

Modern playgrounds for children have a lot of differences from sports ones, but in terms of functionality they are quite close. For the normal development of the child, sports equipment and the organization of competent lighting are required. Among the main factors, close attention should be paid to the following:

• Creating comfort and maximum safety.
• Injury prevention during exercise.
• Possibility to stay on site in the evening.

The recommended level of illumination of playgrounds for children is from 70 to 100 Lx. It is also necessary to remember such an indicator as color rendition. Upon reaching a certain level, it will be easier for the child to distinguish between moving and small objects. Of course, we should not forget about the aesthetic side of the issue.

Use of LED lamps

Knowing the norms of illumination of residential premises, it is important not only to achieve their observance, but also to do without the extra financial costs of paying for electricity. A few years ago, LED lamps were very expensive, and it was considered impractical to use them in apartments. Now the situation has changed, and the lighting created with the help of these light sources is inexpensive.

Among the advantages of LED lamps should be noted:

All this speaks in favor of the use of LED lamps in residential areas. Given the large selection of these devices in terms of power and design, there will definitely not be any problems.

Often, lighting in a house or apartment is determined by a minimum of parameters. This is the design of lighting fixtures and location. And even knowing about the norms of illumination, many simply do not take them into account. This is certainly not a critical error. But if you choose the lighting according to the rules and norms of illumination, correctly calculate how much light is needed for a certain room in the apartment, you can achieve a stable psycho-emotional and physical condition for a person.

How many lumens are needed per 1m 2

An integral part of a comfortable stay at home or at work is lighting. Few people know that the right light helps relieve psychological stress or, on the contrary, focus on work. But before proceeding to the calculations, it is necessary to understand the measurement values. Lumen (Lm) is a unit of measurement of luminous flux, Lux (Lx) - in lux, the illumination of a surface is measured. 1 lux equals 1 lumen per square meter.

The calculation (measurement) of the illumination intensity is carried out according to a simple formula (AxBxC) in which:

• A - the required illumination according to the standards of SNiP;
• B - area of ​​​​the room (sq. M);
• C - Height factor.

The height coefficient is a correction value and is calculated depending on the height of the ceiling. 2.5 and 2.7 - coefficient equal to one; if 2.7 and 3 meters - 1.2; ceilings with a height of 3 and 3.5 meters - 1.5; from 3.5 to 4.5 meters - the coefficient is 2.

Table of illumination standards according to SNiP in lux (Lx):

For office space	Norm (degree) of illumination	For residential premises	Illumination standards
Office using computers		Living rooms, kitchens
Drawing office
Meeting room		Bathroom
Ladder		Ladder
		Library
Utility rooms
		Wardrobe

We make a calculation. Suppose you need to find out the required amount of light for a children's room, an area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is 15 square meters, with a ceiling height of 2.7 m. For accuracy, we use a calculator. We multiply the amount of lighting by square meters and by the height factor - 200 x 15 x 1 \u003d 3000. Accordingly, the luminous flux should be 3000 lumens (Lm).

Rooms irregular shape, divide into figures (for example, a square and a triangle), and calculate separately for each.

You can measure the level of illumination at home with a luxmeter.

Residential lighting

Lighting in the house has importance like the interior. First of all, they divide the entire space into areas that differ not only in size, but also in functionality.

Namely:

1. Hallway- its location implies the absence of natural lighting, so artificial lighting is created in the hallway. For this, directional light fixtures with wide scattering angles are used.
2. Living room (hall)- a room with many functions. Therefore, lighting achieves maximum functionality, combining the general with the point.
3. Kitchen- an area that has separate working areas, in which spot lighting is added to the general one.
4. Bedroom- designed specifically for rest and sleep. For bedrooms, soft and warm tones of artificial light are selected. Also, it makes sense for them to adjust the intensity of lighting.
5. bathroom- as in previous cases, local lighting is added to the main one.

When choosing a fixture for a bathroom, you need to make sure that this sample has a high degree of protection (IP) against moisture.

Proper lighting in the apartment will help not only emphasize or highlight a certain area, but also erase visual boundaries.

Residential LED Lamps

Some time ago, LED lighting was considered unacceptable for the home. The main factors were the high price, as well as the brightness and color of the lighting.

But today, such lighting is becoming relatively inexpensive. And the choice in terms of power, design, spectrum and size is simply huge. The only limitation can be fantasy, where and how to apply LED lamps. Also, such lamps have a number of advantages.

Advantages:

• Low energy consumption (allows for long-term use, quickly recoup the cost of the lamp);
• Durability (when choosing a quality product, the service life is many times longer than that of conventional incandescent, fluorescent and halogen lamps);
• Does not heat up during operation (which increases the possibility of placement in accordance with the design).

And this is not all indicators. The optimal lighting option can be selected according to the spectrum and brightness (all values ​​\u200b\u200bare indicated on the product packaging). For the home, choose lamps that give warm light.

When choosing LED lamps, pay attention to the manufacturer. The more famous the brand, the better the product.

Another important factor is environmental friendliness. LED lamps do not emit UV radiation, and they do not create fluctuations in the light output.

If you decide to make good lighting in the house, then it is better to choose LED lamps for this.

Norm of illumination of office premises: the required value

Not so often there are offices in which special attention was paid to lighting. Usually these are luminous squares with luminescent flicker, built into the ceiling. But light affects both the psychological and emotional state of a person. With the right lighting, employees can achieve high productivity throughout the day.

The level of illumination in the office, determined by two standards:

• Russian - the level of illumination (required scale), recommended within 300 - 400 lux (Lx);
• International standard (European standards) - 500 lux (Lx).

Lighting is divided into general (direct and reflected), light from light sources is scattered over the entire area of ​​​​the office, and local (lighting the workplaces themselves), lighting is carried out by various lighting devices for local lighting (table lamps and lamps).

The location of the lighting devices parallel to the windows is the most correct, this ensures the coincidence of the light from the lamps with the light from the windows.

An individual approach is also important for each workplace in the office, this is due to the difference in the need for lighting for each employee. This is influenced by factors such as vision and age.

Lighting for playgrounds: norms

Modern playgrounds, of course, differ from sports ones, but in terms of their functionality they can be equated to each other. To our usual slides, swings and roundabouts, for physical development children, a lot of sports equipment is added. Therefore, competent and efficient lighting for playgrounds is a must.

With such characteristics, important parameters must be taken into account for children's playgrounds.

Parameter list:

• Ensuring comfort and safety;
• Injury prevention;
• The ability to be on the site in the evening (especially in winter).

The standard for the illumination of playgrounds according to the Russian standard is 10 lux. But as the sites are being improved, the required (normal) degree of illumination should be 70 - 100 lux.

Of great importance when illuminating playgrounds is the level of color rendering. For convenience, the distinction between small and moving objects.

In accordance with the size, for various playgrounds, the optimal ratio of height and location of lighting devices is selected. These include console (up to 10 meters high), and local (up to 4 meters high). The power of a separate street lighting device is calculated according to SNiP standards.

If the site is not well lit, the lighting should be improved by adding lighting fixtures.

It is worth considering the aesthetic component, choosing lamps that emphasize the exterior of the site.

How many watts do you need to light up a room: converting lumens to watts

For questions - how to determine what kind of lighting should be in a separate room or one room, how to convert lux to watts, how to choose and calculate right amount fixtures, quite simple answers.

Let's do the calculation with an example. We need to illuminate a hall with an area of ​​​​20m2 with a chandelier with five light bulbs incandescent. What power in watts to choose a lamp?

For the calculation you will need:

• The degree of illumination;
• Area in square meters.

Multiply the illumination rate by square meters. 150 x 20 = 3000. The total luminous flux should be 3000 Lumens. This means that for normal lighting, 5 lamps of 60 watts are required. If we recalculate to European standards, it will turn out - 4000 lumens.

In connection with outdated standards, multiply the illumination rate by 1.5 times.

Do not forget, unlike incandescent lamps, there are several more types of artificial light sources that are more reliable and economical.

What are lighting standards (video)

The right light is needed not only at home or in the office. It is necessary for a comfortable stay in a hotel, walking along the street, it is important to use it in kindergartens, trading floors. The only difference is purpose and functionality. Based on the tests carried out, psychologists have proven that with well-designed lighting, not only the psycho-emotional, but also the general condition of a person improves.

Scientists say that about 90% of information about the world around us, we receive through the eyes. Therefore, it is very important that the rooms in which we live are well lit. But what are the norms for the illumination of residential premises? What laws govern lighting? And how do you make your own calculations? Below we will find the answers to these questions.

All lighting standards for residential premises are enshrined in a special document SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting". This document indicates how much light is needed to illuminate certain objects.

It should be understood that SNiP 23-05-95 is a document of general significance, therefore, it fixes the lighting standards for not only residential, but also non-residential premises (for example, office buildings, warehouses, educational establishments and so on). Also, when creating lighting for residential buildings, European standards can optionally be taken into account.

Units of measurement and lamp table

As the main indicator for measuring the amount of light in a room, physical concept illumination. The unit of measure for the illumination of the luminous flux is lux. 1 lux is equal to 1 lumen of light that falls on 1 square meter of area. Different lamps generate different quantity illumination; in the table below you can find out how many lux the different lamps generate:

Residential lighting standards

The recommended amount of light is affected by the purpose of the living space. For example, for lighting living rooms (living rooms, bedrooms, etc.) and work rooms, the recommended amount of light is 150 and 300 lux, respectively, while 20 lux will be enough to illuminate the stairs between apartments. The lighting standards for residential premises are as follows (according to SNiP):

Object type	Recommended amount of light
Living rooms (including living rooms, bedrooms, dorm rooms and so on)	150 lux.
Kitchens various types(ordinary kitchens, kitchen-dining rooms, niche kitchens, and so on)	150 lux.
Children's rooms	200 lux.
Offices and libraries	300 lux.
Halls and corridors between rooms within the same apartment	50 lux.
Storerooms and utility rooms	300 lux.
Dressing rooms	75 lux.
Saunas, changing rooms and swimming pools	100 lux.
Gym	150 lux.
billiard room	300 lux.
Bathrooms and restrooms (including bathrooms, showers, and so on)	50 lux.
concierge room	150 lux.
Stairs between apartments	20 lux
Corridors between apartments within the same building, as well as lobbies and halls	30 lux.
Rooms for strollers and bicycles	30 lux.
Technical rooms (heating points, pumping stations, switchboard rooms, machine rooms of elevators, etc.)	20 lux.
Passages of technical floors, basements and attics	20 lux.
elevator shafts	5 lux.

Calculation example

Let's now try to independently calculate the optimal amount of light in your living space:

• Let's say we have a bedroom, the size of which is 16 square meters, and a ceiling chandelier is used as a lamp. We look at the second table - the recommended amount of light is 150 lux. Remember that 150 lux is the amount of light per 1 square meter. Therefore, it is necessary to multiply 150 lux by 16 square meters. We get 2400 lux - this will be the recommended amount of light for the guest room. Suppose we want to buy ordinary accumulation lamps for lighting - in this case we will have to buy 2 lamps of 100 W each (1.200 * 2 = 2.400 lux) or 3 lamps of 75 W each (900 * 3 = 2.700 lux).
• Another example. Let's say we want to redecorate the children's room and replace the chandelier with lots of small LED lights that we want to place around the perimeter of the room; room size - 20 square meters. How many light bulbs do we need? We look at the second table - the recommended amount of light is 200 lux. We multiply 200 by 20, we get 4000 lux - this will be the recommended amount of light for a children's room. Now let's define LED lamps: if you buy 8-10W lamps, you will have to install 6 lamps (because 6 * 700 = 4200 Lux), if you buy 10-12W lamps - you will have to install 5 lamps ( since 5 * 900 = 4500 Lux) and so on.

• The light flux should be evenly distributed throughout the room. If several lamps are used to illuminate the room, the lamps must be positioned so that they are directed in different directions.
• There should be no sudden changes in lighting.
• Lamps should emit light that is pleasing to the eye; for residential lighting, it is recommended to buy lamps with a neutral or warm glow.
• When calculating, it is also recommended to take into account the reflective properties of the floor, walls and various objects.
• To measure illumination, you can buy a compact device called a luxmeter.

Conclusion

Let's summarize. Lighting of residential premises is regulated by a special document SNiP 23-05-95. To determine the level of illumination of a room, the physical concept of illumination is used. The recommended illumination of a dwelling depends on the type of this premises; for example, for lighting a living room, lamps should generate 150 lux of light, for lighting a children's room - 200 lux of light, and so on.

Home lighting is one of the fundamental principles of its design. You can even say that the lighting design of the apartment is the first of the fundamental principles of its project. A good housing project just starts with the study of lighting: when it comes to stone, concrete and metal, correcting mistakes will be very difficult, if not impossible.

However, “lighting design” is a complex and multifaceted concept. Light should be healthy and comfortable, show the appearance of the room and express the individuality of its owner. Accordingly, lighting design consists of three disciplines arising from each other:

• General lighting design, or just lighting or lighting design. It creates a physiologically based background on which everything else is located. By analogy with construction, this is a supporting structure, or, more precisely, a hall with scaffolding and acoustics, in which both a violin quartet and a rock band can perform with equal success.
• Light architecture emphasizes the conceptual orientation of the room and shows the worldview of its inhabitants. Light architecture can be external and internal, interior. Some interior styles, such as modern and high-tech, are generally unrealizable without appropriate lighting: the interior loses its expressiveness.
• And finally interior lighting design or interior lighting design- an analogue of furniture and decor: it expresses the individuality of the owner. Unlike the first two, interior lighting design is plastic, just like furniture, figurines and paintings can be changed and moved.

Such a division is not at all far-fetched, it arises naturally. Take a look at the picture: and without explanation it is clear that on the left is the lighting design, in the center is the lighting architecture, and on the right is the interior lighting design.

A full-fledged lighting design project includes all three components, but it is impossible to describe them in one article, so this article will focus on the initial and most important thing: the overall design of apartment lighting. The elements of lighting architecture and interior lighting design will be mentioned as necessary, when it is impossible to solve the general task of lighting without them.

Types of lighting

All three types of lighting design work with natural, general (background), local, working and decorative lighting. The natural has to be taken as it is, limited to light engineering (see below): softening, reflection, scattering. Other general rules are:

1. The background should be as shadowless as possible. Our most ancient instincts see danger in the deep shadow, which creates psychological discomfort. In practice, for the sake of simplicity and economy, penumbra and openwork shadows are achieved.
2. Local lighting should emphasize interior details and decor, so the main requirement for it is a suitable spectrum, see the section on the properties of light.
3. Working lighting is also local, but no longer focused on the object, but on the eye: we need optimal brightness and spectrum within the physiological limits of perception.
4. There is only one requirement for decorative lighting (for example, ceiling lighting): it should not adversely affect health.

Note: there is an informal kind of lighting - background illumination. We will talk about it later, and the requirement for it is opacity when viewed from the outside.

Rules and Regulations

Lighting should have a positive effect on vision, the psyche and general health, so let's start with sanitary and hygienic requirements. The rules for lighting an apartment are regulated by physical parameters and “Natural and artificial lighting”; SanPiN 1278-03 remain valid for old buildings, but are not valid for the design of new ones. Aesthetics is nowhere and in no way prescribed. The main requirements are:

• illumination of common living rooms, kitchen and gym - 150 lux; for children - 200 lux; office - 300 lux; entrance hall, toilet, combined bathroom - 50 lux; bathroom, sauna, swimming pool - 100 lx;
• coefficient of natural illumination KEO with side lighting for common living rooms, kitchen, pool and gym - 0.5; for children - 0.7; office - 1.0; entrance hall, toilet, combined bathroom, bathroom, sauna - not regulated;
• for a pool with a gym, a generalized indicator of psychological discomfort UGR is acceptable 60 with artificial lighting pulsations up to 20% For a bathroom and toilet, it is not regulated; for other rooms UGR=0.

Notes:

1. All values ​​are the minimum allowed. On a cloudy autumn day in the open air, the illumination is more than 10,000 lux, so you don’t have to be afraid of “busting” - there is no such amount of electricity in the wiring.
2. KEO for overhead natural lighting is not considered; the lateral KEO is measured in the horizontal plane of the floor.

But what are these KEO and UGR? Let's see, starting with KEO, it's easier. To tackle UGR, you have to understand a little about the properties of light.

KEO

KEO, simply put - the proportion of natural light entering the room. If, for example, a light meter on the floor of an open balcony showed 400 lux, and on the floor in the center of the room adjacent to it 250 lux, then KEO would be 250/400 = 0.625. The norm has been maintained.

How to define KEO?

At home, KEO is quite simply determined by the camera, if it is not quite a soap box:

• We take a white sheet of paper (not plastic or film) in a larger format, on a clear noon we put it on the balcony floor or on the ground under the window, set the camera to aperture priority (mode A) and measure the shutter speed using it.
• We do the same in the room, standing facing the window. The ratio of shutter speeds (and modern cameras measure them with an accuracy of 1/3 - 1/4 steps) will give KEO.

Example: shutter speed on paper outdoors - 1/60 s, and in the room - 1/40 s. KEO will be 40/60=0.67.

UGR

The discomfort coefficient UGR is calculated using the formula from the international standard EN 12464-1. It is based on the so-called hardness of light, which for some reason is called brilliance in regulatory documents (and who only invented such nonsense when there is a simple and understandable word in Russian? Sacred-corporate language, or what?) Very bright light can be soft and favorable for vision, and dull hard - to irritate and spoil it.

The hardness of light is determined by three parameters of the light flux: degrees of polarization, coherence and spectrum. The stream of light consists of a huge amount elementary particles from the class of bosons - photons, which are simultaneously quanta of electromagnetic radiation with a certain frequency, phase and directions of the electric and magnetic vectors. UGR varies from 0 to 100.

Polarization

The degree of polarization shows for what fraction of photons the directions of the field vectors coincide. For an overcast sky and incandescent lamps, the total polarization is about zero, for a clear sky and fluorescent lamps - a few percent, up to 20%; glare from mirror surfaces and light from quantum sources - lasers, LEDs - can be 100% polarized. Light is considered soft when the polarization is up to 10%. Directional reflection and refraction of light increase its polarization.

You can check the polarization of light with a photographic polaroid filter: the polaroid, looking through it, is rotated 180 degrees. If the overall brightness does not noticeably change, the light is considered comfortable, and by the disappearance or weakening, you can immediately see the sources of hardening of the light.

coherence

The degree of coherence shows what fraction of light quanta have the same phases. The hardness of light is determined by the length of the coherence train - the length of the section of the light flux, in which the degree of coherence exceeds 50%. It is because of the rather high coherence of light that flash photos come out lifeless. It is impossible to determine the length of the coherence train at home, but under normal lighting, the absence of noticeable polarization also indicates a negligibly small coherence train. The exception is the same quantum sources: the coherence of their light can reach up to 100% at a distance of several meters.

Range

The eye easily adapts to the effective color temperature of lighting: if on a clear day it is 5700 K for sunlight, then it is 6300 K on a cloudy day, and at sunset it drops to about 2000 K. But the spectrum of the Sun is thermal, smooth (in the figure on the left) , therefore, thermal light sources are best suited for vision: ordinary incandescent, xenon, krypton, freon, halogen lamps. Unfortunately, they are uneconomical, so modern housing lighting is increasingly based on the use of fluorescent lamps.

The luminescent spectrum (in the middle of the figure) is pseudo-white, there are noticeable dips in its envelope. Objects of colors that match the dips visually appear darker under artificial lighting, which creates disharmony. In addition, obtaining pseudo-white light requires some increase in the intensity of the spectral zones, which is also not very good for vision.

Nevertheless, scientists and engineers are tirelessly working to improve fluorescent lamps, and their modern models with a three-layer phosphor give light that is almost as comfortable as solar diffused light.

How to check the quality of light?

At home, the quality of light from a housekeeper light bulb can be roughly determined if there is something low-power powered by a solar battery on the farm: a calculator, a receiver. The procedure is:

• We “calibrate” the device with a 40-60 W incandescent bulb: we detect at what distance from it the battery will give a working current and the device will turn on.
• We bring it to a fluorescent lamp: if the distance at which the battery “breathes” has decreased by no more than 2.5 times, the light is comfortable. The power of the light bulb being checked can be in the range of 13-24 W; for 9-11 W, the battery operation distance decreases by another 1.5 times.

Example: the device turned on 0.6 m from the incandescent lamp and 15 cm from the 11 W housekeeper. 60/15=4, and 2.5x1.5=3.75. The lamp is crappy "alternative"; Will go except for local lighting.

Additions to SNiP 23-05-95 allow the use of LED lamps, subject to sanitary standards, but they are completely unsuitable for general lighting of rooms, not only in terms of polarization with coherence, but also in terms of spectrum: it is synthetic, island (in the figure on the right). The point here is not so much that objects that fall into its deaf gaps will seem black.

The main disadvantage of the island spectrum is the high concentration of energy in the peaks of the envelope, which is necessary to create the desired overall white brightness. Energy peaks overload the visual sensors of the eye, which spoils vision and health in general. By analogy: a blow to the head with a pillow will only make you angry, but you can kill with a brick.

Therefore, the main areas of application of LEDs in residential lighting are the design of ceiling lighting and backlight / illumination, and it is highly desirable to place light strips behind the eaves so that at least the polarization with coherence due to diffuse reflection is reduced.

About Surface Brightness

According to sanitary standards, the surface brightness of light sources should not exceed 200 cd/sq.m. Halogens, which give a very favorable thermal spectrum for vision, go far beyond this threshold, representing point sources of light. Therefore, when illuminating the working area, they must be hidden behind a visor or recessed into furniture, and for general lighting, use lamps with frosted caps or diffuse reflection of light, directing it to a white ceiling or walls.

Video: errors in lighting design

Went lighting design

Designing the lighting of a room begins with the lighting design of natural light. Then an artificial one should be attached to it by KEO: a light shock from turning on too bright light is also harmful. Binding is done to determine the required power of light sources.

Then, according to the original layout of the interior design, the types and nomenclature of lighting fixtures, their technical characteristics are selected. In this case, it is often necessary to refine the layout.

The next stage is, and according to its result, a circuit diagram apartment lighting. And only after that the light is “pasted” into the construction project, which again may require all sorts of improvements.

About the concepts of light

There are two general approaches to lighting: European and American.

1. The basis of the European is as an element that unites people, that very cozy, brightly lit place that Hemingway yearned for.
2. The American concept is economical and individual, it is based on a sconce. To hell with all the gatherings there, I'll hide in my corner with a glass of whiskey, and so that the counter winds less.

Both approaches make it possible to obtain almost shadowless background lighting, and a ceiling lamp or halogens scattered across the ceiling instead of a chandelier allow you to apply a synthetic approach: ceiling light section by section through a double switch, and sconces with individual switches. The problem of many wires is solved by lining the walls and ceiling, electrical cords are hidden under it.

Independent proper lighting of the apartment comes down to lighting it room by room, this is what we will do.

Video: an alternative subjective view of the types of lighting

natural light

When passing through glass or reflecting off a mirror, direct natural light can become too harsh. In addition, the light from the window should not be too harsh, overly directed.

Hard light is softened by translucent or openwork barriers - tulle, organza. They also scatter light, which has long been used to optimize natural lighting.

In our time, there is a means that, in addition, allows you to direct the light where you want, without using mirrors that polarize it: vertical fabric blinds. Even if their panels are parallel to the rays, due to diffraction they bring down the hardness of light to an acceptable value. Turning the panels gives a diffuse reflection in the right direction, and moving them apart, you can intercept part of the light flux and direct it into a dark corner. On sale you can already find "smart" blinds that automatically support optimal mode lighting the room, but also for DIYers who are familiar with electronics, there is a huge unplowed field.

artificial lighting

General rules

To link interior design with light, it is useful to remember the following:

• Light and color give space if they are harmonized across the spectrum: blue illumination of red will only give a dip.
• The planes are visibly stretched in the direction of the light streams.
• Premises with a general light tone of the design should be lit evenly, and dark rooms should be lit in zones.
• Zones are illuminated evenly.
• The work light must be white.
• Local light for colored objects also needs white, and for whites, color is possible.
• Deep shadows are undesirable in any case.

About halogens

Halogen lamps create decent shadowless lighting with low power consumption, because. evenly distributed over the ceiling, form a kind of radiating plane. But the shadows under the furniture will be deep, so in living rooms, halogens need to be deprived of “points”, as described above. In small rooms (kitchen, hallway) you don’t really look down, and there halogens for general lighting can be used without any.

Determining the power of light

For support we take a housekeeper light bulb, tested for the quality of light. To determine the total power for lighting a room, we measure the illumination created by it alone, suspended from the ceiling, on the floor in the center. If it is not possible to use a luxmeter or submit an application to the SES for measuring illumination, the same camera will help out: put it in S mode (shutter priority), and measure the exposure according to white sheet. A value of approximately 100 lux corresponds to 0.5 s at aperture A=2.8, 1 s at A=4 and 2 s at A=5.6.

Example: a camera lens with a maximum “hole” of 4. The measurement gave a shutter speed of 4 s. Illumination - no more than (1/4) x100 = 25 lux. To create a total illumination of 150 lux, at least 6 of these bulbs are needed.

Selection of sources

The overall lighting design of a room is determined not only by the properties of their light, but also by the radiation patterns of the DN, see fig. Cardioid pattern is preferred for general lighting in any medium sized room.

The cardioid is given by one lamp or a group of them in the ceiling. If the bulbs of the lamps are horizontal, the cardioid will be pulled down; if vertically with the flasks down, the DN will stretch to the sides. The first is preferable for rooms with dark furniture; the second is for the light ones.

The figure eight is obtained from a cardioid if the lamp is equipped with a lower reflector (“tray”). Similar in properties to a cardioid, but more suitable for lighting large areas or rooms with high ceilings.

Fan DN have lamps in the reflector. The narrower and deeper the reflector, the smaller the fan opening. Used for local, working and zonal lighting. Luminaires with a fan beam, adjustable in height, can successfully solve the problem of lighting a common one-room apartment: by raising and lowering them, you can adjust the size of the zones with light.

DN-petal give a sconce. The "ear" of the petal can be directed up or down, depending on the location of the lamp: the bulb is up or down, respectively. In the horizontal plane, the DN of the sconce is a cardioid. In the American system, it is customary to use a sconce with the ear DN up; in European - with the ear down and less power, for temporary working lighting.

The cosecant-square (beacon, radar) RP has the most important advantage: within the light spot, the illumination is theoretically ideal, but practically almost uniform. It is technically difficult to achieve KK DN, but a table lamp with a light bulb upside down and a large hemispherical reflector lampshade above it gives almost the same. Have you seen Lenin's table lamp in the drawings? Whoever he was, but, processing mountains of documents all his life, he did not feel the need for glasses.

About raster lamps

Raster luminaires are suitable for large public spaces with high ceilings. In living rooms, this is exactly the case when the optimal brightness of the light turns out to be unacceptably hard.

Fixture placement

We will analyze the placement of fixtures using examples, because it is impossible to give a universal recipe for all tastes and needs. There is only one thing in common - European lighting. The American light has not taken root anywhere except in the extremely utilitarian USA, and in puritanical England too.

Living room

Lighting is based on the center of the ceiling, see pic left and center. DN for bright living rooms - cardioid; for large, complex shapes and darkish - figure eight; this allows you to illuminate walls and corners without wasting extra power. If a light plasterboard ceiling is arranged (on the right), an even more economical shadowless background can be achieved with halogens, and decorative LED lighting will also fit into it.

Bedroom

- the only room where it is not only acceptable, but also recommended: by changing its color, you can change the mood of the room for sleep, waking rest, or whatever else they do in the bedroom. For the "bed" zone, it is enough to illuminate the sconces or floor lamps at the head (see fig.), but ceiling lamp should be shifted to the center of the wakefulness zone. A fan-shaped one with a wide opening, adjustable in height, is very well suited: the size of the wakefulness zone can be changed according to the use of the bedroom at the current moment.

The lighting of the bedroom is perfectly complemented by the LED lighting of the window. Ribbons are placed around the perimeter of the window opening so that they shine along the glass, and are curtained with organza from the inside. On a bed in such a bedroom, you can do incredible things with the window open, and the spies will see nothing but, perhaps, vague shadows.

Children's

For children's eyes, hard light hits especially hard, so a matte ceiling or halogens with matte caps are needed on the ceiling. Lighting options are shown in the figure; on the right - formally correct, but psychologically unacceptable. Spoil all the dark decorative eaves-clouds. Who is comfortable living under a stormy sky all the time? Certainly not for children.

Kitchen

For lighting, halogens are optimal. The shadows under the furniture here are not striking, and the halogens not only load the kitchen wiring less (which is already the most loaded in the apartment), but also self-clean from the settling fumes, because. get very hot during operation. How to get rid of the dottedness of halogens is described above; an example of a successful kitchen lighting design is shown in the figure on the left - in the kitchen, the work area should dominate in terms of light.

Hallway

The illumination of the corridor should be, first of all, uniform: - the face of the house, but, I beg your pardon, decent citizens with a twisted face do not appear in front of people. Economical LED lighting due to the cornice with reflection from the white matte ceiling, on the left in the figure, is quite justified: they don’t stay in the hallway for a long time, but the most ordinary matte ceiling lamps will go in the center.

But fanciful lighting solutions, as in fig. on the right, should be avoided: a visitor, a conversation with which is perhaps fundamentally important for you, may have a subconscious impression that he did not come to a promising subordinate or potential partner, but to Dracula's castle.

Bathroom

Optimal lighting and - even, soft, almost shadowless, as in fig. left. Deep shadows, highlights, spots, as in two pic. on the right, and the pores of the skin will not be allowed to open properly when washing, and the peristalsis of the intestines will be made sluggish. This is solved, as a rule, with just one shade on the ceiling - the bathrooms are finished with light, well-reflecting materials.

Light fixtures have incandescent bulbs. The light in the bathroom does not blaze for days, so the savings are not important, but the glare of the surfaces is more than enough. In addition, the housekeepers, hidden in waterproof lamps, quickly fail electronics from overheating.

The working lighting of the mirror is with matte halogens (the second position on the left in the figure), as in the nursery, but the reason is already different: the points that cut the eyes will not allow you to see minor flaws in appearance, which will then be noticeable to others.

Studio apartment

The lighting of the studio apartment is built on the principle of promoting zoning. A good example is shown in the figure on the left. The zest is a ceiling lamp with an eight-point pattern shifted to the center of the recreation area. In combination with a directed stream of light from the window, such general light makes any other methods of zoning the room effective.

About stretch ceilings

The lighting of stretch ceilings technically comes down to the selection of luminaires and ceiling material that are compatible in terms of heat dissipation and energy flux density (PEF), but this is a separate issue that is not related to lighting design. As for it as such, stretch ceiling they just came up with it for the sake of complete light self-expression (see fig.), therefore, the ways of lighting them are not regulated anywhere, and giving instructions would mean emasculating the idea.

But one piece of advice still needs to be given: in case of turning off the beauty unspeakable in the space between the ceilings, a weak backlight to match the overall design, as a trace. rice. left. Otherwise, the reflective ceiling can spoil the peaceful comfort of the room, which can be seen right there.

Video: ceiling lighting examples

What about warmth? Don't forget!

Even the most economical light bulbs emit quite a lot of heat. Installation of fixtures must be carried out taking into account this circumstance. Lighting fixtures are accompanied by instructions (or they can be found by brand name), which indicate the permissible lamp power, distance from walls, etc. These instructions must be followed, but there is a nuance for housekeepers: their heat dissipation in watts is calculated separately. The mains voltage is known, and the current consumption is indicated on the base.

The fact is that the housekeeper's electrical circuit has a rather high reactivity, and the power designation on the package shows the effective power consumption, how much the meter will wind. Some time after turning on the heat, the housekeeper will allocate more, and then will allocate less. Fast-burning housekeepers are the result of being placed in dull tight ceilings, so let the good-looking light bulbs breathe freely.

Data for comparison:

Table of illumination standards:

		With one general light
	400*/200**	300	—
	600*/400**	500	—
Reading rooms	400/200**	300	100
	750/300**	400	—
	—	200	75
Laboratories	750*/300**	300	—
	400*/200**	300	—
Collector	—	300	—
	—
	—
	—	200
gyms	—	200
recreation	—	150
	—	200
Bedrooms	—	75
Sanatoriums, rest houses
Chambers and sleeping rooms	—	150
spectacular buildings
	—	500***	150
	—	300***	100
	—	200***	75
Exhibition halls	—	200***	75
Foyers of cinemas, clubs	—	150	50
The shops
Trading floors:
grocery stores	—	400	100
	—	700	100
	—	500	75
fitting rooms	—
Hotels
Service Bureau	—	200
Living rooms	—	150
Rooms	—	100
Sanitary facilities:
	—	75
showers, wardrobes	—	50
	—	150
	—	75
Stairs:
	—	100	—
stairs of residential buildings;	—	10	—
other stairs	—	50	—
Corridors and passages:
main	—	75	—
floor in residential buildings	—	20	—
other corridors	—	50	—

Notes:

The lighting standards for the sales area of ​​the store, fitting rooms and shop windows are regulated by SP 52.13330.2016 "Natural and artificial lighting" Updated version of SNiP 23-05-95 *

But today this set of rules does not carry a payload, because the requirements for calculating illumination migrated there from SNiP 11-4-79, which was developed in the USSR back in 79.

Changes over 39 years in lighting standards

The minimum illumination threshold for sales areas of stores: furniture, sporting goods, building materials, toys was raised from 200 to 300 lux
- Supermarket trading floors have appeared, where the minimum level of horizontal illumination is G-0.8 500 lux

Changes in 39 years in retail

store format. Then it was a street retail with convenience stores.
Shopping malls now predominate, most of which lack natural light, and if there is, it is usually general light in shopping galleries.

Showcases in the USSR were large, stores were open from 9 to 18.00, the natural lighting of the trading floor was enough to provide illumination from 1000 to 2000 lux on the shelves in clear weather.

The floor plan has changed. Previously, it was predominantly wall-mounted and traded from behind the counter, so there was enough natural light for empty shelves and racks.

The question of the quality of color reproduction and the difference in shades of clothing was not raised. Firstly, natural light prevailed, and secondly, all coats were of the same color - cobblestone.

There was no need to talk about a special range of LED lamps for illuminating meat, sausages, fish, cheeses, pastries. Sausage, even if it was sometimes made of paper, was sold with a bang!

Problem #1: Not enough light

SNiP 23-05-95 requires the illumination of trading floors in the range from 300 to 500 lux.
Is 300-500 lux enough today?

Everything is relative. five minutes from beautiful woman- a moment, five minutes booty on a hot frying pan - an eternity.

For retail space in 1979, these standards were more than enough, but it is not possible to design modern competitive interiors of retail stores in shopping centers, where today there is a fierce struggle for the attention of the buyer, according to them.

Problem #2: Too much light

Sometimes I see how “colleagues in the shop” post photos of completed store lighting projects with luxmeters that show 2000-3000 lux in their portfolio

There is never too much light - it's true. But the retailer must be concerned about two questions in order to make a decision:
How much will I earn from this
Or how much will I save?
The rest is a matter of taste!

By increasing the illumination by two, three or more times, we increase the number of lamps, investments at the start and the budget for monthly operating costs in direct proportion. This is physics and mathematics that cannot be fooled! See the graph of the level of illumination in the trading floor "golden mean".

Graph "golden mean" for the choice of illumination standards for different types stores

To be convinced of this, it is not necessary to have the skills of a design engineer, it is enough to use the online illuminance calculation calculator. By increasing the number of lux, you will see how the number of fixtures increases. Don't believe?

GOST R 55710-2013 Lighting of workplaces inside buildings. Norms and methods of measurements

Try it yourself.

Another problem associated with the high illumination of the trading floor is the solution of merchandising tasks. Accent lighting is used to control the attention of customers and fix the route on the trading floor. People move from dark to light. Accent lamps create focus points due to the contrast of the general light to the exposition 1 to 3-5, i.e. if the general illumination in the trading floor is 1000 lux, then 3000 lux is enough for the contrast, and if the illumination of the trading floor is 2500 lux, then the accent lighting is already should be 7500 lx, which will lead to an even greater increase in the budget for equipment. Also, starting from 5000-7000 Lux, the effect of discoloration and overexposure can be observed, which will have a bad effect on appearance goods and reduce buying activity.

If there is a direct correlation between illumination and investment in the project, then unfortunately there is no such correlation between illumination and sales growth.

In my 11 years of designing store lighting, I've read dozens of empirical studies on the effect of light on sales, but I haven't come across a single one that says light increases sales by more than 10%.

Prepared research worthy of attention:

In Runet, you can read that the right light increases sales by 30-40%, and at industry conferences, merchandising gurus do not hesitate to lie numbers 2 or more times. Friends, turn your head! If this were the case, then you can take loans from banks at any interest rate and scale your business by investing in a magic pill called lighting. But free cheese, you know where...

Looking for the golden mean

Over the decades, the situation has changed dramatically, fashion retail mainly develops in shopping centers where there is no natural light.

In the brand books of European and successful Russian retailers, the illumination ranges from 800 to 1200 lux

This is due to two factors:
- Our brain is very lazy and if you force it to do something, it will always follow the path of least resistance. In other words, you'd rather go to a different store than stare at small prints on price tags and packages in a dimly lit sales area.

If in the Soviet Union there was only one coat color - cobblestone, now clothes and other goods have many shades. The task of proper lighting is to convey the color scheme conceived by the designer. Optimum Illumination for Hue Difference and Quality Color Reproduction 1000 lux

Street retail and the mass market can still forgive the owner for poor lighting, but in shopping centers it can hurt the wallet, because there is a tough fight for the attention of each buyer.

In order to compete with successful retailers in the galleries of the shopping center, I recommend specifying the illumination of 1200 lux in the terms of reference for the design of artificial lighting in trading floors. So you protect yourself from the problems that I described above.

Manufacturers and designers, in order to present their lamps and services in a “favorable light”, often falsify and overestimate the technical data in the lamp passport, i.e. in fact, you can easily get 1000 lux instead of 1200 lux. Further, annually the luminous flux will fall by an average of 2-5%, depending on the quality of the selected equipment, i.e. in 5 years you will get somewhere around 750-900 lux, which is generally not bad.

We also indicate a similar illumination of 1200 lux in the TOR for the design of lighting in DIY building stores and hypermarkets. Stores with a large area mean a longer stay of customers in the trading floor, so the lighting should be comfortable so as not to tire and distract from shopping.

For street retail and mass market, due to the lack of competition and a certain target audience, there will be enough illumination of 900 lux

If you have a clothing store and you are forced to cut the budget for the lighting of the trading floor, then in no case do not save on fitting room lighting. This is the last resort where the buyer makes the purchasing decision. Don't let him part with the money! Fitting room lighting is an interesting topic for a separate article, but we'll talk about that another time.

Well, do not forget to use the “golden gray hair” schedule for designing and calculating the lighting standards for the retail premises of the store, which is based on empirical research by leading lighting companies together with successful retailers.

Pin it

More recently, when choosing a light bulb, we estimated its power: buy a lamp for a hundred watts or "sixty" is enough. But in last years an unusual designation for us appeared in the passports of light bulbs: not only in watts, but also in lumens. And the experts started talking about what exactly lamp lumens or a light bulb is much more important to know than its watts.

The dictionary says: "Lumen (lm) is a unit of measurement of luminous flux." What does it mean? First, imagine two streams of water. To estimate which of them gives more water, you just need to measure how many liters of water each of them will give, say, per second. But light is not water, its flux is measured in other units - in lumens.

Watts indicate the power that the lamp consumes. Everyone knows: the more powerful the lamp, the more light it will give. Then why do we need to know about it some lumens? And then, that not all the power consumed by it is spent on the "production" of light. Part of the energy is inevitably dissipated in the form of heat. Our traditional incandescent lamps convert 90% of their energy into heat. But we don't need them to heat the room! Therefore, it is important to compare the lamps also by another indicator - only by the luminous flux that they create.

The sun in your house, or how much light you need

This is where lumens come in. It is from them that you can find out how much light (and only light) a light bulb will give.

Reflections at the counter

Of course, the more lumens in the light bulb, the brighter its light. But let's not forget that:

• we are still accustomed to focusing on the power of the lamp;
• far from always on its packaging or in the passport the luminous flux that it is capable of producing is indicated;
• it is also important to know the watts consumed by the lamp - after all, we pay according to the meter for them, and not for lumens.

In short, it is useful to have such a "translator" at hand:

The table at the same time shows how much more efficiently lamps of different types use electricity. To get, for example, 700 lumens of light, an incandescent lamp will "eat" 60 watts, and an LED lamp - only 8-10 watts.

Note the word "approximately". On the Internet, you can find a fairly large spread in the results of the "translation" of light bulb watts into lumens. The fact is that in practice the characteristics of lamps of each type can be different. It also depends on the details of their device, materials, product quality.

Therefore, 1 watt of energy consumed, for example, in incandescent lamps, can produce light from eight to 20 lumens. It turns out that 60-watt light bulbs can provide both 480 (60 x 8) and 1200 (60 x 20) lumens of light. The same applies to economy lamps (1 W: 35-70 lm) and LED lamps (1 W: 90-110 lm). Nevertheless, the numbers in the last column of our table help to at least roughly estimate the brightness of lamps of different types and power.

How many lumens per m2 do you need?

… lighting should not be too strong and not too weak. Medicine has long said its word, there are "Sanitary norms and rules" (SanPiN) for the illumination of rooms with different areas and purposes. "SanPina" is easy to find on the Internet.

But before doing the calculations, we note that the norms do not determine the brightness of the light bulbs, namely illumination. That is, what is the luminous flux per 1 m2 of surface. This value is measured in lux, 1 lux (lx) is when 1 lumen of light (1 lm / m2) falls on a square meter.

It is clear that the illumination depends on the size of the room, wall and ceiling coverings, fixtures, etc. Truly illumination is determined by special devices - luxmeters. But without it, you can roughly estimate the desired illumination, taking into account only what affects it the most. The error in such a calculation will be small and will not affect health and comfort.

The illumination standards of the apartment look like this: a bathroom, a bathroom, a corridor in the apartment - 50 lm / m2, living rooms and a kitchen - 150, a nursery - 200, a study - 300 lm / m2.

Let's calculate what minimum luminous flux is needed, for example, in a living room with an area of ​​25 m2. For this, 150 lm x 25 = 3750 lm. If the height of the room is greater, then enter the coefficient. At a height of 2.7-3 m, it is 1.2, at a height of 3.1-3.5 m - 1.5, at a height of 3.5-4.5 m - 2. In our case, be a room of three meters in height , she would need at least 3750 x 1.2 = 4500 lumens for normal lighting. Based on this value, you can decide how many and which lamps to buy, how to place them.

We calculate the illumination of the room

Illumination standards

Lux (lx) - a unit of measurement of illumination in international system units (SI). It is equal to 1 lumen / m2 - the illumination of a surface with an area of ​​\u200b\u200b1 m² with a luminous flux of radiation incident on it equal to 1 lm.

Lumen (Lm) is a unit of luminous flux.

Data for comparison:

Table of illumination standards:

Name of buildings and premises	Illumination of work surfaces (lx)		Cylindrical illumination (lx)
	With combined lighting	With one general light
Administrative buildings, design and research organizations
Offices and other workrooms	400*/200**	300	—
Design, engineering and drawing offices	600*/400**	500	—
Reading rooms	400/200**	300	100
PC rooms, display rooms	750/300**	400	—
Conference rooms, meeting rooms	—	200	75
Laboratories	750*/300**	300	—
Financial institutions, credit and insurance organizations
Operating rooms, cash rooms	400*/200**	300	—
Collector	—	300	—
Schools, secondary and higher educational institutions
Classrooms, auditoriums, classrooms, laboratories	—	500 (vertical in the middle of the board)
	—	300 (horizontal on tables and desks)
Offices and rooms of teachers	—	200
gyms	—	200
recreation	—	150
Children's preschool institutions
Reception rooms, changing rooms, games rooms, dining rooms	—	200
Bedrooms	—	75
Sanatoriums, rest houses
Chambers and sleeping rooms	—	150
spectacular buildings
Auditoriums for events of national importance	—	500***	150
Theater auditoriums, concert halls	—	300***	100
Auditoriums of clubs, theater foyers	—	200***	75
Exhibition halls	—	200***	75
Foyers of cinemas, clubs	—	150	50
The shops
Trading floors:
grocery stores	—	400	100
clothes, underwear, shoes, fabrics stores, fur products, headwear, perfumery, jewelry	—	700	100
crockery, furniture, sporting goods	—	500	75
fitting rooms	—	300 (vertical at 1.5 m from the floor)
Hotels
Service Bureau	—	200
Living rooms	—	150
Rooms	—	100
Auxiliary buildings and premises
Sanitary facilities:
washrooms, latrines, smoking rooms	—	75
showers, wardrobes	—	50
Vestibules and outerwear wardrobes:
in schools, universities, theaters, clubs, hotels and main entrances to large industrial and public buildings;	—	150
in other industrial, auxiliary and public buildings	—	75
Stairs:
main staircases of public and industrial buildings;	—	100	—
stairs of residential buildings;	—	10	—
other stairs	—	50	—
Corridors and passages:
main	—	75	—
floor in residential buildings	—	20	—
other corridors	—	50	—

Notes:
* horizontal illumination at the level of 0.8 m from the floor with the combined action of general and local lighting;
** the same, but only from general lighting;
*** when using incandescent lamps, the level is normalized.

reference Information

Russian and European lighting standards

Table of illumination levels for some types of premises (SNIP 23-05-95, SANPIN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03)

The name of a room	Analysis plane	Russian norms	Common European Norms
Workrooms, offices	G 0.8	300	500
Premises for working with PC	G 0.8	400	500
Study rooms and classrooms	G 0.8	300	300
Operating rooms of banks	G 0.8	300	500
Reading rooms	G 0.8	300	500
Design and engineering offices	G 0.8	500	750
Conference rooms and meeting rooms	G 0.8	200	500
Sport halls	Floor	200
Exhibition halls	G 0.8	200	300
Trading floors of shops	G 0.8	400	300
Dining rooms and buffets	G 0.8	200	200-300
hairdressing	G 0.8	400
Doctors' offices	G 0.8	300	300-500
Garages	G 0.8	200	50-200
Warehouses in the receiving area	G 0.8	200	300
Warehouses in the goods storage area	Floor	50	100
Lobby	Floor	150	100-200
corridors	Floor	50-75	100
stairs	Floor	100	150
Attics	Floor	5

IP protection classes

The first digit is the degree of protection against accidental contact with current-carrying elements	The second digit is the degree of protection against moisture penetration.
First digit	Description	Explanation	Second digit	Description	Explanation
0	No protection	0	No protection
1	Hand penetration protection	Protection against the penetration of solid objects with a diameter of more than 50 mm	1	Protected against vertically falling drops.	Vertically falling drops of water have no harmful effect.
2	Finger protection	Protection against finger contact with current-carrying parts and against penetration of solid objects with a diameter of more than 12 mm	2	Protected against drops falling obliquely at an angle of up to 15° to the vertical.	Drops of water have no harmful effect.
3	Tool penetration protection	Protecting the touch of a tool, wire or similar object with a thickness of more than 2.5 mm to live parts. Protection against penetration of solid objects with a diameter of more than 2.5 mm.	3	Protection against rain, water dust.	Drops of water falling obliquely at angles up to 60° to the vertical do not have any harmful effect.
4	Protection against the penetration of solid granular particles	Protection against contact of a tool, wire or similar object with a thickness of more than 1.0 mm to live parts. Protection against penetration of solid objects with a diameter of more than 1.0 mm.	4	Splash protection.	Spray from any direction has no harmful effect.
5	Protection against dust accumulation	Complete protection against contact with live parts and against harmful accumulation of dust. Some penetration of dust is allowed in quantities that do not affect the operation of the luminaire.	5	Protected against water jets.	Jets of water shot from a nozzle and falling from any direction have no harmful effect. Illumination standards: 5 important rules Nozzle diameter 6.3 mm, pressure 30 kPa.
6	Dust protection	Complete protection against contact with current-carrying parts and against the ingress of dust.	6	Protected against water jets.	Jets of water shot from a nozzle and falling from any direction have no harmful effect. Nozzle diameter 12.5 mm, pressure 100 kPa.
7	Waterproof.	Possible short-term immersion in water to a certain depth without penetration of water in quantities that would have a harmful effect.
8	Hermetic waterproofness.	Long-term immersion in water to a certain depth and time is possible without water penetrating in quantities that would have a harmful effect.

Regulations

Lighting GOSTs

GOST R 54350-2011 Lighting devices. Lighting requirements and test methods.

GOST 15049-81 Electric lamps. Terms and Definitions.

GOST R IEC 62031-2009 Light emitting diode modules for general lighting.

Legislative acts

Requirements for lighting fixtures, lighting installations and LED light sources.
Federal legislation on improving energy efficiency.
Programs in the field of energy saving.

Government Decree "On the Approval of Requirements for Lighting Devices and Electric Lamps Used in AC Circuits for Lighting".

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 18 "On approval of the rules for establishing energy efficiency requirements for buildings, structures, structures and requirements for the rules for determining the energy efficiency class of apartment buildings" dated January 25, 2011.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 2446-r " Government program Russian Federation"Energy saving and energy efficiency improvement for the period up to 2020" dated December 27, 2010

Order of the Ministry economic development RF N 61 "On approval of an approximate list of measures in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency, which can be used to develop regional, municipal programs in the field of energy saving and energy efficiency" dated February 17, 2010.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1221 "On approval of the rules for establishing requirements for the energy efficiency of goods, works, services, the placement of orders for which is carried out for state or municipal needs" dated December 31, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 67 "On Amendments to Certain Acts of the Government of the Russian Federation on the Determination of the Powers of the Federal Executive Authorities in the Field of Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency Improvement" dated February 20, 2010.

Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation N 273 "On approval of the methodology for calculating the values ​​of target indicators in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency, including under comparable conditions" dated June 7, 2010.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation N 261-FZ "On Energy Saving and on Increasing Energy Efficiency and on Amendments to Certain legislative acts Russian Federation” dated November 23, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1225 "On the requirements for regional and municipal programs in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency" of December 31, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1830-r “Plan of measures for energy saving and energy efficiency improvement in the Russian Federation aimed at implementing the Federal Law “On energy saving and energy efficiency improvement and on amending certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” dated December 1, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1715-r "Energy Strategy for the period up to 2030" dated November 13, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1222 "On the types and characteristics of goods, information on the energy efficiency class of which must be contained in the technical documentation attached to these goods, in their labeling, on labels, and the principles of the rules for determining the energy efficiency class of goods by manufacturers, importers" dated 31 December 2009.

Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg N 1257 "On the concept of increasing energy efficiency and stimulating energy saving" dated November 11, 2009.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1662-r "The concept of long-term socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020" dated November 17, 2008.

Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation N 1663-r "Main directions of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2012" dated November 17, 2008.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation N 185-FZO "On the Fund for Assistance to the Reform of Housing and Communal Services" dated July 21, 2007.

Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On placing orders for the supply of goods, performance of work, provision of services for state and municipal needs" dated July 21, 2005.

We provide services for measuring the parameters of luminaires and light sources, studying and researching the characteristics of semiconductor emitting LEDs and products made from them in a photometric laboratory using modern equipment.

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Calculation of illumination of premises

With all the achievements modern science The best lighting is still provided by nature. A person can only strive to get as close as possible to the indicators of natural light that the sun provides us with, and, if possible, imitate. That is why it is advisable to approach such a seemingly banal matter as calculating the illumination of a room with all responsibility. It's better than it should be - it still won't work.

The lighting calculation itself consists of calculating the total power (electric or light), the number of lamps, as well as the number of lamps and the power of each of them. But there are quite a few factors that can affect these calculations.

What to consider when calculating

Let's focus on those characteristics that can be taken into account independently. This:

• type of room (living room, kitchen, office, etc.);
• ceiling height;
• the color of the flooring, furniture or walls;
• the presence or absence of mirrors.

The level of illumination of different types of rooms depends on their purpose. What will be the norm in the living room or kitchen is already too bright for the bedroom, and vice versa. Ceiling height also matters. The standard for calculations is a height of up to 3 m. If it is in the range from 3 to 4 m, all results must be multiplied by 1.5, if more - by 2.

​

The color gamut and the presence of mirrors are taken into account using special coefficients and indices. If you try to take into account absolutely everything, then you can get stuck in this process for a long time. Basically, difficulties arise when zoning a room with the help of light. But, on the other hand, this is more about complex design layouts, and such data is included in the design project.

Illumination standards for residential premises - instructions and recommendations

Ways to calculate lighting

Coefficient method

Lighting plays an important role in people's lives. Calculate it very simply by the coefficient method. First of all, you need to calculate the number of fixtures (N).

100*S*E*Kr - definition of glare, where:

• S is the area of ​​the room;
• E - light level of the horizontal plane (indicated in lux);
• Kr is the safety factor (for a house it is 1.2).

U*n*Fl - calculation of the brightness of the lamps, where:

• U - coefficient of light consumption by the device (depending on the number of lamps);
• n is the number of lamps in the device;
• Fl is the luminous flux of one lamp (measured in lumens).

For example: A workplace (such as an office or kitchen) uses 3 lights. We substitute the data into the formula: 3 = E (cabinet) * 100 * 1.2 (standard illumination). It remains to calculate the brightness of the lamps. And for this you need to know the coefficient of light consumption (U).

• h1 - the height at which the lamps are located;
• h2 - height of the working surface;
• a and b - the length of the walls, the area of ​​​​the room is known.

After calculating the value, for a complete miscalculation, it is necessary to find out the remaining data. In the reference book, you need to look at the indexes of the reflectivity of the materials of the ceiling and walls. The coefficient of light utilization will be lower if the walls are light. By substituting all the data obtained into the formula, you can calculate the illumination of an apartment or room. Based on the example, then for a room with three lamps, the following result is needed:

Based on the results obtained, it was decided that the illumination of the room should consist of 12 individual lamps that are built into the ceiling. Three lamps were rejected.

All reference materials available on the Internet, as well as below in the article, so there is nothing difficult to calculate. There are many similar calculations in order to calculate illuminance.

By specific power

This technique uses data from directories, so it is considered simple. The disadvantage of this method is a large margin in the calculation, which makes it difficult to calculate the cost of electricity and its savings. If you look at the fact, then this is a method for estimating the cost of electrical energy. If there is a specific power of light, then it is enough to multiply the number of lamps by the power and divide by the area. The resulting number can be used to determine the approximate power and number of lamps.

Point method

This calculation makes it possible to distribute the lamps over the area of ​​​​the room. And this means that using this method you can find out the lighting at a certain point in the room. To proceed with the calculation using this technique, it is necessary to develop a floor plan, determine the calculated point and place the fixtures.

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This method is complex, therefore it is used when the surface of the walls or ceiling is complex or for design solutions. If you look from the side of saving electricity, then this method is considered the most economical.

There are also programs for calculating the illumination of a room. We recommend checking the result using special software!

Application of the prototype

For this method, a table from the reference book is used, where the exact miscalculations of standard rooms are registered. Such miscalculations were carried out more than once, so the data that is written in the table is correct. There are more unusual methods and formulas for determining the level of light, but they are expensive and are used only for rooms of complex design and layout or for street lighting. It makes no sense to use them for a residential apartment.

How to measure the level of illumination?

To measure the actual level of illumination, a special device is used - a luxmeter. It consists of a photo sensor with a set of light filters and a measuring device. The principle of operation of the luxmeter is to measure the resistance of the photosensor, which changes with different levels of illumination. Light filters are designed to change the measurement limits of the device.

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The procedure for measuring illumination with a luxmeter:

1. We select the measurement limits of the photosensor.
2. We place the photo sensor on the surface on which it is required to measure the illumination.
3. We turn on the device.
4. Taking readings
5. Turn off the device

The use of a light meter allows you to find out whether the actual level of illumination meets the requirements specified, for example, in SNiP 23-05-95. And in case of discrepancy - to develop measures to bring the illumination within the required limits.

Illumination standards

There are certain norms for the illumination of various rooms. According to building codes and regulations (SNiP), the following are used:

• 5 Suite: elevator shaft.
• 20 Suite: technical floor, attic and basement passages; stairs.
• 30 Suite: Lobby.
• 50 Suite: bathroom or shower room; toilet; hall of the apartment; apartment corridor.
• 75 Suite: dressing room.
• 100 Suite: bath (sauna); pool.
• 150 Lux: Gym; kitchen; living room.
• 200 Suite: children's room.
• 300 Suite: billiard room; cabinet; library.