The role of the light bulb in human life. Light - the role of light in the life of humans, plants and animals

Any type of activity requires a number of certain conditions, and we sometimes do not notice the little things that have a significant impact on our body. Such “little things” include light.

Lighting plays an important role in human life. About 90% of information is perceived through the visual channel, so properly executed rational lighting has important to perform all types of work. Light is not only an important condition the work of the visual analyzer, but also a biological factor in the development of the human body as a whole. For a person, day and night, light and darkness determine biological rhythm- vigor and sleep. Insufficient illumination or its excessive amount reduce the level of excitation of the central nervous system and, naturally, the activity of all processes. Rational lighting is an important factor in the overall production culture. It is impossible to ensure cleanliness and order in a room in which it is dim, the lamps are dirty or in disrepair. The state of lighting in industrial premises also plays an important role in preventing industrial injuries. Most workplace accidents occur due to poor lighting. The losses from this amount to very significant amounts, and most importantly, the person may die or remain disabled for life. Rational lighting must meet the following requirements: be sufficient (corresponding to the norm), uniform; do not create shadows on the working surface; do not blind the worker. This helps maintain high level performance, preserves human health and reduces injuries.

Under light understand electromagnetic radiation that causes a visual sensation in the human eye. In this case, we are talking about radiation in the range from 360 to 830 nm, which occupies a tiny part of the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation known to us.

Luminous flux is the total radiation power of a light source, estimated by the light sensation of the human eye. The unit of measurement is lumen (lm).

The light source emits luminous flux in different directions with different intensities. The intensity of light emitted in a certain direction is called by the power of light. The unit of measurement is candela (cd).

Illumination reflects the ratio of the incident luminous flux to the illuminated area. The unit of measurement is lux (lx). Illumination is equal to 1 lux if the luminous flux of 1 lm is evenly distributed over an area of ​​1 m2.

A gradually heated ideal emitter (black body) emits light of different colors depending on the temperature. Color temperature is the temperature to which it is necessary to heat a black body so that the tone of the light emitted by it is approximately the same spectral composition and color as the light of a given source. The unit of measurement is the degree Kelvin (K).

Color rendition reflects the effect of lamp light on the colors of the objects it illuminates. Depending on the location of the lamp and the visual task it performs, its artificial light should provide color perception as close as possible to natural daylight. When assessing color rendering, the color rendering index Ra is used. It is determined by comparing 8 reference colors under illumination from the reference and test sources. The lower the coefficient, the worse the color rendering of the light source being tested.

Brightness characterizes the level of light sensation that occurs in the human eye when viewing an illuminated surface and is measured in candela per square meter or candela per square centimeter of area (cd/m2 or cd/cm2). When assessing the quality of lighting, brightness often plays a more important role than illumination.

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"Light in our lives"

International Year of Light and Light Technologies December 2015 2015 was declared by the UN General Assembly as the International Year of Light and Light Technologies. The goal of the initiative is to increase the world community's awareness of light issues and improve understanding of new technologies that solve energy problems in all spheres of human activity. 2015 was chosen as the year of light also because it marks a number of important round dates related to the science of light.

The opening ceremony of the International Year of Light took place on 19-20 January at UNESCO headquarters in Paris. Secretary General UN Ban Ki-moon sent a message of welcome to the ceremony, ending with the words “Let there be a year of light.”

Justification for choosing the year General Assembly The UN in its resolution notes that 2015 marks the anniversary of a number of important milestones in the history of light science. These include the writing of works on optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) in 1015; Augustin Fresnel's introduction of the concept of light wave in 1815; the emergence in 1865 of the electromagnetic theory of light propagation, created by James Maxwell; the emergence in 1905 of the theory of the photoelectric effect proposed by Albert Einstein; the introduction of the concept of light into cosmology in 1915 thanks to the general theory of relativity; the 1965 discovery by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson of the cosmic microwave background radiation; advances made in 1965 by Charles Kao in the field of fiber optic communications based on light transmission.

Light is one of the forms of energy that the human eye can discern. Light is generated using electromagnetic radiation and moves strictly in a straight line and with constant speed. The main colors of light are green, blue and red; when mixed in certain proportions, any existing color and shade can be obtained.

Following Newton, who demonstrated that white light is made up of a spectrum of different colors, we must educate the world about the importance of light in building a more sustainable and peaceful future. Light brings goodness, Light develops sensitivity, response to the world and interaction with him

Light for me is the stream of LOVE of the universe flowing incessantly. The huge, endless Light is mind and consciousness. Light is will and dream. Light is what reaches out when we need help so much. Light is the path to goodness and happiness. Desire for love. And to be loved. Light is hatred of dishonor, of lies, of what can kill us. Each of us knows the path to light. Don't lie, don't hit, don't humiliate. Replace hate with love. And replace timidity with strength. To look into the eyes of the enemy and light a spark of light in them.

Sunlight plays a big role in human life. However, in addition to sunlight, people widely use artificial sources to make environment more suitable for work and leisure. Thousands various types lamps and lighting systems give people light and create a new, more beautiful living environment. Properly designed and selected lighting provides comfort and mood, increases productivity, and promotes health. Selecting high-quality lighting is not only about achieving sufficient illumination, but also about reliability, safety, and efficiency. The role of light in human life

The requirements for lighting quality contained in official standards are mainly aimed at ensuring visual performance. The recommendations are based on dozens of studies conducted in various countries, and are thus the most justified. Basic lighting standards: Office (depending on size) - 300-500 lux (unit of illumination) Living room - 500 lux Corridor - 50 lux Staircase - 100 lux Study - 300 lux Supermarket - 500 lux Restaurant - 200 lux Museum - 200 lux Gym - 400 lux Classroom - 300 lux Laboratory - 500 lux The role of lighting in human life

Light source is any object that emits energy in the visible range of electromagnetic wavelengths. By their nature they are divided into artificial and natural.

Natural light sources are natural material objects and phenomena. Sun Comet Star clusters Aurora Meteorites and fireballs

Artificial light sources are technical devices of various designs, the main purpose of which is to receive light radiation

The sun and sunlight in human life The sun is the greatest thing that human eyes can see Robert Davydov Solar radiation stimulates the production of endorphins, “pleasure hormones,” therefore it is believed that sunlight is the best natural antidepressant. Its positive influence also extends to the sphere of interpersonal relationships: while the cold encourages us to “close ourselves,” the sun, on the contrary, “opens” us in relation to the outside world, to others. It is for this reason that in the summer it is easier for us to make new contacts and make new friends.

Man felt the importance of the Sun for life on Earth already in ancient times. But to primitive people the Sun seemed to be some kind of supernatural creature. It was deified by almost all peoples of antiquity. Our Slavic ancestors worshiped the god of the sun's rays - Yarila, and the ancient Romans had a god of the Sun - Apollo. Kings and princes, in order to exalt their power, tried to instill in people the idea of ​​their origin from the Sun God. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

The sun is a source of heat and light, without which the emergence and existence of life on our planet would be impossible. Without the Sun, there would be no green meadows, shady forests and rivers, flowering gardens, grain fields on Earth; neither humans, nor animals, nor plants could exist. The sun contains a huge amount of energy. Only about one-half of a billionth of this energy reaches Earth. But it is thanks to it that the water cycle occurs on Earth, the winds blow, life has developed and is developing. However, there are also disadvantages to this seemingly positive phenomenon. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

History of the development of artificial light sources

The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire of a fire. Over time, people discovered that large quantity light can be obtained by burning resinous wood, natural resins, oils and wax. From point of view chemical properties Such materials contain a higher percentage of carbon and when burned, carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Candle Ancient time Lucina

SIGNAL LANTERNS Before the advent of portable electric lanterns, open kerosene lamps with a wick in the spout were used. Such lamps were used when inspecting steam locomotives. A non-spill oil can was used to replenish kerosene lamps. In the past, the conductor used a flag to signal the driver during the day and a kerosene lantern at night.

Gas lanterns Lamp gas obtained from the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins) was used as fuel; later they began to use benzene. The idea of ​​using gas to illuminate streets belonged to the future King George IV, and at that time the Prince of Wales. The first gas lamp was lit at his residence, Carlton House. Two years later - in 1807 - gas lamps appeared on Pall Mall, which became the world's first street with gas lighting.

In 1872-1873 Lodygin creates his first incandescent lamp. In the autumn of 1873, Lodygin's light bulbs light up on one of the streets of St. Petersburg. A contemporary of the inventor wrote about this later significant event: “The mass of people admired this lighting, this fire from the sky... Lodygin was the first to take the incandescent lamp out of the physics room onto the street.” 1873 is considered the year of the creation of the incandescent electric lamp. Lodygin’s first light bulbs were simply installed. They resemble modern light bulbs. The outer shell was a glass ball into which two copper rods connected to a current source were inserted (through a metal frame). A coal rod or coal triangle was fixed between the rods. Yablochkov candle Consists of 2 carbon rods, between which an arc discharge occurs. Lodygin's lamp

Yablochkov's candles appeared on sale and began to sell in huge quantities, each candle cost about 20 kopecks and burned for 1½ hours; After this time, a new candle had to be inserted into the lantern. Subsequently, lanterns with automatic replacement of candles were invented. In February 1877, the fashionable shops of the Louvre were illuminated with electric light. Then Yablochkov’s candles flared up in the square in front of the opera house. Finally, in May 1877, they illuminated for the first time one of the capital’s most beautiful thoroughfares - Avenue de l’Opera. Residents of the French capital, accustomed to dim gas lighting of streets and squares, flocked in crowds at the beginning of twilight to admire the garlands of white matte balls mounted on high metal poles. And when all the lanterns flashed at once with a bright and pleasant light, the audience was delighted. No less admirable was the lighting of the huge Parisian indoor hippodrome. His treadmill was illuminated by 20 arc lamps with reflectors, and the seats for spectators were illuminated by 120 Yablochkov electric candles, arranged in two rows.

Halogen incandescent lamps

Energy saving fluorescent lamps

And remember the teaching is light.

Light is an integral part of life. It is impossible to imagine a world without sun rays. In addition to the fact that the rays give us light and warm us during the cold season, they contribute to the implementation of vital processes in many organisms.

Light in the life of plants and animals

Light is an integral part of the life of all life on the planet - animals, plants and humans.

For most plants, sunlight is a necessary and inexhaustible source of vital energy that regulates their life processes. This process is called photoperiodism. It consists in regulating the biorhythms of animals and plants with the help of light.

Plant photoperiodism causes another process called phototropism. Phototropism is responsible for the movement of individual plant cells and organs towards sunlight. An example of this process is the movement of flower heads during the day, repeating the movement of the Sun, the opening of light-loving plants at night and the growth indoor plants towards the lighting fixture.

Seasonal photoperiodism is the response of plants to lengthening and decreasing daylight hours. In the spring, when there are more hours of daylight, the buds on the trees begin to swell. And in the fall, when the days become shorter, plants begin to prepare for the winter period by laying buds and forming tree cover.

Light plays an important role in the life of animals. It does not participate in the formation of their organisms, but still leaves its mark on the life of animals.

As for plants, light is the source of energy for the animal world.

Sun rays affect the daily photoperiodism of animals and their distribution in nature. Representatives of the fauna lead a diurnal and nocturnal lifestyle. Thanks to this, there is no competition between them in search of food.

Light helps animals navigate space and unfamiliar territories. It was the rays of sunlight that contributed to the development of vision in many organisms.

Photoperiodism of animals is also determined by the length of daylight hours. Animals begin to prepare for winter as soon as the sunny days become shorter. Their body accumulates the necessary substances for life in winter period. Birds also react to the lengthening of the night and begin to prepare for flights to warmer climes.

The meaning of light in human life

(N. P. Krymov - educational landscape under "Changes in the landscape in tone and color at different times of the day")

Sunlight plays a huge role in human life. Thanks to it, we can navigate in space using vision. Light gives us the opportunity to understand the world around us, control and coordinate movements.

Sunlight promotes the synthesis of vitamin D in our body, which is responsible for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.

A person's mood also depends on the sun's rays. Lack of light leads to deterioration of the body, apathy and loss of strength.

The human nervous system is formed and develops only in conditions of sufficient sunlight.

Light also helps get rid of infectious diseases- this is its protective function. It is capable of killing some fungi and bacteria located on our skin. It helps our body produce the required amount of hemoglobin. When the sun's rays hit the skin, the muscles become toned, which has a productive effect on the entire body.

Harnessing solar energy

Solar energy is used as usual Everyday life, and in industry. In everyday life, many people use solar energy to heat water and heat their houses.

In industry, sunlight is converted into electricity. Most power plants operate on the principle of directing the sun's energy through mirrors. Mirrors rotate following the sun, directing the rays to a container with a heat sink, for example, water. After evaporation, water turns into steam, which turns the generator. And the generator produces electricity.

Transport is also capable of being propelled using solar energy - electric cars and spacecraft are charged using light.

Lighting plays an important role in human life. About 90% of information is perceived through the visual channel, so properly executed rational lighting is important for performing all types of work. Light is not only an important condition for the operation of the visual analyzer, but also a biological factor in the development of the human body as a whole. For a person, day and night, light and darkness determine the biological rhythm - vigor and sleep. So, insufficient illumination or its excessive amount reduces the level of excitation of the central nervous system and the natural activity of all processes. Rational lighting is an important factor in the overall production culture. It is impossible to ensure cleanliness and order in a room in which it is dim, the lamps are dirty or in disrepair.

The state of lighting in industrial premises also plays an important role in preventing industrial injuries. Many workplace accidents occur due to poor lighting. The losses from this amount to quite significant amounts, and, most importantly, a person may die or become disabled. Rational lighting must meet the following conditions: be sufficient (corresponding to the norm) and uniform; do not create shadows on the working surface; do not blind the worker; The direction of the light flux must correspond to a convenient implementation. This helps maintain a high level of performance, preserves human health and reduces injuries.

By its nature, light is visible radiation of electromagnetic waves with a length from 380 to 780 nm (1 nm is equal to 10 ~ 9 m). Visible light (white) is a component of a number of colors that depend on the length of electromagnetic waves: violet 380 ... 450 nm; blue 450 ... 510 nm; green 510 ... 575 nm; yellow 575 ... 620 nm; red 620 ... 750 nm. Radiation above 780 nm is called infrared, below 380 nm - ultraviolet.

Depending on the light source, industrial lighting can be of three types:

1. Natural is direct or reflected light from the sun (sky), illuminating the room through light openings in the external enclosing structures.

2. Artificial - carried out by artificial light sources (incandescent or gas-discharge lamps) and is intended to illuminate rooms at night, or such rooms that do not have natural light.

3. United (combined) - a simultaneous combination of natural and artificial lighting.

Basic lighting characteristics

Lighting is characterized by quantitative and qualitative indicators, and the concept of a system of lighting units and quantities is used.

The main concepts of this system are luminous flux, luminous intensity, illumination and brightness.

Luminous flux (F) - flux radiant energy, is perceived by the organs of vision as light. The unit of luminous flux - lumen (lm) - is equal to the flux that is created in a unit solid angle equal to 1 steradian by a point light source of 1 candel. A steradian is a unit solid angle with a vertex at the center of the sphere, which cuts out a plane equal to 1 m2 on the surface of a sphere with a radius of 1 m. Value co = 5 / # 2 (Fig. 12.1).

Light sources emit luminous flux in different directions differently. Therefore, in order to characterize the intensity of radiation, we use the concept of “spatial or angular density of luminous flux,” which is called luminous intensity (i), that is, luminous flux related to the solid angle in which it is emitted:

The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd), which is equal to 1 lm/ster.

The amount of luminous flux per unit of lighting surface is called illumination (£):

Rice. 12.1.

The unit of illumination is lux (lux) - the illumination of a surface is 5e im 2 with a luminous flux Ф = 1 lm that falls on it.

The visual perception of an illuminated surface depends on the intensity of light reflected by the surface in the direction of vision. To quantify the possibility of visual perception of a surface, the concept of brightness b is introduced.

In general, the brightness of a surface depends not only on the incident luminous flux and reflectance, but also on the angle at which we view this surface, and is defined as:

where a is the angle between the normal to the surface and the direction of view.

The accepted brightness value is nit - this is the brightness im2 of a flat surface reflecting a luminous intensity of 1 candela in a perpendicular direction.

Qualitative indicators of visual work conditions include the background, the contrast of the object with the background, visibility, glare indicator, etc.

The background is the surface that is adjacent to the object of discrimination on which it is viewed. The background is characterized by the reflection coefficient of light rays, which is estimated by the expression:

where F & 9 FTD are the reflected and incident light flux, respectively, lm.

The background is considered light when p> 0.4, medium when p = 0.4 ... 0.2 and dark when p<0,2.

The contrast of an object with the background (K) is characterized by the ratio of the brightness of the distinctive object and the background:

The contrast is considered large when / C> 0.5, medium when K = 0.2 ... 0.5 and small when K<0,2.

Visibility describes the eye's ability to distinguish an object from its background. It depends on the contrast of the actual K and the threshold Kpor (the smallest contrast that is perceived by the organs of vision, KShch, "0.01):

Glare indicator is a criterion for assessing the blinding effect of a lighting installation:

where the blindness coefficient is 5 = ^ / 1 ^ 2, and Vx" when shielding brilliant sources; U2 - when they are in the field of view.

The Discrimination object is the minimum individual parts of it that need to be distinguished in the process of work.

To measure illumination and lighting technical values, instruments are used - lux meters of the Yu-16, Yu-17, Yu-116, Yu-117 modifications and a portable digital lux meter-brightness meters TZS 0693. All of them work using the effect of the photoelectric phenomenon. The luminous flux hitting the selenium photocell is converted into electrical energy, the current strength is measured by a milliammeter, which is calibrated in lux. Visibility meters are also used - photometers and other complex meters of lighting quantities.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Slide description:

International Year of Light and Light Technologies December 2015 2015 was declared by the UN General Assembly as the International Year of Light and Light Technologies. The goal of the initiative is to increase the world community's awareness of light issues and improve understanding of new technologies that solve energy problems in all spheres of human activity. 2015 was chosen as the year of light also because it marks a number of important round dates related to the science of light.

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Light is one of the forms of energy that the human eye can discern. Light is generated using electromagnetic radiation and travels strictly in a straight line and at a constant speed. The main colors of light are green, blue and red; when mixed in certain proportions, any existing color and shade can be obtained.

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Following Newton, who demonstrated that white light is made up of a spectrum of different colors, we must educate the world about the importance of light in building a more sustainable and peaceful future. Light brings goodness, Light develops sensitivity, response to and interaction with the world around us.

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Slide description:

Light for me is the stream of LOVE of the universe flowing incessantly. The huge, endless Light is mind and consciousness. Light is will and dream. Light is what reaches out when we need help so much. Light is the path to goodness and happiness. Desire for love. And to be loved. Light is hatred of dishonor, of lies, of what can kill us. Each of us knows the path to light. Don't lie, don't hit, don't humiliate. Replace hate with love. And replace timidity with strength. To look into the eyes of the enemy and light a spark of light in them.

6 slide

Slide description:

Sunlight plays a big role in human life. However, in addition to sunlight, people also widely use artificial sources to make the environment more suitable for work and leisure. Thousands of different types of lamps and lighting systems provide people with light and create a new, more beautiful living environment. Properly designed and selected lighting provides comfort and mood, increases productivity, and promotes health. Selecting high-quality lighting is not only about achieving sufficient illumination, but also about reliability, safety, and efficiency. The role of light in human life

7 slide

Slide description:

The requirements for lighting quality contained in official standards are mainly aimed at ensuring visual performance. The recommendations are based on dozens of studies conducted in different countries and are therefore the most reasonable. Basic lighting standards: Office (depending on size) - 300-500 lux (unit of illumination) Living room - 500 lux Corridor - 50 lux Staircase - 100 lux Study - 300 lux Supermarket - 500 lux Restaurant - 200 lux Museum - 200 lux Gym - 400 lux Classroom - 300 lux Laboratory - 500 lux The role of lighting in human life

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Light source is any object that emits energy in the visible range of electromagnetic wavelengths. By their nature they are divided into artificial and natural.

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Natural light sources are natural material objects and phenomena. Sun Comets Star clusters Aurora Meteorites and fireballs

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Artificial light sources are technical devices of various designs, the main purpose of which is to receive light radiation

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The sun and sunlight in human life The sun is the greatest thing that human eyes can see Robert Davydov Solar radiation stimulates the production of endorphins, “pleasure hormones,” therefore it is believed that sunlight is the best natural antidepressant. Its positive influence also extends to the sphere of interpersonal relationships: while the cold encourages us to “close ourselves,” the sun, on the contrary, “opens” us in relation to the outside world, to others. It is for this reason that in the summer it is easier for us to make new contacts and make new friends.

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Man felt the importance of the Sun for life on Earth already in ancient times. But to primitive people the Sun seemed to be some kind of supernatural creature. It was deified by almost all peoples of antiquity. Our Slavic ancestors worshiped the god of the sun's rays - Yarila, and the ancient Romans had a god of the Sun - Apollo. Kings and princes, in order to exalt their power, tried to instill in people the idea of ​​their origin from the Sun God. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

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Slide description:

The sun is a source of heat and light, without which the emergence and existence of life on our planet would be impossible. Without the Sun, there would be no green meadows, shady forests and rivers, flowering gardens, grain fields on Earth; neither humans, nor animals, nor plants could exist. The sun contains a huge amount of energy. Only about one-half of a billionth of this energy reaches Earth. But it is thanks to it that the water cycle occurs on Earth, the winds blow, life has developed and is developing. However, there are also disadvantages to this seemingly positive phenomenon. The importance of the Sun for life on Earth

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The very first source of light used by people in their activities was the fire of a fire. Over time, people discovered that more light could be produced by burning resinous woods, natural resins, oils and waxes. From the point of view of chemical properties, such materials contain a higher percentage of carbon and when burned, carbon particles become very hot in the flame and emit light. Candle Ancient time Lucina

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SIGNAL LANTERNS Before the advent of portable electric lanterns, open kerosene lamps with a wick in the spout were used. Such lamps were used when inspecting steam locomotives. A non-spill oil can was used to replenish kerosene lamps. In the past, the conductor used a flag to signal the driver during the day and a kerosene lantern at night.

Slide 17

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Gas lanterns Lamp gas obtained from the fat of marine animals (whales, dolphins) was used as fuel; later they began to use benzene. The idea of ​​using gas to illuminate streets belonged to the future King George IV, and at that time the Prince of Wales. The first gas lamp was lit at his residence, Carlton House. Two years later - in 1807 - gas lamps appeared on Pall Mall, which became the world's first street with gas lighting.

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